The microclimate of residential premises and public buildings. Lighting natural and artificial. Heating is local and central. Ventilation of residential and public buildings. Residential microclimate The optimal heating system for residential premises is
The main hygienic task of heating dwellings is to create an optimal air temperature, constant in time and space,
As a single air temperature in residential premises, an indicator of 18-20 ° C is adopted.
Optimum room temperature for cold climate zone consider 21-22 °С, moderate - 18-20 °С, warm - 18-19 °С, hot - 17-18 °С. The estimated temperature standards in public buildings are differentiated depending on the purpose of the premises: in doctors' offices, hospital wards, procedural rooms, the most favorable air temperature is 20 ° C, in operating rooms - 22 ° C, in classrooms - 16 ° C, sports halls - 15 ° C.
To ensure thermal comfort, the air temperature in the rooms must be relatively uniform vertically and horizontally. The difference in air temperature along the vertical is not more than 2-2.5 ° C for each meter of height, horizontally - from the outer to the opposite inner wall - up to 2 ° C. It is especially important to reduce the temperature difference in the vertical direction, since hypothermia of the legs can cause a general cooling of the body. For preschool children low temperature near the floor creates a certain danger colds. The permissible difference between the temperature of the air and the inner surface of the outer walls is 3 °C.
Heating should not impair air quality due to the ingress of products of incomplete combustion, especially carbon monoxide, and the burning of dust deposited on heating appliances. Dry sublimation of organic dust from the surface of the heating system occurs when it is heated to 80 °C. At high surface temperatures heating appliances(more than 80 °C), unpleasant odors increase and the general dust content of the room increases, which is one of the significant sources of air damage. Heating must be safe in terms of fire and easy to use.
Local heating. A very old and widespread type of local heating includes brick stoves designed to heat one or two adjacent rooms. Combustion of fuels, mainly wood or coal (rarely natural gas), is done indoors. The disadvantages of this type of heating are pollution of the room, difficulty in maintenance, the possibility of carbon monoxide poisoning when the smoke tube is closed prematurely. Stove heating does not provide a sufficiently constant air temperature throughout the day (differences of up to 5-6 ° C are allowed). Less commonly used are metal furnaces, which have even greater hygienic disadvantages. According to the ability to retain heat, furnaces of large, medium and small heat capacity are distinguished.
AT last years used for additional space heating electric fireplaces and reflectors.
Central heating. Currently, cities are predominantly equipped with central heating, serving one or more buildings from one heat source. It has significant advantages over local heating: it does not pollute the air, it is convenient to use and provides a more even air temperature in the premises. Daily temperature fluctuations with central heating should not exceed 3 °C. With the introduction of central heating, the smoke in the atmosphere of cities has significantly decreased. It is more beneficial and economic terms. There are several central heating systems.
Water heating, which is the most common system that meets hygienic requirements, allows heating a group of buildings from the central boiler room, heating the city using waste hot water from power plants and some industrial enterprises. Water heating allows you to easily control the degree of heating of the room by supplying water heated in accordance with the outdoor temperature, as well as using the regulators available directly from the heating devices in the premises. Thanks to this, it is possible to support various premises different air temperatures in accordance with the established differentiated standards.
On fig. 4.8 shows a diagram of water heating with an upper wiring for a separate building. Water is heated in a boiler installed in the basement to a temperature not exceeding 80-90 ° C, depending on the weather. Then, due to the lower relative density, it rises up the ascending riser (to the attic) into the distribution main network, from which it is distributed along the descending risers down sequentially along the floors, where it passes through the heating devices, gives them part of its heat and returns through the return pipes.
risers back into the boiler. To compensate for heat losses, devices with a larger heating surface are installed in the lower floors. There are variations of this system.
Heating devices (batteries) are located near the outer walls in niches under the windows in order to compensate for the greatest cooling of the premises in these places. Niches are recommended to be closed with removable gratings. The most hygienic batteries with smooth surface, made up of individual metal elements (radiators). Compared to finned batteries, they are more accessible for cleaning and allow you to increase the heating surface by adding the number of elements.
Water heating provides a constant and uniform air temperature, does not cause pollution, since the heating of the surface of the batteries rarely reaches 80 ° C, which eliminates the burning of dust.
Steam heating structurally differs little from water heating, but is inferior to it in hygienic terms, since the steam circulating in the system heats the batteries up to 100 ° C, which entails sublimation of dust, the risk of burns and sometimes creates overheating of the premises. With steam heating, the possibility of central and local adjustment is excluded; when steam is admitted, cracking often occurs due to steam breakthrough through accumulations of condensate water in pipe bends.
Steam heating is arranged only in large rooms designed for the temporary stay of people.
air heating consists in heating the filtered outside air to 45-50 ° C in chambers located in the basement of the building, from where it enters through the openings at the top through the channels into internal walls to the premises.
