Decorative plaster: purpose and classification. Classification of finishing materials General principles The main purpose of finishing Decorative purpose

The purpose of plaster is: sanitary, protective, constructive and decorative. Depending on the wall materials (concrete, stone, brick, wood) and depending on the requirements for different structures, different types of plasters are used.

Sanitary and technical purpose
Leveling surfaces of walls, ceilings, partitions, slopes, arches, columns, niches, ducts and similar elements. It is used to obtain even and smooth surfaces, well prepared for interior finishing: puttying (ordinary and decorative), painting, wallpapering, cork, laying tiles, gluing foam and mineral wool.

Protective and constructive
This type is designed to level and protect the load-bearing and enclosing structures of buildings, facades from negative atmospheric influences and dampness, reduce heat loss from the walls of the house, and improve sound insulation qualities. Facade plaster also protects against penetration through the walls of the house into the apartment of various kinds of harmful chemicals from the air and precipitation and prevents penetration x-rays. Such plaster must necessarily comply with fire safety standards, humidity and temperature conditions, be suitable for climatic conditions area and be sure to protect the building from the negative impact of aggressive environments on it.

Humidity conditions of the premises inside the apartment.

Dry - less than 50%
Normal - not less than 50 - 60%
Wet - 61 to 75%
Wet - from 75% or more.

If necessary, special types of plasters are used: waterproofing, acoustic, X-ray protective, acid-resistant, fire-retardant.

Decorative purpose of plaster
The name speaks for itself. This type of plaster is intended for applying a beautiful decorative and final layer of plaster on walls, partitions, ceilings, columns, arches, slopes, niches and boxes. The surface texture is created thanks to various compositions and additives in the plaster mixture, of course, using various auxiliary tools. Today, there is such a huge selection of ready-made textured plasters for interior and exterior work that it is difficult to choose one type. Previously, this was not the case and all decorative plasters were prepared by hand with the addition of various fillers and pigments to the solution for painting, and special tools were needed to complete it.

colored are made from lime-sand mortars. To give the plaster color, various pigments are added to the solution.

Stone are prepared on a cement mortar with the addition of stone chips of various sizes.

Terrazitic prepared on a solution of cement and fluffy lime, where sand, marble chips and mica are added.

Sgraffito is made from two to three color solutions. Thanks to this, it is possible to apply a variety of indistinct and clear color drawings and ornaments.

Decorative plaster is a solution used for finishing walls outside public buildings and private houses, as well as inside apartments, offices and other premises. Its main purpose is to improve the aesthetic and decorative qualities of the surface. In the article we will consider all types of decorative plaster for walls.

The word "plaster" is of Italian origin and literally translates as "gypsum" or "alabaster". The composition of the plaster mixture for decoration has common components with ordinary plaster - sand, lime, cement, but its main difference lies in the addition of various granulates - dry bulk substances in the form of small granules, for example, stone chips, wood fibers, etc.

• Decorative plasters can be sold ready-made, that is, previously diluted with water or a special solvent, such mixtures can be used immediately for work. Dry components can also be supplied, which must be diluted according to the instructions before application.
• Depending on the end result and the design idea, you can add to the decorative plaster yourself various fillers: small pieces of mica, shells or small pebbles, which, after the plaster layer has hardened, will look organically on the wall. In addition, in this way it is possible to achieve the effect of additional surface volume.

Types of decorative plaster for walls

The surface can be decorated in various ways, for example, simple plaster can decorate a wall, giving it a perfectly smooth structure. Of course, thanks to the special composition, it became possible to obtain a relief effect, achieve a glossy surface or imitate any natural materials without much effort.

Decorative plaster is distinguished according to several principles. For example, according to the type of filler, it can be:

• textured;
• structural;
• Venetian.

The textured and structural appearance form a rough surface and they are usually called embossed plasters, and the Venetian forms a perfectly flat surface, so it is referred to as a smooth type of plaster.

All of these types are made on the basis of environmentally friendly substances, due to which they are considered safe, reliable and durable materials.

There are several types of plaster according to the binder used.

• Acrylic. The binder is a high molecular weight polymer (acrylic resin), which provides good elasticity of the applied layer. It may contain organic and inorganic pigments, due to which the composition acquires a different color. Acrylic decorative plaster is sold as a ready mix. The disadvantage of this type of coating is low vapor permeability, so the material is limited in use. Also, plaster is exposed to UV rays, over time, the coating may begin to crack. Acrylic resin in the composition, allows you to paint the mixture in any desired color using pigment pastes.

• Mineral. The binder is cement. It has a relatively low price and is most often produced in the form of a dry mixture, which must be diluted with water before work. An excellent option for decorative plaster for bathroom walls and for outdoor use. In wet weather, add a little less water. It is considered the most environmentally friendly decorative material. Over time, such a coating only becomes stronger, has good resistance to UV rays, but is afraid of mechanical damage, in addition, it is not advisable to wash it with devices that use high pressure. The standard color of such plaster is considered to be a light range.
• Silicone. The binding component is synthetic resins. It is used for exterior decoration and for interior work, it has plasticity and ease of application. They are resistant to UV rays, do not attract dust and foreign odors. Forms a moisture-repellent layer during application, due to which silicone decorative plaster is used for facing external walls in a zone of high humidity. Produced in the form of a ready-made mixture, various colors.
• silicate. The binder is liquid glass (alkaline potassium carbonate, quartz sand and potassium hydroxide). Is different high strength applied layer, resistance to mold and decay, as well as the ability to repel water. The mixture has impregnating, adhesive and astringent qualities. It is applied practically on any surfaces, has an excellent indicator of fire resistance and vapor permeability. Supplied as a ready-mix, various color shades. One of the most reliable plasters, the service life can reach 50 years or more.

Silicate and silicone plasters are most often used in facade decoration and construction in humid climates.

Textured plaster

• This is a plaster with a coarse, highly viscous structure. The filler is linen fibers, wood, mica, mineral chips (granite, marble) or small pebbles. It is used for decorating brick, concrete, plastered and wooden surfaces. Great for outdoor decoration and interior work.

• Due to the special particles in the composition, textured plaster hides large defects and most surface irregularities. For its application, it is practically not necessary to pre-prepare the walls, it is enough to dry and clean them, if there are peeling coatings, they should be removed, and then an adhesive composition or a special “concrete contact” solution should be applied, this is necessary for reliable adhesion of the plaster to the wall.
• The applied layer has high hardness, water resistance and forms an air-permeable coating. The surface obtained as a result of application can be an imitation of natural stone, natural leather, wood or fabric. Among the types of decorative plaster, textured is the most common, in addition, it has a relatively low price.
• The plaster is supplied for sale in various containers, weighing 9, 18, and 50 kg, dry and ready for use. It can be tinted in any color during application, or painted after drying. Average consumption up to 2 kg per 1 m2. The larger the filler, the more composition is required for applying one layer. It is not recommended to use plaster for outdoor work during rainy or damp weather, and at temperatures up to + 7 degrees.
• It is possible to apply textured plaster without the use of highly specialized tools, and there is also no need to involve professionals, even with self-decoration of walls, many design options are obtained.

Subspecies of textured plaster

• Lamb- plaster has various sizes of stone grains, is applied to mineral bases, the surface is rough and uniformly grained.

