Diseases of grapes of fungal, bacterial and physiological origin. Description of grape diseases with photos, prevention and treatment

Pests and diseases often affect the most delicious grapes. So Isabella grapes with a mediocre sour taste are considered resistant to mildew. Breeders cannot create disease-resistant varieties in any way so that taste qualities do not decrease.

Growing grapes delicious varieties requires careful care and constant care. Grape diseases can be non-infectious, caused by high humidity, heat, excess or lack of nutrients. There are also up to five hundred different diseases that are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and so on.

Diseases of grapes, methods of treatment

Let's talk about the most dangerous and common grape diseases, as well as their treatment.

Infectious diseases of grapes can spread quickly enough under favorable conditions for pathogens, which is fraught with loss of crops or the death of the entire vineyard. Spores of fungi and bacteria can be carried not only by infected bushes, but also by human clothing, garden tools, water, wind and animals. Those who imagine the consequences of infection of grapes with infectious diseases understand the importance of preventive measures and timely detection of diseases.

Mildew

During the growing season of grape bushes, heavy rainfall can provoke infection of the vineyard with downy mildew, also called mildew. This is a very dangerous disease for grapes that affects the plant completely (shoots, berries, leaves). First, oily yellowish spots appear on the leaves of the grapes. When the weather is wet, or fog affected leaves, inflorescences and green berries are covered with a white coating, the diseased plant subsequently rots or dries.

In the soil or fallen leaves, the fungus-causative agent hibernates and again falls on the plant with rain splashes or wind. Twenty generations can give a fungus in a season, its reproduction stops only when the temperature drops to 13 0 C, or if the plant dies.

Mildew prevention:

prevent thickening on trellises of grape plants;
the vines should not hang down to the ground itself - the clearance should be maintained until the first wire for ventilation;
broken vine branches and weeds should be removed in time;
when the shoots reach 15 cm in length, the bush should be sprayed with Bordeaux liquid (0.75%);
treatment with Bordeaux liquid (1%) of grape leaves is performed before the vineyard blooms, after it, and before the berries ripen.

If the plants are already infected, it is ineffective to treat them, so take care of preventive measures and keep the grapes from mildewing.

bacterial cancer

Treatment methods bacterial cancer, which is a dangerous bacterial disease of grapes, does not exist today. Only preventing the spread of bacteria can save your vineyard. When planting a grape seedling in the soil, check for lumpy tumors on it. A diseased plant must be uprooted and grapes should not be planted in that place for two years. When pruning grapes, a garden file or pruner must be disinfected in a solution of potassium permanganate or under fire after each bush.

The causative agent of bacterial cancer enters the grapes through wounds during pruning, during soil cultivation, from cuttings and grafting in nurseries. The spread of the disease occurs gradually throughout the grape bush, outwardly it may not appear for a long time. Uneven tumors appear at the grafting sites, on the stems and sleeves of grapes, on the roots at elevated temperature or air humidity. A plant affected by bacterial cancer gives less harvest, growth weakens, and then the bush dies.

oidium

This disease carries a rather high harmfulness, it is popularly called the "ashtray", since all the green parts grape plant covered with an ash-gray coating with the smell of rotten herring. This plaque is easily erased. The inflorescences affected by the oidium fungus dry out, the berries do not grow, the skin becomes hard and cracks, and the seeds are exposed.

Promotes the development of oidium heat air, in unventilated, shaded vineyards. All summer spores of oidium fungi spread, wintering remains in buds and damaged vines.

As soon as the sign appears powdery mildew, the vineyard is treated with colloidal sulfur (1.5%), or Topaz, Strobi, Quadris, Vectra, Flint preparations. There are only four treatments: before and after flowering, 20 days after the second and in early August.

black spot

This disease, caused by a fungus, can cause considerable damage to the vineyard. The disease may show its first signs in June: annual shoots are covered with black round dots, spreading gradually and merging into uniform longitudinal spots, then tissue cracking begins. On the leaves located below, oval or angular necrosis may appear, which is surrounded by a light border. When ripe berries are affected by black spot, their taste becomes unpleasant, the color is dark purple. Mature vines and perennial wood may be covered with whitish spots. The mycelium of the fungus grows more and more into the wood, which causes rotting of the bark, weakening of growth and death of the sleeve.

