What kind of ventilation should be used in technologically clean rooms. Cleanroom Ventilation: What You Need to Know When Designing Air Humidity Meter
FINAL LIFE TEST
- The activity of a radioactive substance is measured in SI units:
o + Becquerel
- What unit is absolute humidity measured in?
o + g/m3
- Basically, the release of excess heat in the body man goes due to:
o Cooling
o + radiation
o evaporation
- As a result of exposure to electric current on a person, the following may occur:
o electrical signs blinded by electrical convection
o + all of the above
o burns, mechanical damage
o metallization of the skin
- Harmful factors lead to:
o + disease
o violation of the microclimate
- The time spent by a person in an electrostatic field of intensity E without protective equipment is calculated by the formula:
o + t= (60/E)2
- To protect the eyes when working with alpha and beta sources, apply:
o + plexiglass shields
o goggles
- To protect hands when working with radioactive substances with an activity of more than 18 8 Bq, the following are used:
o + gloves with lead rubber sleeves
o cotton gloves
o plastic gloves
- To protect the respiratory system when working with radioactive substances, apply:
o cloth bandage
o + respirators and hose masks *
- Permissible voltage value alternating current when touched at 400 Hz for normal operation industrial equipment must not exceed in B:
- The permissible value of the DC contact voltage at a frequency of 400 Hz for the normal value of industrial equipment should not exceed in V:
- The permissible value of the AC voltage when touched at a frequency of 50 Hz for the normal mode of industrial equipment should not exceed in V:
- What substances according to the degree of influence does chlorine belong to:
o little dangerous
o Moderately dangerous
o + highly dangerous
o extremely dangerous
- Which substances according to the degree of exposure does manganese belong to:
o little dangerous
o Moderately dangerous
o + extremely dangerous
o highly dangerous
- To what substances according to the degree of influence does tobacco belong:
o extremely dangerous
o little dangerous
o highly dangerous
o + moderately dangerous
- What substances according to the degree of influence does acetone belong to?:
o highly dangerous
o + little dangerous
o moderately hazardous
o extremely dangerous
- What substances according to the nature of the impact does acetone belong to:
o toxic
o carcinogenic
o to none
o + annoying
- Which substances according to the nature of the impact include lead:
o to none
o annoying
o carcinogenic
o + toxic
- Which substances according to the nature of the impact is asbestos:
o toxic
o + carcinogenic
o annoying
- Which substances according to the nature of the impact include solvents:
o mutagenic
o carcinogenic
o + sensitizing
- How do 1 degree Celsius and Kelvin relate:
o they are equal
o + Kelvin more by 2730
o degrees Celsius more than 2730
- Which jobs are considered light (in terms of physical severity), measured in watts:
o + 152-176
- Which work is considered moderate (according to the degree of physical severity), measured in W:
o + 176-234
- Which work is considered heavy (in terms of physical severity), measured in W:
o + over 292
- What works are of medium severity when moving small items:
o + up to 10 kg
- What weights are considered small during sedentary work:
o + up to 1 kg
- What factors are more dangerous for a person in domestic conditions:
o + harmful
o dangerous
o critical
- What is the MPC for extremely hazardous hazardous substances (mg/m3):
o + less than 0.1
- What is the MPC for highly hazardous hazardous substances (mg/m3):
o + 0,1-1,0
- What is the MPC for moderately hazardous hazardous substances (mg/m3):
o + 1-10
- What is the MPC for low-hazard hazardous substances (mg/m3):
o + over 10
- What law obeys the amount of heat radiated by a body:
o Gay-Lussac
o Mendeleev-Klaiperon
o + Stefan-Boltzmann
o 1Р=2*5*10-4 C/kg
o + 1R (X-ray) = 2.58*10-4 C/kg
o 1R=2*10-4C/kg
- Which ratio is correct:
o 1 rem=1003 in
o + 1 rem=0.013 in
- Which ratio is correct:
o 1 Gy = 10 rad
o 1 Gy = 50 rad
o + 1 Gy = 100 rad
o 1 Gy = 1000 rad
- What is the relationship between Curie and Becquerel:
o 1 KU=3.7*107Bq
o + 1KU=3.7*1010Bq
o 1KU=3.7*108Bq
- What effect does the decomposition of blood and other body fluids have by causing an electric current:
o electrical injury
o biological
o + electrolytic
o thermal
- What effect does an electric current have, causing excitation of living tissues of the human body, accompanied by convulsions, muscle spasm, respiratory and cardiac arrest:
o thermal
o + biological
o electrical injury
o electrolytic
- What is the optimal relative humidity for a person in%:
o + 40-60