• Fur coat- the surface after application is rough, in the form of a slight "hairiness", the main component of this mixture is cement.

• bark beetle- composite plaster, with fine stone filler, when applied, forms a grooved texture resembling the surface of corroded wood.

The peculiarity of textured plaster is that the surface relief appears immediately after application.

Structural plaster

• A material having a thin layer structure, made on an acrylic or silicate basis. As a structure-forming substance, marble chips or quartz elements are used. Outwardly, it looks like a granular heterogeneous mass. It is applied to decorating of walls in rooms and finishing of facades.

• It may be fine-grained and look like an almost even layer when applied, as well as medium-grained, after drying such a plaster, a kind of relief appears. It adheres well to most mineral surfaces, drywall and chipboard.
• Structural plaster forms a layer with excellent air permeability, resistant to moisture and atmospheric phenomena. Available in 9, 18 and 50 kg packages. Supplied in the form of a ready-mix, it is not allowed to add coloring pigments to the composition. Apply with a trowel to a dry, clean surface, previously treated with a deep penetration primer. The consumption rate when applied in one layer is 3 kg per m2.
• It is not recommended to use in damp rooms or during rain during outdoor work, the air temperature should be above +7 degrees. Plaster can be applied in various ways and with tools: with a smooth spatula, roller or sprayer. So, to obtain the effect of waves, coarse-grained plaster is used, which is applied in a circular motion with a spatula.
• Very often, structural plaster is used for finishing walls in corridors and bathrooms, as well as for finishing facades, fences and gates. For interior work, it is recommended to use a material made on a water basis, quick-drying and odorless. The resulting surface is sufficiently impact-resistant and resistant to mechanical damage. Wet cleaning of the plastered wall is allowed.

Venetian plaster

• This phrase appeared as a result of the literal translation of the phrase "stucco veneziano". It is a decorative multilayer coating. Such a plaster mixture is made with the addition of marble chips and slaked lime. It has a fairly homogeneous structure. It was widely used in ancient Rome, when a lot of dust and dust remained when working with marble. small particles, which began to be used as a material for cladding.

• Visually finished layer resembles a surface natural marble or onyx. Proper finishing with Venetian plaster requires special skill. It should be applied with a flexible rubber spatula, in thin strokes, in several layers (5-6), each of which requires thorough drying. The material is quite expensive, but the resulting effect fully justifies its price. Most often, Venetian plaster is used in rooms decorated in antique or classical style, as well as in baroque style.
• Thanks to different ways application can be achieved matte or glossy surface. The plaster is intended for indoor use only. The mixture may be tinted. Available in containers of 8 and 16 kg. The surface to be decorated must be clean, level and dry. Before facing the walls, it is recommended to pre-reinforce, and then putty and prime. If the technology is violated, cracks can form on the decorative plaster, which are very difficult to get rid of.
• In addition to the stone surface, Venetian plaster can imitate precious metals, due to special staining with special pigments. Using such a finish indoors, you can achieve the effect of increasing space, due to the refraction of light. This coating often acts as a basis for complex panels and frescoes.

Specific types of decorative plaster

• Colored plaster - made on the basis of acrylic and marble chips. Possesses high adhesion to mineral surfaces, water resistance and sufficient hardness. The color scheme is represented by fifteen shades. It is applied to a dry, cleaned surface, in one layer. To prevent noticeable joints, the mixture must be brought to the corner. Equally suitable for both outdoor and indoor work.

• Roller plaster- contains a filler of natural origin of various fractions from 1 mm to 2.5 mm. When applied, a texture is formed with small channels-recesses. It is applied to registration of facades and decorating of walls in office and premises. Tinting or surface staining is allowed. Apply to the surface wide spatula, and then rubbed with a trowel in circular, cross-shaped, vertical or horizontal movements.

• latex plastic- allows you to create a smooth finish with a slight gloss, imitating the texture of a smooth stone or marble, as well as various relief surfaces. The material is resistant to cracking, has high moisture resistance, so that the plastered surface is easy to clean. The mixture can be tinted in various colors, while in order to achieve the effect of the structure of natural stone, the colors should not be thoroughly stirred. The mixture is applied only on even walls, previously puttied and treated with a deep penetration primer.

• "Wet Silk"- the coating, which resembles the surface of a fabric, contains mother-of-pearl particles, the overflows of which imitate the overflows of flowing silk. Tinting in any color is allowed, several color variations are initially produced: white, gold, garnet, silver and bronze. The formed surface possesses high moisture resistance and perfectly transfers damp cleaning. An excellent option for decorative plaster for kitchen walls.
• "Sea breeze"- the coating has a translucent structure, with a slight pearly sheen. Fine-grained sand is added to the composition. Can be tinted, several basic colors are available: gold, white, garnet, bronze and chameleon. Used for interior design.

Advantages of decorative plaster

Plaster-based decorative coating has won the love of many designers, thanks to its special properties and qualities that distinguish it from other materials for interior decoration.

• Able to hide irregularities and defects of the decorated surface;
• applied to most known materials (brick, stone, concrete, wood, drywall and many other coatings);
• does not absorb odors;
• has high sound-absorbing properties;
• has a unique and inimitable design;
• application does not require special surface preparation;
• differs in high indicators of resistance to any atmospheric phenomena;
• The resulting coating has breathable properties;
• forms a moisture and frost-resistant layer;
• due to the special plasticity, it is possible to process structures of any complexity, as well as create all kinds of patterns and drawings;
• forms an environmentally friendly, practical and durable coating that is resistant to mechanical stress;

Decorative plaster walls in the apartment

To obtain a high-quality decorative coating, the mortar should be applied using tools that do not have defects, damage, chips, cracks or nicks. Each type of plaster mixture involves its own finishing methods and techniques, to give the surface expressiveness and special artistic properties.

Venetian plaster

• Venetian plaster, for the manifestation of the necessary pattern, requires multi-layer application. Work is carried out in various widths painting tools stainless steel (spatula, trowel). The main layer is applied with the widest tool, while gaps should remain on the surface. Strokes are made wide and asymmetrical. All subsequent layers should cover the gaps of the previous application. To give more expressiveness, each layer can have its own color shade.

• The applied layers are dried in turn, each of them is leveled and additionally polished with a smooth steel tool. This method is called ironing, due to which the surface acquires a glossy appearance. If additional gloss is required, then the plaster can be covered with a special varnish or wax. Due to the translucent layers, the effect of depth and volume is achieved.

Relief decorative plaster

• A slightly different finish is embossed decorative plaster. In this case, no special treatment of the walls is required, as for applying smooth plasters. It is enough to remove old finishing materials (painting, wallpaper, whitewash), clean and dry the surface.
• After that, the walls are treated with a primer. This procedure is carried out about a day before finishing with embossed plaster. It is best if the primer will have antibacterial properties that prevent the development of fungi and mold.
• The plaster mixture is applied to the primed surface with a wide soft spatula. Immediately after that, you need to give the layer a relief. It is worth doing this very quickly, as the composition instantly seizes.

• Get the pattern you want textured plaster, you can use tools such as spatulas, sponges, rollers, floats or stencils. For example, using a rubber roller, before each application of the texture, moisten it in water. The work is carried out immediately over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe wall (from corner to corner), otherwise noticeable seams cannot be avoided.

