Water floor from a gas boiler. Gas boiler for heating system "warm floor. Convection or traditional gas boilers

Do you want to make your home cozy, modern and warm? Pay attention to the warm water floor. In this article, we will describe in detail all its advantages and disadvantages, tell you how to choose pipes and lay them, describe the collector layout and control system.

Advantages and disadvantages of a water heated floor. Foundation preparation. Installation nuances. The choice of pipes, how they are laid, the frequency of turns and fixation options. Screed and maturity dates.

Device and principle of operation

A water heated floor is a room heating system in which the coolant circulates through a circuit located under the floor covering. Please note that the pipes are not always in the screed. There are "flooring systems" in which the contour is not poured with concrete.

On closer examination, a water-heated floor pie consists of the following elements:

1. Prepared base;
2. Screed (5 cm);
3. Heat insulator (5 cm);
4. Pipes (2 cm);
5. Screed (4 cm);
6. Floor covering (2 cm).

Depending on the pipes used, there may be several layers of waterproofing. Foundation, this is the subfloor in basement or on the ground floor of a private house. The first layer of screed is required precisely in the absence of a flat surface.

A heat insulator with a thickness of 5 cm is a standard solution. But if possible, it is better to increase the thickness to 10 cm. This increases the efficiency of the entire system by 10-15%. Especially if a water-heated floor is arranged on the first floor. best material for this layer is extruded polystyrene foam.

Pipes in the vast majority of water heated floors are used with a diameter of 16 mm.

The second layer of screed covers the entire system and serves as a giant heat accumulator.

The thickness of the water heated floor cake varies from 18 to 23 cm. And the mass of 1 m 2 of this system reaches a quarter of a ton! Such harsh conditions significantly limit the spread of water heated floors.

The circuit is connected to the pump and the boiler through an adjustment and control system.

Where to use

In view of the sufficient thickness and mass of the entire system, its use is limited to private housing construction. It is extremely irrational to install a water-heated floor in apartments.

The main reason is the difficulty in connecting the power supply. To the system central heating You can connect only after permission from the regulatory authorities. And it's almost impossible to get it. Even if it is, the main leitmotif will disappear - autonomy. We are aware of options for installing electric and even gas boilers in an apartment, but these are isolated cases that only confirm the rule: water heated floor is used only in private homes.

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages of water heated floors are fully revealed only when using cheap energy sources, such as: gas, coal, firewood. Heating the coolant with an electric boiler is approximately 7 times more expensive than when using gas equipment.

The gigantic heat capacity of the water floor heating system is another plus. A room in which there is ≈ 100 kg / m 2 of heated concrete cannot cool down quickly (only upper layer screeds).

But there are downsides too. First of all, it is a monstrous inertia. It takes time and energy to heat up such a layer of screed.

Inertia leads to the fact that the temperature control of a water-heated floor is very arbitrary. Control equipment takes temperature readings from the coolant, floor surface and air (in some thermostats). But the changes made through the thermostat appear very slowly.

Installation of a water heated floor

The task is quite difficult, but doable. Just make sure the base is level first. This is very important requirement, given that alignment is still required and the first layer of the screed is more effective. Why?

For example, the height difference in the room is 3 cm. If you immediately lay the pipe and only then level it with a screed, it turns out that in one corner the height cement mixture there will be a minimum - 4 cm, and in the other 7. This means that during the operation of underfloor heating, on the one hand they will warm up 4, and on the other 7 cm of concrete. Such an uneven load has a very detrimental effect on the entire system as a whole and leads to rapid damage to the floor covering.

Therefore, the first and important step is to level the floors according to the level of the horizon. To prepare concrete floors you will need:

• Beacon profile;
• Laser level;
• Construction square;
• 5-10 kg of gypsum;
• Primer;
• Mobile concrete mixer;
• Cement;
• The fiber is polypropylene.

Work progress:

Floors are swept and primed. While the soil dries, beacons are set up. To do this, in the middle of the room set laser level in such a way that the projection of the horizontal beam is at a height of 15-20 cm from the floor. Then, with a square, measure the height from the floor to the beam in different corners of the room and, based on the results, determine the highest point. In this place, the height of the screed will be the minimum allowable - 4 cm. In other places - according to need.

To install beacons, gypsum is diluted to a state of thick sour cream. Then small heaps are made from the resulting mass along one wall, in increments of 60-80 cm, a beacon profile is laid on them. Attaching a square to it, they align it with the level of the horizon, placing it at the desired height. There should be 50 cm from the wall to the first beacon. The distance between adjacent beacons varies depending on the length of the rule (focus on 1-1.3 m). Please note that gypsum sets quickly, the work is carried out "without a smoke break."

After about 30-40 m, you can pour the screed. Cement is diluted with PGS in a ratio of 1:5. Polypropylene fiber is added at the rate of 80 gr. per 100 liters of mixture. Fiber is an element of dispersed reinforcement, qualitatively increasing the strength of the coating. In addition, after hardening, the new surface will be perfectly smooth.

The resulting mixture is poured in such a way that each next portion overlaps the previous one by 10-15 cm. The screed is leveled according to the level by the rule, with orientation along the beacons.

After pouring the entire surface, it takes time for the technical maturation of the cement-sand screed. Calculation, approximately, the next 1 cm of thickness - 1 week.

Laying a heat insulator

Extruded polystyrene foam and cross-linked polyethylene foam, only these two materials can be used for thermal insulation in a water heated floor system.

Before laying the heat insulator sheets, a damper tape 10-12 mm thick is glued around the perimeter of the room. It serves not only to compensate for the thermal expansion of the screed, but also to prevent heat from escaping into the walls. In height, it should protrude beyond the boundaries of the top layer of the screed.

The sheets of the heat insulator are laid out in a row and always on a layer of waterproofing. For waterproofing, it is best to use a 0.2 mm thick polyethylene film.

If you decide to make the thickness of the thermal insulation 10 cm, then it will be better if you lay two layers of plates 5 cm thick. Be sure to space between the layers.