The disadvantages of this heating system include the short range of each chamber, the high temperature of the supplied air, which makes it excessively dry, uneven heating of the premises and the possibility of pollution. supply air dust. However, air heating is economical, does not require pipes and heaters, allows you to combine heating with ventilation, is easy to operate and is indicated for rooms with high air humidity (audience halls, indoor swimming pools). In recent years, this heating, combined with ventilation, has been installed in a number of new Moscow schools.
Radiant heating was first used in our country by V.A. Yakhimovich in hospitals (1907). At present, it is widely used in a number of countries and is considered as one of the promising ones. The source of heat radiation is the heated inner surfaces of the outer walls, under which small pipes of water or, less commonly, steam heating are laid. In this case, it is called panel radiant heating. Sometimes they heat the ceiling or floor. The heating temperature of the wall panels is maintained at the level of 35-40 °C, which ensures the elimination of the cooling effect of the walls. This is very important, since the heat transfer from the surface of the body occurs mainly through radiation to the surrounding cold surfaces and, above all, walls.
Radiant heating provides uniform air temperature in the room vertically and horizontally, it is technically and economically beneficial. In hot climates, it can be used to cool rooms, for which cold water is passed through pipes.
When planning the construction of a private house, each of us is faced with a dilemma - which type of heating to give preference to. We are concerned about the issue. How to make your home warm, cozy and comfortable, while managing to save your own money on heating. Types of heating used in private and apartment building, differ from each other and are very diverse. Systems differ both in terms of efficiency and cost of installation and subsequent operation. In each case, the choice remains with the owners of the house, who have to take into account the presence of various factors. The main criteria that the types of heating used in a private house must meet are high efficiency and economy.
On the domestic market today there are various heating equipment, starting with gas boilers and units operating on solid fuel and electricity, ending with alternative technical options heating. The variety of options offered can satisfy any consumer, but their use has a number of nuances that must be considered when choosing.
Important! The heating system must provide living quarters, necessary quantity kilocalories of heat, creating a comfortable microclimate in a city apartment or in a private house.
The option of heating a private house, familiar to many of us, is the most common today. Heating systems with autonomous gas boilers, also the most suitable option for apartment building. High manufacturability, compactness and efficiency of gas heating for a city apartment is not disputed. Another thing private sector or building a house in a remote area from the main infrastructure facilities. In such a situation, home owners are forced to think about how to heat their home, what energy source to choose: gas, coal, wood or electricity.
When designing the heating system of a residential building, the following aspects are guided:
- the feasibility of this type of heating in these conditions;
- manufacturability of the system, practicality of maintenance and operation;
- availability of the main components and assemblies of the system for subsequent repair and maintenance;
- energy costs required for high-quality heating of residential premises of a certain area and size
- economy and efficiency.
It is necessary to take into account the availability of fuels, connection methods, climatic conditions in which we live and the very design of the residential building. Heating will only give the desired effect when the building itself will have low heat losses, and the fuel used to heat the boiler will be inexpensive and affordable.
Gas heating is the main heating option for any home.
City apartments, especially in new buildings, today mostly have autonomous gas heating. The centralized hot water supply and batteries, which begin to heat up only in heating season. Organization of heating apartment buildings with the help of gas, the most practical and technological way to provide heat to large living areas, create conditions for the individual use of heating devices a large number consumers.
Other types of heating used in the home are inappropriate for use in a home with large quantity apartments and in many cases unsafe in terms of manufacturability and fire safety.
The main gas pipeline, as a rule, is a widespread phenomenon in cities and towns. In this situation, the issue with the choice of fuel for heating apartment buildings is not worth it. All other options in such a situation are not even considered. The only possibility that can be used in such cases is the installation of electric heaters as an auxiliary option.
Gas heating is ideal for operation in urban high-rises; this type of heating is also convenient for the private sector. The important thing here is that a home gas boiler can always be adjusted to the required mode of operation, creating the optimum temperature in the living room. Operation can be carried out in the mode of daily living, creating comfortable temperature inside a residential building. If necessary, you can always reduce gas consumption and lower the temperature in the apartment if you are absent or leave your home for a long time.
For country house, in the absence of a centralized gas supply, the very idea of \u200b\u200bgas heating should not be discounted. By installing a gas storage on your site - a gas tank, you will be able to provide yourself with a sufficient amount of blue fuel for the entire cold period.
With this fuel source you will get:
- full autonomy of its heating system;
- environmentally friendly source of heat and hot water in the house;
- high efficiency of autonomous heating system during the cold period.
Heating the boiler with gas is always the cleanest heating option. The advantages of such a system include clean exhaust, installation and installation of small, compact boilers and chimneys. Today, there are already ready-made installation schemes for autonomous gas heating using a gas tank, verified from an engineering and technical point of view, corresponding to SNiP and other regulatory documents.
For reference: A gas tank installed on the territory of a private household is not a cheap pleasure. Refueling associated with transportation costs and installation requires obtaining permits. On top of that, your gas facility and the condition of your heater connections will be constantly inspected by the gas service staff.