Structural plaster

• Structural plaster is applied with a stainless steel trowel. The layer should slightly exceed the grain size. The treated surface is kept for 2-3 minutes, and then smoothed in a circle with a plastic trowel.
• This method provides a uniform distribution of the granules present in the composition over the treated surface. The excess mass of the mixture is regularly removed from the trowel with a small spatula.
• Structural plaster, as well as textured, forms joints when applied, so the work is carried out from corner to corner at a time.

Tip: if there is a need to paint relief plaster, then it is worth doing it 10-14 days after application.

Basic coating care

The decorative coating formed by embossed or smooth plaster is sufficiently durable and resistant to mechanical damage and atmospheric phenomena, therefore, in the first year after application, no special care is required.

• This material does not absorb odors and does not attract dust, and also contains water-repellent substances, due to which the surface, if necessary, can be easily washed with conventional detergents without chemical fillers. When cleaning, it is better to use soft cloth or sponge, avoiding hard brushes, metal scrapers, pumice or plastic.
• To increase the service life of the plaster coating, special waxes or glazing compounds are applied over the dried decorative layer. artificial or beeswax helps to increase the waterproofing of the surface, and when applied to Venetian plaster, an additional shine appears.
• The wax composition is supplied ready-made. With it, you can emphasize the smallest details and the depth of the relief applied decorating mixtures, while increasing their resistance to mechanical impact, additional protection against dust, dirt and moisture appears. Protective wax is available in two versions: with a mother-of-pearl effect, which has a silvery-white tint and in a translucent form, with a yellowish tint.

• It is necessary to apply such a product in a double layer, using a spatula, sponge or brush, and after drying, polish with a soft cloth. Wax surfaces must not be cleaned with solvents, only application soap solution or clean water.
• Glaze is an almost sheer, light coating designed to give additional shade, in addition, it adds volume and emphasizes the contours of the relief. It can have several shades imitating gilded, silver or bronze surfaces, as well as simply white, transparent or iridescent. The agent is applied with a brush, sponge, rubber spatula or special mitten. Can be washed with detergent or soapy water.

Protective compounds are used for all types of plaster used for wall decoration indoors and outdoors. Thanks to such means, it will last longer, will not crumble or crumble, which means that care for it will be minimal.

How to update the decorative plaster coating

If necessary, remove the decorative coating from the wall, you can use several methods:

• repainting in a different color - is made in the case when it is required to change the color scheme;
• removal to the concrete base - when it is necessary to apply another version of the plaster;
• puttying on top of the layer to the state of a smooth, even wall - such a surface can be finished with a light decorative material, such as wallpaper.

Decorative plaster for walls video

When choosing decorative plaster, it is impossible to say which kind of it is better or worse. It all depends on the personal preference of each and the requirements put forward for the finished result, as well as on the availability of a certain budget, because the price of decorative plaster for walls sometimes differs by an order of magnitude. It is quite easy to apply one mixture, for example, textured and structural, and you can do it yourself, but you will need to involve specialists to apply Venetian plaster. It is necessary to remember this when purchasing a decorative coating.

Introduction

1. Plaster

9. Stucco sgraffito

11. "Venetian" plaster

Conclusion

Introduction

Plaster has a sanitary, protective, constructive and decorative purpose.

The sanitary and technical purpose of plaster is to obtain even and smooth surfaces of the main structures of the building, prepared for painting or cladding, to eliminate the possibility of dust settling on them and to facilitate cleaning them from pollution.

The protective and structural purpose of plaster-reflective and load-bearing structures of buildings and structures (residential, public, industrial and auxiliary in industrial and agricultural construction) is to protect structures from harmful atmospheric influences and dampness, increase resistance to heat transfer, reduce sound conductivity, protect against the effects of chemicals or from penetration of x-rays.

The decorativeness of the plaster is to create a special texture on the surface of the plaster layer by selecting the composition of the solution according to the material (aggregate and binder) and color, the method of its application and subsequent processing of the finishing layer with various tools and devices.

1. Plaster

Before plastering, appropriate preparatory work is carried out. To determine the degree of deviation of surfaces and faces from the vertical to the horizontal, all parts of the facade are verified. Particular attention is drawn to the position of slopes and drains, window openings. All defects are eliminated by cutting off protruding parts or increasing the thickness of the plaster.

High-quality plaster for paint and decorative plaster are carried out on lighthouses. The hanging of surfaces and the installation of beacons are carried out in the usual ways.

Since when performing decorative plasters, increased rigidity and strength of the bases are required, special attention is paid to the thoroughness of sealing holes, nests, furrows, potholes, etc. when preparing surfaces.

Further preparation of the surface of the facade of the building is reduced to the application and leveling of the preparatory plaque, which serves as the basis for the decorative finishing layer.

A preparatory layer, consisting of one layer of spray and one or more layers of soil, is applied over the beacons.

For the preparation of solutions, lime of the first grade, cement grades 200 and 250 and medium-grained sand are used. Solution compositions can be 1:3:10; 1:2:8; 1:1:6 etc. (cement: lime: sand). cement mortars with lime additives as a plasticizer, it is used on concrete surfaces, surfaces made of natural stone, as well as for plastering on metal mesh.

In warm weather, in drafts, the plaster coating dries quickly, so the applied primer must be moistened for 4-5 days at least 2-3 times a day. In hot weather, the ground surface is hung with matting or plywood. Correction of damage and filling gaps in the preparatory layer for decorative plastering should be done no later than 4 days before applying the covering layer.

The surface of the soil under the decorative layer must be well compacted and leveled in the same plane with the beacons. To increase the adhesion strength with the decorative layer, the soil surface is cut in a horizontal direction with wavy grooves (at a distance of about 35 mm from one another) with a depth of at least 3 mm. For cutting, a scratch is used. In order to ensure the uniformity of the tone of the decorative coating, it is necessary to prepare and apply a solution for soil of a constant composition and consistency.

Facades are plastered from top to bottom. After pulling out the crowning cornice, they begin to plaster the walls. In the course of work, window slopes and platbands are trimmed, interfloor belts are pulled out, pilasters are trimmed, etc.

Especially carefully it is necessary to carry out work on rubbing husks and mustards. The plinth is plastered last. Facade plastering work is carried out from scaffolding, which is fixed in places accessible for subsequent embedding.

The solution is prepared, transported and applied to the surface by the methods and mechanisms adopted in the production of plastering works.

2. Modern views plasters

Plaster type Knauf "Goldband". KNAUF "Goldband" - dry plaster mixture based on gypsum binder with special additives.

Designed for high-quality manual plastering of walls with a solid and durable base (concrete, brick, cement plaster), as well as surfaces made of expanded polystyrene, chipboard, indoors with normal humidity, as well as in kitchens and bathrooms.

Plaster "Goldband" (Golden Tape) is a highly adaptable high quality plaster for all indoor wall surfaces (including apartment kitchens and bathrooms). It is used for single-layer plastering by hand of all rough substrates and corrugated or hardened bastings from any plasters, brickwork and foam concrete.

Plaster "Rotband" is a single-layer adhesive (cohesive) gypsum-based plaster, most suitable for hand-plastering walls and ceilings, and intended for application to ordinary solid substrates (brick, concrete, etc.) indoors.