There is an option to use special plates designed for organizing water-heated floors as a heat insulator. Their difference is in the bosses on one of the surfaces. A pipe is laid between these bosses. But their cost is unreasonably high. In addition, not all pipes will hold in such plates. For example, polypropylene and polyethylene pipes too elastic, they will require additional fixation.

Pipes are not fastened to the heat insulator. Fasteners must pass through the foam layer, and be fixed in the screed. This is very laborious process considering the amount of work.

Mounting tapes are a more acceptable solution, but it is very difficult to lay the pipe on them in a spiral (coil).

The best option would be to fix the pipes on the grid. In this case, the mesh will serve specifically for fastening pipes, and not for reinforcing the screed.

There are special meshes made of biaxially oriented polypropylene, or you can use a simple masonry mesh.

Pipe selection and installation

The following types of pipes are suitable for a water-heated floor:

• Copper;
• Polypropylene;
• Polyethylene PERT and PEX;
• metal-plastic;
• Corrugated stainless steel.

They have their strengths and weaknesses.

Note:

* characteristics of pipes are considered when operating in water heated floors.

** Prices are taken from Yandex.Market.

The choice is very difficult if you try to save on yourself. Of course, you can not take copper for consideration - it is very expensive. But here is corrugated stainless steel, with more high price, has exceptionally good heat dissipation. The temperature difference in the return and supply, they have the largest. This means that they give off heat better than competitors. Given the small bending radius, ease of operation and high performance characteristics, is the best choice.

Pipe laying is possible with a spiral and a snake. Each option has pros and cons:

• Snake - simple installation, almost always there is a "zebra effect".
• Snail - uniform heating, material consumption increases by 20%, laying is more laborious and painstaking.

But these methods can be combined within the same circuit. For example, along the walls "looking" at the street, the pipe is laid with a snake, and in the rest of the area with a snail. You can also change the frequency of turns.

There are generally accepted standards that professionals are guided by:

• Step - 20 cm;
• The length of the pipe in one circuit is not more than 120 m;
• If there are several contours, then their length should be the same.

Under stationary and large-sized interior items, it is better not to start pipes. For example, under a gas stove.

IMPORTANT: be sure to draw the laying diagram to scale.

Laying starts from the collector. Unwinding the bay fix the pipe according to the scheme. For fastening it is convenient to use plastic clamps.

Corrugated stainless steel is produced in coils of 50 m. For its connection, branded couplings are used.

The last element laid between the turns of the pipes is the temperature sensor. It is pushed into the corrugated pipe, the end of which is plugged and tied to the mesh. The distance from the wall is at least 0.5 m. Do not forget: 1 circuit - 1 temperature sensor. The other end of the corrugated pipe is brought to the wall and then, along the shortest path, is brought to the thermostat.

Control system and contour pressure testing

The control system for underfloor heating includes:

1. Pump;
2. Boiler;
3. Collector;
4. Temperature controller.

Arrangement of all elements in compliance with technical parameters, a very complex thermal engineering problem. A lot of parameters are taken into account, starting from the number of fittings and the length of the pipes, and ending with the thickness of the walls and the region of the country. IN in general terms you can refer to the following information:

1. The pump can only be used as a circulation pump. "Wet" type of pump, more reliable than "Dry" and less demanding in maintenance.

Use the following formula to calculate performance:

P \u003d 0.172 x W.

Where W is the power of the heating system.

For example, with a system power of 20 kW, the pump performance should be 20 x 0.172 = 3.44 m 3 / h. Round the result up.

The pressure is calculated by a more complex technique. After all, the pipes are located horizontally, and the pump characteristic shows a vertical pressure. Use the following formula: H = (L * K) + Z/10. Where L is the total length of the circuits, K is the coefficient of pressure loss due to friction (indicated in the pipe passport, translated into MPa), Z is the pressure attenuation coefficient in additional elements

Z 1 - 1.7 thermostat valve;

Z 2 - 1.2 mixer;

Z 3 - 1.3 valves and fittings.

For example, it looks like this, let's say there are 3 circuits, 120 m each. In total, there are 18 fittings, 3 thermostat valves, 1 mixer. Pipe - corrugated stainless steel ø16 mm, loss factor 0.025 MPa.

H = (120*3*0.025) + ((1.7 * 3) + (1.3 * 1) + (1.2 * 18))/10 = 9 + (5.1 + 1.3 + 21 ,6)/10 = 11.8 m. The result is rounded up - the pump head is 12 m.

1. The boiler power is calculated by the formula W = S * 0.1. Where S is the area of ​​the house. There are still a lot of correction factors, depending on the thickness and material of the walls of the house, the climate of the region, the number of floors, the presence of adjacent rooms.

Please note that the outlet water temperature must be over 30 - 35˚C. To withstand this temperature, a mixer is installed in front of the collector. In it, water is mixed to the desired temperature before being fed into the circuit.

1. The collector regulates the water supply in each circuit. Without it, the water will follow the path of least resistance to flow, i.e. the shortest path. Adjustment is carried out by servo drives, according to data from the thermostat.
2. Thermoregulators monitor the temperature in controlled rooms, taking readings from temperature sensors.

Before crimping the circuit, it is washed and only then connected to the manifold. Water is supplied under normal pressure, but the temperature is increased by 4˚C per hour, up to 50˚C. In this mode, the system should operate for 60-72 hours. IMPORTANT: during pressing, constant monitoring is required!

At home, without the use of special equipment, crimp high blood pressure impossible.

If the check did not reveal any flaws in the installation, then you can proceed to further operations.

Screed

IMPORTANT: the top layer of the screed is poured only when the contour is filled. But before that metal pipes grounded, and covered with a thick plastic film. This important condition, to prevent corrosion due to electrochemical interactions of materials.

The issue of reinforcement can be solved in two ways. The first is to put a masonry mesh on top of the pipe. But with this option, cracks may appear due to shrinkage.

Another way is dispersed fiber reinforcement. When pouring water heated floors, steel fiber is best suited. Added in the amount of 1 kg / m 3 of the solution, it will be evenly distributed throughout the volume and will qualitatively increase the strength of the hardened concrete. Polypropylene fiber is much less suitable for the top layer of the screed, because the strength characteristics of steel and polypropylene do not even compete with each other.