In most cases, the choice in favor of gas is explained by the traditional desire of homeowners to protect themselves from extra hassle and concerns with the operation of the heating system in the future. The ability to install a gas tank or the presence of a main gas pipeline only contributes to the decision in favor of gas heating. However, the lack of free access to gas forces us to look for other sources of energy, focus on other types of autonomous heating in a private or country house.
We bet on electricity
Electricity continues to be by far the cleanest form of energy. Given the development of modern infrastructure, today it is difficult to find locality, territories not covered by a centralized power supply system. The main advantages of electricity are the environmental friendliness of this type of energy and availability.
In the absence of gas, electric autonomous systems heating as the main heating method is a convenient, practical and least troublesome option. Electric boilers have the highest efficiency, in comparison with boilers of other types. Ease and simplicity in maintenance of electric heating equipment makes the operation of such a system very convenient for a country house, due to non-permanent residence.
Important to remember! When making calculations, do not forget that low initial costs for the purchase of electrical equipment, new economical models of boilers and subsequent installation can be misleading. Today, electricity is not the cheapest form of energy, so the subsequent operation of electric heating will significantly affect your budget. Do not discount the periodic shutdowns of centralized power supply systems.
For the normal operation of the electric heating system in the house, you will have to change the wiring, trying to significantly strengthen it. The best option for the normal functioning of an electric boiler, the power of which exceeds 9 kW, there will be a three-phase wiring with a voltage of 380V. The cross section of the wire is calculated separately, taking into account its length, material and current strength. In parallel with the use of electric boilers for heating country houses, convectors are actively used at the household level, infrared emitters, other household electric heaters.
Heating systems of private houses using electricity can be regarded as alternative gas heating or as ancillary options. Connections of alternative and other heat sources are carried out already during the subsequent operation of housing. In most cases, homeowners are already focusing on the economic component of heating in the house or are trying to improve the heating of their homes due to the deteriorating climate situation.
New electric convectors and infrared heating devices have a number of advantages, among which it is worth noting:
- minimum initial installation costs;
- high efficiency;
- elementary operating conditions;
- operational safety;
- a minimum of engineering and technical measures for organizing a heating system.
Having listed the pros and cons, it is important to remember the disadvantages of such heating systems. Basically, the disadvantages are associated with additional costs for strengthening electrical wiring and installing additional distribution and control devices in the home electrical network. When installing, use proven wiring diagrams for electric heating.
Alternative options for gas and electric heating systems
Gas and electricity have advantages that are hard to ignore. The advantages of heating systems on gas or using electricity are obvious, but in some cases it is necessary to look for alternative sources of energy supply, to study the technical conditions of other types of home heating.
In terms of quality and electricity, there are the following types of heating systems for a private house:
- liquid fuel heating;
- heating system for solid types fuel;
- combined heating systems for the home;
- autonomous heating system using a heat pump;
- solar collectors.
The listed types of heating are effective in their own way for organizing the heating of residential premises. There are both pros and cons to each option. For most city dwellers, effective systems heating of an apartment building, in addition to gas and electric boilers, does not exist. Connecting other sources of energy supply in a private house is quite acceptable and feasible.
Important! When giving preference to new alternative energy sources, it is necessary to take into account technological features living quarters, the size of the house, the intensity of heating and the number of residents. A superficial solution to the problem of heating can lead to unreasonable spending of funds and will not give a tangible effect.
Doing comparative analysis the effectiveness of the autonomous heating systems existing today, taking into account all the technical nuances and applicability in an apartment or a private house, you can choose best option just for your specific conditions.
The main focus is on the use of certain fuel sources in the long term. Cheap fuel is rarely good calorific value. The autonomy of the system is also an important factor when choosing the type of fuel. Combining various types of fuel and heating systems into a single complex can solve the problem at a certain stage. Only an accurate calculation will allow you to determine the efficiency of heating in your home.
In rooms where a person rests or works, microclimatic conditions should ensure good thermal well-being and the normal course of physiological processes.
The perfection of thermoregulatory mechanisms allows a person to maintain thermal balance and adapt to various temperature conditions. environment. However, the possibilities of thermoregulation are not unlimited. Prolonged exposure of the human body to unfavorable meteorological conditions disrupts thermal equilibrium and poses a health hazard.
It has been established that for a person dressed in light clothing and at rest, the most favorable air temperature is 18-20°C with a relative humidity of 30-60% and an air velocity of 0.2 m/sec. Depending on the season and individual features of a person, these boundaries can shift somewhat in one direction or another. At the same time, it is very important that the air temperature in the room be uniform both in the horizontal and vertical directions (from windows to the opposite wall, temperature fluctuations should not exceed 2 °, and from floor to ceiling - 3 °). It is also necessary that the air temperature be uniform throughout the day and that the difference between the temperature of the inner surface of the walls and the air temperature in the room should be no more than 5 °. All these temperature conditions can provide rational heating, to which, in addition, the following hygienic requirements are imposed: 1) the surface temperature of the heating devices should not exceed 85 °, otherwise the settled dust will burn, accompanied by the release of gaseous products that irritate the mucous membranes and have bad smell; 2) heating should exclude the possibility of air pollution by smoke, soot, ash, coal dust and harmful gases (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide); 3) the heating system must be silent, safe in terms of fire, cheap, easy to maintain and maintain, providing the ability to control the heat transfer from the surface of the heating devices.
