INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION

INTERSTATE

STANDARD

Specifications

Official edition

Standartinform

Foreword

The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 “Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions” and MSN 1.01-01-96 “System of interstate normative documents in construction. Basic Provisions»

About the standard

1 DEVELOPED by Open Joint Stock Company "Road Research Institute" (JSC "SoyuzdorNII")

2 INTRODUCED technical committee on standardization in construction TC 465 "Construction"

3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Certification in Construction (ISTCS) (Minutes No. 36 of October 21, 2009)

Short name of the country according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97	Country code according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97	Abbreviated name of the body government controlled construction
Azerbaijan		G osstroy
		Ministry of Urban Development
Kazakhstan		Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services
Kyrgyzstan		G osstroy
		Ministry of Construction and Territorial Development
the Russian Federation		Ministry of Regional Development
Tajikistan		Agency for Construction and Architecture under the Government

4 INTRODUCED BY Order federal agency on technical regulation and metrology dated April 22, 2010 No. 62-st as a national standard Russian Federation since January 1, 2011

5 INSTEAD OF GOST 9128-97

Information on the entry into force (termination) of this standard is published in the index "National Standards".

Information about changes to this standard is published in the index "National standards", and the text of the changes - in the information indexes "National standards". In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the information index "National Standards"

© Standartinform, 2010

In the Russian Federation, this standard cannot be fully or partially reproduced, replicated and distributed as official publication without the permission of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

INTERSTATE STANDARD

ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES FOR ROAD, AERODROME AND ASPHALT CONCRETE

Specifications

Asphaltic concrete mixtures for roads, aerodromes and asphaltic concrete. Specifications

Introduction date - 2011-01-01

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to asphalt concrete mixtures and asphalt concrete used for pavement and bases highways, airfields, city streets and squares, roads of industrial enterprises in accordance with applicable building codes. Scope of asphalt concretes at the device upper layers coatings of highways, city streets and airfields is given in Appendices A, B and C.

This standard uses normative references to the following standards:

GOST 12.1.004-91 Occupational safety standards system. Fire safety. General requirements

GOST 12.1.005-88 System of labor safety standards. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area

GOST 12.1.007-76 Occupational safety standards system. Harmful substances. Classification and General requirements security

GOST 12.3.002-75 Production processes. General safety requirements GOST 17.2.3.02-78 Nature protection. Atmosphere. Rules for establishing allowable emissions harmful substances industrial enterprises

GOST 3344-83 Crushed stone and slag sand for road construction. Specifications GOST 8267-93 Crushed stone and gravel from dense rocks for construction works. Specifications

GOST 8269.0-97 Crushed stone and gravel from dense rocks and waste industrial production for construction work. Methods of physical and mechanical tests GOST 8735-88 Sand for construction work. Test methods GOST 8736-93 Sand for construction work. Specifications GOST 11501-78 Petroleum bitumen. Method for determining the depth of penetration of the needle GOST 11503-74 Petroleum bitumen. Method for determination of nominal viscosity GOST 11504-73 Petroleum bitumen. Method for determining the amount of evaporated thinner from liquid bitumen

GOST 11505-75 Petroleum bitumen. Tensile test method

GOST 11506-73 Petroleum bitumen. Method for determining the softening point by ring and

GOST 11507-78 Petroleum bitumen. Fraass brittleness method

Official edition

GOST 11508-74 Petroleum bitumen. Method for determining the adhesion of bitumen with marble and sand GOST 11955-82 Liquid oil road bitumen. Specifications GOST 12801-98 Materials based on organic binders for road and airfield construction. Test Methods

GOST 16557-2005* Mineral powder for asphalt mixes. Specifications GOST 18180-72 Petroleum bitumen. Method for determining the change in mass after heating GOST 22245-90 Viscous oil road bitumen. Specifications GOST 23735-79 Sand and gravel mixtures for construction work. Specifications GOST 30108-94 Construction materials and products. Definition of specific effective activity natural radionuclides

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards and classifiers on the territory of the state according to the corresponding index of standards and classifiers compiled as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the relevant information signs published in current year. If the reference standard is replaced (modified), then when using this standard, you should be guided by the replacing (modified) standard. If the referenced standard is canceled without replacement, the provision in which the reference to it is given applies to the extent that this reference is not affected.

3 Terms and definitions

In this standard, the following terms are used with their respective definitions:

3.1 asphalt mix: Rationally selected mixture of mineral materials [crushed stone (gravel) and sand with or without mineral powder] with bitumen, taken in certain proportions and mixed in a heated state.

3.2 asphalt concrete

4 Classification

crushed stone;

gravel;

Sandy.

4.2 Mixtures, depending on the viscosity of the bitumen used and the temperature during laying, are divided into:

Hot, prepared using viscous and liquid petroleum road bitumen and laid at a temperature of at least 120 ° C;

Cold, prepared using liquid petroleum road bitumen and laid at a temperature of at least 5 °C.

4.3 Mixtures and asphalt concretes depending on largest size mineral grains are divided into:

Coarse-grained with a grain size of up to 40 mm;

Fine-grained » » » up to 20 mm;

Sandy » » » up to 10 mm.

4.4 Asphalt concrete, depending on the value of residual porosity, is divided into types: - high-density with residual porosity from 1.0% to 2.5%;

Dense » » » St. 2.5% to 5.0%;

Porous » » » St. 5.0% to 10.0%;

Highly porous» » » St. 10.0%.

4.5 Crushed stone and gravel hot mixes and dense asphalt concretes, depending on the content of crushed stone (gravel) in them, are divided into types:

B - » » crushed stone (gravel) St. 40% to 50%;

In - » » » St. 30% to 40%.

* On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST R 52129-2003 applies.

High-density hot mixes and asphalt concretes should contain over 50% to 70% crushed stone.

Highly porous asphalt mixes are subdivided into highly porous crushed stone and highly porous sandy ones.

Crushed stone and gravel cold mixes and asphalt concretes, depending on the content of crushed stone (gravel) in them, are divided into types Bx and Vx.

Hot and cold sand mixtures and asphalt concrete, depending on the type of sand, are divided into types:

G and Gx - on sands from crushing screenings;

D and Dx - on natural sands or mixtures of natural sands with crushing screenings.

4.6 Mixes and asphalt concretes depending on indicators physical and mechanical properties and the materials used are divided into grades indicated in table 1.

Table 1

5 Technical requirements

5.1 Main indicators and characteristics

5.1.1 Mixtures shall comply with the requirements of this standard and be prepared according to technological regulations approved by the manufacturer.

5.1.2 Grain compositions of the mineral part of the mixtures must comply with those specified in table 2 for the lower layers of coatings and bases, in table 3 - for the upper layers of coatings.

5.1.3 Indicators of physical and mechanical properties of high-density and dense asphalt concrete from hot mixes of various grades used in specific road-climatic zones should correspond to those indicated in Table 4.

table 2

Percent by mass

Type and type of mixtures and	Grain size, mm, finer
asphalt concrete
Dense types:	Continuous grain formulations
	Intermittent grain formulations
porous
highly porous crushed stone
highly porous sandy

Notes

POST 9128-2009

Table 3

Percent by mass

Type and type of mixtures and	Grain size, mm, finer
asphalt concrete
high density
Dense types:	Continuous grain formulations
	Intermittent grain formulations
Cold:

Notes

1The requirements for grain compositions of the mineral part of asphalt concrete mixtures are indicated in brackets, while the size of the crushed stone used is limited by the design documentation.

2 During acceptance tests, it is allowed to determine the grain composition of mixtures using control sieves in accordance with the indicators in bold type.

6003-83 U6 J.OOJ

Table 4

	Value for asphalt concrete grade
Name of indicator
			For road-climatic zones
Ultimate compressive strength, at a temperature of 50 °C, MPa, not less, for asphalt concrete
high-density
Dense types:
Ultimate compressive strength, at a temperature of 20 °C for asphalt concrete of all types, MPa, not less than
Ultimate compressive strength, at a temperature of 0 °С for asphalt concrete of all types, MPa, not more than
Water resistance, not less:
Dense asphalt concrete
High density asphalt concrete Dense asphalt concrete for long-
rated water saturation - high-density asphalt concrete at
prolonged water saturation
Shear resistance according to:
Coefficient of internal friction,
not less, for asphalt concrete types:
HIGH DENSITY
Shear adhesion at temperature
50 °С, MPa, not less, for asphalt concrete
high-density
Crack resistance in terms of tensile strength at a split at a temperature of 0 °C and a strain rate of 50 mm/min for asphalt concrete of all types, MPa:
Not less than
No more

Notes

1 For coarse-grained asphalt concrete, the indicators of shear resistance and crack resistance are not standardized.

2 Indicators of the physical and mechanical properties of asphalt concrete used in specific operating conditions can be specified in project documentation for construction.

5.1.4 Water saturation of high-density and dense asphalt concrete from hot mixes should be as specified in Table 5.

Table 5

Percent by volume

Notes

1 In parentheses are water saturation values ​​for samples from reshaped cuttings and cores.

2 Indicators of water saturation of asphalt concrete used in specific road climatic conditions may be specified in the design documentation for construction.