It is impossible to fight black spot with chemicals, development can be reduced by spraying the vineyard with Bordeaux liquid, mikal, efal. If bushes are affected by spotting, then they should be immediately removed and burned.

Preventive measures will help protect the vineyard from viral diseases: checking the material before planting, weeding, removing and burning diseased bushes. Fighting grape diseases is very troublesome and sometimes ineffective, it is better to know them in the pictures.

Grapes are grown in all summer cottages in Russia. However, get good harvest won't work if this culture attacked by diseases and pests. And today, many growers complain about this problem. But are there ways to get rid of pests and diseases? Is there a prevention? We will talk about this and more in our article.

Why grapes are sick. Diseases from insects

Diseases of grapes can be different. But in order to know how to treat them, you need to look at the photos of diseases and read the advice of experienced gardeners. The cause, the appearance of almost all diseases, of course, are some insects. Here is a list of the most dangerous:

grape patch;
mealy worm;
ticks;

Some of the above insects only harm the leaves, while other insects can damage other important parts of the plant. Let's talk about each of them in more detail.

Grape patch.

Dangerous butterfly. Lays eggs on vine leaves. The resulting caterpillars eat green shoots, destroy the buds, without allowing them to bloom. The life of the pest lasts a month, although it is completely dependent on the weather. If it is cold - +15 and below - there will be no living place left from the larvae.
Means of protection: spraying in several stages with a time interval of 7-10 days. Modern insecticides are used.

Aphid.

It affects both the yield and the grape bush itself. For several seasons, the plant dies due to the weakening of the root system and the plant itself. In such cases, only uprooting helps. If only the leaves are spoiled, then on their reverse side you can see pathological formations - galls - in which the eggs are located.

Here the most important thing is to prevent this insect from spreading. To do this, you have to resort to chemicals: Dilora, Etaphos, Confidor Maxi. The first treatment must be carried out after the mass bud break, the second - after 2-3 weeks, when there are about a dozen blossoming leaves on the grape bush.

Mealy worm.

Here are grape diseases for you. And they all have descriptions with photos. The mealy worm leads a sedentary lifestyle. They are clearly visible to the naked eye. Sticking to the vine, they begin their disgusting actions: they begin to suck the grape juice. Because of this, the shoots dry out, which leads to a decrease in yield. But this is not the worst. It turns out that fungi develop in the habitats of these insects, due to which various dangerous diseases appear in grapes.

Close relatives are scale insects. These insects settle on annual shoots, they survive the winter under the bark of plants. Their negative activity for grapes begins, of course, in the spring.

One of the means of dealing with them is spraying, which occurs under good pressure, before the buds open. So the drug will better penetrate the cortex and prevent future possible infection.

Mite.

The green parts of plants are the food of these insects, which harm both the maturation of the vine and the reduction in yield, with the fruits themselves. In addition, they are carriers of diseases such as mildew and powdery mildew, for example. The number of ticks will grow at a rapid rate if nothing is done to eradicate them.

They spend the winter on weeds and inside spoiled buds. They begin their atrocities in early spring, reaching a maximum level of sabotage in the summer. The tick infects the buds and buds of plants, because of which the latter turn red and fall off.

Ticks are invisible insects. They can only be recognized by the affected leaves. On the reverse side, you can find tubercles covered with a pile of cobwebs. A severe defeat leads to a weakening of the plant itself, a violation of photosynthesis, the leaves slowly dry out, curl up, and fall off.

Strong winds, dry weather - this is what favors the spread of the tick. In the fight against them, modern drugs are used to help get rid of insects in a short time. Should start in the spring. The vine that has not yet blossomed must be treated with a 2% solution of DNOC, after which a solution of nitrofen should be applied.

On a note! Carefully spray the back of the leaves - this is where insidious pests settle.

List of drugs that do not harm bees and humans: Actellik, Fufanon, Tevit, Neoron.

To achieve a good result, two treatments are enough. The time interval between them is up to two weeks.

Wasps.

For you, here are listed diseases of grapes and ways to treat them. Wasps can also reduce the percentage of yield and the quality of grape clusters.

In this case, only complex measures help. It is necessary to lay out special baits near the vineyard, which must be cleaned over time. After the tassels have matured, they must be covered extensively with non-woven material so that the plant does not rot.