Beacons are installed and the solution is kneaded according to the above recipe. The thickness of the screed must be at least 4 cm above the surface of the pipe. Given that the ø of the pipe is 16 mm, the total thickness will reach 6 cm. The maturation time of such a layer cement screed- 1.5 months. IMPORTANT: It is unacceptable to speed up the process including floor heating! It's complicated chemical reaction the formation of "cement stone", which occurs in the presence of water. The heat will cause it to evaporate.

You can accelerate the maturation of the screed when included in the recipe special additives. Some of them cause complete hydration of the cement after 7 days. And besides this, shrinkage is significantly reduced.

You can determine the readiness of the screed if you put a roll on the surface toilet paper, and cover it with a saucepan. If the ripening process is over, then in the morning the paper will be dry.

First power on

Very milestone operation of a water heated floor. In order not to crack the screed from uneven heating, and the pipes are not damaged, the inclusion is carried out according to the following scheme:

1 day - temperature 20 ˚C.

Day 2 - increase the temperature by 3 ˚C.

3 and the next day, raise the temperature by 4 ˚C, until reaching the operating mode.

Only after that, you can proceed to the installation of flooring.

A heating gas boiler is a device that, by means of the combustion of fuel (natural or liquefied gas), heats the coolant.

Device (design) gas boiler : burner, heat exchanger, thermally insulated housing, hydraulic unit, as well as safety and control devices. Such gas-fired boilers require a chimney to be connected to remove combustion products. The chimney can be either a conventional vertical or coaxial (“pipe in pipe”) for boilers with a closed combustion chamber. Many modern boilers are equipped with built-in pumps for forced circulation of water.

The principle of operation of a gas boiler- the coolant, passing through the heat exchanger, heats up and then circulates through the heating system, giving the received thermal energy through radiators, underfloor heating, heated towel rails, as well as providing water heating in the boiler indirect heating(if it is connected to a gas boiler).

Heat exchanger - a metal container in which the coolant (water or antifreeze) is heated - can be made of steel, cast iron, copper, etc. The reliability and durability of a gas boiler depends on the quality of the heat exchanger in the first place. Cast iron heat exchangers are resistant to corrosion and have a long service life, but are sensitive to sudden temperature changes and are quite heavy. Steel containers can suffer from rust, so their internal surfaces are protected by various anti-corrosion coatings, providing an extension of the "life" of the device. Steel heat exchangers are the most common in the manufacture of boilers. Corrosion is not terrible for copper heat exchangers, and due to the high heat transfer coefficient, low weight and dimensions, such heat exchangers are often used in wall-mounted boilers, but of the minuses, it should be noted that they are more expensive than steel ones.
In addition to the heat exchanger, an important part of gas boilers is a burner, which can be of various types: atmospheric or fan, single-stage or two-stage, with smooth modulation, double.

To control the gas boiler, automation is used with various settings and functions (e.g. weather-compensated control system), as well as devices for programming operation and remote control boiler.

The main technical characteristics of gas heating boilers are: power, number of heating circuits, type of fuel, type of combustion chamber, burner type, installation method, pump and expansion tank, boiler control automation.

To determine required power gas heating boiler for private country house or an apartment, a simple formula is used - 1 kW of boiler power for heating 10 m 2 of a well-insulated room with a ceiling height of up to 3 m. If heating of a glazed basement is required winter garden, rooms with non-standard ceilings, etc. the gas boiler output must be increased. It is also necessary to increase the power (about 20-50%) when providing a gas boiler and hot water supply (especially if water heating in the pool is necessary).

Features of calculating the power of gas boilers: nominal pressure gas at which the boiler operates at 100% of the capacity declared by the manufacturer, for most boilers is from 13 to 20 mbar, and the actual pressure in gas networks in Russia can be 10 mbar, and sometimes even lower. Accordingly, a gas boiler often works only at 2/3 of its capacity, and this must be taken into account when calculating. In more detail with a table for calculating the power of a heating boiler, you can

Most gas boilers can transfer from work natural gas for liquefied gas(ballooned propane). Many models switch to liquefied gas at the factory (check these characteristics of the model when purchasing), or nozzles (jets) are additionally supplied to the gas boiler to switch to bottled gas.

Pros and cons of gas boilers:

Boiler piping- These are devices for the full operation of the heating and water supply system. It includes: pumps, expansion tanks, filters (if necessary), collectors, return and safety valves, air valves, valves, etc. You will also need to purchase radiators, connecting pipes and valves, thermostats, a boiler, etc. The issue of choosing a boiler is quite serious, so it is better to entrust the selection of equipment and its complete set to professionals.

What is the best boiler? On Russian market gas boiler equipment has its own leaders in quality and reliability. The best manufacturing companies and brands of gas boilers are presented in the range:

"Premium" or "Lux"- the most reliable and durable, easy to manage, the kit is assembled as a "constructor", more expensive than the others. These manufacturers include German companies

Now many residents of private houses install a water-heated floor for basic or additional heating. It has a lot of advantages: it increases comfort, heats the room evenly, does not require additional energy costs (because it works from one boiler with radiators). The instructions in our article will allow you to install water-heated floors, even without experience. However, before that, it is worth studying all the nuances.

Best of all, the warm water floor system is combined with laying under and tile.

• First, both materials are strong and durable.
• Secondly, they do not distinguish harmful substances when heated.
• And thirdly, heating perfectly complements the tile (the material itself is cold), and you can even walk on it barefoot due to its high heat capacity.

Of course, underfloor heating can also be done under linoleum, PVC tiles and even carpet, with a special mark.

But, for example, it makes no sense to heat the carpet, and the surface temperature must not exceed 31 ° C, according to SNiP 41-01-2003. Otherwise, it will provoke the release of harmful substances.

Installation in an apartment

Probably, many residents had the idea to independently connect “for free” water heated floors to the central heating system or hot water supply. And some even do so, but in most cases it is prohibited by local law.

For example, in Moscow there is government decree No. 73-PP dated February 8, 2005, in Appendix No. 2 it is clearly written about the ban on the conversion of public water supply systems for underfloor heating.