5.1.5 The porosity of the mineral part of asphalt concrete from hot mixes should be, %:

High-density ........................ no more than 16;

Dense types:

A and B ........................ from 14 to 19;

C, D and D ........................ no more than 22;

Porous ......................... no more than 23;

Highly porous crushed stone .............. not less than 19;

Highly porous sandy .............. no more than 28.

5.1.6 Indicators of physical and mechanical properties of porous and highly porous asphalt concrete from hot mixes should correspond to those indicated in Table 6.

Table 6

Notes

1 For coarse-grained asphalt concrete, the value of compressive strength at a temperature of 50 ° C and water resistance indicators are not standardized.

2 For cuttings and cores, the lower limits of water saturation are not standardized.

5.1.7 Indicators of physical and mechanical properties of asphalt concrete from cold mixes of various grades must correspond to those indicated in Table 7.

Table 7

Name of indicator	Meaning for brand and type
Ultimate compressive strength, at a temperature of 20 °C, MPa,
at least:
Before warm up:
water-saturated
After warming up:
water-saturated
after prolonged soaking

5.1.8 The porosity of the mineral part of asphalt concrete from cold mixes should be, %, no more, for types:

Bx............18;

In.............20;

Gx and Dx..........21.

5.1.9 Asphalt concrete from cold mixes of types Bx, Vx, Gx and Dx must have a residual porosity of more than 6.0% to 10.0%, water saturation - from 5% to 9% by volume.

5.1.10 The caking of cold mixes, characterized by the number of strokes in accordance with GOST 12801, should be no more than 10.

5.1.11 The temperature of hot and cold mixtures during shipment to the consumer and to the warehouse, depending on the indicators of bitumen, must correspond to those indicated in Table 8.

Table 8

Notes

1 When using surfactants and activated mineral powders, it is allowed to reduce the temperature of hot mixtures by 10 °C - 20 °C.

2 When using special additives the temperature of the mixtures is prescribed in accordance with the documentation for their use.

3 Depending on weather conditions and for high-density asphalt concrete, it is allowed to increase the temperature ready mixes by 10 °С - 20 °С, observing the requirements of GOST 12.1.005 for the air of the working area.

5.1.12 Asphalt-concrete mixtures must pass the test for adhesion of bitumen to the surface of the mineral part.

5.1.13 Mixtures must be homogeneous. The absolute value of the deviation of the bitumen content in the mixture from the design value should not exceed + 0.5% by weight.

The homogeneity of hot mixtures of the same composition is evaluated by the coefficient of variation in compressive strength at a temperature of 50 ° C, cold mixtures - by the coefficient of variation of water saturation. The coefficient of variation should not exceed that specified in Table 9.

Table 9

5.2 Material requirements

5.2.1 Crushed stone from dense rocks and gravel, crushed stone from slags, which are part of mixtures, must comply with the requirements of GOST 8267 and GOST 3344, respectively. It is allowed to use crushed stone and gravel produced according to foreign standards, provided that their quality complies with the requirements of this standard.

The weighted average content of lamellar (flaky) and needle-shaped grains in a mixture of crushed stone and gravel fractions should be,% by weight, not more than:

15 - for mixtures of type A and high density;

25 - for mixtures of types B, Bx and highly porous;

35 - for mixtures of types B, Bx and porous.

Gravel-sand mixtures in terms of grain composition must comply with the requirements of GOST 23735, gravel and sand, which are part of these mixtures, must comply with GOST 8267 and GOST 8736, respectively.

For the preparation of mixtures and asphalt concrete, crushed stone and gravel of fractions from 5 to 10 mm, over 10 to 20 (15) mm, over 15 to 20 mm, over 20 (15) to 40 mm, as well as mixtures of these fractions are used.

The strength and frost resistance of crushed stone and gravel used for mixtures and asphalt concrete of specific grades and types must correspond to those indicated in table 10.

5.2.2 Natural sand and sand from rock crushing screenings must comply with the requirements of GOST 8736, while the strength grade of sand from rock crushing screenings and the content of clay particles determined by the swelling method for mixtures and asphalt concrete of specific grades and types must correspond to those specified in Table 11. The total content of grains smaller than 0.16 mm (including dust and clay particles) in sand from crushing screenings is not standardized.

5.2.3 Mineral powder, which is part of mixtures and asphalt concrete, must comply with the requirements of GOST 16557.

Table 10

Value for brand mixtures

Name of indicator

hot type

cold type

hot type

cold type

hot type

Mark, not lower than: - details: a) crushed stone from igneous and metamorphic rocks

c) crushed stone from metallurgical slag

d) crushed stone from gravel

e) gravel

According to abrasion: a) crushed stone from igneous and metamorphic rocks

b) crushed stone from sedimentary rocks

c) crushed stone from gravel and gravel

By frost resistance for all types of crushed stone and gravel: a) for road-climatic zones, I, II, III

b) for road-climatic zones IV, V

Note - To increase the coefficient of adhesion of a car wheel with a road surface, crushed stone from carbonate rocks is not recommended for use in high-density and dense mixtures of type A grade I.

POST 9128-2009

Table 11

Name of indicator	Value for mixtures and asphalt concrete grades
	hot and cold type		porous and highly porous	hot and cold type		porous and highly porous sandy	hot type
	A, B, Bx, Vx, high-density			A, B, Bx, C, Vx
Grade for the strength of sand from screenings of crushing rocks and gravel, not less than
Note - For mixtures of type G, grade I, it is necessary to use sands from crushing screenings of igneous rocks according to GOST 8736 with a content of grains finer than 0.16 mm of not more than 5.0% by weight.

5.2.4 Bitumen requirements

5.2.4.1 For the preparation of mixtures, viscous road oil bitumen is used according to GOST 22245 and liquid bitumen according to GOST 11955, as well as modified, polymer-bitumen binders and other bitumen and bitumen binders with improved properties according to technical documentation agreed in the prescribed manner.

5.2.4.2 The scope of bitumen grades is given in Appendices A, B and C.

For cold mixtures of grade I, liquid bitumen of class SG and modified liquid bitumen should be used. It is allowed to use bitumen of MG and MGO classes provided that activated mineral powders or pre-treatment mineral materials with a mixture of bitumen with surfactants.

For cold mixtures of grade II, liquid bitumen of classes SG, MG and MGO should be used.

The approximate content of bitumen in mixtures and asphalt concrete is given in Appendix D.

6 Safety and security requirements environment

6.1 When preparing and laying mixtures, the general safety requirements in accordance with GOST 12.3.002 and the requirements fire safety according to GOST 12.1.004.

6.2 Materials for the preparation of asphalt concrete mixes (crushed stone, sand, mineral powder and bitumen), according to the nature of harmfulness and the degree of impact on the human body, are classified as low-hazard substances, corresponding to hazard class IV according to GOST 12.1.007. The norms of maximum permissible emissions (MAE) of pollutants into the atmosphere should not exceed the established GOST 17.2.3.02.

6.3 Air in working area when preparing and laying mixtures, it must meet the requirements of GOST 12.1.005.

6.4 Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides A eff in mixtures and asphalt concrete should not exceed the values ​​established by GOST 30108.

7 Acceptance rules

7.1 Acceptance of mixtures is carried out in batches.

7.2 When accepting and unloading hot mixes, a batch considers the amount of a mix of the same composition produced at one installation during a shift, but not more than 1000 tons.

7.3 When accepting cold mixes, a batch considers the amount of a mix of the same composition produced during one shift, but not more than 300 tons.

If, after acceptance, the mixture is placed in a warehouse, then it is allowed to mix it with another cold mixture of the same composition.

On shipment cold mix from a warehouse to cars, a batch is the amount of a mixture of one composition shipped to one consumer during the day.

When a cold mixture is shipped from a warehouse to railway or water vehicles, a batch is the amount of a mixture of one composition shipped to one railway train or one barge.

7.4 The amount of the supplied mixture is determined by weight.

When shipped to wagons or cars, the mixture is weighed on railway or truck scales. The mass of the cold mixture shipped on ships is determined by the ship's draft.

7.5 To check the compliance of the quality of mixtures with the requirements of this standard, acceptance and periodic tests are carried out.

7.6 During acceptance tests of mixtures, one combined sample is taken from the batch according to GOST 12801 and determined:

The temperature of the shipped mixture when it is discharged from the mixer or storage bin;

The composition of the mixture;

Water saturation;

Compressive strength at 50 °C, 20 °C and water resistance - for hot mixes;

Compressive strength at a temperature of 20 ° C, including in a water-saturated state, and caking (2-3 times per shift) - for cold mixes. The above indicators for cold mixtures are determined before warming up.

7.7 Periodic control is carried out at least once a month, as well as with each change in the materials used for the preparation of mixtures. The homogeneity of mixtures, estimated by the coefficient of variation according to 5.1.13, is calculated monthly or for a period that ensures the sample size in accordance with GOST 12801.

7.8 During periodic quality control of mixtures, the following is determined:

Porosity of the mineral part;

Residual porosity;

Water resistance at long water saturation;

Ultimate compressive strength at a temperature of 20 °C after heating and after prolonged water saturation for cold mixes; at a temperature of 0 °C - for hot mixes;

Adhesion of bitumen with the mineral part of the mixtures;

Indicators of shear resistance and crack resistance;

Homogeneity of mixtures.