- What concentration of harmful substances is understood as the maximum permissible concentration (MPC):
o maximum
o optimal
o + not disease-causing
- Kcal / hour is a unit of measurement of what physical quantity:
o amount of heat
about energy
o + power
- The amount of heat emitted by a body is proportional to what degree of temperature:
- The design of the PC should provide the exposure dose rate of ionized radiation at any point at a distance of 0.05 of the screen and the PC case at any position of the control devices should not exceed the equivalent dose in MkR / h:
- Control of ionizing radiation is carried out using:
o ionization chambers
o Geiger counters
o + all of the above
o scintillation counters
o dosimeters
- The dose rate of gamma radiation in premises under construction in µSv/h must exceed the dose rate in open areas by more than:
- Mutagenic substances cause:
o + changes in genes
o allergies
o poisoning
- The most dangerous for a person is an electric current in the frequency range in Hz:
o + 20-100
- The intensity of static electricity in kV / m at the workplace should not exceed for an hour:
- The intensity of the electrostatic field in kV / m should not exceed for adult PC users:
- tension electromagnetic field for the electrical component at a distance of 0.5 m from the video monitor is in V / m:
- The strength of the electromagnetic field in terms of the magnetic component at a distance of 0.5 m from the video monitor in A / m should not exceed:
- Rationing of the electrostatic field is carried out in accordance with:
o GOST 121036-81
o + GOST 121045-84
o GOST 121003-89
o GOST 122020-84
53. Rationing of the maximum allowable contact voltages and currents flowing through a person (alternating current frequency 50 and 400 Hz):
o + GOST 121038-82
o GOST 121045-85
o GOST 121045-84
o GOST 121045-83
- Danger factor can lead to:
about disease
o violation of the microclimate
o + injury
- Optimum temperature in degrees Celsius for a room with and a PC for the cold period of the year for work category 1 a is:
o + 22-24
- The optimum temperature for rooms with and PCs during the warm period of the year for work category 1 a in degrees Celsius:
o + 23-25
- The optimum temperature for rooms with and PCs in the cold season for work category 1 b in degrees Celsius:
o + 21-23
- The optimum temperature for rooms with and PCs during the warm period of the year for work category 1 b in degrees Celsius:
o + 22-24
- The optimal air humidity in percent for rooms with and PC is:
o + 40-60
- The optimal speed of air movement in a room with and PC in the cold (1 a, 1 b) and warm periods (categories 1 a) of the year for the category is in m / s:
- The optimal speed of air movement in the room with and PC during the warm period for category 1 b is in m / s:
- The optimal ratio of negative and positive ions in the room with and PC is:
- As you move away from ground, the step voltage will become zero at a distance in meters:
o + > 20
- The absorbed dose of ionizing radiation is measured in SI units:
o + Gray
o X-ray
- permanent workplace- the place where the employee is located:
o 30% of the time
o 90% of the time
o + > 2 hours continuously
- At high voltages(> 500 V) more dangerous:
o + D.C.
o alternating current
o both of the above
- When performing the main work on and PC, the noise level at the workplace should not exceed in dBA:
- At what effective dose rate of radioactive radiation in mSv/year is resettlement (alienation) carried out:
o + more than 50
- At what rate of effective dose of radioactive radiation in mSv/year is voluntary resettlement performed:
o + 20-50
- At what rate of effective dose of radioactive radiation in mSv/year is the usual control performed:
- At what rate of effective dose of radioactive radiation in mSv/year is radiation monitoring performed:
- At what rate of effective dose of radioactive radiation in mSv/year is this place a zone of restricted habitation:
o + 5-20
- At what current strength in mA a person feels its flow:
o + 0,6-1,5
- At what strength of current in mA flowing through a person, convulsive contraction of the muscles of the hands begins:
o + 10-15
- At what current strength in mA, flowing through a person, breathing becomes difficult:
o + 20-25
- At what current strength in mA, flowing through a person, cardiac fibrillation can begin:
- The disposal site for radioactive substances should be located no closer from the city:
o + 20 km
- What is the confidence level with which MPC sets a safe level:
o + 0,95
- Sensitizing substances cause:
o change in genes
o + allergies
- The resistance of grounding devices used only for protection against static electricity is in Ohms:
- The temperature is above the optimum, the humidity is below the optimum. What is the microclimate?