What are the diseases of grapes

Grapes in addition to insects can attack the disease. And to get rid of them will allow you to fight them. The photo in our article shows the most popular diseases. In addition, we tell you how to get rid of them.

Let's single out the most dangerous diseases:

Mildya;
Oidium;
Gray rot.

Mildya.

The first of the list is one of the most common diseases. It is everything and everything that a plant has. Favorable environment for her - very humid air and cold Environment. In addition, mildja can begin to develop when the grapes are already infested with harmful insects.

External signs of damage: a certain oily coating on the leaves, and on their reverse side - powdery snow-white spots. If no measures are taken, necrosis of leaf tissues may grow and the cover will fall off.

A good prevention would be phosphorus-potassium top dressing, which strengthens the internal immune barrier of the plant, and the presence of resistant to this disease varieties.

If the above signs are found, it should be sprayed with such preparations: strobi, chorus, thanos, ridomil.

Prevention steps:

processing the bush before bud break;
processing before flowering;
processing during the period when the process of tying grapes takes place.

Oidium.

The defeat leads to a low growth rate, the formation of a white coating on the leaves. By mid-summer, the disease affects the upper shoots, the ovaries crumble, the inflorescence dies ...

Prevention: cutting off stepsons from grapes, weeding and gartering shoots and spraying with the following preparations: strobi, topaz, thiovit.

Gray rot.

Favorable conditions for its occurrence are also highly humid air and a cold environment. This infection affects mainly ripening grape tassels. Berries crack, take on a strange color. A gray coating may appear at the site of the lesion.

It is very difficult to fight this disease. Prevention is about the same as that of oidium: pinching, cutting off excess leaves, “rationing” the crop. All this is necessary for good ventilation to reduce the risk of infection.

If, nevertheless, rot has appeared, then the affected leaves are cut off, and the grape bush must be treated with a solution of baking soda.

Summing up

Now you know what grape diseases can exist today. As you can see, grapes are very compound plant, dangers lie in wait for him on all sides, but good and quality care help prevent them.

Foreword

If you want to enjoy tasty and juicy berries every year, you must know grape diseases, their characteristics and methods of treatment. This is what will allow you to get a rich harvest from each bush.

The most famous grape diseases and their treatment

To grow a healthy and strong shrub, you need to prepare for difficult pest control work.. To do this, you need not only to know about the main causes of plant damage, but also about the methods of struggle and protection. Today we will tell you about the most common diseases of grapes, a competent "war" with which is the key to an excellent harvest and development of bushes.

Diseases and methods of treatment may be different, but it is best to remember that the prevention of grape diseases is much more effective than the treatment itself. And all due to the fact that there are some bacteria and fungi, which are very difficult to fight - too quickly the "infection" spreads throughout the plant, destroying both young shoots and the berries themselves.

That is why it is so important to understand the importance of preventive protective measures that can protect your entire garden from the adverse effects of various pathogens.

So, the most common ailments:

Mildew disease,
oidium,
bacteriosis, bacterial cancer,
escoriosis,
anthracnose,
various types of rot and spotting of leaves and berries,
chlorosis,
wood necrosis,
rubella Leaf,
septoria,
alternariosis,
cercosporosis,
shrinkage of shoots.

Examples of some leaf diseases in the photo

Mildew and ways to deal with downy mildew

Mildew's disease appears during the growing season during precipitation and affects not only shoots, but also berries. It first appears as yellow spots in green areas. At elevated level humidity on all inflorescences and diseased leaves appears light plaque. If you do not take up treatment in time, the affected areas of the plant dry out or begin to rot.

The powdery mildew fungus overwinters in the soil or foliage, falling on grapes with raindrops or wind. During the season, it can give up to 20 new generations, and the reproduction of the fungus stops either when low temperatures, or together with the death of grapes. Prevention of this disease consists in the removal of weeds, in thorough ventilation, spraying of grape leaves with Bordeaux liquid (1%) before the first flowering, immediately after it and when the clusters of berries ripen. It is worth noting that the treatment is not effective enough, and therefore it is better to take all measures in advance to prevent the onset of the disease.

Bacterial canker of vines

Unfortunately, there is no cure for bacterial cancer, which most often affects grape bushes, and therefore it is prevention that will allow you to reduce the risks of the disease. First of all, you need to pay attention to root system seedlings when they are planted - there should be no lumpy tumors indicating the presence of cancer. If you find a diseased plant on your site, you must immediately remove it, and this place cannot be used for planting new plants for several more years.