The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides in mixtures and asphalt concrete is taken according to the maximum value of the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides contained in the applied mineral materials. The data is indicated in the quality document by the supplier enterprise.

In disputable cases and in the absence of data on the content of natural radionuclides, the manufacturer, using a specialized laboratory, carries out input control materials in accordance with GOST 30108.

7.9 For each batch of the shipped mixture, the consumer is issued a quality document, which indicates the designation of this standard and the test results, including:

Manufacturer's name;

Number and date of issue of the document;

Name and address of the consumer;

Type, type and brand of the mixture;

The mass of the mixture;

Shelf life of cold mix;

Water resistance for hot mixes;

Caking for cold mixes;

Water saturation;

Water resistance at long water saturation for hot mixes;

Compressive strength limits:

at 20 °С before warming up and after warming up for cold mixtures,

at 50 °С and 0 °С for hot mixes;

Residual porosity and porosity of the mineral part;

Shear stability in terms of internal friction coefficient and shear adhesion;

Crack resistance in terms of tensile strength at a split at a temperature of 0 °C and a strain rate of 50 mm/min;

Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides.

When the mixture is shipped to the consumer, each car is accompanied by transport documentation, which indicates:

Name of the manufacturer;

Address and name of the consumer;

date and time of manufacture;

The temperature of the shipped mixture;

Type and amount of mixture.

7.10 The consumer has the right to conduct control check compliance of asphalt concrete mixtures with the requirements of this standard, observing the sampling, sample preparation and testing methods specified in GOST 12801.

8 Test methods

8.1 Mixtures are tested in accordance with GOST 12801.

8.2 The quality of highly porous crushed stone asphalt concrete with a crushed stone content of more than 70% is evaluated by the grain composition of the mineral part and the properties of the mixture components.

8.3 Crushed stone and gravel from rocks, crushed stone from slags of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy are tested in accordance with GOST 8269.0 and GOST 3344, respectively.

8.4 Natural sand and sand from rock crushing screenings are tested in accordance with GOST 8735.

8.5 Mineral powders are tested in accordance with GOST 16557.

8.6 Bitumens are tested in accordance with GOST 11501, GOST 11503 - GOST 11508, GOST 18180.

9 Transport and storage

9.1 Mixtures are transported to the place of laying by cars, accompanying each car with transport documentation.

9.2 When transporting cold mixes by rail or water transport each vehicle sent to the consumer is accompanied by a quality document.

9.3 Cold mixes are stored in summer period in open areas, in autumn and winter - in closed warehouses or under a canopy in stacks.

Shelf life:

2 weeks - for mixtures prepared using bitumen SG 130/200, MG 130/200 and MGO 130/200;

4 months - for mixtures prepared using bitumen SG 70/130;

8 months - for mixtures prepared using bitumen MG 70/130 and MGO 70/130.

Table A.1

	asphalt
	Dense and high density		BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300				BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 SG 130/200 MG 130/200 MGO 130/200
	Dense and high density		BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 90/130		BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 BN 60/90 BN 90/130 BN 130/200 BN 200/300		BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 BN 60/90 BN 90/130 BN 130/200 BN 200/300 SG 130/200 MG 130/200 MGO 130/200
	From cold mixes				SG 70/130 SG 130/200
							BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90 BN 90/130
	From cold mixes				SG 70/130 SG 130/200		SG 70/130 SG 130/200 MG 70/130 MG 130/200 MGO 70/130 MGO 130/200

Notes

1 For city high-speed and main streets and roads, asphalt concrete from mixtures of types and grades recommended for roads of categories I and II should be used; for roads in industrial and warehouse areas - recommended for roads of category III; for other streets and roads - recommended for category IV roads.

3 Bitumen brand BN 40/60 must comply with the technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

Table B.1

Table B.1

	asphalt
		i/c, I, II, III
					BND 90/130 BND 130/200		BND 90/130 BND 130/200
			BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 60/90 BN 90/130		BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BN 60/90 BN 90/130		BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BN 60/90 BN 90/130 BN 130/200
			BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90		BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90		BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90 BN 90/130

2 Bitumen brand BN 40/60 must comply with the technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

Approximate content of bitumen in mixtures

Table D.1

UDC 625.855.3:006.354 MKS 93.080.20 Zh18 OKP 57 1840

Keywords: asphalt concrete mixtures, asphalt concrete, pavements and bases, highways, airfields

Editor V.N. Kopysov Technical editor N.S. Goishanova Proofreader M.I. Pershina Computer layout V.I. Goishchenko

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In road construction, the most common material is asphalt concrete.

It differs from the usual analogue in that petroleum products are used as a binder in it:

• asphalt,
• bitumen,
• tar, not cement.

Asphalt concrete is indispensable for laying roadbed.

In addition, the preparation and hardening of the material takes place without the participation of water (hydration).

Astringents

Translated from Greek word"asphaltos" means "mountain resin".

What is asphalt

Output of natural asphalt.

This material can be natural or artificial.

The natural analogue is converted from oil as a result of volatilization of its light fractions and further oxidation under the influence of hypergenesis. Initially, oil becomes viscous and thick malta, then hard, easily melted asphalt. When compacted, it turns into asphaltite.

This substance is common in places close to the surface or outcrops of oil-bearing formations. It is contained in caverns and cracks of limestones, dolomites, etc. The content of the substance in the rock by its mass is 2/20%.

Artificial asphalt is a composite of bitumen (13/60%) and finely ground mineral aggregates, most often limestone. The instruction warns that, unlike its natural counterpart, such asphalt contains a few percent of paraffin, and the volume of petroleum oils in it is larger.

Note! Asphalt is indispensable for road and construction work. It is used, as a rule, mixed with sand, crushed stone or gravel. This material is called "asphalt mastic".

Bitumen and tar

natural bitumen- This solid or a viscous liquid consisting of a composite of carbohydrates, as well as their derivatives. It is obtained during the polymerization of (oxidizing) oil. Natural bitumen occurs in areas of oil reservoirs, forming lenses in sedimentary rocks, and occasionally asphalt "lakes".

artificial bitumen obtained by refining crude oil. Three technologies for its production are known.

Residual material is obtained from tar by deep extraction of petroleum oils from it. The oxidized analog is produced by oxidizing the tar in special installations while blowing with air. Cracked bitumen is a product of the processing of oil cracking residues.

Tar is the residue of the selection of oils from fuel oil. It is the main raw material for the production of petroleum bitumen. It is also used as a binder in road works.

Types of asphalt concrete mixtures

Composition of asphalt concrete.

Road asphalt mixtures according to GOST consist of:

• mineral fillers;
• organic binder.

According to the type of production, the components used and the method of laying, asphalt mixes are divided into many categories.

According to the type of fillers, asphalt concretes are divided, according to State Standard No. 9128/2009, into the following varieties:

• gravel;
• crushed stone;
• sandy.

GOST 9128 97 divides them into airfield and road asphalt mixtures according to the level of bitumen viscosity, as well as permissible laying temperatures.

In hot solutions, heated viscous and liquid petroleum bitumens act as a binder. Their laying should be carried out at a concrete temperature of at least +120 degrees.

Cold counterparts include liquid types of petroleum bitumen. Laying can be done at temperatures ranging from +5 degrees.

Asphalt concrete also has typical differences in the fractionation of aggregates. They are shown in the table below.

At the same time, cold varieties of material are only fine-grained or sandy.

Hot mixes are categorized based on their level of residual porosity. This indicator means the percentage of the number of pores in the laid coating. This is shown in the table below.

Cold varieties of mixtures have a residual porosity of 6 to 10%.

According to the mass content of gravel or crushed stone, hot mixes are divided into the following types:

• type A - 50/60%;
• type B - 40/50%;
• type B - 30/40%.

Cold analogues on gravel or crushed stone are divided according to this indicator into types Bx and Vx.

According to the type of sand used, hot and cold asphalt concretes are divided into the following categories.

Type G or Gx. Crush screening or its mixture with natural sand (no more than 30 percent) is used.

Type D or Dx. used natural sand or its mixture with crushing screening (less than 70 percent).

Based on the raw materials used, as well as physical and mechanical qualities, hot road airfield asphalt concrete mixes and asphalt concrete are divided into grades presented in the table.

Cold mixes are divided into the following categories:

• Types Bx and Vx - for grades M-I and M-II;
• Type Gx - for grades M-I and M-II;
• Type Dx may have the mark M-II.

Selection of composition and production of material

At the moment, several methods have been developed for selecting the composition of asphalt concrete mixtures. Any of them contains measures for compacting hot material, determining the porosity of the coating and includes testing concrete to determine its characteristics.

Note! The fundamental factor here is the design of the mix. It makes it possible to comply with all requirements and standards applicable to the quality of concrete. The main goal of design is to find optimal performance pavement and ensure the durability of its service.

Mixture design

One of the options for the composition of the mixture during its design.

The selection of the composition begins with the selection of the characteristics of the components of the mixture and the establishment of their compliance with the standards that are prescribed by the technical documentation.