Violating the rules, at best, you can get a fine the first time you visit the plumbers. And at worst, the risk of leaving neighbors without heating.

In some regions, the ban does not apply, but an examination is required to connect in order not to disrupt the system.

In general, from a technical point of view, such options are possible, but only when a separate pumping station is connected. mixing unit and maintaining system pressure at the outlet.

Note! If in apartment building If there is a jet pump (elevator), then metal-plastic and polypropylene pipes cannot be used.

Floor installation methods

There are several ways to arrange a warm water floor.

• The most popular and reliable of them is a concrete screed. Unlike electrical types, 16 mm pipes cannot be hidden in tile adhesive, and it will not work. Therefore, a screed is poured at least 3 cm above the pipes.
• The second way is laying pipes in the cut out grooves of polystyrene foam. The grooves are made by hand, pipes are laid inside, then the screed is poured.
• The next option is often used in houses with wooden floors, although it requires a lot of labor - this is laying in wooden grooves. To do this, boards are stuffed on the floor, which create a gutter of the desired shape for laying.

Types of pipes used

Three types of pipes are suitable for a warm water floor.

• Pipes made of cross-linked polyethylene (PEX-EVOH-PEX) are inconvenient to use, because it is difficult to give them the desired shape (they straighten when heated). But they are not afraid of liquid freezing and are maintainable.
• Metal pipes - the best option: low price, ease of installation, stable shape.
• Copper pipes are expensive; when used in a screed, they must be covered with a protective layer to prevent alkaline exposure.

Calculation of a warm water floor

Before installation and purchase of materials, it is imperative to calculate the underfloor heating. To do this, draw a diagram with contours, which will then come in handy when conducting repair work to know the position of the pipes.

• If you are sure that furniture or plumbing will always stand in a certain place, pipes are not laid in this place.
• The length of the circuit with a diameter of 16 mm must not exceed 100 m (maximum for 20 mm is 120 m), otherwise the pressure in the system will be bad. Thus, each circuit approximately occupies no more than 15 square meters. m.
• The difference between the length of several circuits should be small (less than 15 m), that is, they should all be of uniform length. Large rooms, respectively, are divided into several circuits.
• The optimum pipe spacing is 15 cm when using good thermal insulation. If in winter there are often frosts below -20, then the step is reduced to 10 cm (only possible at the outer walls). And in the north you can not do without additional radiators.
• With a laying step of 15 cm, the consumption of pipes is approximately 6.7 m for each square of the room, when laying every 10 cm - 10 m.

The graph shows the dependence of the flux density on average temperature coolant. Dotted lines indicate pipes with a diameter of 20 mm, and solid lines - 16 mm.

The graph shows data that is valid only when using a cement-sand screed with a thickness of 7 cm, covered with tiles. If the thickness of the screed is increased, for example, by 1 cm, then the heat flux density decreases by 5-8%.

• To find the flux density, the sum of the heat loss of the room in watts is divided by the pipe laying area (the distance from the walls is subtracted).
• The average temperature is calculated as the average value at the inlet to the circuit and the outlet from the return.

The optimum temperature at the inlet and outlet should not differ by more than 5-10 degrees. Maximum temperature coolant should not exceed 55°C.

According to the above diagram, you can only perform a rough calculation and make the final adjustment due to the mixing unit and thermostats. For accurate design, be sure to contact professional heating engineers.

Heated floor cake

The technology of laying a warm water floor consists of several layers, which are laid in a certain sequence. The total thickness of the cake is 8-14 cm, the load on the floors is up to 300 kg / sq. m.

If the base is a concrete slab:

• waterproofing;
• insulation;
• reinforcing mesh;
• water floor heating pipe;
• coupler.

For waterproofing, it is permissible to use ordinary polyethylene film or special materials. The damper tape is made from cut strips of thermal insulation 1-2 cm thick, or bought ready-made version with self-adhesive backing.
The choice of insulation depends on several factors: region, base material. For example, extruded polystyrene foam with a thickness of at least 5 cm (optimally 10) is also used for floors on the ground, and if there is a warm basement under the floor of the first floor, then thinner options from 3 cm can be used.

The main purpose of the insulation is to direct the heat from the heating up and prevent large heat losses.

If the base is floors on the ground:

• bulk soil 15 cm;
• crushed stone 10 cm;
• sand 5 cm;
• rough screed;
• waterproofing;
• damper tape around the perimeter;
• extruded polystyrene foam not less than 5 cm;
• reinforced screed with heat carriers.

It is important to carefully compact the preparatory layers for the rough screed in layers. With a dense compaction of the base and the use of extruded polystyrene foam, it will not be necessary to make a rough screed.

Installation of a warm floor

Let's say good foundation already prepared: a flat concrete slab or backfill without strong drops. The differences should not exceed 7 mm when checking with a two-meter rail. If there are irregularities, they can be covered with sand.

Waterproofing

Someone lays waterproofing under the bottom of the insulation, someone, on the contrary, upstairs, and some use it both here and there.
If extruded polystyrene foam is used, it practically does not need waterproofing, so its position is not so critical. But it will not allow cement milk to penetrate between the seams of the insulation and go into the slab and will additionally retain moisture from below.
If you fix it to the bottom of the insulation, then you can fix the pipes on the warm floor directly to the insulation. If the waterproofing is laid up, then laying the mounting grid will be required to fix the pipes.

We lay waterproofing with an overlap on the walls by 20 cm, and on top of each other. We glue the joints with adhesive tape for sealing.

damper tape

If you bought a finished tape, just glue it around the perimeter. It usually has a thickness of 5-8 mm and a height of 10-15 cm. The height should be above the fill level, the excess is cut off with a knife. If the tape is made by hand, then be sure to glue or screw it with self-tapping screws to the wall.

The linear expansion of concrete is 0.5 mm per meter when heated to 40°C.

insulation

Sheet insulation for a warm water floor is laid with offset joints so that it is tightly connected.

Reinforcement

The first layer of reinforcing mesh is usually laid on the insulation and used as a base for fixing the contours and evenly distributing heat over the surface. The grids are tied together with wire. Pipes are attached to the grid on nylon clamps.