When conducting, treat the working area of the instrument each time with a solution of potassium permanganate to kill possible pathogens. Most often, cancer cells enter plants during tillage, when shearing through wounds on branches, through grafting and seedlings purchased from a nursery. Gradually, the disease flows to all parts of the plant, and enough long time does not appear at all. Only at elevated temperatures or humidity on the trunk, on the "shoulders", on the root system and at the grafting sites, uneven tumors can appear. The disease first leads to a decrease in yield, a weakening of the development of the bush and its death.

Oidium and methods of dealing with the disease

Oidium or "ashtray" is a rather harmful disease. It got its name due to the dark gray coating with a characteristic rotten smell. Inflorescences affected by the fungus dry up, the berries do not grow, because their skin hardens and cracks. This disease develops well in dark and unventilated areas of the garden when the temperature rises.

In summer, the fungus constantly spreads, and in winter it is found in damaged buds and vines. It is necessary to process the plant when the first signs appear. You can use tools such as Strobi, Vectra, Quadris, Flint, Topaz or use a 1.5% solution of colloidal sulfur. It is necessary to carry out at least four procedures: before flowering, after it, a month later and in the first ten days of August.

We fight black spot (escoriosis)

Huge Damage grape bushes can cause a disease such as black spot, which is caused by a fungus that affects the plant. The first signs appear in early summer. So, on young shoots, round dark dots begin to form, which grow and spread throughout the plant, merging into uniform spots. Because of this, the fabric of the vineyard begins to crack. Oval forms of necrosis often “grow” on the leaves, which are surrounded by a lighter border.

If the fungus has affected the berries, they become dark purple in color and have an unpleasant taste. Whitish spots can also appear on mature vines, and the bark, as bacteria germinate into the wood, rots, the “shoulders” of the bush weaken and eventually die. Destroy the "infection" even chemicals it is impossible, but spraying the plant with the help of Euparena, Mikala, and the affected parts of the bush are immediately removed and burned.

Anthracnose or bird's eye

This fungal disease can affect the vine of any grape variety. The disease is caused by the imperfect fungus Gloeosporium ampelophagum Sacc. Anthracnose affects all organs of grapes above the ground - leaves, clusters, berries, shoots, vines. The first manifestations of the disease can be seen even in early spring on young leaves. They wrinkle, then spots of light gray color appear on them. which turn brown over time. The leaf tissue in these places collapses, holes appear, and then the entire leaf disintegrates. Later, a similar picture can be observed on the vines and fruits.

The fungus does not die in winter. It can persist in shoots for up to five years. When the temperature rises, it activates. The fungus can get on the grapes with various damage from showers, hail, inaccurate pruning, and even when watering.

To prevent the disease, grapes must be treated with fungicides after hail falls.

To combat the disease, as soon as it is detected and the height of the shoots has reached 5-10 cm, the grapes are treated with preparations containing copper compounds. Most often it is a Bordeaux mixture. Further, with interruptions of up to two weeks, fungicide treatment is carried out.

Chlorosis

Chlorosis is a disease of grapes in which the production of chlorophyll deteriorates. It can be infectious and develop with viral disease yellow mosaic. In this case, it is necessary to fight the disease that caused chlorosis. A non-infectious type of disease is caused by a lack of plant nutrition. chemical elements. First of all, iron. Often those plants that grow on air-impervious dense soils with an alkaline reaction often become ill with chlorosis. The excessive application of phosphorus fertilizers or organic top dressing can also provoke the disease.

The external manifestation of the disease is light color young foliage, uniform yellowing and falling of the upper leaves, weakening of the bush, reduced shoot growth.

For the treatment of grapes from chlorosis, first of all, weekly spraying with iron sulphate (foliar top dressing) is used. But the problem can be solved only by eliminating the main cause of the disease - the airtightness of the soil. To do this, they increase its drainage, dig it up to enhance ventilation, and use mulching.

Gray rot

A fluffy grayish coating resembling cotton wool appears on the infected areas, hence the name of the disease. The disease is caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers, which overwinters in the ridges and bark of young shoots. Diseases are most susceptible to vine bushes with increased crown density, insufficient ventilation at high humidity, as well as dense clusters with high sugar content of berries.