Next, the optimal proportions of the components are determined, which will guarantee the production of a coating with the desired qualities.

The final design stage is the evaluation of selection options and the production of a trial batch of asphalt concrete at the plant.

There are 2 approaches regarding the design of asphalt concrete.

The first method is the selection of the composition of the mixture with a constant granulometry of fillers.

It guarantees increased mechanical qualities of the roadway, due to the wedging of fine gravel / crushed stone of their larger grains.

A coating laid from a material prepared with a continuous granulometry of the filler has high level roughness and shear resistance.

The characteristics of concrete do not change if there are deviations in the dosing of its components. The material is easily laid, distributed and compacted during the construction of the road surface.

Comparative table of the designed variants of the mixture.

For asphalt mixtures of this type, crushed stone or gravel from durable rocks (for example, granite) is needed with more than 50% chipped grain surface.

It is important to use bitumen that is resistant to aging (including the replacement of the phase and group composition). It must also have good adhesion to stone materials, because such concretes are characterized by open porosity.

Note! The second method of selecting the composition of the mixture uses the principle of dense concrete. When using it, a large filler is used, which has a rounded particle shape and discontinuous granulometry.

During the compaction of such a mixture, a coating is obtained that has a closed porosity, which has greater water resistance and frost resistance.

Such a material is more prone to uneven distribution of grains of large bitumen filler and mineral components in the medium.

On the physical and mechanical qualities of such concrete big influence have deviations from the standard dosing of the binder and mineral powder.

Typical for dense asphalt concretes low level roughness.

batch kneading

Scheme of material production.

Asphalt concrete materials are briefly produced as follows.

First of all, raw materials for the mixture are selected and its quality is determined.

Then the volume is determined required components for the quantity ordered.

Knowing the quality and cubic capacity of asphalt concrete, specialists determine what the price of the order will be.

Then the raw material is loaded into a special bunker, in which its preliminary dosage is carried out.

There, mineral materials are dried and heated to the standard temperature.

Then they are sorted by fractionation and fed to an accurate weight batcher.

At the same time, the binder is heated to a temperature, the value of which depends on the type of asphalt mix. The bitumen is then weighed and dosed.

At the final stage of production, the material components are fed into the mixer.

Road works

Pictured is asphalt paving.

Based on the purpose of the coating (industrial floor, road), workers lay the asphalt with their own hands in one or two layers. The basis for it is crushed stone / gravel or concrete.

The bottom layer (thickness 4/5 cm) is made from a medium or coarse mixture with a residual porosity of 5/10%. The outer layer (thickness 3/4 cm) is laid from fine or medium-sized asphalt concrete with a residual porosity of 3/5%.

If the loads are heavy (airfield runway) or heavy vehicle traffic is expected, the coating is laid in 3/4 layers, which have a total thickness of 11/15 cm.

Layers of the roadway: 1 - asphalt, 2 - its base, 3 - additional layer of the base, 4 - soil.

In any case, road work should begin with cleaning the base from dirt and dust with machines equipped with brushes and irrigation systems. Then the irregularities of the base are straightened out, and it is processed with bituminous mastic.

The material is produced in asphalt concrete mixers on stationary lines of plants or in mobile units. It is transported to the place of laying by dump trucks, then loaded into the bunker of the laying machine. It distributes, levels, and compacts the coating for the first time.

Finally, the concrete is compacted with road rollers.

Arrangement of sidewalks

The thickness of the coating, based on its purpose.

First, side stones are installed that separate the sidewalk and the road.

Next, the base is laid - asphalt concrete with a filler of crushed stone, slag, brick fight. Asphalt crumb is also often used (“old” asphalt concrete).

Based on the type of soil, the base of the sidewalk can have a thickness of 10 to 15 cm.

After laying the mixture, it is carefully leveled and then compacted with self-propelled and manual rollers.

Next, weaving is done with small stones and slag.

The pavement itself (usually on sand filler) has a thickness of 3/4 cm. The exception is the entrance road part, which leads to neighborhoods and courtyards. It should be 5 cm thick.

Asphalt concrete has no alternative yet in the construction of roads, airfield runways, and often industrial floors and sidewalks. This material is reliable, durable and inexpensive. There are many brands and varieties of it. Therefore, the design of the coating must be approached very carefully.

The video in this article contains many more useful things.

asphalt concrete.

A rationally selected mixture of mineral materials [crushed stone (gravel) and sand with or without mineral powder] with bitumen, taken in certain proportions and mixed in a heated state.

The temperature of laying the a/b mixture is not less than 120C.

Fine-grained a/b mixture with the number of grains up to 20 mm.

High-density a / b from a hot mix has a residue. porosity St. 2.5 to 5.0%;

A / b: Type A (depending on the content of crushed stone St. 50 to 60%).

Asphalt mix: Grade I.

Asphalt mix type D, grade II, dense asphalt concrete according to GOST 9128-2009

It is applied to the device of the top layers of coverings at new construction and capital repairs of roads of III categories, pedestrian zones and sidewalks. Mixture characteristics:

sandy asphalt mix on natural sand, with mineral grains up to 5 mm;

the temperature of the asphalt mix during shipment is from 145 to 155 ˚С.

Indicators of physical and mechanical properties of asphalt concrete meet the requirements of GOST 9128-2009.

Asphalt concrete mix type B, grade II dense asphalt concrete according to GOST 9128-2009

It is applied to the device of the top layers of coverings at new construction and capital repairs of roads of the III categories, streets, driveways, platforms, pedestrian zones. Characteristics of asphalt mix and asphalt concrete:

fine-grained asphalt mix, with mineral grains up to 20 mm;

asphalt concrete is dense, with residual porosity of St. 2.5 - 5.0%;

the temperature of the mixture during shipment is from 145 to 155˚С.

MIXTURES ASPHALT CONCRETE AND ASPHALT CONCRETE

1. Definitions asphalt mix- a rationally selected mixture of mineral materials (crushed stone (gravel) and sand with or without mineral powder) with bitumen, taken in certain proportions and mixed in a heated state. asphalt concrete- compacted asphalt mix. Asphalt concrete is often referred to as asphalt. 2. History Initially, in the 19th century, the streets of cities were paved with stones (cobblestone pavement). Starting from the middle of the 19th century, in France, Switzerland, the United States and a number of other countries, road surfaces are being made from bitumen-mineral mixtures. In 1876, for the first time in the United States, cast asphalt was used, prepared using petroleum bitumen. For the first time, asphalt concrete pavement was used to cover the sidewalks of the Royal Bridge in Paris in the 30s of the XIX century. In the early 1930s, in France, in the department of Ain, sidewalks on the Moran bridge over the Rhone River in Lyon were covered with asphalt. The booming road network required new types pavement, which could be built just as quickly as subgrade. So, in 1892 in the USA, the first road structure of concrete 3 m wide was built by the industrial method, and 12 years later, with the help of an asphalt distributor with a free flow of hot bitumen, 29 km of the road. Asphalt turned out to be the most suitable material for paving. Firstly, it becomes more even, and therefore less noisy and has the necessary roughness. Secondly, you can immediately open traffic on the laid asphalt concrete and not wait until it hardens, unlike cement concrete, which gains the necessary strength only on the 28th day. Thirdly, asphalt concrete pavement is easily repaired, washed, cleaned, any markings adhere well to it. In the summer of 1839, sidewalks were covered in St. Petersburg for 45.5 linear fathoms 5 feet wide (97.08 * 1.52 m) and part of the bridge 8.5 long and 6.5 feet wide (2.59 * 1 .98 m) at the Tuchkov bridge dam. The first in Russia to establish the production of asphalt was engineer I.F. Buttats. The cost of 1 sq. m of coverage cost 14 rubles. For the first time, Russian asphalt began to be mined at the Syzran plant in 1873 (on the right bank of the Volga, 20 km higher than Syzran). In 1876, the Moscow City Duma allocated 50 thousand rubles for an experiment on the installation of asphalt concrete pavement. Several sections of the new material were built on Tverskaya Street. 3. Main parameters and types Asphalt concrete mixtures (hereinafter - mixtures) and asphalt concrete, depending on the type of mineral component, are divided into crushed stone, gravel and sand. Mixtures, depending on the viscosity of the bitumen used and the temperature during laying, are divided into:

hot prepared using viscous and liquid petroleum road bitumen and laid at a temperature of at least 120 °C;

cold prepared using liquid petroleum road bitumen and laid at a temperature of at least 5 °C.

Hot mixes and asphalt concretes, depending on the largest size of mineral grains, are divided into:

coarse-grained with grain size up to 40 mm;

fine-grained - up to 20 mm;

sandy - up to 5 mm;

Cold mixtures are divided into fine-grained and sandy. Asphalt concrete from hot mixes, depending on the amount of residual porosity, is divided into types:

high-density with residual porosity from 1.0 to 2.5%;

dense - from 2.5 to 5.0%;

porous - from 5.0 to 10.0%;

highly porous - from 10.0 to 18.0%.