o heat stroke
o chilly weather
o hypothermia
o + sauna
- The temperature is above the optimum, the humidity is above the optimum. What is the microclimate?
o + heatstroke
o chilly weather
o hypothermia
- The temperature is below the optimum, the humidity is below the optimum. What is the microclimate:
o heat stroke
o + hypothermia
o chilly weather
- The temperature is below the optimum, the humidity is above the optimum. What is the microclimate?
o heat stroke
o + chilly weather
o heat stroke
- Toxic substances cause:
o allergies
o + poisoning
o changes in genes
- Step voltage is the potential difference between two ground points in the ground area at a distance in m:
- What is meant by work area?
o platform 2m*2m
o volume 2m*2m*2m
o + space up to 2m above floor level
- The equivalent dose of ionizing radiation is measured in SI units:
o + Sievert
o X-ray
- The effective dose of ionizing radiation is measured in SI units:
o + Sievert
o X-ray
- Electric current only affects a person:
o + all of the above
o thermogenic effect
o electrolytic action
Test 1. "Man and the environment"
1. Work performed while sitting, standing or associated with walking and some physical stress in the classification of work according to the degree of physical severity are light, if the employee's energy costs do not exceed, kcal / h:
2. Works associated with constant walking, or performed standing or sitting and associated with the movement of objects weighing up to 1 kg in the classification of work according to the degree of physical severity, are classified as medium, if the energy costs of the employee do not exceed, kcal / h:
3. What kind of work in the classification of work according to the degree of physical severity will include work, in the performance of which energy costs are 253 kcal / h:
1) neutral;
2) easy;
3) moderate;
4) medium;
5) severe.
4. When performing light work in the classification according to the degree of physical severity of work, the maximum mass of objects to be moved should not exceed, kg:
1) 0.5 kg;
5. Items weighing 11.5 kg, carried in the process of work, are considered in the classification of work according to the degree of physical severity:
1) small; light 5kg
Medium; 6-15 kg
3) large; 16-40kg
4) significant;< 40кг…
5) moderate.
6. Work zone- This:
1) the area in which the production equipment is directly located;
2) an area of 2 m by 2 m around the installed machine;
3) zone with a volume of 2 m by 2 m by 2 m in the immediate vicinity of hazardous units production equipment;
4) a space up to 2 m above the floor level or a working platform on which permanent workplaces are located;
5) the space around the production equipment, within which the movement of the tool, feedstock, final product and dangerous assemblies takes place.
7. If an employee is engaged continuously for 2.5 hours labor activity at the same workplace, then this workplace is:
1) official;
2) on duty;
3) permanent;
4) operational;
5) temporary.
8. What environmental parameters are normalized as microclimate parameters:
1) temperature of air and surrounding surfaces, relative humidity of air, air velocity;
2) air temperature, absolute air humidity, air velocity, natural light;
3) the temperature of the surrounding surfaces, air pressure, maximum air humidity, general illumination;
4) temperature of air and surrounding surfaces, relative humidity of air, air pressure;
5) relative air humidity, air pressure, air velocity, the proportion of natural light in the total light.
9. Most favorable meaning relative humidity, %, for a person is in the range:
1) less than 30;
3) 40–60;
10. What microclimate will a person feel if the air temperature exceeds optimal value, and the relative humidity of the air is below the optimum:
1) heat and dryness;
2) dankness;
3) very damp;
4) very dry;
5) cold and damp.
11. A person’s feeling of cold and dampness at the same time corresponds to such a combination of air temperature and its relative humidity, at which:
1) the temperature is above the optimum, the humidity is also above the optimum;
2) the temperature is below the optimum, the humidity is also below the optimum;
Cold and damp.
13. Thermal shock is promoted by such a combination of air temperature and relative humidity at which:
1) the temperature is above optimal, the humidity is optimal;
2) the temperature is above the optimum, the humidity is below the optimum;
3) the temperature is above the optimum, the humidity is also above the optimum;
4) the temperature is optimal, the humidity is below optimal;
5) the temperature is below optimal, the humidity is optimal.
14. The main process that ensures the heat exchange of the human body with the environment in the process of physical work is:
1) cooling;
2) convection;
3) evaporation;
4) condensation;
5) radiation.
15. Determine the period of the year if the average daily temperature for 5 days was plus 120C:
1) neutral;
2) moderate;
3) warm;
4) hot;
5) cool.
16. What parameter determines the recoil of the body in environment heat due to convection:
1) the speed of the air flow blowing over the body;
2) body weight;
3) air pressure;
4) body temperature;
5) air temperature around the body.