All green parts of grapes can be affected by the fungus. This can be seen by the brown spots appearing on the leaves and shoots with a grayish bloom that dries in the sun, by the discoloration of the lignified areas of the grapes, by the purple circles on the skin of the berries, which grow over time, and the berry dies.

Prevention of the disease consists in ensuring good ventilation of the bush by thinning it out.

For treatment, early spring spraying with drugs is carried out, the action of which is directed against this fungus (Antrakol, Mikal, Folpan). Such treatment is carried out 1-3 more times per season, alternating preparations.

black rot

Vineyards with constantly high humidity are often affected by black rot caused by the fungus Guignardia bidwellii, which enters the plant during mechanical damage.

Berries are affected by rot. Brown spots appear on them with a white dot in the middle. In the future, the grapes turn black and dry. When it rains, the disease becomes wet rot, and when dry, the berries shrivel and darken.

Infected leaves are covered with creamy spots of dead tissue, surrounded by a dark green edge. Black strokes appear on the bark of diseased grapes, then ulcers and cracks.

The disease, initially imperceptible, later develops very quickly, and it is not possible to save the plant. Therefore, at the slightest sign of illness, they begin processing the entire vineyard. IN initial stage disease good result can give fungicides. In the future, mixtures of drugs are selected, taking into account weather, type of soil, grape varieties.

sour rot

Sour rot is so named because of the vinegar smell that spoiled berries acquire. It appears as a result of the processing of sugar into vinegar by microorganisms, and their carriers are fruit flies, which lay their eggs in grapes.

A means of combating the disease and its carriers is the treatment of the vineyard with a mixture of insecticide and fungicide. To be sure that the drugs can be used together, their solutions are prepared and mixed immediately before spraying.

Necrosis of wood vessels

This non-infectious disease associated with a violation of the physiological processes of the plant, as a rule, affects seedlings. They become brown and the cells of the vine that are next to the woody vessels die off. The plant is unable to resist the effects of weather conditions.

Scientists believe that one of the fungi causes the disease: Fusarium viticolum or Botrytis cinerea. Infection occurs during storage of seedlings in winter.

You can prevent the disease by storing vines with well-ripened wood for storage. At the same time, they cannot be wrapped for insulation with materials such as polyethylene - moisture-proof. Also, when growing seedlings, strictly observe agricultural technology and feed the grapes with fertilizers containing boron.

rubella leaf

Often this disease appears in the heat or with a sharp change in air temperature. Rubella is infectious and non-infectious.

Non-infectious leaf rubella signals that the plant lacks phosphorus or potassium. In the first case, the lower leaves and shoots turn red, in the second - the upper ones.

It is not difficult to deal with such a disease. It is necessary to give the plant the fertilizer it needs, remove damaged shoots and leaves, tie up grapes, remove trimmings and fallen leaves, weed out weeds.

Infectious grape rubella is caused by the fungus Pseudopeziza tracheiphila Muller-Thurgau. It spreads rapidly, affecting shoots and fruits, capturing new vines. By affecting the vascular system of a plant, it deprives its organs of nutrients - potassium and phosphorus. Plants can die if the fight against the disease is not started in a timely manner.

You can urgently compensate for the lack of potassium by spraying diseased plants with a one percent solution of potassium nitrate. The treatment is carried out every eight days, repeat it five times. So that the disease does not recur in the next season, in the fall the grapes are fed with sulfate or potassium chloride, and spring pruning next year make it as short as possible, unloading a weakened plant.

With a lack of phosphorus, superphosphate or similar fertilizers are applied to the soil, after 6 days foliar top dressing is carried out.

Autumn and spring top dressing grapes are an excellent disease prevention.

Drying of shoots

In a dry or, on the contrary, excessively rainy year, vine metabolism may be disturbed. Because of this, the shoots begin to dry out.

The disease manifests itself when the berries are already beginning to pour, and up to 12% of sugar has already accumulated in them. Suddenly, dark spots appear on the branches. If the disease is running, it cannot be defeated. In case of prolonged drought or prolonged rains that can provoke a disease, experienced growers recommend preventing the possibility of a disease and treating plantings with a mixture of magnesium chloride and calcium chloride. The concentration of the solution should be 0.5%. In a similar situation, magnesium sulfate is used, but not for spraying the entire vine, but for treating those places where the disease has manifested itself.