The diameter of the mesh bars is 4-5 mm, and the cell size is depending on the pipe laying step, for easy fastening.

In addition, it is imperative to lay reinforcement on top of the pipes, because even when using mesh from below, it will have almost no effect if it lies at the very bottom. Or, during pouring, put the grid on stands, creating a gap.

Pipe Fixation Methods

Water heated floor can be laid in several ways, we list them.

• Clamp made of polyamide. Used for quick fastening of pipes to the mounting grid. Consumption - about 2 pieces per 1 m.
• Mounting wire made of steel. Also used for mounting to the grid, the flow rate is exactly the same.
• Stapler and clamps. Suitable for quick fixing of pipes to thermal insulation. The consumption of clamps is 2 pieces per 1 m.
• Fixing track. It is a U-shaped PVC strip, which serves as a base for laying 16 or 20 mm pipes into it. Attaches firmly to the floor.
• Mats for a warm water floor made of polystyrene. A pipe is laid in the middle of the grooves between the posts.
• Distribution aluminum plate. Used when installing in wooden floors, reflects and evenly distributes heat over the surface.

Pipe laying

The pipes are laid with an indent from the walls of 15-20 cm. It is highly desirable to make each circuit from a single pipe without welding, and their length should not exceed 100 m. The step between the pipes at the walls is 10 cm, closer to the center - 15 cm.

The scheme of laying a warm floor is different, for example, a spiral or a snake. At the outer walls, they try to make the laying step more often or draw a contour from the feed next to the cold walls. An example of a scheme for enhanced heating of external walls is shown in the photo, this option is best used in cold regions:



In other cases, the contours are usually laid in a spiral (snail), this is a universal option.

In places with a large accumulation of pipes, in order to avoid overheating of the surface, some of them are covered with a heat-insulating tube.

Metal-plastic 16 mm and 20 mm can be easily bent by hand, without the use of special tools. In order to evenly bend the pipes with an angle of small radius and at the same time prevent it from cracking, the corners are bent in several passes (arm interceptions).
Approximately 5-6 interceptions will be needed at an angle of 90 °. This means, at first, resting with your thumbs, make a slight bend, then slightly shift your hands in the direction of the bend and repeat the actions.

The presence of kinks on the pipes in places of sharp turns is unacceptable.

Polypropylene pipes are much more difficult to bend because they are springy. Therefore, they are heated or made to bend, but in the case of a warm floor, they are simply attached to the grid, making the bends less sharp.

We begin the installation of a water-heated floor by connecting the first end of the pipe to the distribution manifold, and after laying the room, the return line (the second end) is immediately connected.

Connecting circuits

In most cases, the circuits are connected through a distribution node. It has several functions: increasing the pressure in the system, adjusting the temperature, uniform supply to several circuits, combining with radiators.

There are many connection schemes to the boiler, which we wrote about in the article about: with manual adjustment, with weather automatics and auto-adjustment using servos and sensors.

euroconus fitting
Pipes are connected to the manifold using Eurocone clamp fittings.

Crimping

When you have completed the installation of all circuits, be sure to conduct a pneumatic test of the system for tightness. To do this, pressure is applied using a compressor. For testing, a small household compressor with pressure over 6 bar. The pressure in the system is brought to 4 bar and left for the entire time until the system is started.

Since air molecules are much smaller than water molecules, even a small depressurization can be detected. In addition, the water can freeze if you do not have time to turn on the heating, and nothing will happen to the air.

Underfloor heating screed

Filling the screed is done only after the installation of all circuits and hydraulic tests. It is recommended to use concrete not lower than M-300 (B-22.5) with crushed stone with a fraction of 5-20 mm. A minimum thickness of 3 cm above the pipe is made not only to obtain the desired strength, but also to evenly distribute heat over the surface. Weight 1 sq. m. screed with a thickness of 5 cm is up to 125 kg.

With a screed thickness of more than 15 cm or with high loads, an additional calculation of the thermal regime is required.

As the thickness of the screed increases, more time is required for it to heat up to certain temperature after switching on, and the inertia of the system also increases. The lower the thermal conductivity of the screed, the higher the temperature of the coolant will need to be made.

expansion joints

Examples of dividing a large room into zones The absence or incorrect position of the temperature gaps is the most common cause of the destruction of the screed.

Shrink joints are made in the following cases:

• The premises are over 30 sq. m.;
• walls have a length of more than 8 m;
• the length and width of the room differ by more than 2 times;
• over expansion joints of structures;
• the room is too curved.

To do this, a damper tape is laid around the perimeter of the seams. At the seam, the reinforcing mesh must be divided. The expansion gap must be 10 mm thick at the base. top treated with sealant. If the room has a non-standard shape, it must be divided into more simple elements rectangular or square shape.




If pipes pass through expansion joints in a screed, in these places they are laid in corrugated pipe, 30 cm corrugations in each direction (according to SP 41-102-98 - 50 cm on each side). It is recommended not to separate one circuit with expansion joints; supply and return pipes must pass through it.

Correct passage of contours through technological seams

When laying tiles on expansion joints, the likelihood of its peeling off increases due to different expansion of adjacent tiles. To avoid this, the first part is laid on tile adhesive, and the second part is attached to an elastic sealant.

Partial profile expansion joints can be used for additional separation. They are made with a trowel, 1/3 of the thickness. After the concrete has hardened, they are also sealed with sealant. If pipes pass through them, they are also protected by corrugation.

Cracks in the screed

A fairly common occurrence is the appearance of cracks on the screed after drying. This can be caused by a number of reasons:

• low density insulation;
• poor compaction of the solution;
• lack of plasticizers;
• too thick screed;
• lack of shrinkage seams;
• too fast drying of concrete;
• incorrect proportions of the solution.

It's very easy to avoid them:

• insulation must be used with a density above 35-40 kg / m3;
• the screed solution must be plastic when laying and with the addition of fiber and plasticizer;
• V large rooms you need to make shrinkage seams (see below);
• also, you can’t let the concrete set quickly, for this it is covered plastic wrap the next day (for a week).