17. The amount of heat given off by the body to the environment as a result of evaporation depends on:
1) absolute humidity air;
2) air pressure;
23.If heated parts technological equipment 48% of the worker's body is irradiated, the intensity of thermal exposure should not exceed, W / m2:
24. In the case of irradiation of 70% of the human body by heated parts of technological equipment, the intensity of thermal exposure should not exceed, W / m2:
25. The permissible exposure intensity of the operator in the presence of an open source of thermal radiation at the workplace should be no more than, W / m2:
26. If the temperature inside the body of the apparatus is 115 0С, then the temperature of the heated outer surfaces with which the worker must come into contact should not exceed 0С:
27. If the temperature inside the body of the device is 45 0С, then Maximum temperature heated external surfaces with which the worker must come into contact, should be, 0C:
28. If the temperature of the structure exceeds the permissible by 2.5 0С, the workplace must be located at a distance of more than, m from it:
29. At what time of the day (on average) is the highest human performance:
1) from 8 a.m. to 11 a.m. and from 12 a.m. to 3 p.m.;
2) from 9 am to 12 pm and from 3 pm to 5 pm;
3) from 10 am to 12 pm and from 4 pm to 6 pm;
4) from 8 am to 12 pm and from 2 pm to 5 pm;
5) from 10:00 to 13:00 and from 14:00 to 16:00.
30. On what days of the week (on average) is a person's performance maximum:
1) Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday;
2) Tuesday, Wednesday Thursday;
3) Monday, Wednesday, Friday;
4) Monday, Tuesday, Thursday;
5) Wednesday, Thursday, Friday.
Test 2. "Security production activities"
1. With the help of what devices organized natural ventilation is carried out:
1) air conditioning installations;
2) windows, transoms, deflectors;
3) mechanical filters and heaters;
4) electric fans;
5) humidifiers and air ionizers.
2. Supply and exhaust ventilation for ventilation:
1) natural organized;
2) aeration;
3) infiltration;
4) artificial;
5) natural unorganized.
3. What kind of ventilation should be used in technologically clean rooms:
1) natural organized;
2) supply;
3) natural unorganized;
4) exhaust;
5) supply and exhaust.
4. At least what volume of incoming air per employee should be provided by mechanical ventilation in the absence of natural ventilation, m3 / h:
5. At least what volume of incoming air per employee should be provided by natural air with a room volume of 35 m3 / h, m3 / h:
6. To what color of light does the human eye have the maximum sensitivity:
1) blue-violet;
2) red-orange;
3) yellow-green;
4) orange-yellow;
5) green-blue.
7. Illumination on the surface of the table with a video display terminal and a PC in the area where the working document is placed should be, lx:
4) 300–500;
8. How dangerous is the occurrence of the stroboscopic effect:
1) vision deteriorates;
2) efficiency decreases;
3) there is an illusion of immobility or a changed direction of movement of rotating nodes;
4) health worsens;
5) increased fatigue.
9. At what value of illumination, lx, created natural light, should also include artificial lighting:
1) less than 500;
2) less than 1000;
3) less than 1500;
4) less than 3000;
Less than 5000.
10. What value of the coefficient of natural illumination is normalized for side lighting:
1) minimum;
2) average;
3) root mean square;
4) maximum;
5) complete.
11. What effect do hazardous production factors have on the human body:
1) in certain conditions to injury or a sharp deterioration in health;
2) to injury;
3) to a sharp deterioration in health;
5) under certain conditions to an occupational or occupationally conditioned disease.
12. What are the consequences for human health of exposure to harmful production factors:
1) under certain conditions to an occupational or occupationally conditioned disease;
2) to a sharp deterioration in health;
3) to injury;
4) to an occupational or occupationally conditioned disease;
5) under certain conditions to injury or a sharp deterioration in health.
13. At what distance from the operator's eyes should the screen of the monitor or video display terminal be, mm:
4) 600–700;
14. What are the values of the maximum permissible concentrations of extremely dangerous harmful substances and are, mg / m3:
1) more than 15;
4) 0,1–1;
5) less than 0.1.
15. How do sensitizing drugs affect the human body? harmful substances:
1) cause poisoning of the whole organism;
2) cause irritation of the respiratory center and mucous membranes;
3) cause a change in hereditary traits;
4) cause allergic reactions;
5) affect reproductive function.
16. What is the maximum time of continuous work of the operator on the video display terminal and PC, h:
5) is not limited.