Gypsum-lime plaster MP 75GF "Gypsum-Kalk-Putz" is a single-layer plaster for walls and ceilings. It is usually applied with continuously running plastering machines (e.g. PFTGH; PFT MONO JET) on all conventional hard plaster substrates (concrete, brick, etc.).

Decorative plasters are plastic materials that allow you to create various reliefs on the walls, from 1 to 10 mm thick, and even three-dimensional paintings. They are distinguished from the usual plaster mass by the presence of decorative additives (fillers), for example, pieces of mica, quartz sand, white cements, stone.

Decorative plasters are sold ready-to-use or in the form of dry mixes, which are diluted with water immediately before use. The indisputable advantage of decorative plasters is that they do not require perfect preparation of the base and, due to their relief surface, hide minor flaws in the walls.

Tools for decorative plasters:

a) scarpel - for forging the surface of stone plasters;

b) sheet pile - for forging the surface of stone plasters;

in) cycles - steel plates up to 200 mm long and up to 100 mm wide with cut teeth of various shapes and sizes. Appointment - drawing drawing;

G) a nail brush is a grater measuring 150 x 200 mm with nails stuffed into it. Appointment - scratching on the hardened solution;

e) a comb is a piece of a bar with nails driven into it in one row. Appointment - a scratching of plastic plaster;

e) rollers - there are rubber, wooden. Appointment - rolling textures on a plastic solution;

g) scratches. Appointment - drawing roughness on a surface;

h) troyanka. Purpose - applying roughness to the surface

Rice. 1. Tool for textured processing of decorative plasters: a - scarpel

Rice. 1. A tool for textured processing of decorative plasters: b - cycles, c - tongue, d - nail brush, d - comb.

plaster decorative textured spatter

Rice. 1. A tool for textured processing of decorative plasters: e - rollers and a roller-shovel, g - scratch, h - troyanka.

4. Solutions for decorative plasters

The compositions of solutions for colored lime-sand plasters are given in table. 1. Colored lime-sand mortars are prepared as follows: liquid lime paste is poured into the mortar mixer, then cement is poured.

After mixing them for 1-2 minutes, sand, stone dust or fine crumbs are poured into the mortar mixer and the solution is stirred for another 3 minutes.

The solution is dyed by introducing into it a composition consisting of a pigment and a part of lime, previously ground in a paint grater.

Table 1. Mortars for colored lime-sand plasters

Color shtukaturkiSostavlyayuschieKolichestvo% of vesuBelyyIzvest pushonka10Portlandtsement-white Portland cement white and sand mramornyy7Pesok mramornyy70Muka mramornaya13Svetlo-seryyIzvest-testo20Portlandtsement5Pesok kvartsevyy74Perekis margantsaITerrakotovyyIzvest pushonka15Portlandtsement10Moloty-brick rubble (tsemyanka) 15Surik zheleznyy2Pesok quartz belyy58ZelonyyIzvest-pushonka15Portlandtsement15Pigment zelenyy5Okis hroma5Kroshka green marble (ophicalcite) grain size 0.5-2 mm60Svetlo- zelenyyIzvest-testo22Portlandtsement belyy2Pesok kvartsevyy74Okis hroma2ZheltyyIzvest-pushonka10Portlandtsement20Mramornaya muka10Ohra4,5Mumiya0,5Gorny pesok15Mramorny yellow sand particle size 0.5-2 mm40Zhelty nasyschennyyIzvest-testo20Portlandtsement belyy6Ohra zolotistaya6Pesok quartz (Liuberetskii type) 68KremovyyIzvest-pushonka12Portlandtsement8Ohra golden (Zhuravska) 2Pesok white marble of size 0.5-2 mm18Pesok white limestone with a particle size of 0.5-2 mm60 Note. Portland cement ordinary and white grades 300-400.

5. Colored lime-sand plasters

Lime-sand plasters are made up with a filler of natural fine-grained quartz or artificial sands. The main binder of these plasters is lime. Cement can be added in small quantities as a hydraulic additive.

In this case, lime mortar or mortar with a small addition of cement is also used for the preparatory layer.

The top decorative layer is applied after the primer has hardened (after about 6-7 days) without beacons.

The thickness of this layer depends on the nature of the subsequent surface treatment and the size of the filler grains: with fine-grained filler - 4 mm; with medium-grained - 6-8 mm; with coarse-grained - 8-10 mm. The decorative layer is applied once or twice (depending on the thickness of the layer) on a completely hardened, slightly moistened primer and smoothed with the usual methods.

When making lime-sand plasters from plastic mortars with fine-grained aggregates and with a significant amount of work, they can be applied with conventional pneumatic spray nozzles.

After leveling, the applied decorative layer is carefully and evenly compacted with trowels and floats to eliminate shrinkage cracks. Textured finish surfaces are performed by spraying a coating layer; processing on a plastic or semi-hardened mortar. Semi-plastic mortar processing. After setting the applied lime-sand mortar to obtain a smooth plaster, it is rubbed with floats or smoothed with trowels. Rub the surface with uniform spiral movements of the grater (circular) or the same length of the grater (overclocking). The surfaces are cycled to obtain granular textures under the sandstone in 1.5-2 hours after the application of the finishing layer. To form a pattern pattern, ordinary or shaped rules are placed in a predetermined position. Depending on the direction of movement of the cycles and the type of rules, the surface acquires one or another relief (Fig. 2). After cycling, the plaster is cleaned with a soft dry brush or brush.

Rice. 2. Tools and types of finishing of lime-sand colored plaster: a - patterns and rules for the formation of a pattern, b - surfaces finished with cycles, c - pulling furrows with a small

A fine notch is obtained as a result of trimming the finishing layer with a nail, bristle or rubber brush to obtain textures similar to natural stone (sandstones, tuffs).

Plastic mortar finishing. To obtain a texture in the form of large throws, the solution is applied with a plaster spatula from a falcon to the soil prepared and moistened with water. Equal portions of the solution are taken with a spatula, applied one near the other or alternating a number of large ones with a number of small ones. Sometimes large and small portions are thrown in a checkerboard pattern.

Finishing "under the waves" and "travertine" is performed with a spatula on fresh or previously wiped colored plaster, notched and moistened with water, the second layer of mortar is applied in straight or curved stripes and smoothed with a trowel.

It turns out a wavy surface. The invoice "for boulders" is obtained as follows. The applied plastic colored solution is quickly leveled with a trowel and trimmed with hard hair or bristle brushes. When trimming, the brush is held perpendicular to the surface.

When finishing "under the dunes", a colored solution is applied to the surface of the soil and quickly leveled with a trowel. A grater is placed with a slight pressure on the just leveled solution and immediately torn off.

The solution adhering to the grater is pulled away from the surface along with it, which causes roughness on the surface, the appearance of which resembles sand dunes.

Finishing "under the furrows" is performed as follows: a plastic doughy solution is applied to the prepared layer, which is first leveled with a trowel, and then, until it has seized, it is treated with a grinder with semicircular teeth cut out on it, beveled on one side. Malka is led according to the rule (Fig. 3, a).

The texture "under the sponge" is obtained as follows. The applied layer of creamy solution is quickly leveled with a trowel, after which the surface of the solution is trimmed with a sponge moistened in soapy water and slightly wrung out (Fig. 3, b).

Invoices made with stamps (Fig. 3, c) and rollers (Fig. .4). Stamps and rollers, depending on the pattern, are made 10-50 cm in size, the depth of the cut-out pattern should not exceed 5 mm.