Asphalt concrete from cold mixes should have a residual porosity of more than 6.0 to 10.0%. Crushed stone and gravel hot mixes and dense asphalt concretes, depending on the content of crushed stone (gravel) in them, are divided into types:

"BUT"- with crushed stone content from 50 to 60%;

"B"- from 40 to 50%;

"AT"- from 30 to 40%.

Crushed stone and gravel cold mixes and their corresponding asphalt concretes, depending on the content of crushed stone (gravel) in them, are divided into types Bx and Vx. Hot and cold sand mixtures and their corresponding asphalt concretes, depending on the type of sand, are divided into types:

"G and Gh"- on sands from screenings of crushing, as well as on their mixtures with natural sand when the content of the latter is not more than 30% by weight;

"D and Dx"- on natural sands or mixtures of natural sands with crushing screenings when the content of the latter is less than 70% by weight.

Mixes and asphalt concretes, depending on the indicators of physical and mechanical properties and the materials used, are divided into grades indicated in the table:

The brand of mixture and asphalt concrete determines the indicators of physical and mechanical properties, water saturation, grain compositions and porosity of the mineral part. Characteristics of grades of mixtures and asphalt concrete in accordance with GOST 9128-97. "Asphalt-concrete mixes for road, airfield and asphalt concrete" (230kB) 4. Requirements for materials Crushed stone from dense rocks and gravel, crushed stone from slags, which are part of mixtures, in terms of grain composition, strength, content of dust and clay particles, clay content in lumps must comply with the requirements The content of lamellar (flaky) grains in crushed stone and gravel should be no more than:

15% - for mixtures of type A and high density;

25% - for mixtures of types B, Bx;

35% - for mixtures of types B, Vx.

Gravel-sand mixtures in terms of grain composition must meet the requirements of GOST 23735, and gravel and sand included in these mixtures - GOST 8267-93. "Crushed stone and gravel from dense rocks for construction work." (179kB) and GOST 8736-93. "Sand for building work." (106kB) respectively. For the preparation of mixtures and asphalt concrete, crushed stone and gravel of fractions from 5 to 10 mm, from 10 to 20 (15) mm, from 20 (15) to 40 mm, as well as mixtures of these fractions, are used. Mineral powder, which is part of mixtures and asphalt concretes, must meet the requirements of GOST 16557. It is allowed to use as mineral powders for porous and highly porous asphalt concrete, as well as for dense asphalt concrete grades II and III industrial waste (crushed basic metallurgical slags, fly ash, ash and slag mixtures, fly-away dust cement plants etc.). For the preparation of mixtures, viscous oil road bitumen is used according to GOST 22245 and liquid bitumen according to GOST 11955, as well as polymer-bitumen binders and modified bitumen according to technical documentation agreed in the prescribed manner.

Asphalt, price which depends on many of its characteristics - it is a viscous non-crystalline material, mostly consisting of hydrocarbons. According to the chemical composition, asphalt is at least 80% carbon and about 15% hydrogen, the remaining 5% include

oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and a number of different metals.

Most natural asphalt (up to 75%) contains bitumen, which is an artificial, residual product of oil refining, which is characterized by a solid or viscous consistency.

The composition of petroleum bitumens includes several groups of substances that have different solubility: asphaltenes, asphaltogenic acids, neutral resins, petroleum oils, carbenes and carboids (substances that cannot be dissolved using organic compounds).

Asphaltenes provide characteristics such as hardness and high softening point of bitumen, resins give them elasticity and cementing properties, oils - frost resistance.

Asphalt is a complex material: it is considered colloidal and is a dispersion of a high molecular weight material in a lower molecular weight liquid.

Asphalt - very flexible material, adheres well to other surfaces, is wear-resistant and waterproof, and is also extremely resistant to large amounts of salts, acids and alkalis. For all its remarkable properties, it tends to break down if used improperly. Before as buy asphalt, carefully study the properties of the mixtures offered to you. The impact of water, the influence of temperature changes and ultraviolet radiation lead to the slow splitting of asphalt into carbon dioxide and water.

Asphalt has excellent thermoplastic properties: for example, hard asphalts are plastics that are easily shaped and molded hot or cold under high pressure.

At ambient temperature, asphalt is a liquid with very high viscosity characteristics, unsuitable for processing. This can transform the asphalt to give it a composition suitable for processing. You can do this using the following methods:

Heating: Asphalt is heated for use in large and medium-sized areas (road surfaces, roof coverings large buildings, etc.);

Blending with petrochemical solvents (thinning) is the most expensive operation in which solvents are used to reduce asphalt viscosity;

Emulsification in water to create an emulsion is the cheapest and least environmentally damaging process.

Buy asphalt concrete worth it, only after carefully studying the documentation from the manufacturer of the material.

Properties of asphalt emulsions

Asphalt emulsions are dispersions of very finely ground bitumen in an aqueous medium. Such emulsions are characterized by low viscosity - they are used at ambient temperature, that is, this material is ideal for the construction industry and is used very widely. There are two classes of asphalt emulsions: chemical (emulsions with an alkaline emulsifier) ​​and clay.

Asphalt emulsions are most commonly used in highway paving, roofing, and as adhesives and sealants in the construction industry.

One of the main advantages of bituminous adhesives and sealants is their low cost. Bitumen is several times cheaper than synthetic polymers and rubbers, so the benefits of its use both as an independent material and in mixtures with other polymers are beyond doubt.

With the help of emulsions, gluing, creating coatings, impregnating surfaces, creating moisture-proof coatings, and isolating surfaces is carried out. Bituminous emulsions are also used as adhesives when laying roofs,

creating building shells, building insulation, as well as other operations that require rapid evaporation of water from joints.

The viscosity of the emulsion is the main criterion for its application. As a rule, when creating a coating or performing a sealing of the surface, it is necessary to give the emulsion a high viscosity in order to obtain a film of the required thickness. The asphalt emulsion used to bond the shell layers must be sufficiently fluid to ensure that the layer is as uniform as possible. Therefore, it may be necessary to dilute the emulsion with water to obtain the desired properties.

- suitable building material for roads. Its technical characteristics make it possible to achieve smoothness and the desired surface roughness with the help of a leveling paver. Another advantage of the asphalt mix is ​​the ability to use the roadway immediately after paving. In turn, cement concrete acquires the necessary structure only after twenty-eight days. In addition, warm asphalt mixes are distributed in an even leveling layer. Such surfaces are easy to repair, wash, paint lasts for a long time.

Definition

Asphalt concrete is a building material, which includes bitumen, building sand, gravel, sometimes a special powder with minerals. The ingredients of sand mixtures are mixed in the required proportions at certain temperature. Asphalt concrete mixture is produced in accordance with state standard.

Application

Dense porous building materials are used when laying layers of the roadway, runways, platforms and other surfaces. For this, specialists use road, airfield and asphalt concrete mixes.

Kinds

Solutions are classified according to several parameters. The classification depends on the characteristics of the components contained in asphalt mixtures. There are four types of solutions. The classification of asphalt concrete mixtures is as follows:

1. By the presence of a mineral component. Solutions are classified depending on what type of component is used in the manufacture. Exist different types components included in . For example, type A is characterized by a fifty percent crushed stone content in the solution.
2. According to the size of the mineral grains, the compositions are of three types: sand (grains for a sand mixture should be less than five millimeters), coarse-grained (grains less than forty millimeters) and fine-grained asphalt concrete mixture (grains less than twenty millimeters in size).
3. Depending on the building material used, the mixture is sand, gravel and crushed stone.
4. Temperature also affects specifications solutions. The classification is made according to the temperature that was recorded at the time when the mixture was laid. There are two types: hot mix asphalt and warm mix asphalt. In particular, when spreading, the cold asphalt mixture should have a temperature of about 5°C, while the hot one should not fall below 120°C.

Solution grades

There are two brands on the building materials market. The first brand involves the use of crushed stone 1000-1200. For the second brand - use gravel 800-1000. Before using this or that mixture, it is necessary to determine its brand. Hot compounds that are laid at a certain temperature have the following marking (i):

• brand solution;
• high density; i;
• dense;
• BUT; i, ii;
• B, C; i, ii, iii;
• D, D. ii, iii;
• porous i, ii.

Organomineral compositions

In addition to the above classifications, there are organomineral solutions. They are made by mixing bitumen and limestone. The use of dense compositions is to repair the asphalt concrete roadway.

Requirements for mixtures

In accordance with the state standard, the content of lamellar grains in gravel, crushed stone should not exceed the following values:

• fifteen percent - for high-density compositions and solutions "A";
• twenty-five percent - for materials B and Bx;
• thirty-five percent - for solutions B and Bx.

Peculiarities

Building materials must be produced at the enterprise in compliance with the rules. Loading must be carried out in a dump truck. Crushed stone-mastic mortar is used for compacting the surface leveling layer of highways, laying runway surfaces, sidewalks, squares, etc. Properties building material allow you to increase adhesion to the layer of the roadway, which increases the safety of the movement of cars.

As the practice of using asphalt concrete in the past has shown, some time after the start of operation of the pavement, on top layer irregularities quickly appeared, and later potholes. This was due to the fact that during loading, transportation and laying, the solution was subjected to stratification (or segregation).