17. Zones with what level of sound pressure should be marked with signs, and the personnel working in them should be provided with means personal protection, dBA:
1) more than 30;
2) more than 40;
3) more than 50;
4) more than 85;
5) more than 135.
18. In areas with what level of sound pressure is prohibited even a short stay, dBA:
1) more than 85;
2) more than 90;
3) more than 100;
4) more than 135;
5) more than 140.
19. At night in residential premises, the value of the noise level should not exceed, dBA:
20. At the workplaces of operators working with video terminals and PCs, the maximum noise level should not exceed, dBA:
21. What vibration has the most dangerous effect on the human body:
2) local;
3) centralized;
4) general;
5) concentrated.
22. Maximum permissible value of tension electric field industrial frequency inside residential buildings is, kV / m:
23. The presence of personnel in the areas of action of the electric field of industrial frequency with a strength of up to 5 kV / m is allowed for, h:
5) unlimited.
24. The time spent by personnel in the areas of action of the electric field of industrial frequency with a strength of 20 to 25 kV / m should not exceed:
3) 1 hour;
5) is not limited.
25. What is the value of the intensity of the electric field of industrial frequency, above which personnel are not allowed to stay in this zone without protective equipment, kV / m:
26. The value of the electrostatic field strength at the workplace should not exceed within an hour, kV / m:
27. The most dangerous frequency range of electric current for the human body is, Hz:
3) 20–100;
28. At what value of voltage, V, is direct current the greatest danger to the human body:
1) more than 220;
2) more than 380;
3) more than 450;
4) more than 500;
5) more than 1000.
29. At what distance from the ground electrode, m, does the step voltage decrease to zero:
More than 20.
30. The value of the alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz, at which cardiac fibrillation can begin, is, mA:
5) more than 150.
Test 3. "Safety in emergency situations. Civil defense"
1. What subsystems does it consist of Russian system warning and emergency response:
1) federal and territorial;
2) regional and district;
3) urban and local;
4) territorial and functional;
5) facility and production.
2. What levels does the Russian system of warning and action in emergency situations have:
1) federal, regional, territorial, local, object;
2) federal, regional, regional, district, city;
3) city, district, local, industrial, facility;
4) functional, territorial, industrial, household, special;
5) departmental, interdepartmental, non-departmental, branch federal.
3. In what mode does the Russian system of warning and action in emergency situations operate when receiving a forecast about the possibility of an emergency:
1) daily activities;
2) constant readiness;
3) high readiness;
4) operational;
5) emergency.
4. The causes of what emergency situations by the nature of occurrence are the erroneous actions of people:
1) natural disasters;
2) man-made;
3) anthropogenic;
4) social;
5) sudden.
5. What emergency situations of a man-made nature include accidents on heating networks during the cold season:
1) accidents on electric power networks;
2) transport accidents;
3) accidents on communal life support systems;
4) hydrodynamic accidents;
5) accidents at treatment facilities.
6. What places in buildings should be used as shelter in case of an earthquake:
1) under window sills, corners internal partitions;
2) at columns, openings and corners of capital internal walls, doorways;
3) ventilation shafts and ducts;
4) balconies and loggias;
5) built-in wardrobes.
7. What to do when you receive advance warning of a possible occurrence natural disaster:
1) leave the dwelling as quickly as possible and move away from it to a safe distance;
2) turn on the TV, radio, broadcast and wait for further orders and instructions;
3) open windows, doors and go out to the balcony;
4) turn off electricity, water and gas in the dwelling;
5) tightly close all windows and doors in the dwelling.
8. During a hurricane, the open area is the safest natural place for shelter is:
1) forest area;
2) a separate large tree;
3) the top of the hill;
4) big stone;
5) deepening of the relief.
9. What poses the greatest danger in a fire:
1) open flame;
2) deterioration of visibility due to smoke;
3) toxic combustion products;
4) heat;
5) destruction of structures.
10. What factors are necessary for the occurrence of combustion:
1) fuel and ignition source;
2) ignition source and oxidizer;
3) fuel and oxidizer;
4) fuel, oxidizer and ignition source;
5) high temperature, high pressure air and a large number of combustible gases.
11. The most dangerous ionizing radiation during external exposure of the human body are:
1) alpha and beta radiation;
2) beta and gamma radiation;
3) gamma and neutron radiation;
4) neutron and alpha radiation;
5) X-ray and beta radiation.
12. During internal irradiation of the human body, the most dangerous ionizing radiations are:
1) alpha, beta and gamma radiation;
2) beta, gamma and x-ray radiation;
3) alpha, gamma and neutron radiation;
4) beta, neutron and alpha radiation;
5) X-ray, neutron and beta radiation.