For grape varieties that react negatively to the use of chemicals, the prevention of the disease is the introduction of balanced complex fertilizers.

Alternariosis

The causative agent of this disease of grapes are fungi of the Alternaria species, which are activated in heat or high humidity. In the second half of the growing season, silvery spots appear on the leaves and shoots, similar to the manifestations of the oidymum disease. Over time, they turn brown, then the leaves turn black and dry. On mature berries, the fungus appears as a metallic sheen, which turns into a dark gray coating. The fruits are wrinkled. Their taste becomes unpleasant. The causative fungus overwinters in the bark of diseased plants and in the soil.

Only effective against the disease preventive methods. Since spring, the vineyard is treated with fungicides containing copper and such as Ditan M-45, Ridomil gold MC, SP, VDG, which include mancozeb. When the berries in clusters close up, every two weeks they are treated with Quadris, Skor, EC, SC.

Armillaria or root rot

This fungal disease caused by several types of fungi. Gray and dark gray threads appear on the roots. Climbing higher up the plant, the fungus infects the wood, it becomes brown and dies. In 2-3 years, the plant may die.

The external manifestation of the disease is the lack of fruiting, yellowing and a decrease in the size of the leaves. Usually the disease appears in plants growing on heavy soils, where water can stagnate and, in general, high humidity. The disease spreads underground, moving from the roots of one vine to the roots of another.

To prevent the disease, wet areas are drained, they try not to plant grapes on soil into which air does not penetrate well, and loosen the soil as necessary. In the area where they found root rot do not plant grapes for at least three years.

When the first signs of the disease are detected, the grapes are sprayed with preparations that include copper: Copper oxychloride, Abiga-Peak, Bordeaux mixture, Hom, Ordan and others. To limit the spread of the disease, diseased plants are separated from other plantations by deep ditches, the earth from which is laid out on the infected area, and then the soil is disinfected with formalin.

bacteriosis

Bacteriosis of grapes is a group of diseases caused by unicellular organisms - pathogenic bacteria. Most often they occur in plants:

on depleted kidneys;
under adverse weather and natural influences;
in case of non-compliance with agricultural technology of cultivation;
in the absence of protection against insect pests.

Bacterial infections can be seasonal or chronic. The types of the disease are:

bacterial necrosis;
bacteriosis of berries;
Pierce's disease;
bacterial cancer.

For each specific disease, their own methods of disease prevention and treatment have been developed. general recommendation prevention of bacteriosis is the observance of sanitary rules:

Plants that died from bacteriosis are uprooted and burned. No new vines are planted in their place.
In no case should planting material be taken from diseased grapes.
Saplings and chibouks are purchased from trusted nurseries.
Before planting the cuttings, they are heat treated for half an hour in hot water 35ºС.
When cutting grapes, disinfect the tool in alcohol or copper sulfate solution before processing each bush.
Saw cuts are treated with copper sulphate in the form of a 2% solution and sealed with garden pitch.
All agronomic activities should be carried out with extreme care so as not to damage the plant.
During pre-winter preparation, contact of the grapes with the soil is excluded.
Do not overload the plant, so as not to weaken it.
Constantly carry out antifungal prophylaxis.
Do not overmoisten the soil and do not overfeed the plants.

Varieties resistant and resistant to such diseases (photo)

Among the grape varieties there are less susceptible to the effects of pathogenic bacteria and less resistant.

The former include Aligote, Bastardo, Kodryanka, Rapture and others.

Among the most susceptible to bacterial diseases are the white Kishmish, Favorit, Rexavi, Zhemchug Saba, Firstborn Magarach varieties.

There are no grape varieties that are completely immune to diseases caused by bacteria.

Septoria

Small brown spots on the leaves of grapes indicate a disease with septoria. With high humidity, mold appears on the underside of the sheet. Dried leaves, falling off, spread fungal spores. Muscat grape varieties are most susceptible to this disease.

To localize the disease, damaged plants and fallen leaves are removed.

Prevention of septoria - spraying the vineyard with a one percent solution of Bordeaux mixture.

Cercosporosis or green mold

Another fungal disease of grapes, cercosporosis, is caused by Hyphomycetales fungi. Old or weakened plants usually get sick with it. The disease occurs in two varieties - spring (May-June) and autumn (July-August) cercosporosis. Other plants are susceptible to the disease, not only grapes.