Before knurling or stamping, the primed surface is divided into grips or parts (cards) using a cord and a ruler (based on the possibility of processing the applied solution for 1-2 hours).

The surface is moistened with water and a plastic, inactive solution is applied to the entire card. Level and smooth the solution with a trowel or steel trowel. As soon as he grabbed, he is cut off along the grip line. Stamps and rollers are lubricated with soapy emulsion, kerasin stearin mixture, etc. Then the surface is treated with a stamp or roller.

Rice. 3. Invoices; a - under the shell rock; 6 - under the scales; c - made with a stamp

Rice. 4. Processing the plaster with a roller

6. Implementation of typesetting and combined invoices

The type-setting texture is performed by pressing sorted and washed crushed stone, pebbles, stone fragments (one third or half of the height) into the freshly applied finishing layer. Then they are sprayed from the shoulder with a liquid colored solution of 5-10 mm. The spray can be applied from a broom or through a net. Combined textures are often performed in two or three working operations, both with a conventional plaster spatula and a broom, and with the help of rollers and stamps. The finishing layer is applied and leveled without grout. Furrows of different depths, lengths and shapes are cut through the unset solution, followed by a spray of a creamy colored solution from a broom, brush or through a mesh.

7. Spray coating

Spray from a bristle brush (Fig. 5, a) is used to obtain a fine-grained texture; produced in several layers. Each subsequent layer is applied after setting the previous one.

The brush is immersed to a depth of 1 cm in a liquid solution and drawn through the hair with a ruler - a ruler, small splashes are obtained that fall on the surface and give it the appearance of shagreen. The aggregate in the solution is fine sand.

A spray from a broom (Fig. 5, b) gives a medium-grained texture. The finishing layer is also applied in several steps and brought to a thickness of 8-10 mm; filler - sand of medium size.

Rice. 5. a - spray from a bristle brush; b - spray from a broom

Rice. .5. c - spraying through the mesh, d - texture obtained by spraying with flakes, e - texture obtained by spraying with large throws

Spraying through the grid (Fig. 5, c) gives a coarse-grained texture. Mesh cells can be from 3 to 10 mm, depending on the required spray size. The mesh should always be at the same distance from the surface to be treated (about 15 cm). The layer is also applied several times until a thickness of 8-10 mm is obtained.

When spraying with flakes (Fig. .5, d), a dark-colored coating layer about 5 mm thick is first applied, smooth over it; immediately after coating with the first layer, a second layer of a light solution is applied from a wire broom, placing the throws in such a way that the lower dark background is visible between them.

When spraying with large throws (Fig. 5, e) with a plaster spatula from a falcon, the throws are made as uniform as possible and placed one next to the other.

8. Processing of the decorative layer of plaster

The type-setting texture (Fig. 6) is obtained by pressing pebbles or brick gravel into a fresh plaster layer, followed by spraying them with a liquid colored solution.

Processing of plaster in a semi-plastic state is carried out mainly when finishing smooth surfaces of building facades, most often by scraping. Sanding the surface of the plaster is carried out with steel plates, saw blades with fine teeth, nail and wire brushes. Scraping of the surface is started 3-6 hours after the application of the covering layer.

Rice. 6. Typesetting invoice

Crushing of the surface of the cycles and sticking of the solution to it are signs of the unavailability of the decorative layer for processing. The cycling of a dry surface also makes the work process difficult.

Terazit plasters are processed mainly with cycles, but brushes can also be used. The roughness of the texture depends on the size of the aggregate that is part of the solution.

Processing of the covering layer of colored lime-sand plaster in a plastic state is recommended to be done by shading with cycles, the size of the teeth of which is not more than 2-3 mm.

Processing of plasters in the hardened state for a texture that imitates natural stone cladding is carried out with impact and abrasive tools. It is used when finishing the facades of capital buildings, plinths, fences, etc. The work is carried out with a sufficiently strengthened surface of the plaster 7-8 days after the application of the covering layer. Hammer hammer forging is used to form textures of stone plaster (under a fur coat). Processing under hewn stone is carried out with the help of a scarpel and a hammer, processing with hatching under the furrows is performed with a trojan.

Fully cured plaster can be sandblasted.

9. Stucco sgraffito

Sgraffito is a special type of decorative design of buildings with a two-color or multi-color relief pattern on a plastered surface. Several finishing colored layers of plaster are applied to the main layer of plaster, then the upper (outer) layers are partially scratched according to a given pattern until the underlying layer is exposed. Sgraffito can also be done by applying a plastic colored plaster mortar according to stencil templates.

The implementation of sgraffito consists in preparing the surface of the plaster (applying covering layers), transferring the contour of the pattern to it and scratching out the upper layers. Methods for applying soil and materials are the same as for conventional plastering. On the hardened, but not yet completely dry, base layer of plaster (primer), a bottom colored finishing layer is applied. After it has set, the top color layer is applied.

The pattern stencil is made from cardboard. The contour of the drawing applied to it is pricked with an awl. After the top layer of colored plaster has stopped staining, the stencil with the pattern is superimposed on the place intended for it, then they take a gauze bag filled with crushed coal or dry paint (contrasting to the color of the top layer), and tap it on the stencil. Passing through the holes, the paint forms a dotted contour on the wall (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. Performing sgraffito plaster

After transferring the drawing, they begin to scratch out the corresponding places of the upper layer of plaster to the underlying layer. The work is carried out with special tools: a scratch, a spoon, chisels (straight, oblique, spear-shaped), a gear and a mower, a steel stack. Scratching the pattern can be done as long as the plaster remains plastic and can be easily scraped off (Fig. 8). With thin-layer sgraffito, the top layer is applied with a brush. The material in this case is a liquid lime mortar with the addition of alkali-resistant pigments and a small amount of very fine aggregate.

Rice. 8. Tools for scratching a pattern.

10. Cement decorative plaster KNAUF-Diamond 260

Mix the contents of sand (25 kg) with -6.1 l of water manually or with a drill with a mixing attachment without forming lumps. Leave for 15 minutes and mix again. Mix as much mortar as necessary for one closed surface. Dry mix KNAUF-Diamond 260 should be mixed only with water.

It has water-repellent properties, resistant to adverse weather conditions, for outdoor and indoor use.

During processing, a uniform rough or granular structure in the form of a "fur coat" is formed, it can be painted. It is used when plastering the facades of buildings and in rooms with high humidity on the surface. cement plasters, for example, KNAUF-Unterputz UP 210, KNAUF-Zokelputz UP 310, KNAUF - LUP 222 and concrete, as well as in external thermal insulation systems of buildings along the reinforcing mortar layer plaster-adhesive mixture KNAUF-Sevener, indoors on gypsum plaster KNAUF-Rotband. KNAUF-Goldband, KNAUF-MP 75, plasterboard sheets.

. "Venetian plaster

• marble flour;
• slaked lime;
• water emulsion PVA.

This type of plaster must be able to make it so that there is an illusion of a marble coating.

12. Causes of poor quality plaster

Insufficient strength of the plaster can be caused by the poor quality of the binders, the high contamination of the sand, impurities of clay, silt, and improper selection of the composition of the solution. Non-compliance specifications can also cause plaster defects - swelling, peeling. These defects are the result of applying solutions to wet surfaces. This is usually observed with lime or lime-gypsum plasters, the binders of which easily soak and lose strength. To avoid this defect, plastering should be carried out on well-dried surfaces, and the plastered surfaces should be protected from moisture.