Of great hygienic importance is the type of fuel used for space heating, since combustion different varieties fuel causes pollution to a greater or lesser extent of atmospheric air and indoor air. Yes, burning solid fuel(firewood, coal, peat, shale) atmospheric air is polluted with ash, smoke, carbon monoxide (with incomplete combustion), sulfur dioxide (with a high content of sulfur in the fuel). Liquid grades of fuel (fuel oil, etc.) produce a lot of soot during combustion. From a hygienic point of view, the most appropriate is gaseous fuel(natural and artificial lighting gas), however, with the inept use of this fuel, the air can be polluted with carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. There is local and central heating. The local system is common in countryside and small towns and is carried out using stoves. The best thermal effect is provided by furnaces of high heat capacity (Dutch furnace - Fig. 23), which, having inside a system of vertical and horizontal channels (smoke cycles) with hot flue gases passing through them, slowly heat up and maintain a more or less uniform temperature during the day at a single furnace. These stoves can also be used for room ventilation.
Rice. 23. Scheme of the Dutch oven.
In recent years, prolonged combustion furnaces have been used, in which the capacity of the firebox is increased, and the amount of air entering the furnace is minimized. Due to this, the combustion process slows down significantly and the heat transfer becomes more uniform over the course of the day.
Furnaces of low heat capacity are made of cast iron or steel, the inner walls of the firebox are lined with bricks.
Small portable ceramic ovens also fall into this category. Furnaces with low heat capacity quickly heat up and cool down after 1-2 hours, so they are suitable for short-term heating of people in temporary rooms. Furnace heating has a number of hygienic shortcomings: pollution of the premises during combustion with ash and fuel; the possibility of carbon monoxide entering the room air if the furnace is not closed in time; uneven heating of the surface, especially in the lower part; big square; fire hazard, etc.
More appropriate is central heating. There are various central heating systems: water, steam, air, radiation (radiant).
Rice. 24. Scheme of water heating.
AT modern construction the most widespread water heating low pressure(Fig. 24). With this system, water is heated in boilers located in the boiler room and is supplied through pipelines to heating devices (radiators) that are installed in rooms under window sills in order to weaken the effect of cold currents from windows and external walls. Having given off heat, the water returns to the boiler through another pipe system and heats up again. From a hygienic point of view, low-pressure water heating is a favorable system, since it provides the room with the necessary temperature regime and makes it possible to regulate the temperature of the heated water, taking into account the temperature of the outside air, and prevent the surface of the radiators from heating above 85 °. In some cases (for example, in a separate pharmacy building), it is possible to equip a local water heating system, heating water either in a small cast-iron boiler in the kitchen, or in a boiler built into the stove, or, finally, in coils embedded in the stove chimneys. From here, heated water flows through pipelines to radiators installed in the premises (Fig. 25).
Rice. 25. Scheme of a local water heating system for small buildings.
Steam heating differs from water heating in that instead of water, steam enters the radiators. In view of this, the surface of the radiators is very hot, due to which dust can burn, and when touched, skin burns.
With steam heating, the room often overheats and air dryness is observed.
Air heating is used mainly in public institutions(cinema, theaters, canteens, etc.) and is often combined with ventilation. Air is used as a heat carrier, which is heated to a certain temperature and is fed into the room through channels in the walls through holes closed by gratings.
From a hygienic point of view, radiation heating is very expedient. With this system, in the thickness of building fences (walls, ceiling, floor) heating devices(in the form of pipes with hot water or steam circulating in them, channels with hot air or electric coils) that radiate heat and heat them. The following temperatures of heated surfaces are recommended: floor - 24-34°, ceiling - 28-33°, walls - 45° (Construction codes and regulations II-D.7-62).
Radiant heating has a number of advantages over other systems: it ensures uniform distribution of heat in the room, due to the presence of large heating surfaces it reduces heat transfer by radiation, does not take usable space premises.
However, a radiant heating system is still more expensive than a central water heating system and is complex in terms of equipment; especially great difficulties are created during the repair.
At present, with the installation of central heating, instead of the previously existing separate small house boiler houses, central boiler houses are being built, supplying heat to groups of buildings or entire workers' settlements and small towns. Very promising is the district heating from combined heat and power plants (CHP), producing heat and electricity. From a hygienic point of view, the use of large CHP plants for district heating has great advantages, since CHP plants are usually located outside residential areas and have treatment facilities for cleaning smoke emissions - all this significantly reduces air pollution in populated areas.