13. What kind of ionizing radiation creates induced activity in materials:
1) alpha radiation;
2) beta radiation;
3) neutron radiation;
4) gamma radiation;
5) X-ray radiation.
14. To remove radioactive substances from objects, it is necessary to carry out:
1) degassing;
2) decontamination;
3) disinfection;
4) deratization;
5) detoxification.
15. What is the purpose of iodine prophylaxis in the first ten days after a radiation accident from emissions of radioactive substances:
1) for prevention infectious diseases;
2) to protect the thyroid gland;
3) to prevent the accumulation of radioactive substances in bone tissue;
4) to improve immunity;
5) for the general strengthening of the body.
16. Chlorine cloud spreading from the accident area:
2) moves with the wind, clinging to the ground;
3) moves with the wind, rising up;
17. Ammonia cloud spreading from the accident area:
1) expands to the sides, practically remaining in place;
2) moves with the wind, clinging to the ground;
3) moves with the wind, rising up;
4) moves downwind at almost the same height;
5) moves in accordance with the degree of vertical stability of the atmosphere.
18. For emergency chemical neutralization hazardous substances needs to be done:
1) demercurization;
2) decontamination;
3) hygienic washing;
4) degassing;
5) deratization.
19. To remove drops of hazardous chemically hazardous substances from clothing, open skin and personal protective equipment, use:
1) individual anti-chemical package;
2) individual first aid kit;
3) an individual dressing package;
4) combined arms protective kit;
5) special protective kit.
20. What alert signal is transmitted using sirens, as well as intermittent beeps industrial enterprises and Vehicle:
1) "radiation hazard!";
2) "Chemical danger!";
3) "Danger!";
4) "Attention everyone!";
5) "Alarm!".
21. According to the principle of protective action, protective equipment is divided into:
1) collective and individual;
2) anti-radiation and anti-chemical;
3) universal and specialized;
4) filtering and insulating;
5) peacetime and wartime.
22. What a striking factor nuclear explosion is the main one when acting on objects:
1) light radiation of a nuclear explosion;
2) penetrating radiation;
3) electromagnetic impulse;
4) air shock wave;
5) radioactive contamination of the area.
With the increase in the volume of construction in our country of healthcare facilities, laboratories, enterprises, microelectronics production, medicines etc., the demand for ventilation systems for "clean rooms" has increased dramatically, which will be discussed in this publication.
Clean room concept
A clean room (CP) is usually called a room or a group of rooms with all related structures, in which the countable concentration of suspended particles and microorganisms in the air mixture is maintained at a strictly defined level, determined by GOST ISO 14644-1-2002; SNiP 41-01-2003(8); sanitary standards and the required purity class. The United States, Germany, France, Great Britain and the European Union have their own standards for the purity of the air mixture.
Depending on the counting amount of suspended particles, ranging in size from 0.1 to 5.0 microns per 1 m 3 in the CP, and the concentration of microorganisms in it, 9 classes of sterility were determined.
Based on the MPC of microorganisms, class 5 iso is divided into two subspecies:
- "A" - MPC of microorganisms, not more than 1/m3;
- "B" - maximum concentration limit of microorganisms not more than 5/m 3 .
For the PE, its iso class and state are used: "operated"; "built" and "equipped".
Equipment for creating "clean air exchange"
Creating competent ventilation and air conditioning systems for clean rooms is difficult process, requiring knowledge of the features of air exchange, special equipment and specific technical solutions.
The air in such a room must be supplied already cleaned of contaminants, bacteria and microorganisms, therefore, the filtering system of the supply air mixture plays a special role in creating a sterile microclimate in "clean rooms". A popular cleaning system is the installation of three groups of filter elements after the blower:
- The first group consists of a filter coarse cleaning from mechanical impurities.
- The second group of filters consists of a set of filter elements fine cleaning and antibacterial filter.
- The third group consists of HEPA microfilters with absolute cleaning of the supply air.
In addition to filter elements, ventilation of clean rooms involves: fans, air intake and air distribution equipment, devices for automatically maintaining the required humidity and temperature, shut-off and control equipment, locks, etc. The choice of one or another set of equipment depends on the purpose of the emergency and the required object of air cleanliness class.
When designing CP ventilation systems, much attention is paid to the design and coating of air ducts and filter chambers, which must undergo periodic antimicrobial treatment.