Efflorescence, spots and stripes on the surface of the plaster are also caused by the fact that the plastering was carried out on wet surfaces. Efflorescence is a coating of salts and other chemicals on the surface of the plaster, which appears when moisture evaporates through the plaster coating. Efflorescence can also appear when plastering surfaces in winter time solutions with chemical additives.

Shrinkage cracks are called many cracks of different sizes on the surface of the plaster. Their appearance is caused by a number of reasons: the use of greasy solutions, poorly mixed solutions, too rapid drying of the applied tartar (due to drafts, in the sun and artificial drying of the plaster), the use of solutions that began to set before they were used, applying a subsequent layer of stucco coating on a layer that did not set .

Cracks over the entire thickness of the plaster layer can appear when plastering surfaces before the end of the settlement of the building, when plastering insufficiently rigid (poorly fixed) structures, in the absence of grids at the junctions of stone and concrete surfaces with wooden ones, when plastering overdried wooden structures, as well as wooden surfaces with wide, not chipped boards.

Weak adhesion of the plaster layer to the surface is a consequence of insufficient roughness of the surfaces to be plastered, their contamination, dusting and excessive thickness of the spray layer and making it a thick mortar.

A grid of cracks on the surface of the plaster, repeating the location of the plaster shavings or seams of brickwork, is caused by a small thickness of the plaster coating or the use of wide shavings that warp under the plaster.

Delamination of the plaster coating is observed after applying the plaster layer to the overdried layer without prior wetting it with water or to the contaminated and dusty layer.

The defect can also be caused by applying a subsequent layer of plaster from a more durable layer to a less durable one (for example, applying a cement layer to a lime layer). Careless execution of plastering works also leads to the formation of stripes, grooves, irregularities, etc. on the surface.

Conclusion

The high quality of construction work is a prerequisite for completing tasks. Of particular importance is the quality of finishing works, which are the final stage in the construction of each building or structure.

Plaster, if it is well made and properly maintained, can be preserved long time(tens and even hundreds of years). This can be achieved by knowing well the causes of defects. They can be poor quality materials, non-compliance with technical specifications during work and acceptance of construction and installation works, inconsistency of materials and solutions this species plaster and operating conditions. Poor quality materials leads to the appearance of dutikov and insufficient strength of the plaster layer. Dutiki - swollen places on the surface of the plaster - are sometimes with outgoing radial cracks. The defect is caused by the presence of small particles of unextinguished lime in the plaster solution. The quenching of particles occurs already in the plaster layer, accompanied by an increase in volume, which leads to the formation of blisters. To avoid this, a good lime paste should be used, which must be filtered through a fine mesh with a mesh size of not more than 1.5 x 1.5 mm before preparing the solution.

When accepting decorative plaster, make sure that its color and texture correspond to the task and established samples. Allowed minor changes tones without sharp boundaries (no more than 10% of the area of ​​blind sections of the walls), a slight difference in tone or color intensity in areas separated by sharp boundaries, and subtle traces of joints in some areas. Spots with an area of ​​more than 25 cm (for example, from places where scaffolding is fixed) are not allowed.

List of used literature

Zhuravlev I.P., Lapshin P.A. Plasterer. Master of finishing construction works. - Rostov n/a: Phoenix; JSC "Moscow textbooks". 2005.

2. Ivliev A.A., Kalgin A.A., Spock O.M. Finishing construction work. M.: Academ A., 1998.

3. Lebedev M.M., Lebedeva L.M. The Young Plasterer's Handbook. Moscow: Higher school, 1989.

Moroz L.N. Painter. Technology and organization of work. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2005.

Skiba V.I., Osipov V.V. Drywall. Finishing of the apartment, cottage, office. Renovation. R-core n/a: Phoenix, 2005.

Chmyr V.D. Materials for painting and plastering works. - M.: Higher school, 1990.

Shepelev A.M. Plaster decorative and artistic works. - M.: Higher school, 1990.

Shepelev A.M. Plastering works. Moscow: Higher school, 1988.

At first glance, plaster is a simple and familiar material for wall decoration. It is usually not visible to anyone, except when it becomes the final element of decoration. Its direct purpose is to align the walls, create a perfect flat surface for decorative wall coverings such as wallpaper and paint. However, there is quite a large variety of types of plaster, which are not limited to performing an exclusively leveling function. They can protect walls, decorate them, save money, and create coziness and comfort in your home. Let's talk more about these unusual and special types of building plasters.

Heat-insulating types of plaster

Heating bills are constantly growing and make many residents think more and more often about the need to somehow reduce the cost of heating their apartments and houses. After all, no one has the desire to spend their own money just heating the street. In this case, people come to the aid of energy-saving technologies: the installation of insulated entrance doors, and even the use of high-tech materials during the design of the building.

Among the illustrative examples of such materials, it is worth noting heat-insulating plasters. Usually, they include dry building mixtures, which have among their components, in addition to the usual binder (as a rule, gypsum or cement are taken as the basis), also various heat-insulating fillers (polymer additives), which are characterized by reduced thermal conductivity, which gives them the necessary properties.

In the role of heat insulators, granulated polystyrene foam is usually used, which is processed with a special additive, expanded perlite, glass or vermiculite. In addition to thermal insulation properties, this class of fillers characterizes the level of combustibility of the mixture. Plasters with polystyrene foam additives are classified as low-flammable and hardly flammable mixtures. Compositions containing mineral fillers (for example, perlite, vermiculite or foamed glass) are not combustible at all (NG group).

Mixtures of heat-insulating plasters can sometimes contain special substances that form a complex structure of tiny pores filled with ordinary air in the thickness of the product. Any student knows that air is a good and simple heat insulator! After all, thanks to the layers of air between the individual villi and fibers, down jackets and fur coats warm us in winter. In addition, air is an excellent sound insulator. Of course, in modern architecture, sound insulation is provided by the supporting structures themselves, but sometimes it is not enough for complete acoustic comfort.

So, in order to “feel complete silence”, the airborne sound insulation index of load-bearing structures, walls and ceilings in a standard apartment building should be at least 62 dB, but in fact its value usually ranges from 45 to 55 dB. We have a similar picture for impact sound insulation. The obvious solution is to take action yourself and provide additional noise protection for your own home!

Fillers for plaster

Perlite It is sand of volcanic origin. By heating the mineral at a high temperature up to 1000 ° C, expanded perlite is obtained, which is distinguished by porosity and friability. This is a fairly durable material with low weight. The water that was poured in the composition was in a bound state, quickly evaporating, leading to the appearance of many tiny bubbles. At the same time, the material itself increases in volume by 4-20 times! Such expanded perlite has good fire-resistant properties, so it can be used at temperatures from -200 to +900 °C. This material is biologically stable and chemically inert, but has a fantastic hygroscopicity, which limits its use for construction. Perlite can absorb a lot of liquid, which is 4 times heavier than it!

Vermiculite- This natural mineral belonging to the class of hydromicas. With the help of accelerated firing, an excellent free-flowing and porous material in the form of flakes is obtained from it. In its main characteristics, this material is quite similar to perlite.