Explanatory note
Control tasks are compiled
for students for ___2___ course ____3__ semester
speciality 060501 Nursing
discipline OP.05. "Hygiene and human ecology"
Name
By the time of the survey, students have studied topics
semester in accordance with the thematic plan
in the amount of __72_____ hours
Knowledge slice material:
three options control tasks in test form
Tests by discipline
« Hygiene and human ecology»
2_ course 060501 Nursing
The total number of classroom hours according to the curriculum: _____48____ hours.
Theoretical classes: 28 hours.
Practical lessons: 20 hours.
Compiled by teacher: Samsonova T.A.
1 option.
1. Name the founder of hygienic science in Russia:
a) Dobroslavin A.P.
b) Semashko ON.
c) Solovyov Z.P.
d) Pavlov I.P.
2. Name the scientist who first proposed the term "Ecology":
a) Humboldt
b) Darwin
c) Haeckel
d) Engler
3. The cause of acid rain is an increased concentration in the atmosphere:
a) Sulfur oxides
c) Oxygen
4. Optimal relative humidity air in a residential area in%:
5. Part solar spectrum, which has a bactericidal effect:
a) visible light
b) Infrared rays
c) ultraviolet rays
d) All of the above are correct.
6. Instrument used for continuous recording of air temperature:
a) barograph
b) thermograph
c) psychrometer
d) hygrograph
7. Getting contaminated soil into a human wound can cause the development of:
a) cholera
b) salmonellosis
c) botulism
d) gas gangrene
8. Increased content of nitrates in the soil, with a low amount of chlorides
testifies:
a) about long-term soil pollution
b) recent soil contamination
c) about the constant pollution of the soil
d) about periodic soil pollution
9. An excess of which microelement causes fluorosis of teeth and other bone
changes:
b) arsenic
10. With what, if titer, drinking water is allowed for sale:
11. Find the right conclusions: hard water has following properties:
a) can lead to edema
b) increases appetite
c) speeds up cooking
d) slow down food preparation
12. Death is caused by the loss of the amount of water in the body in%:
a) 3-5%
13. Daily human need for protein (in grams):
b) 30 - 40
c) 50 - 70
d) 80-100
14. Daily human need for fat (in grams):
15. Daily human need for carbohydrates (in grams):
16. Vitamin "C" is found most in:
a) cabbage
b) carrots
c) blackcurrant
d) wild rose
17. Lack of vitamin A in the body causes:
a) decrease in bone strength
b) "night blindness"
c) reduces blood clotting
d) reduces capillary permeability
18. Beri's disease - Beri occurs when there is a lack of vitamin in the body:
a) B1
19. Mark the correct statement:
a) botulism occurs when eating fried mushrooms
b) botulism occurs when eating canned mushrooms
c) botulism occurs when eating fresh mushrooms
d) botulism occurs when eating boiled mushrooms
20. The main way poisons enter the body at work are:
a) gastrointestinal tract
b) respiratory tract
c) skin
d) mucous membranes of the mouth, eyes.
21. The greatest danger of getting sick with silicosis is in:
a) explosives;
6) drivers;
c) locksmiths;
d) sandblasters.
22. From a hygienic point of view, an optimal heating system
living quarters is:
a) air;
b) panel;
c) water;
d) steam.
23. Ions that cause water hardness:
a) iron, chlorine;
b) calcium, magnesium;
c) sodium, calcium;
d) copper, magnesium.
24. The main functional role of proteins, as nutrients:
a) energy;
b) plastic;
c) lytic;
d) catalytic.
25. The main sources of phosphorus are the following products:
a) dried apricots;
c) beef liver;
d) cottage cheese.
26. Mark the correct statement:
27. The greenhouse effect is associated with an increase in the concentration in the atmosphere:
a) sulfur oxides;
b) nitrogen oxides;
in) carbon dioxide;
28. Soil transmission factor, infectious disease:
a) tuberculosis;
c) cholera;
G) anthrax;
29. The main functional role of water-soluble vitamins:
a) caloric;
b) catalytic;
c) plastic;
d) energy.
30. Mark the correct statement:
a) toxic infection often occurs with massive seeding
products by microorganisms;
b) toxic infection often occurs when it enters the products and
dishes of single microorganisms
c) toxic infection more often occurs when fresh fruits are consumed;
d) toxic infection often occurs when eating fried foods.
Option 2.