Segregation asphalt concrete pavement- a process that leads to an incorrect distribution of grains, air bubbles and bitumen in the building material. Segregation provokes disproportions of the components contained in the mixture. The segregation process shortens the life of the coating. In other words, segregation has the opposite effect of mixing components. Segregation makes the solution inhomogeneous.

Acceptance rules

To create a supply of mortar by transport and paver, loaders are used. The loader is special equipment designed for uninterrupted operation special asphalt paver. Loaders are used when accepting asphalt concrete from vehicles and moving it to an asphalt paver.

In addition, there are a number of nuances that must be taken into account when accepting the prepared solution from the loader. In particular, acceptance from the reloader should be done in batches. A batch is a single-component building material produced on a machine during one shift at an enterprise.

As for hot trains, their number should be no more than six hundred tons, and cold ones - no more than two hundred tons. The amount of solution is determined by its weight. For this, automobile or railway scales are used. If it is necessary to load the material onto the ship, then after the completion of the acceptance of the cargo, the draft of the ship is measured.

To check the conformity of the product to the specified characteristics, there are a number of tests that will confirm the conformity of the product to the requirements. After the inspection, the buyer receives a document confirming the conformity of the material. At the same time, a separate document must be issued for each consignment.

ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES FOR ROAD, AERODROME AND ASPHALT CONCRETE
TECHNICAL CONDITIONS
GOST 9128-97

Date of introduction from 1991-01-01

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to asphalt concrete mixtures and asphalt concrete used for pavement and foundations of roads, airfields, city streets and squares, roads of industrial enterprises in accordance with current building codes. The area of ​​application of asphalt concrete in the construction of the upper layers of pavements for roads, city streets and airfields is given in Appendixes A, B and C.

The requirements set out in 5.2 - 5.4, 5.6, 5.7, 5.9 - 5.15, sections 4, 6 and 7 are mandatory.

2. Regulatory references

3. Definitions

For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms apply with their respective definitions:

asphalt mix- a rationally selected mixture of mineral materials [crushed stone (gravel) and sand with or without mineral powder] with bitumen, taken in certain proportions and mixed in a heated state.

asphalt concrete- compacted asphalt mix.

4. Main parameters and types

4.2. Mixtures, depending on the viscosity of the bitumen used and the temperature during laying, are divided into:
hot, prepared using viscous and liquid petroleum road bitumen and laid at a temperature of at least 120°C;
cold, prepared using liquid petroleum road bitumen and laid at a temperature of at least 5 ° C.

4.3. Hot mixes and asphalt concretes, depending on the largest size of mineral grains, are divided into:
coarse-grained with grain size up to 40 mm;
fine-grained with grain size up to 20 mm;
sandy with grain size up to 5 mm.

Cold mixtures are divided into fine-grained and sandy.

4.4. Asphalt concrete from hot mixes, depending on the amount of residual porosity, is divided into types:
high-density with residual porosity from 1.0 to 2.5%;
dense with residual porosity St. 2.5 to 5.0%;
porous with residual porosity St. 5.0 to 10.0%;
highly porous with residual porosity over 10.0 to 18.0%.

Asphalt concrete from cold mixes should have a residual porosity of over 6.0 to 10.0%.

4.5. Crushed stone and gravel hot mixes and dense asphalt concretes, depending on the content of crushed stone (gravel) in them, are divided into types:
And with the content of rubble St. 50 to 60%;
B with the content of crushed stone St. 40 to 50%;
In with the content of crushed stone St. 30 to 40%.

Crushed stone and gravel cold mixes and their corresponding asphalt concretes, depending on the content of crushed stone (gravel) in them, are divided into types Bx and Vx.

Hot and cold sand mixtures and their corresponding asphalt concretes, depending on the type of sand, are divided into types:
G and Gx - on sands from screenings of crushing, as well as on their mixtures with natural sand with a content of the latter of not more than 30% by weight;
D and Dx - on natural sands or mixtures of natural sands with crushing screenings when the content of the latter is less than 70% by weight.

4.6. Mixtures and asphalt concretes, depending on the indicators of physical and mechanical properties and the materials used, are divided into grades indicated in table 1.

Table 1

5. Technical requirements

5.1. Mixtures must be prepared in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to the technological regulations approved in the prescribed manner by the manufacturer.

5.2. Grain compositions of the mineral part of mixtures and asphalt concretes must comply with those established in table 2 - for the lower layers of coatings and bases; in table 3 - for the upper layers of coatings.

table 2
Percent by mass

	Grain size, mm, finer
	5,0	0,63	0,071
Dense types: BUT B	40 to 50 50 to 60	12 to 50 20 to 60	4 to 10 6 to 12
porous	40 to 60	10 to 60	0 to 8
Highly porous crushed stone	40 to 60	10 to 60	4 to 8
Highly porous sandy	90 to 100	25 to 85	4 to 10

Table 3
Percent by mass

Kind and type of mixes and asphalt concretes	Grain size, mm, finer
	20	15	10	5	2,5	1,25	0,63	0,315	0,14	0,071
Hot high density	90-100	70-100 (90-100)	56-100 (90-100)	35-50	24-50	18-50	13-50	12-50	11-28	10-16
Dense types:	Continuous grain formulations
BUT	90-100	75-100 (90-100)	62-100 (90-100)	40-50	28-38	20-28	14-20	10-16	6-12	4-10
B	90-100	80-100	70-100	50-60	38-48	28-37	20-28	14-22	10-16	6-12
AT	90-100	85-100	75-100	60-70	48-60	37-50	28-40	20-30	13-20	8-14
G	-	-	-	80-100	65-82	45-65	30-50	20-36	15-25	8-16
D	-	-	-	80-100	60-93	45-85	30-75	20-55	25-33	10-16
	Intermittent grain formulations
BUT	90-100	75-85	62-70	40-50	28-50	20-50	14-50	10-28	6-16	4-10
B	90-100	80-90	70-77	50-60	38-60	28-60	20-60	14-34	10-20	6-12
Cold types:
bh	90-100	85-100	70-100	50-60	33-46	21-38	15-30	10-22	9-16	8-12
Vx	90-100	85-100	75-100	60-70	48-60	38-50	30-40	23-32	17-24	12-17
Gh and Dh	-	-	-	80-100	62-82	40-68	25-55	18-43	14-30	12-20

Notes
1. The requirements for grain compositions of the mineral part of asphalt concrete mixtures are indicated in brackets, while the size of the crushed stone used is limited by the design documentation.
2. During acceptance tests, it is allowed to determine the grain composition of mixtures using control sieves in accordance with the data in bold type.

Table 4

Name of indicator	Value for asphalt concrete grade
	I			II			III
	for road-climatic zones
	I	II, III	IV, V	I	II, III	IV, V	I	II, III	IV, V
Ultimate compressive strength at a temperature of 50°C, MPa, not less than for high-density asphalt concrete	1,0	1,1	1,2
dense types: BUT B AT G D	0,9 1,0 - 1,1 -	1,0 1,2 - 1,3 -	1,1 1,3 - 1,6 -	0,8 0,9 1,1 1,0 1,1	0,9 1,0 1,2 1,2 1,3	1,0 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5	- 0,8 1,0 0,9 1,0	- 0,9 1,1 1,0 1,1	- 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,2
Ultimate compressive strength at 20°C for asphalt concrete of all types, MPa, not less than	2,5	2,5	2,5	2,2	2,2	2,2	2,0	2,0	2,0
Ultimate compressive strength at 0°C for asphalt concrete of all types, MPa, not more than	9,0	11,0	13,0	10,0	12,0	13,0	10,0	12,0	13,0
Water resistance, not less dense asphalt concrete high-density asphalt concrete dense asphalt concrete with long-term water saturation high-density asphalt concrete with long-term water saturation	0,95 0,95 0,90 0,95	0,90 0,95 0,85 0,90	0,85 0,90 0,75 0,85	0,90	0,85	0,80	0,85	0,75	0,70

Note.
Additionally, when selecting the compositions of asphalt concrete mixtures, shear resistance and crack resistance are determined, while the standards for these indicators should be given in the design documentation for the construction of pavements based on specific operating conditions.

5.3. Indicators of physical and mechanical properties of high-density and dense asphalt concrete from hot mixes of various grades used in specific road-climatic zones should correspond to those indicated in Table 4.

5.4. Water saturation of high-density and dense asphalt concrete from hot mixes should be as specified in Table 5.

Table 5
Percent by volume

Note.
Indicators of water saturation of asphalt concrete used in specific road and climatic zones can be specified within the specified limits in the design documentation for construction.

5.5. The porosity of the mineral part of asphalt concrete from hot mixes should be, %, not more than:
high-density ................................ 16;
dense types:
A and B ............................................ 19;
C, D and E .......................................... 22;
porous ........................................ 23;
highly porous crushed stone ........... 24;
highly porous sand ................ 28.

5.6. Indicators of physical and mechanical properties of porous and highly porous asphalt concrete from hot mixes should correspond to those indicated in Table 6.

5.7. Indicators of physical and mechanical properties of asphalt concrete from cold mixes of various grades must correspond to those indicated in table 7.

Table 6

Note.
For coarse-grained asphalt concrete, the compressive strength at a temperature of 50 ° C and water resistance are not standardized.