Foam glass- multifunctional porous material with glass cells. This is a mixture of foaming agent and fine glass chips. It does not conduct heat and sound well. It practically does not absorb moisture and does not give significant shrinkage. The structure of foam glass is similar to frozen foam.

Styrofoam- this is a very light material, which is obtained by foaming granular polystyrene or its derivatives. It absorbs sound quite well and retains heat, but it belongs to combustible materials, and if heated enough, it can release harmful toxic substances into the air.

Unfortunately, most manufacturers can hide the type and characteristics of the filler they use, sometimes referring this information to trade secrets.

Comparative table of properties of some porous aggregates. *For comparison: thermal conductivity coefficient of mineral wool - the most popular thermal insulation material- 0.04-0.09 W/m*K.

Insulating filler plaster can be used on almost any substrate: masonry walls, light and heavy concrete pavements, even on old plaster. One condition: the base must certainly be strong enough, dry and not repellent to water. It must first be cleaned of dust and other exfoliating fragments. The concrete surface of the walls must be well cleaned of formwork oil before starting work.

All these fillers do not affect the complexity of working with such plasters, you can use the same tools and techniques.

Protective plasters

No less significant and interesting types of plasters are mixtures that can protect a person from the harmful effects of an electromagnetic field on the body. The technical regulation on the safety of buildings and structures establishes requirements for electromagnetic safety. According to this document, the level of electromagnetic fields in the walls of public and residential buildings must be strictly controlled.

But nowadays the level of man-made electromagnetic background has increased greatly, and antennas, high-voltage power lines, etc. have made a great contribution to this. In addition, the number of ordinary electrical appliances in apartments is growing every day. A person almost does not notice electromagnetic radiation, and therefore underestimates the danger that comes from them. Chronic diseases, increased fatigue have become companions of urban residents. Part of the reason for this is the invisible fields that permeate the space of metropolitan areas.

The main component of protective plasters that are present on the Russian market is shungite. This black rock contains a special form of carbon called fullerenes. Such protective plasters have all the advantages of standard ones: good adhesion to the base, crack resistance, strength. But above all else, they can smooth electromagnetic radiation thereby reducing its harmful effects on the human body.

Especially recommend use protective plasters in medical and treatment-and-prophylactic institutions, that is, where there are people with poor health. In shielded wards, doctors note a significant improvement in patients' sleep and their general condition. In an ordinary apartment, at least such rooms as a bedroom and a nursery should be made qualitatively shielded. The use of protective plasters does not require special qualifications, as they are similar to conventional mixtures.

Other useful types of plaster

In unheated and damp rooms, as well as for outdoor work in places with a rainy climate, special means- This waterproof and frost-resistant plasters.

When restoring old houses, where it is necessary to preserve the historical appearance of the building, they are well suited lime-based plasters, since it was with these materials that the walls of buildings were finished several centuries ago.

Another option is modern ready-made pastes, as well as those that mimic the roughness of antiquity. Using such materials, one speaks more about styling than about the restoration itself.

A full-fledged article is worthy of a variety of decorative plasters. The surface treated with such plaster has an interesting relief, which in itself decorates the walls, therefore these plasters can be used as topcoats. The most popular textures are lamb and bark beetle.

Tuesday, February 15, 2011 10:20 am + to quote pad

The article was written based on the materials of the site "Country of Masters" (mostly).

Studying the recently discovered site "Country of Masters" and never ceasing to be surprised and admired by the variety of applied art techniques and the talent of our people, I decided to systematize the techniques.
The list will be updated as new techniques are discovered.

* Techniques related to the use of paper:

1. Iris folding ("Rainbow folding") - paper folding technique. Appeared in Holland. The technique requires attention and accuracy, but at the same time it allows you to easily make spectacular postcards or decorate the pages of a memorable album (scrapbooking) with interesting decorative elements.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/776

2. Paper plastics in terms of creativity is very similar to sculpture. But, in paper plastic, all products are empty inside, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462

3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of the technique for making products, in which corrugated paper tubes are used to decorate surfaces or to create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper on a stick, pencil or knitting needle, followed by compression. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for execution and use.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1492

4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil "bird feather") - the art of paper rolling. Originated in medieval Europe, where the nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges on the tip of a bird's feather, which created an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/587
http://stranamasterov.ru/node/1364

4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) - ancient art folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/560
Kinds:
- Kirigami - a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and paper cutting in the process of making a model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole trend in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutouts and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and postcards that fold into a flat figure.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1723
- Kusudama (Japanese: "medicine ball") - a paper model, which is usually (but not always) formed by stitching together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that a spherical body is obtained forms. Alternatively, individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued, not sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached from below.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dry petals; these may have been the first true bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of the two Japanese words kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Currently, kusudami are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested into each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/850
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually, an appliqué is then glued from the folded parts.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1636
- Origami modular - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by nesting them into each other. The resulting friction force does not allow the structure to disintegrate.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/15

5. Papier-mâché (French papier-mâché “chewed paper”) is an easily shaped mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Papier-mâché is used to make dummies , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mache blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/561

7. Embossing (another name is "embossing") - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymer material or plastic, foil, parchment (a technique called "parchment", see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which the material itself is embossed with a convex or concave stamp with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paints. Embossing is carried out mainly on book covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packs etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1626
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and becomes convex and whitens during processing. In this technique, interesting postcards are obtained, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1705
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliche on a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to simulate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern that imitates the skin of a crocodile, etc.)

* Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove dwellings (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, tuesas, wagons, turtles, baskets) and shoes from long flexible branches. Man has learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for application appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything that comes across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers .... Such weaving techniques as weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, macrame knot weaving, bobbin weaving, beading, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chain mail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines)...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave a lot of beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/302

1. Beading, like the beads themselves, has a long history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave necklaces from beaded threads, string bracelets and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century did the real flourishing of bead production begin. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Craftsmen and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, purses and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglasses, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, the natives began to use it instead of traditional Indian familiar materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hairnet, earrings, snuff boxes..
In the Far North, beaded embroidery was used to decorate fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harness, leather sunglasses...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets, there are amazing items. Brushes and covers for chalk, cases for a toothpick (!), an inkwell, a pen and a pencil, a collar for your favorite dog, a cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chess boards and much, much, much more.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1355

2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese needlework. It is in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar has been preserved to this day.
The ganutel uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wind parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers are elegant and light.
In the 16th century, a spiral wire made of gold or silver was called in Italian “canutiglia”, and in Spanish “canutillo”, in Russian this word probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1170

3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - nodular weaving technique.
The technique of this nodular weaving has been known since antiquity. According to some reports, macrame came to Europe in the VIII-IX centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, Ancient Greece.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/750

4. Lace weaving on bobbin. In Russia, the Vologda, Yelets, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky crafts are still known.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1687

5. Tatting is a woven nodular lace. It is also called shuttle lace, because this lace is woven with a special shuttle.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1728

* Techniques related to painting, various types painting and imaging:

Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on a surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), mainly from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting - view visual arts associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Paintings also include images painted on decorative and ceremonial vessels. whose surfaces can have complex shapes.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1218

1. Batik - hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to a fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as the artists say, "reserve" from staining individual sections of the fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, nodular, free painting, free painting using saline, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word "ba" means cotton fabric, and "-tik" means "dot" or "drop". Ambatik - draw, cover with drops, hatch.
Painting "batik" has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/916

2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the base material. The history of stained-glass windows begins from ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions appeared, panels made from colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/886

3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional both for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern tubes for juice are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic drawings from a small amount of liquid paint onto a sheet of paper.