1. Chemical compounds that cause destruction of the ozone layer:
a) sulfur oxides
b) freons
c) oxides of carbon
d) iron oxides
2. Antirachitic action is possessed by:
a) infrared rays
b) blue rays
d) red rays
3. The greatest importance in air pollution in the city of Uryupinsk at present
plays:
a) transport
b) heating appliances
d) industrial enterprises
e) unauthorized dumps
4. Soot in the air:
a) is a carcinogen
b) promotes the formation of methemoglobin
c) makes it worse living conditions
d) promotes the formation of carboxyhemoglobin
5. Dental caries, causes the absence or small amount of trace elements:
a) lead
b) selenium
6. Endemic goiter, causes a lack of trace elements in water:
c) arsenic
7. Permissible microbial count drinking water:
8. The main functional role of proteins as nutrients:
a) energy
b) plastic
c) lytic
d) catalytic
9. The appearance of cracks on the skin and mucous membranes is a sign of hypovitaminosis:
a) vitamin B2
b) vitamin A
c) vitamin "PP"
d) vitamin E
10. The greatest source of vitamin "A" in food is:
in) vegetable oil
d) fish liver
11. Optimal distribution of caloric content of food in% with 3 meals a day:
A) 30 - 45 - 25
B) 15-50-35
C) 20 - 60 - 20
D) 25 - 50 - 25
12. The greatest danger of getting sick with anthracosis is in:
a) explosives
b) grinders
c) locksmiths
d) miners
13. With local vibration, the following are primarily affected:
a) capillaries of the fingertips
b) vessels of the brain
c) central nervous system
d) cardiovascular system
b) northern
c) eastern
d) western
15. In the wards of health care facilities, heating systems such as:
a) water
b) steam
c) panel
d) air
16. Duration of active attention in children 7-10 years old:
a) 10 minutes
b) 15 minutes
c) 20 minutes
d) 30 minutes
17. "School" diseases include:
a) strabismus
b) nephropathy
c) scoliosis
d) color blindness
18. The main danger for medical personnel during X-ray
research.
a) external exposure
b) internal exposure
c) blinding effect of the x-ray beam
d) unfavorable microclimate
19. Optimal microclimate indicators for the wards of the therapeutic department:
a) air temperature 18°C, relative humidity 45%, air movement 0.2 m/s
b) air temperature 24°С, relative humidity 75%, air movement 0.4 m/s
c) air temperature 25°C, relative humidity 25%, air movement 0.5 m/s
d) air temperature 18°С, relative humidity 80%, air movement 0.1 m/s
20. The infectious disease department of the hospital should be located:
a) in the main building
b) in an independent building
21. Building materials must have:
a) low thermal conductivity and high air conductivity;
b) high thermal conductivity and low air conductivity;
c) high thermal conductivity and high air conductivity;
d) low thermal conductivity and low air conductivity.
22. To ensure the thermal comfort of a dwelling for a person
are important, the following indicators:
a) air temperature and the magnitude of temperature differences along the horizontal and height of the room, temperature internal surfaces walls;
b) air temperature and the magnitude of temperature differences along the height;
c) the temperature of the outer surfaces of the walls;
d) horizontal air temperature.
23. An indicator for assessing the effectiveness of ventilation is:
a) oxidizability;
c) nitrogen oxides;
d) carbon dioxide.
24. Optimal standards for the microclimate of dwellings, in contrast to the permissible ones:
25. The root of which plant (sweet, fragrant) contains the poisonous substance cicutotoxin:
a) black henbane;
b) belladonna;
c) milestone poisonous;
d) spotted hemlock.
26. At what disease does the crumb of bread darken, become sticky and viscous, acquiring the smell of valerian:
a) bread pigmentation;
b) cretaceous disease;
c) potato disease;
d) mold.
27. Fermented milk product, during the production of which two types of fermentation are paralleled:
a) curdled milk;
b) sour cream;
d) ryazhenka.
28. Mycotoxicosis - has a carcinogenic effect, causing sarcoma:
a) poisoning with "drunk" bread;
b) aflotoxicosis;
c) alimentary-toxic aleukia;
d) ergotism.
29. The average loss of vitamin C during cooking (in%):
30. The ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diet of people engaged in heavy physical labor should be:
3 option.
1. Mycotoxicoses are:
a) food poisoning bacterial origin;
b) diseases of food inadequacy;
c) alimentary diseases caused by toxins of microscopic fungi;
d) diseases of overweight.
2. Mitotoxicosis - proceeding in a convulsive and gangrenous form:
a) ergotism;
b) alimentary-toxic aleukia;
c) poisoning with "drunk" bread;
d) aflotoxicosis.
3. What should be the ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diet of people involved in mental labor:
4. Aquatic organisms living in natural layers and the thickness of the bottom of reservoirs are:
a) plankton;
b) benthos;
c) nekton;
d) periphyton.
5. Permissible water hardness:
a) 3.5 mg/l;
b) 7.0 mg/l;
c) 10 mg/l;
d) 14 mg / l.
6. Aquatic organisms living in the water column and capable of actively
move regardless of the currents, it is:
a) benthos;
b) periphyton;
c) nekton;
d) plankton.
7. Chemical substance- used as a coagulant
in water treatment:
b) sodium hypochlorite;
c) aluminum sulfate;
d) manganese.
8. Which of the following chemical compounds of water cause dyspepsia:
a) fluorides;
b) sulfates;
c) nitrates;
d) chlorides.
9. The increased content of nitrates in the soil with a low amount of chlorides indicates:
a) about long-term contamination of the soil;
b) recent soil contamination;
c) permanent soil pollution;
d) periodic soil pollution.