(Revised version, Amendment 1999)

Table 7

5.8. The porosity of the mineral part of asphalt concrete from cold mixes should be,%, no more, for types:
Bx....................... 18;
In.................................. 20;
Gx and Dx ................... 21.

5.9. Water saturation of asphalt concrete from cold mixes should be from 5 to 9,% by volume.

5.10. The caking of cold mixtures, characterized by the number of strokes in accordance with GOST 12801, should be no more than 10.

5.11. The temperature of hot and cold mixtures during shipment to the consumer and to the warehouse, depending on the indicators of bitumen, must correspond to those indicated in Table 8.

Table 8

Type of mixture	Mixture temperature, °C, depending on the bitumen value
	needle penetration depth 0.1 mm at 25°C, mm					reference viscosity according to a viscometer with a hole of 5 mm at 60°C
	40-60	61-90	91-130	131-200	201-300	70-130	131-200
hot	150 to 160	145 to 155	140 to 150	130 to 140	120 to 130		110 to 120
Cold						80 to 100	100 to 120

Notes.
1. When using surfactants or activated mineral powders, it is allowed to reduce the temperature of hot mixes by 20°C.
2. For high-density asphalt concretes and asphalt concretes based on polymer-bitumen binders, it is allowed to increase the temperature of ready mixes by 20 °C, while observing the requirements of GOST 12.1.005 for the air in the working area.

5.12. Mixtures and asphalt concretes, depending on the value of the total specific effective activity of natural radionuclides A eff in the mineral materials used, are used for:
A eff up to 740 Bq/kg - for the construction of roads and airfields without restrictions;
And eff St. 740 to 2800 Bq/kg - for the construction of roads outside settlements and areas of promising development.

5.13. Mixtures must pass the test for adhesion of bitumens to the surface of the mineral part.

5.14. The mixtures must be homogeneous. The homogeneity of hot mixtures is estimated by the coefficient of variation in compressive strength at a temperature of 50°C, cold mixtures - by the coefficient of variation of water saturation. The coefficient of variation should correspond to that specified in table 9.

Table 9

5.15. Material requirements

5.15.1. Crushed stone from dense rocks and gravel, crushed stone from slags, which are part of mixtures, in terms of grain composition, strength, content of dust and clay particles, clay content in lumps must comply with the requirements of GOST 8267 and GOST 3344. The content of lamellar (flaky) grains in crushed stone and gravel should be,% by weight, no more than:
15 - for mixtures of type A and high density;
25 - for mixtures of types B, Bx;
35 - for mixtures of types B, Vx.

Grain-sand mixtures in terms of grain composition must meet the requirements of GOST 23735, and the gravel and sand included in these mixtures must meet GOST 8267 and GOST 8736, respectively.

For the preparation of mixtures and asphalt concrete, crushed stone and gravel of fractions from 5 to 10 mm, more than 10 to 20 (15) mm, more than 20 (15) to 40 mm, as well as mixtures of these fractions, are used.

The strength and frost resistance of crushed stone and gravel for mixtures and asphalt concrete of specific grades and types must comply with those indicated in table 10.

5.15.2. Natural sand and from rock crushing screenings must comply with the requirements of GOST 8736, while the strength grade of sand from crushing screenings and the content of clay particles determined by the swelling method for mixtures and asphalt concrete of specific grades and types must correspond to those indicated in table 11, and the total content grains less than 0.16 mm (including dust-like and clay particles) in sand from crushing screenings are not standardized.

Table 10

Name of indicator	Value for brand mixtures
	I				II						III
	hot type		cold type		porous and high porous	hot type			cold type		porous and high porous	hot type
	high- dense	B	bh	Vx		BUT	B	AT	bh	Vx		B	AT
brand, not below by fragmentation:
	1200	1200	1000	800	800	1000	1000	800	800	600	600	800	600
	1200	1000	800	600	600	1000	800	600	600	400	400	600	400
c) crushed stone from metallurgical slag	-	1200	1000	1000	800	1200	1000	800	800	600	600	800	600
d) crushed stone from gravel	-	1000	1000	800	600	1000	800	600	800	600	400	600	400
e) gravel								600	800	600	400	600	400
by abrasion:
a) crushed stone from igneous and metamorphic rocks	I1	I1	AND 2	I3	Not the norm.	AND 2	AND 2	I3	I3	I4	Not the norm.	I3	I4
b) crushed stone from sedimentary rocks	I1	AND 2	AND 2	I3	Not the norm.	I1	AND 2	I3	I3	I4	Not the norm.	I3	I4
c) crushed stone from gravel and gravel	-	I1	I1	AND 2	Not the norm.	I1	AND 2	I3	AND 2	I3	Not the norm.	I3	I4
frost resistance for all types of crushed stone and gravel:
a) for road-climatic zones I, II, III	F50	F50	F50	F50	F25	F50	F50	F25	F25	F25	F15	F25	F25
b) for road-climatic zones IV, V	F50	F50	F25	F25	F25	F50	F25	F15	F15	F15	F15	F15	F15

(Revised version, Amendment 1999)

Table 11

Name of indicator	Value for mixtures and asphalt concrete grades
	I			II			III
	hot and cold type		porous and high porous	hot and cold type		porous and high porous	hot type
	A, B, Bx, Vx, high- dense	G, Gx		A, B, Bx, C	G, D, Dx		B, C	G, D
Grade for the strength of sand from screenings of crushing rocks and gravel	800	1000	600	600	800	400	400	600
The content of clay particles, determined by the method of swelling,% by weight, no more	0,5	0,5	0,5	0,5	0,5	1,0	1,0	1,0

Note.
For mixtures of type G grade I, it is necessary to use sands from crushing screenings of the eruption of rocky rocks according to GOST 8736 with a grain content of less than 0.16 mm, not more than 5.0% by weight.

5.15.3. Mineral powder, which is part of mixtures and asphalt concretes, must meet the requirements of GOST 16557. It is allowed to use as mineral powders for porous and highly porous asphalt concrete, as well as for dense asphalt concrete grades II and III industrial waste (crushed basic metallurgical slags, fly ash, ash and slag mixtures, dust-fly from cement plants, etc.), the properties of which correspond to those indicated in table 12.

5.15.4. bitumen requirements

5.15.4.1. For the preparation of mixtures, viscous oil road bitumen is used according to GOST 22245 and liquid bitumen according to GOST 11955, as well as polymer-bitumen binders and modified bitumen according to technical documentation agreed in the prescribed manner.

Table 12

Name of indicator	Meaning for
	ground basic metallurgical slags	fly ash and crushed slag mixtures	dust-flying cement plants
Grain composition, % by weight, not less than smaller than 1.25 mm smaller than 0.315 mm smaller than 0.071 mm	95 80 60	95 80 60	95 80 60
Porosity, %, no more	40	45	45
Water resistance of samples from a mixture of powder with bitumen, not less than	0,7	0,6	0,8
Bitumen capacity index, g, no more	100	100	100
Loss on ignition, % by weight, no more	Not the norm.	20	Not the norm.
Content of active CaO+MgO, % by mass, no more	3	3	3
Content of water-soluble compounds, % by mass, no more	6	6	6

5 15.4.2. The scope of bitumen grades is given in appendices A, B and C.

For cold mixtures of grade I, liquid bitumen of class SG should be used. It is allowed to use bitumen of MG and MGO classes, provided that activated mineral powders are used or mineral materials are pre-treated with a mixture of bitumen with surfactants.

For cold mixtures of grade II, liquid bitumen of classes SG, MG and MGO should be used.

6. Acceptance rules

6.1. Mixtures are accepted in batches.

6.2. When accepting and shipping hot mixes, a batch is considered to be the amount of a mix of the same composition produced at one plant during a shift, but not more than 600 tons.

6.3. When accepting cold mixes, a batch considers the amount of a mix of the same composition produced by the plant during one shift, but not more than 200 tons.

If, after acceptance, the mixture is placed in a warehouse, then mixing it with another cold mixture of the same composition is allowed.

When shipping a cold mixture from a warehouse to cars, a batch is the amount of a mixture of one composition shipped to one consumer during the day.

When a cold mixture is shipped from a warehouse to railway or water vehicles, a batch is considered to be the amount of a mixture of one composition shipped to one railway train or one barge.

6.4. The amount of the supplied mixture is determined by weight. When shipped to wagons or cars, the mixture is weighed on railway or truck scales. The mass of the cold mixture shipped to ships is determined by the ship's draft.

6.5. To check the compliance of the quality of mixtures with the requirements of this standard, acceptance and periodic tests are carried out.

6.6. During acceptance tests of mixtures, one combined sample is taken from the batch according to GOST 12801 and determined:
the temperature of the shipped mixture when it is discharged from the mixer or storage bin;
grain composition of the mineral part of the mixture;
water saturation - for all mixtures;
compressive strength at 50°C, 20°C and water resistance - for hot mixes;
ultimate compressive strength at a temperature of 20°C, including in a water-saturated state, and caking (2-3 times per shift) - for cold mixes.
The above indicators for cold mixtures are determined before warming up.