4. Guilloche - the technique of manually burning an openwork pattern on fabric using a burning apparatus was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires precision in work. It must be carried out in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of the given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks for books, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more that your imagination will tell you, will decorate any home!
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1342

5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or a sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (to avoid blurring, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/686

6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way to create an image from small elements. Putting together the puzzle is very important for the mental development of the child.
Maybe from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden saw cuts twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass pieces, ceramic pieces, small stones, shells, thermo mosaic, Tetris mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material(cone scales, needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/438

7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, single and tupos - print) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth surface of glass or thick glossy paper (it should not let water through) - a drawing is made with gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed against the surface. The result is a mirror image.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/663

8. Thread graphics (thread, thread image, thread design) - a graphic image made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isography or cardboard embroidery. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. Threads can be ordinary sewing, woolen, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/452

9. Ornament (Latin ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decoration various items(utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures(both from the outside and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples also the human body itself (coloring, tattooing). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1222

10. Print.
Kinds:
- Sponge printing. For this, both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1094
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops ...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1068

11. Pointillism (fr. Pointillisme, literally “dottedness”) is a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, based on their optical mixing in the eye of the viewer, in contrast to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives a much greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing colors with the formation of shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a distance or in a reduced form.
Georges Seurat was the founder of the style.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/700

12. Drawing with palms. It is difficult for small children to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills of the hands, provide an opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is drawing with the palms. Drawing with their hands, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1315

13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the side of the veins. The paper you are going to print on can be colored or white. Press the sheet with the painted side against the sheet of paper, carefully remove it, taking the "tail" (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over. And now, having finished the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/667

14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and the original culture of the people. In Russian folk art, there are a large number of varieties of this type of arts and crafts.
Here are some of them:
- Zhostovo painting - an old Russian folk craft, originated at the beginning of the 19th century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. Is one of the most known species Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. near the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made with a free brushstroke with white and black graphic strokes, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting - an old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting a tree, silver tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, giving a light wooden utensils massive effect. The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/301

15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with paints in molten form (hence the name). A variety of encaustic is wax tempera, which is distinguished by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted in this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1485

*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and the use of fabrics:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb "to sew", i.e. what is sewn or sewn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1136

2. Patchwork, Quilting, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts, with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of multi-colored fabrics or knitted elements. geometric shapes for joining in a bedspread, blouse or bag.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1347
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to the fruit of the artichoke. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique, it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, compose (glue) various panels of a rounded (or polyhedral shape) on a plane or in volume.
There are two ways to sew: the tip of the blanks is directed to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with a tip to a narrower part. The parts to be folded are not necessarily cut into squares. It can be both rectangles and circles. In any case, we meet with the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the origami patchwork family, and since they create volume, therefore, they also belong to the "3d" technique.
Example: http://stranamasterov.ru/node/137446?tid=1419
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this one as well. I think it's a multimethod.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination various techniques: patchwork+embroidery+painting, etc.
Example:

3. Tsumami Kanzashi. Tsumami is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the master takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
Hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave the name to a whole new kind of arts and crafts. This technique was used to make decorations for combs, and for individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1724

* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools by hand (crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/729

1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way to crochet with special device- fork, curved in the shape of the letter U. As a result, light, airy patterns are obtained.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of hand-made fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, embossed patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of a lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations loops and posts. The correct ratio - the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/858
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1157
4. Tunisian knitting with a long hook (both one and several loops can simultaneously participate to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Fillet knitting - imitates fillet-guipure embroidery on a special grid.
7. Guipure knitting (Irish or Brussels lace) crochet.

2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. Decorating your life and home with handicrafts or children's toys convenient for everyday life, you experience the joy of appearance and the pleasure of the process of their creation.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1418

3. Carving - a kind of arts and crafts. It is one of the types of artistic processing of wood along with sawing, turning.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1113

* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Application (from Latin “attaching”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, beads, woolen threads, chased metal plates, all kinds of fabric (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive possibilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/364
Also exist:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - the new kind arts and crafts. It is a creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on horizontal surface. In essence, this is a rare, very expressive type of “painting.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1243
- Application from "palms". Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/612
- Breakaway appliqué is one of the types of multifaceted appliqué technique. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1346

2. Assemblage (fr. assemblage) - a technique of visual art, akin to collage, but using three-dimensional details or whole objects, appliquely arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows pictorial additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes it is applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, because the terminology of the latest visual art is not well established.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1412

3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique is well traced from the English name tunnel - a tunnel - a through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” (book) that is being compiled conveys the feeling of the tunnel well. There is a three-dimensional postcard. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types of techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because. aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel was dated to the middle of the 18th century. and was the epitome of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or sold as souvenirs for tourists.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1411

4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/701
They are cut out of paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, birch bark, plastic bottles, soap, plywood (although this is already called sawing), fruits and vegetables, as well as other different materials. Apply various tools: scissors, breadboard knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetric structure are cut out by eye, with curvilinear contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive, they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1416
- The cut is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of the sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey the external features of objects in applications in a stylized form.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/466
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since the time when paper was invented in China. And this type of carving became known as jianzhi. This art has spread all over the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/563
- Carving (see below).

5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “what is cut out”) is a technique for decorating, appliqué, decorating with cut paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the XII century. began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this technique also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence the other name - "napkin technology". The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, caskets, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, gypsum - must be plain and light, because. the pattern cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/722

6. Carving (from the English carvу - cut, cut, engrave, cut; carving - carving, carved work, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking is simplest form sculptures or engravings on the surface of vegetable and fruit products, such short-lived table decorations.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1339

7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - pasted paper. Very quickly, this concept began to be used in an expanded sense - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from fragments of other texts, fragments collected on the same plane.
The collage can be completed by any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/324

8. Constructor (from lat. constructor "builder") - an ambiguous term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. i.e. details or elements of some future layout, information about which is collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers differ in the type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). The combination of various elements creates interesting designs for games and fun.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/984

9. Modeling - shaping plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) with the help of hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is designed to master the primary principles of this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/670

10. A layout is a copy of an object with resizing (usually reduced), which is made with the preservation of proportions. The layout should also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique piece, you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). It can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1397
Layout view - a model is a valid layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is focused on certain aspects of the modeled object, or equally detailed thereof. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a sea or air club. The simulation uses a variety of materials: balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salt dough, paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric ...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1353

11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acid, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1631

12. Sculpture (lat. sculptura, from sculpo - cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - molding, carving, casting, forging, chasing, cutting, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1399

13. Weaving - production of fabrics and textiles from yarn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1318

14. Filting (or felting, or felting) - felting wool. There is "wet" and "dry".
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/736

15. Flat chasing is one of the types of arts and crafts, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or a round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
The processing of the material is carried out with the help of a rod - a chasing, which is placed vertically, on the upper end of which they hit with a hammer. Moving the coinage gradually manifested new form. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples:

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