10. The reason for the development of methemoglobinemia in humans can be the introduction into the soil:
b) phosphate fertilizers;
in) nitrogen fertilizers;
d) pesticides.
11. Decompression sickness occurs as a result of changes in blood concentration:
b) carbon monoxide;
c) sulfur compounds;
d) oxygen.
12. Long-term observations of the partial pressure of oxygen (at sea level) have shown:
a) decrease in partial pressure;
b) increase in partial pressure;
c) constant partial pressure;
d) continuous change.
13. A chemical compound in high concentrations that causes pulmonary edema:
a) hydrogen sulfide;
b) nitrogen oxides;
c) photooxidants;
d) carbon dioxide.
14. A chemical compound that causes the formation of malignant tumors:
a) carbon monoxide;
b) sulfur oxides;
c) benzpyrene;
d) carbon dioxide.
15. Instrument used for continuous recording of air temperature:
a) barograph
b) thermograph
c) psychrometer
d) hygrograph
16. Optimal standards for the microclimate of dwellings, in contrast to the permissible ones:
a) do not depend on age and climatic region;
b) do not depend on age and depend on the climatic region;
c) depend on age and do not depend on the climatic region;
d) depend on age and depend on the climatic region.
17. The infectious disease department of the hospital should be located:
a) in the main building
b) in an independent building
c) on the upper floors of the medical building
d) in a separate wing of the medical building.
18. Duration of active attention in children 7-10 years old:
a) 10 minutes
b) 15 minutes
c) 20 minutes
b) northern
c) eastern
d) western
20. Optimal distribution of caloric content of food in% with 3 meals a day:
a) 30 - 45 - 25
c) 20 - 60 - 20
d) 25 - 50 - 25
21. The main functional role of proteins as nutrients:
a) energy
b) plastic
c) lytic
d) catalytic
22. dental caries - causes the absence or small amount of trace elements:
a) lead
23. Antirachitic action is possessed by:
a) infrared rays
b) blue rays
c) ultraviolet rays
d) red rays
24. The main functional role of water-soluble vitamins:
a) caloric;
b) catalytic;
c) plastic;
d) energy.
25. Mark the correct statement:
a) staphylococcal poisoning often occurs with normal temperature;
b) staphylococcal poisoning often occurs with subfebrile temperature;
c) staphylococcal poisoning often occurs with a high temperature;
d) staphylococcal poisoning often occurs with high blood pressure.
26. From a hygienic point of view, an optimal heating system
living quarters is:
a) air;
b) panel;
c) water;
d) steam.
27. Beri's disease - Beri occurs when there is a lack of vitamin in the body:
a) B1
28. Daily human need for carbohydrates (in grams):
29. Fatal outcome is caused by the loss of the amount of water in the body in%:
a) 3-5%
30. An excess of a microelement causing fluorosis of teeth and other bone
changes:
b) arsenic
Sample answers to tests in the discipline "Human Hygiene and Ecology"
| Option 1 1. a) 2. c) 3. a) 4. c) 5. c) 6. b) 7. d) 8. a) 9. c) 10. d) 11. d) 12. c) 13. d) 14. c) 15. c) 16. d) 17. b) 18. a) 19. b) 20. b) 21. d) 22. b) 23. b) 24. b) 25. c) 26. a) 27. c) 28. d) 29. b) 30. a) | Option 2. 1. b) 2. c) 3. a) 4. a) 5. d) 6. d) 7. a) 8. b) 9. a) 10. d) 11 . a) 12. d) 13. a) 14. b) 15. c) 16. a) 17. c) 18. a) 19. a) 20. b) 21. a) 22. a) 23. d) 24. a) 25. c) 26. c) 27. c) 28. b) 29. d) 30. b) | 3 option. 1. c) 2. a) 3. b) 4. b) 5. b) 6. c) 7. c) 8. b) 9. a) 10. c) 11. a) 12. c) 13. b) 14. c) 15. b) 16. a) 17. b) 18. a) 19. b) 20. a) 21. b) 22. d) 23. c) 24. b) 25. a) 26. b) 27. a) 28. c) 29. c) 30. c) |
According to hygiene requirements Living spaces:
- must be sufficiently spacious, dry, bright, clean;
Reliably protect from cold, rain, wind, heat;
- have favorable microclimate;
- be beautifully designed architecturally and aesthetically;
- provide silence, peace, comfort, rest;
- provide necessary conditions for work.
Hygienic requirements for living quarters:
1. parameters of apartments (size of living space per person, height of premises, utility rooms);
2. optimal microclimatic parameters, taking into account the season of the year and climatic regions;
3. requirements for the air environment, including heating and ventilation systems;
4. requirements for natural and artificial lighting including indoor insolation;
5. permissible parameters of the physical factors of the environment (noise, vibration, ultrasound, infrasound, electric and electromagnetic fields, etc.);
6. requirements for building materials and interior decoration residential premises.
The main element of the home is flat(living cell).