Screed mortar

For a warm floor, it is imperative to use a plasticizer to increase the elasticity and strength of concrete. But you need to apply special types non-air-entraining plasticizers for underfloor heating.

Do without experience cement-sand screed for a warm floor without crushed stone / gravel it will not work, and the correct branded DSP will cost more than factory concrete. Therefore, in order to avoid cracks due to a violation of the composition of the mortar, concrete with crushed stone is poured.

A solution of M-300 from cement grade M-400, washed sand and gravel is made in the following proportions.

• Mass composition C: P: W (kg) = 1: 1.9: 3.7.
• Volumetric composition per 10 liters of cement P: W (l) = 17:32.
• From 10 liters of cement, 41 liters of mortar will be obtained.
• The volumetric weight of such concrete M300 will be 2300-2500 kg / m3 (heavy concrete)

There is also another option using granite screenings instead of sand, the following elements were used for its preparation:

• 2 buckets of crushed stone with a fraction of 5-20 mm;
• water 7-8 liters;
• superplasticizer SP1 400 ml of solution (1.8 l of powder is diluted in 5 liters hot water);
• 1 bucket of cement;
• 3-4 buckets of granite screenings with a fraction of 0-5 mm;
• bucket volume - 12 liters.

High-quality concrete should not release water during laying (delaminate). If everything is done correctly and the air temperature is 20 ° C, it should begin to set after 4 hours, and after 12 hours it will not leave marks from the heels.

After 3 days after pouring, the screed will gain half its strength, and will completely harden only after 28 days. It is not recommended to turn on the heating system until this moment.

Mounting on a wooden floor

Wood does not conduct heat as efficiently as concrete, but mounting on it is also feasible. For this, aluminum distribution plates are used. The pipes are laid in wooden grooves made by attaching pre-prepared boards.

For the installation of linoleum, carpet and other materials that require a flat surface, a leveling layer of chipboard, plywood or GVL is laid over the pipes. If parquet or laminate is used as a topcoat, the design of a warm floor can be slightly simplified without the use of a leveling layer.

When choosing plywood and chipboard, make sure that they have hygienic and thermomechanical parameters that allow them to be used with underfloor heating.

Prices for underfloor heating

The price of a warm water floor is formed from several components:

• cost of materials (pipes, insulation, fasteners, etc.);
• the cost of the pumping and mixing unit and the manifold;
• work on leveling the base and pouring the top layer of the screed;
• the cost of installing underfloor heating.

On average, the price of a water-heated floor during turnkey installation, together with all materials and work, will cost about 1,500-3,000 rubles per 1 sq. m.

Below is approximate estimate for a house of 100 sq. m., but the prices for water-heated floors are highly dependent on the region, so it is best to drive in your data there and make an independent calculation. It does not take into account the costs of installation and purchase of radiators, a boiler, topcoat and screed.

Installation of warm water floors is shown in the video:

Heating a house or apartment in winter time and the cost of it excites almost everyone. A warm water floor, which you can mount yourself, will good decision tasks. To the boiler (or other heating system) pipes are connected through which hot water circulates. The advantages of this system: low energy costs and the ability to independently control the temperature in the room. It is very important to choose an economical boiler that is most suitable for specific conditions. The most important indicator will be thermal power heating equipment.

Underfloor heating boilers

Boilers are divided into single-circuit and double-circuit boilers.

Single-circuit boilers. Single-circuit boilers in the heating system provide only heating of the coolant (only space heating is possible). To expand the scope of single-circuit boilers (providing hot water), additional devices are needed:

1. storage boilers (hot water supply);
2. heat exchangers;
3. mixing units for heating circuits;
4. and other.

Double-circuit boilers- multitasking devices: provide heating and water heating. The second function is performed by equipping the boiler with a built-in flow heat exchanger or a built-in storage boiler.

Variety of boilers by type of installation:

• floor standing (power up to 120 kW);
• suspended wall (power up to 35 kW).

Wall mounted boilers(most often these are atmospheric type devices) are more convenient in terms of installation and require less cost.

For a boiler with a closed combustion chamber is not needed additional area as a separate room. Wall-mounted boilers are equipped with a circulation pump and other equipment for the boiler room. For commissioning, it is enough to connect the heating pipeline and pipes for hot water to it. Boilers with built-in 100 l storage boilers are a ready-made mini-boiler room

Types of boilers for a warm water floor

For the arrangement of a warm water floor, boilers operating on gas, electricity, solid or liquid fuels are used. Each type has its own advantages. The most economical are gas, and the most autonomous - diesel.

Gas boilers. The body of gas boilers can be made of steel or cast iron. Steel units are distinguished by low weight (about half lighter than cast iron units with the same power), small dimensions and good maintainability. Cast iron devices are more voluminous and expensive. Floor-standing gas boilers of the modern generation are suitable for main gas and liquefied gas. The small dimensions of the wall-mounted gas boiler allow placement in any convenient location, and the power of 7-30 kW is enough for a small cottage.

diesel boiler runs on diesel fuel and is characterized by high efficiency and productivity. No equipment during operation unpleasant odors. Other advantages of this type of boilers include ease of installation, ease of maintenance and control, high efficiency and low fuel consumption. Liquid fuel boilers thanks to special treatment work, based on a smooth decrease in water temperature in conditions of high ambient temperature, are economical and environmentally friendly.

Solid fuel units for arranging a water heated floor will be a completely autonomous source of heat supply. They are considered a good alternative to liquid fuel, gas and other types of heating equipment. The combustion of fuel occurs according to the following scheme: the firewood laid on the grate is set on fire. After that, the boiler door closes and the smoke exhauster turns on. In the inner chamber of the boiler, wood is affected by heat(250–750°C) without access to oxygen. There is charring and the release of wood gas, which heats the heat carriers. Scope of solid fuel boilers: residential and industrial premises, objects of agricultural purpose.