Features of air exchange
To maintain the purity of the air, in technologically clean rooms, ventilation with an excess volume of inflow should be used, compared with the exhaust in adjacent rooms.
- If the room is without windows, then the inflow should prevail over the exhaust by 20%.
- If the emergency room has windows that allow infiltration, then the air supply capacity should be 30% higher than the exhaust.
It is this air exchange system that prevents the penetration of contaminants and ensures the movement of air from a clean room to adjacent rooms. Much attention of designers is paid to the methods of supplying the air mixture to such objects and depends on their purpose. 
The inflow to the emergency room with a purity class from 1 to 6 must be supplied by an air distribution device from top to bottom, creating uniform unidirectional air flows of low speed, from 0.2 to 0.45 m/s. In rooms with a lower cleanliness class, it is allowed to create a non-unidirectional flow by means of several ceiling diffusers. The frequency of air exchange for PE is set depending on their purpose, from 25 to 60 times per hour.
The most common schemes
When designing ventilation of clean rooms one of major problems is an proper organization air mixture flows. To date, designers use several solutions for the location of air distribution devices, the choice of which depends on the purpose of the emergency. Consider the most common schemes for organizing ventilation in the operating room. 
- A) air flow is unidirectional, through an inclined ventilation grille;
- B) non-unidirectional inflow of the air mixture is carried out through the use of ceiling diffusers;
- AT) supply air is delivered to the operating room through a perforated ceiling panel with the creation of a vertical unidirectional air flow;
- D) the supply air mixture is supplied through the ceiling air diffuser, which creates a unidirectional air flow to the working area;
- D) air is not unidirectional through the annular air hose.
Exhaust ventilation of clean operating rooms is carried out by means of exhaust fans and overflow wall grates with check valves.
As practice has shown, best device to create a unidirectional laminar air flow in the operating room, ceiling-type mesh air diffusers are used. For example, a laminar ceiling with dimensions of 1.8 by 2.4 m in an operating room with an area of 40 m 2 will allow creating 25-fold air exchange at an air outlet velocity of the device of 0.2 m/s. These indicators are sufficient to assimilate heat surpluses from the operation of the equipment and the number of personnel in the operating room.
Designing ventilation and air conditioning systems in an emergency is a complex process that requires knowledge of air exchange processes and the intricacies of using air distribution equipment. That is why to create ventilation at such facilities, you should contact only professionals.
Technologically clean rooms have firmly entered human life. So, in premises of this kind, microelectronic circuits, especially precise devices are assembled, medicines are made, food products and much more. To ensure the necessary air parameters in technologically clean rooms, the latest equipment is used.
The concept of a technologically clean room
A clean room is a room in which the concentration of suspended particles and microorganisms does not exceed required value(for each type of room its own standards). Simply put, this is a room in which air is supplied with very thorough filtration (cleaning comes from particles and microorganisms), and there is also a system for regulating the supplied air to ensure the necessary parameters.
Under particles understand various solid or liquid objects, microorganisms, the size of which is from 0.005 to 100 microns. Therefore, this task - to filter particles of these sizes - can only be handled by specialized equipment.
Ventilation system in technologically clean rooms of hospitals
AT Everyday life many visit clean rooms in hospitals. Air filtration in hospitals is carried out in almost all rooms, but most thorough cleaning of the supplied air is produced in operating rooms, resuscitation rooms, maternity wards, in burn therapy wards.
In the hospital to ventilation system have the following requirements:
- The system must ensure the removal of air pollutants. This is necessary to prevent the spread of pathogens.
- The ventilation and air conditioning system in the technologically clean rooms of hospitals should provide the necessary air parameters that must satisfy patients and hospital staff (temperature, mobility air masses, humidity, concentration of harmful impurities).
- The ventilation system must prevent the accumulation of static electricity in the air.
Filtration in the ventilation system of technologically clean rooms
To ensure the necessary air parameters in the ventilation system of technologically clean rooms, special attention is paid to the filtration system. It is with the help of installed filters that required amount particles and microorganisms in the air.
At the moment, a three-stage air filtration system is used. It includes the stage of coarse, fine and absolutely fine cleaning, which allows you to adjust the necessary air parameters. This system allows you to extend the life of filters and achieve perfect result when cleaning the supply air.
Cleanrooms are commonly understood as rooms with a strict amount of germs, dust, chemical fumes and other constituents. Purpose of ventilation of a clean room in a global sense does not differ from the ventilation of any other room, since it is aimed at regulation of humidity, air temperature and pressure.