Internal layout apartments should provide favorable conditions for life:
Sufficient soundproofing rooms;
Sufficient insolation rooms;
Possibility through ventilation rooms.
Apartment layouts can be unilateral and bilateral, the latter is the most favorable from a hygienic point of view, when the premises are located both on the side of the facade of the building and in the courtyard.
Depending on the functional purpose, the premises of the apartments are divided into residential(bedrooms, hall, office) and ancillary(hall, kitchen, bathroom, toilet, pantry).
Bedrooms and an office should be isolated, a common room - a hall can be a walk-through.
Ø Minimum living area set for one person at least 9 m2.
Ø Minimum kitchen area should be not less than 8 m2, it must be insulated to allow satisfactory air exchange.
Ø Bathroom and toilet designed separately, but one-room apartments combined bathrooms are allowed.
HOUSING MICROCLIMATE
The microclimate of the dwelling big influence on the body. The most important factor in the microclimate of dwellings is air temperature.
in winter optimum temperature indoors:
Ø for cold belt is 21 – 22 C, (for example, S. - Petersburg),
Ø for temperate zone 18 - 20 C, (for example, Bryansk, Moscow)
Ø for warm and hot 17 - 18 C.
For a normal warmth sensation, it is important relative humidity, the optimal value of which should be 40 – 60 %.
The amount of heat transfer is influenced by air speed.
For comfort winter air velocity must not exceed 0.3 m/s. At high speeds air movement creates a feeling of draft.
HEATING
Heating creates a favorable microclimate in winter time in residential and public buildings.
Heating must meet the following hygiene requirements:
Maintain a certain level of indoor air temperature;
Ensure uniformity horizontally and vertically;
The temperature of heating devices should not exceed 90º C;
It should not serve as a source of indoor air pollution with smoke, soot;
There are two types of heating: centralized and local heating.
Ø local heating - in which the heat source and the heating device in the water structure in the heated room.
Local heating is furnace and gas heating.
Ø Central heating – the heat source is arranged separately from the heating devices, where it is located in the room.
Distinguish: steam, water, panel and air, depending on the coolant used .
Ø Steam - the coolant is steam, which is supplied under pressure to the room.
Disadvantages of steam heating:
Inability to regulate heat supply.
Heat on the surface of radiators (dust burning).
It is used for heating clubs, warehouses, industrial enterprises, theaters.
Ø Water– one of the best is low pressure water heating. Coolant - hot water. Provides uniform heating of air, tk. the temperature of the radiator surface does not rise by more than 80 - 85 C.
It is used for heating hospitals, residential and public buildings. AT rural environment use residential water heating systems.
Ø Panel (radiant) heating – the source of heat is walls, ceilings, floors, in which radiators with circulating hot water are laid.
The most favorable heat sensation is observed when heated:
Wall panels up to 40 - 45º С,
Ceiling 28 -30º C,
Floor 25 - 27ºС.
This system provides a state of comfort at a lower air temperature and less heat loss by radiation. Currently, CHP is used for heating, which makes it possible to arrange hot water supply in houses for domestic purposes.
Ø air heating – the heat carrier is air. To do this, outside air is sucked in by a fan, filtered, heated in heaters, humidified, and enters the upper zone of heated rooms through a network of intra-wall channels. The exhaust duct openings are located at a height of 30–40 cm from the floor. It is used for heating industrial premises.
VENTILATION
To create an optimal indoor air environment, use ventilation– is the replacement of polluted air with cleaner outdoor air..
Ventilation volume called the amount of air (in cubic meters) that should enter the room for each person per hour.
The amount of ventilation should be not less than 35 - 37 m3 / hour per person.
Air exchange rate – This is the number of times the indoor air has been replaced by outdoor air in an hour..
Distinguishnaturalandartificialventilation.
Ø natural ventilation – this is the exchange of indoor air for outdoor air through the windows, transoms, ventilation ducts, which is carried out under the influence of the temperature difference between the outdoor and indoor air, as well as due to the pressure difference.
Most Effective through ventilation. The air exchange takes place during 3 – 5 min.
Ø artificial ventilation it happens local(for a specific room, place) or central(for the whole building).
Mechanical ventilation can be: supply, exhaust, supply and exhaust(combined).
- Supply - clean atmospheric air is supplied, and polluted air is removed through vents and transoms(hospitals, theatres, etc.).
- exhaust– polluted air is removed, and clean air is supplied through windows, cracks.
- Supply and exhaust - an equal supply and exhaust is established, or the predominance of one or the other. The hood should prevail over the duct in the premises, the air from which should enter the adjacent room (kitchen, toilet, pantries). In a room where air purity is given special meaning(operating room), the air supply must prevail over the exhaust. In this case, the inflow is carried out in the upper zone of the premises, and the extract from the lower zone.
The most improved type of artificial ventilation is air conditioning. This creates the necessary microclimatic conditions. Air conditioners can be used to clean the air from dust, ozonize and deodorize it. It is used in residential and public buildings, aircraft, health care facilities, kindergartens.