Electric boilers suitable for residential and non-residential facilities equipped with water floor heating. The system is connected to the boiler using special equipment and additional devices. The choice of power of the device is influenced by the area of ​​​​the room, its condition and other factors. The most optimal power can be selected in rooms with good thermal insulation of walls and ceilings (for example, in new buildings). If there good thermal insulation, then the manufacturer considers 12 kW sufficient for heating 150 sq.m.

For the tandem "electric boilers - warm water floors", manufacturers recommend the following combinations:

• heating area 250-450 sq. m - boiler power 36 kW;
• heating area 220-350 sq. m - boiler power 30 kW;
• heating area 140-300 sq. m - boiler power 12-24 kW;
• heating area up to 70 sq. m - boiler power of about 6 kW;
• heating area up to 30 sq. m - boiler power 6 kW.

Electric or oil boiler?

To compare two types of boilers, all factors must be taken into account. Despite the cheapness of diesel fuel in comparison with electricity, an assessment of all costs will show the real picture.

Initial equipment purchase and installation costs
The electric boiler is a ready-to-use device. The liquid fuel unit will require additional costs for the purchase of a boiler, a mounted burner, a fuel storage tank. The difference in the consumable part is 2.5 times in favor of the electric one.

Installation of an electric boiler will cost several times cheaper, since all the necessary elements for the control and safety of the equipment are built into its body. The liquid fuel device needs the installation of additional devices: chimney, fuel tank, mounted burner.

Operating costs
Maintenance of an oil-fired boiler requires expenses (several hundred dollars a year) for regular maintenance and cleaning. An additional inconvenience is associated with the need for constant orders for the delivery of fuel. Electric boilers do not require these operations.

Nevertheless, electrical devices also have drawbacks.

1. For the operation of the boiler, several tens of kilowatts of energy are required (1 kW per 10 m2 of area. The ceiling height is up to 3 m, and the room is well insulated). It is not possible to allocate such an amount of electricity in all areas.
2. The cost of electricity is high and power outages occur. For safety net in case of frequent power outages, a backup solid fuel boiler is often used.

If water heating done in a house or apartment in the line big city, then electric boilers are the most preferred of all types. This is due to stringent environmental requirements and harmonization problems.

After analyzing the situation, one can distinguish a number of advantages of electric boilers:

• low cost;
• compactness and low weight;
• ease of installation, no chimney required;
• safety (no open flame);
• ease of operation;
• can be installed in any room;
• service is simple;
• environmentally friendly: no emissions and odors;
• silent.

Boiler selection options

Heating systems, depending on the characteristics, provide different thermal efficiency, are suitable for certain area and operating conditions.

1. Power. The required parameter is determined by the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heated room and the level of its thermal insulation. The manufacturer indicates the area for which the boiler is designed, provided that the building is well insulated. If heat loss are unknown, then it is necessary to choose a boiler whose power is designed to heat the area by 25% more than the real one. It is not advisable to purchase equipment with excess power, as overheating and breakdown of the device will occur. If the boiler is installed in unheated room, it is necessary to involve a heat power engineer to calculate the power.
2. Ability to control power. Gas installations may or may not be equipped with a power management system. To adjust the operation of the equipment, auto mode or manual control can be used. Automatic systems controls are more economical. In this case, the user only sets the necessary parameters, and the automation ensures the accuracy and smoothness of the gas mixture supply to the burner. Also, when using automation, the frequency of complete shutdown of the burner is reduced, due to which the service life of the equipment is increased.
3. Energy dependence. The use of electronics in the control system of electric pumps for forced circulation increases the performance of the boiler, but at the same time depends on the stability of the energy supply and reduces its autonomy.
4. Type of water heating. If it is necessary that the boiler (including industrial gas device) provided not only a heating function, but also produced water heating for domestic needs, it is necessary to choose a two-circuit model that heats water in flow mode. If you need more performance, then you need to stop at accumulative option. Boilers can be built into the boiler or autonomous and connected to the installation. Remote models can have a very large volume (several hundred liters), while built-in ones are limited by the dimensions of the boiler.

How to calculate the power of a boiler for water heating?

Calculate the required power thermal equipment necessary for the correct selection of the boiler. The approximate required power for heating a country house is calculated based on the following data: to heat 10 m2. area, 1 kW of power is needed, that is, it is assumed that the specific power is 100 W/m2.

The calculation is rather rough, and it is suitable for brick house with low heat loss: the building must be well insulated, ceilings - no more than 3 meters high, metal-plastic windows with double glazing.

To increase the resource of the heating system and the thermal reserve, it is necessary that the temperature of the heat carrier be at the level of 65–75 ° С. To do this, the boiler power (under ideal conditions) is increased by 20–25%.

Any additional load requires more power. In the case of providing hot water with a storage boiler, another 30-40% must be added.
If in the future it is planned to expand the heated area, equipping a water heated floor, a pool with heated water, then the boiler must be purchased immediately with a capacity designed for further changes.

If a warm floor is planned as an element that complements radiator heating and increases the comfort of living, then its heat transfer is considered to be no higher than 50 W / m2.

Requirements for installing a gas boiler

Room requirements:

• The boiler room requires a separate non-residential premises.
• The height of the ceilings in the room is at least 2.2 m.
• The volume of the room at the rate of 7.5 m3 per boiler.
• Floor area per boiler 4 m2.
• Doorway with a width of 80 cm.
• The size of the window is determined from the calculation: for every 10 m2 of area - a window of 0.3 m2.
• It is obligatory to have a hole for air inflow (for 1 kW of boiler power - 8 cm2).
• The boiler must be installed at a distance of at least 0.1 m from walls that plastered or wall decoration made of non-flammable materials.
• Installation of devices near fire-resistant walls is allowed if they are insulated with roofing steel superimposed on an asbestos sheet with a thickness of at least 0.3 cm.

Communication Requirements

• Mains characteristics: single-phase current, voltage 220 V, current 20 A. An individual circuit breaker (AZS) is installed. Grounding is provided.
• A shut-off unit is mounted on the gas main, for each boiler its own.
• Water supply and the possibility of its connection to the heating and hot water supply (DHW) systems of the building.
• Sewerage provides emergency drains from the water supply and boiler systems.
• Communication parameters (gas pressure in the gas main, water pressure, etc.) must comply with state standards.