Strict rules are observed even during the construction of the premises, since a minimum amount of dust must penetrate there. Such strict rules sterility are required in various medical institutions , in the production of pharmaceuticals or electronics.
Cleanroom in terms of terminology
The rough description of the clean room was above - this is a room with a certain concentration of particles and microorganisms, moreover, this concentration does not go beyond the established value. Based on these concentrations, a cleanliness class is awarded to the room.
The following categories are distinguished:
- Clean rooms that are completely free of harmful substances, microbial contamination, heat and moisture release. It is assumed that these substances are within the MPC.
- The so-called extra-clean rooms, which have their own criteria for ensuring sterility.
- Concerning dirty rooms, then these are rooms where there is at least one of the harmful factors that makes it impossible to fall into one of the categories listed above.
Ventilation and air conditioning of clean rooms
You need to immediately understand that in technologically clean rooms, autonomous ventilation should be used. General systems in this case are not suitable for a number of objective reasons. To match the microclimate parameters established standards need to be provided. This includes the need to create physical barrier in the form of a vestibule-gateway, providing a difference in air pressure and creating an air flow that will become a barrier to the entry of dirty air currents into the room.
Air sterility is provided by the filter, but in this case it is necessary take into account the special requirements for the room. This means that you will need to use a three-stage system purification of air streams. The streams will pass through the filter coarse, fine and absolutely fine cleaning.
What ensures cleanliness?
In order for the flows to be directed correctly, it is necessary to organize an air imbalance in a clean room, which is expressed in the difference between inlet and outlet flow. The amount of intake air must be greater than the exhaust air. at least 20%, but in some situations this difference can be greater.
Filters must be so sensitive so that almost all particles have a volume were caught and did not enter the room. If we consider the operation of air conditioners, then the speed of air movement per second should be in the limit from 0.35 to 0.51 meters per second.
The error can be no more than 20%. Deviation to the downside is acceptable only if there will be a relatively small number of employees in the room, and the work that these employees will perform is predominantly seated. Otherwise, you will need to keep the specified parameters within the allowable range.
GOST clean rooms ventilation
Classification of the room occurs in accordance with clearly regulated requirements. Based on the documentation, the following must be adhered to:
- Clean rooms and environments. The classification of air purity should be of interest. GOST clean rooms ventilation is based on this standard.
- Rules for the manufacture of medicines.
- Rules for organizing the production of medicines.
As for the table, the rules for determining the purity class are quite simple. In room, having 1 class of purity, should be no more than 1000 particles of 0.1 micron and 8 particles of 1 micron. These indicators are measured by special equipment. American standard 209D is used by many countries, and in accordance with this standard, it turns out to create an air purification system that is required in this particular room.
Class 1 is required for the creation of integrated circuits, class 100 is intended for complex surgical operations associated with the heart and brain. Class 10000 required for premises, where the production of high-precision watch movements will be carried out.
The most commonly used ventilation schemes
As already mentioned, air purification should be based on three-stage filtration, and in order for air purity to always remain at the level, air must be supplied more powerful than his range hood. A lot depends on the class of the room, since the air supply can be provided in different ways.
For rooms with class 1 to 6 have to do air flow only from top to bottom, and the air flows must have a uniform unidirectional character. Speed may vary from 0.2 to 0.45 meters per second. For lower classes, the creation of multidirectional flows is allowed - ceiling diffusers can be responsible for this. As for the multiplicity of air exchange, it can reach 60 times in one hour.
Clean room ventilation system
Competent organization of air flows is the main requirement that the ventilation system of clean rooms receives, since if scheme is incorrect, then the purity of the air will not be respected. There are several basic schemes for organizing air flows. For example, you can make a unidirectional flow through inclined grate, which will be at an angle to the selected point.
The flow may not be unidirectional if ceiling diffusers are used. When using a perforated ceiling panel, supply air can create unidirectional flow. It is also possible to create non-unidirectional air through an annular air hose. Extraction should be carried out using exhaust fans that have a check valve.
At such facilities, professionals should be involved in the creation of ventilation systems, since there are many nuances associated with the intricacies of the process air exchange and with the intricacies of the operation of the equipment itself.
The specialist will take into account the features of the room. For a conditional operating room, it is possible to organize a unidirectional air flow, which will come from ceiling-type air diffusers. If the room will have an area of 40 square meters. m, then a laminar ceiling with measuring 1.8 by 2.4 m., subject to the use of the above equipment, will create a 25-fold air exchange. For operating room this will be enough.