6.7. During periodic quality control of mixtures, the following are determined:
porosity of the mineral part; residual porosity;
water resistance with prolonged water saturation;
compressive strength: at a temperature of 20°C after heating and after prolonged water saturation for cold mixtures;
at a temperature of 0°C - for hot mixes; adhesion of bitumen with the mineral part of the mixtures;
shear resistance and crack resistance, subject to the availability of these indicators in the design documentation;
homogeneity of mixtures.

The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides in mixtures and asphalt concrete is taken according to the maximum value of the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides contained in the mineral materials used. These data are indicated in the quality document by the supplier.

In the absence of data on the content of natural radionuclides, the manufacturer, using a specialized laboratory, carries out incoming control of materials in accordance with GOST 30108.

6.8. Periodic control is carried out at least once a month, as well as with each change in the materials used in the preparation of mixtures; the homogeneity of mixtures, estimated by a coefficient of variation of 5.14, is calculated monthly.

6.9. For each batch of the shipped mixture, the consumer is issued a quality document, which indicates the results of acceptance and periodic tests, including:
- name of the manufacturer;
- number and date of issue of the document;
- name and address of the consumer;
- type, type and brand of the mixture;
- mass of the mixture;
- shelf life of the cold mixture;
- water resistance for hot mixes;
- caking for cold mixtures;
- water saturation;
- water resistance at long water saturation for hot mixes;
- compressive strength at 20°C before heating and after heating for cold mixes; at 50°C and 0°C for hot mixes;
- residual porosity and porosity of the mineral part of the mixture;
- shear resistance and crack resistance, subject to the presence of these indicators in the design documentation;
- specific effective activity of natural radionuclides;
- designation of this standard.

When the mixture is shipped to the consumer, each car is accompanied by transport documentation, which indicates:
- name of the manufacturer;
- address and name of the consumer;
- date of manufacture;
- release time from the mixer;
- temperature of the shipped mixture;
- type and quantity of mixture.

6.10. The consumer has the right to conduct a control check of the compliance of asphalt concrete mixtures with the requirements of this standard, observing the standard methods for sampling, sample preparation and testing specified in GOST 12801, while applying the following sampling procedure.

6.11. For control tests of asphalt concrete mixtures shipped to cars, 9 combined samples are taken from each batch directly from car bodies. For control tests of cold asphalt mixes shipped to railway or water vehicles, 9 samples are taken from each wagon or barge. Each sample of the mixture is taken from different places wagon or barge.

The selected samples are not mixed and three samples are tested first. If satisfactory test results are obtained, the remaining samples are not tested. If unsatisfactory test results are obtained for at least one sample out of three, the remaining six samples are tested. In case of unsatisfactory test results of at least one sample out of six, the batch is rejected.

7. Control methods

7.1. Mixtures are tested according to GOST 12801.

7.2. Crushed stone and gravel from rocks, crushed stone from slags of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy are tested in accordance with GOST 8269.0 and GOST 3344, respectively.

(Revised version, Amendment 1999)

7.3. Natural sand and from rock crushing screenings are tested according to GOST 8735; the content of clay particles in sand from crushing screenings is determined by the swelling method according to GOST 3344.

7.4. Mineral powders and powder wastes of industrial production are tested in accordance with GOST 12784. The content of active CaO + MgO is determined in accordance with GOST 22688, loss on ignition - in accordance with GOST 11022.

7.5. Bitumens are tested according to GOST 11501, GOST 11503, GOST 11504, GOST 11505, GOST 11506, GOST 11507.

8. Transportation and storage

8.1. Mixes are transported to the place of laying by cars, accompanying each car with transport documentation.

8.2. When transporting cold mixes by rail or water, each vehicle sent to the consumer is accompanied by a quality document.

8.3. Cold mixtures are stored in the summer in open areas, in autumn-winter period- in closed warehouses or under a canopy in stacks.

Shelf life:
2 weeks - for mixtures prepared using bitumen grades SG 130/200, MG 130/200 and MGO 130/200;
4 months - for mixtures prepared using bitumen grade SG 70/130;
8 months - for mixtures prepared using bitumen grades MG 70/130 and MGO 70/130.

The field of application of asphalt concrete in the construction of the upper layers of pavements of roads and city streets

Road-climatic zone	Type of asphalt concrete	Road category
		I, II		III		IV
		brand of mixture	bitumen grade	brand of mixture	bitumen grade	brand of mixture	bitumen grade
I	Dense and high density	I	BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300	II	BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 SG 130/200 MG 130/200 MGO 130/200	III	BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 SG 130/200 MG 130/200 MGO 130/200
I, III	Dense and high density	I	BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BN 90/130	II	BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 BN 60/90 BN 90/130 BN 130/200 BN 200/300	III	BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 BN 60/90 BN 90/130 BN 130/200 BN 200/300 SG 130/200 MG 130/200 MGO 130/200
	From cold mixes	-	-	I	SG 70/130 SG 130/200	II	SG 70/130 SG 130/200 MG 70/130 MG 130/200 MGO 70/130 MGO 130/200
IV, V	Dense	I	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BN 40/60 BN 60/90	II	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90 BN 90/130	III	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90 BN 90/130
	From cold mixes	-	-	I	SG 70/130 SG 130/200	II	SG 70/130 SG 130/200 MG 70/130 MG 130/200 MGO 70/130 MGO 130/200

Notes.
1. For urban high-speed and main streets and roads, asphalt concrete from mixtures of types and grades recommended for roads of categories I, II should be used; for roads in industrial and warehouse areas - recommended for roads of category III; for other streets and roads - recommended for category IV roads.
2. BN bitumen is recommended for use in mild climatic conditions, characterized by average temperatures of the coldest month of the year above minus 10°C.
3. Bitumen brand BN 40/60 must comply with the technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

The scope of asphalt concrete in the construction of the upper layers of runways and main taxiways of airfields

Road-climatic zone	Type of asphalt concrete
		i/c, I, II, III		IV		V
		brand of mixture	bitumen grade	brand of mixture	bitumen grade	brand of mixture	bitumen grade
I	Dense and high density	I	BND 90/130	II	BND 90/130	III	BND 90/130
I, III	Dense and high density	I	BND 60/90 BN 60/90	II	BND 60/90 BN 60/90	III	BND 60/90 BN 60/90
IV, V	Dense	I	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BN 40/60 BN 60/90	II	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BN 40/60 BN 60/90	III	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BN 40/60 BN 60/90

Notes.

Scope of asphalt concrete in the construction of the upper layers of coatings of other taxiways, parking areas and airfield aprons

Road-climatic zone	Type of asphalt concrete	Standard load category
		i/c, I, II, III		IV		V
		brand of mixture	bitumen grade	brand of mixture	bitumen grade	brand of mixture	bitumen grade
I	Dense	I	BND 90/130	II	BND 90/130 BND 130/200	III	BND 90/130 BND 130/200
II, III	Dense	I	BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 60/90 BN 90/130	II	BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BN 60/90 BN 90/130	III	BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BN 60/90 BN 90/130 BN 130/200
IV, V	Dense	I	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BN 40/60 BN 60/90	II	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90	III	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90 BN 90/130

Notes.
1. BN grade bitumen is recommended for use in mild climatic conditions, characterized by average temperatures of the coldest month of the year above minus 10°C.
2. Bitumen brand BN 40/60 must comply with the technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

APPENDIX D
(reference)

Normative references

GOST 12.1 005-88 SSBT General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area.
GOST 3344-83 Crushed stone and sand slag for road construction. Specifications.
GOST 8267-93 Crushed stone and gravel from dense rocks for construction work. Specifications.
GOST 8269.0-97 Crushed stone and gravel from dense rocks and industrial waste for construction work. Methods of physical and mechanical tests.
GOST 8735-88 Sand for construction work. Test methods.
GOST 8736-93 Sand for construction work. Specifications.
GOST 11022-95 Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determining ash content.
GOST 11501-78 Oil bitumen. Method for determining the depth of penetration of the needle.
GOST 11503-74 Oil bitumen. Method for determining conditional viscosity.
GOST 11504-73 Oil bitumen. Method for determining the amount of evaporated thinner from liquid bitumen.
GOST 11505-75 Oil bitumen. Method for determining extensibility.
GOST 11506-73 Oil bitumen. Method for determining the softening point by ring and ball.
GOST 11507-78 Oil bitumen. Method for determining the brittleness temperature according to Fraas.
GOST 11955-82 Oil bitumen. road liquid. Specifications.
GOST 12784-78 Mineral powder for asphalt mixes. Test methods.
GOST 12801-84 Road and airfield asphalt concrete mixes, road tar concrete, asphalt concrete and tar concrete. Test methods.

Instead of GOST 12801-84, by the Decree of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of November 24, 1998 N 16, from January 1, 1999, GOST 12801-98 was put into effect

GOST 16557-78 Mineral powder for asphalt mixes. Specifications.
GOST 22245-90 Bitumens oil road viscous. Specifications.
GOST 22688-77 Building lime. Test methods.
GOST 23735-79 Mixes sand and gravel for construction works. Specifications.
GOST 30108-94 Building materials and products. Determination of specific effective activity of natural radionuclides.

(Revised version, Amendment 1999)