Included in the system circulation pump and distribution manifold (). The coolant from the boiler enters the collector, is distributed along the circuits, passes through them, and returns to the boiler in a cooled form through the collector. The system must include control devices: pressure gauge (to monitor water pressure), thermostat (), check valves etc.

For different rooms different contours are designed. The length of the pipe, the heated area are limited to certain values. For this, this is even more important than for: the cable heats equally along the entire length, and the water, passing along the contour, cools down. The maximum area heated by one circuit is 40 squares.

Laying pattern: for small spaces a “snake” is enough, a spiral is recommended for large ones. In some cases, they are used combined schemes. The step between the turns ranges from 15 to 30 centimeters. The contour is laid with one pipe (). Metal-plastic pipes are usually used: they are inexpensive, bend well, and are produced in coils.

If it is necessary to connect individual segments within the contour, this can be done by welding. Mechanical connections (coupling, threaded) are allowed only on open areas pipeline.

A gas boiler

The boiler can be powered from the main or from cylinders with liquefied gas. The second option is more expensive and you need to monitor the amount of gas in the cylinders / gas tank. They resort to it if it is not possible to connect to the highway.

In urban-type settlements, as a rule, there is such an opportunity, therefore, a water-heated floor in an apartment from a gas boiler usually operates on natural gas.

Boilers differ in the type of burner: atmospheric or fan (). In a private house, you can use any, for an apartment, the second option is preferable: firstly, if your apartment is not located on the top floor, arrange coaxial chimney with a passage through the wall it is easier () than to bring the pipe to the roof; secondly, environmentally this method is much cleaner. But the boiler itself is more expensive.

For underfloor heating, it is recommended to choose condensing boilers (). This is a model of a closed (fan) type, which has the highest efficiency (up to 98%). It pumps out all possible heat from one fuel filling: first, due to heating the water in the heat exchanger from the burner, then due to the energy released during the condensation of vapors on the walls of the heat exchanger.

For underfloor heating, this boiler is good because it has a small fork of supply and return temperatures. The temperature limit of water in the underfloor heating circuit is limited to 50 degrees. When the water returns to the boiler slightly cooled down, it takes less time and less gas to reheat it.

The power of the unit is selected based on the proportion of 1 kilowatt per 10 square meters. If the boiler supplies water to hot taps, 25 percent is added to this figure. For a cold region, the design power is multiplied by two; in the south, the correction factor is 0.7.

Installation procedure and features

How to make a warm water floor with your own hands from a gas boiler in the house?

Preparation and installation are carried out in several stages:

1. Calculation and planning of the system. Determination of the lengths of contours, points of placement of work nodes.
2. Substrate preparation/levelling.
3. Cake laying: heat / waterproofing, reflective layer. If profiled polystyrene foam mats are used, then pipes are laid. If the thermal insulation layer is flat, put on it metal mesh: pipes are attached to it, it also provides reinforcement at the bottom of the screed.
4. Pipe laying.
5. Installation of a boiler, pump, expansion tank, installation of a collector, connection of system elements together.
6. Pressure testing: checking the operation of the circuits and their tightness.
7. Filling the screed (if any), laying the flooring. A screed is not required over the profiled mats. The coating is placed either directly on the mats (laminate), or on top of the plywood layer (tile, linoleum). The material should be chosen with the marking "for underfloor heating". Unsuitable species will deteriorate from elevated temperatures and / or reduce the thermal efficiency of the system if they have too low thermal conductivity ().

Paul pie

Optimum thermal insulation for a water floor is polystyrene foam. It is practically non-hygroscopic, vapor-tight. It is light in weight and easy to handle. Flammability when installing a water system is not the highest risk, but it is advisable to choose brands with flame retardant impregnation.

Expanded clay can be used as part of the primary (leveling) screed - it is a good heat insulator. A layer of waterproofing film must be laid on top of the screed. PPS is placed on top of the waterproofing ().

Collector and control devices

The collector (comb) is two pieces of pipe located one below the other. On each segment, the number of nozzles is not less than the number of circuits (each circuit has its own supply and return pipes). The connection of the upper and lower combs is carried out by a bypass, on which there is a tap (such a system allows you to mix the cooled coolant with hot and thereby regulate the temperature in the circuits).

A pressure gauge and an air vent valve are installed on the upper comb, and a tap for draining the coolant from the pipeline is installed on the lower comb. Each circuit is equipped with its own shutoff valves. For ease of control, servo-driven cranes are used. If there are hot radiators in the system, the pump is located on the return line, before entering the boiler. For underfloor heating, the pump can be installed anywhere ().

The thermostat is recommended to be installed in a place not subject to drafts. Air sensors are responsible for the temperature in the rooms, water - in the circuits. Automation allows the system to regulate the supply of coolant by a signal from the thermostat (). Electronic Models have a programming option: you can set temperature regime depending on the time of day or season.

Boiler

To install a gas boiler, you will need permission from the local administration, fire and gas services.

If the gas is mains, then also a gas service employee: only an officially authorized person has the right to connect to the mains.

The boiler has branch pipes for supply and return (for dual circuit models two pieces each, for heating and hot water) and for gas connection. All these pipes are connected to the nozzles with couplings and nuts. Directly at the boiler, all piping is carried out with metal pipes.

Following the boiler, in that part of the system that is responsible for supply, install expansion tank. Its function is to regulate the pressure in the circuit, to relieve excess.

Crimping

The first connection of a warm water floor with your own hands is performed to test for performance and tightness. The circuits are filled with water, air is released. Check the tightness of the connections, the operation of valves and taps.

After connecting the pump and control devices pressing is performed a second time. Since for double-circuit boilers, heating and hot water must also function separately, they are tested separately.

Pressure concrete screed on pipes will be up to 40 megapascals, testing should be carried out at a pressure of 60 megapascals (one and a half times more). The pipes are pumped with water for half an hour, pressure control is carried out several times with an interval of 1 hour (with the pump turned off). In two hours, a pressure drop of 20 kilopascals is allowed.

Video about the errors of installing a water-heated floor in a private house.