The first disease affects the leaves lower tier where high humidity and shading contribute to the development of the pathogen. Severe infection is manifested in changes in the leaves and the middle tier.

Visually, cercosporosis can be determined by the appearance of a dark olive coating on the underside of the leaves. Developing, the fungus forms oblong brown spots on the upper surface of the leaf. The leaves do not hold well on the branch and fall off at the slightest touch. On diseased berries, an olive velvety coating also appears, the fruits harden, their color darkens. The fruits then shrivel and fall off easily.

Prevention of cercosporosis consists in strict observance of the procedure and timing of all agrotechnical measures.

If a disease is detected, its treatment is started immediately. For this:

remove and burn all affected leaves;
treat the vineyard with fungicides every two weeks;
strictly observe the irrigation regime once a month with water heated to 15-20ºС.

Preventive procedures as a guarantee of the health of vineyards

For most diseases, simple prevention will help you. First of all, this is a check of seedlings, timely cutting of vegetation residues and removal of diseased bushes. It is better to know grape diseases in pictures than to deal with them later in your garden, since this is a very laborious task, and it does not always have a positive effect. So, preventive spraying of bushes should be carried out before the start of the growing season, that is, before the buds open.

This helps to reduce the “infectious background”, which means it leads to better plant development and higher yields. At the same time, diseases can appear both on “young growth” and on old plants, which means that grapes need to be protected all their lives. In the spring, after removal, the bushes should be treated with a 3% solution of Bordeaux mixture. It is best to make it yourself, since the effect of the purchased mixture is an order of magnitude lower. To do this, pour five liters into plastic or enameled dishes. warm water, in which about 300 g of copper sulfate is diluted. We also pour five liters of water into the second container, kneading 300 g of freshly slaked lime in it.

In this case, it is necessary to pour in a solution of copper sulfate to the "milk of lime", otherwise the solution will turn out to be ineffective for the fight. An indicator for determining the quality of Bordeaux liquid will be an ordinary iron nail. To do this, you need to immerse it in a container with a solution, and then just carefully examine it. So, copper should not settle on the nail. After straining our mixture through a strainer, pour it into a sprayer and water the plants, preferably in calm weather. It is important that the watering solution covers the entire bush completely, including annual vines and perennial wood.

Means of combating diseases of grapes and their purpose

First of all, it should be noted that both biological and chemical agents can be used to protect shrubs. The first type includes drugs such as Lepidocid, Trichodermin, Gaupsin, Aktofit, who seemed to be quite worthy in their work. They have a huge advantage in safety for humans, but there is also a small minus - the need to spray plants weekly and after rains. This is very expensive because of the rather high cost of drugs. In addition, labor costs are not encouraging, especially if you have to work with several hundred vines.

Much more efficient and cost effective to use chemicals or pesticides. They are used either for preventive purposes, or in the fight against pests, weeds and diseases that harm the bushes. At the same time, it is important to pay attention to the fact that such products must be harmless to the grape itself, poisonous to bacteria and diseases, and of low toxicity to humans. To choose the right tool, you need to understand how they are classified.

So, pesticides are divided according to the object of use (combined into certain groups depending on the bacteria that have to be fought):

Fungicides - drugs used in the treatment of plants defeated by a fungus;
Bactericides - directed against dangerous pathogens;
Insecticides - insect repellents;
Acaricides - preparations for grape mites;
Herbicides are substances that help control weeds.

In addition, they are divided into contact, systemic and the third type - combined.

Systemic drugs are used to fight diseases. The drug you use gets on the surface of the leaf, penetrates inside and, with the help of shoots, spreads to all the “organs” of the bush, protecting, among other things, its new growths. These can be attributed Topaz, Fundazol, Topsin-M, Quadris, Bayleton and Strobi.
Contact agents are used when signs of disease appear on the green elements of the plant. If you missed this moment, and the defeat has become widespread, try to remove the affected leaves by treating the bush with contact fungicides. The most famous drugs in this category include Rovral, Bordeaux liquid, omite.
Combined drugs have the properties of not only systemic, but also contact substances. The most famous is Ridomil Gold.

The list of chemicals is endless. Here it is important to reasonably approach their acquisition and use. So, for example, we must not forget that pests get used to the compositions used. That is why they need to be alternated with each other, remembering that the use of drugs of the same group repeatedly is considered undesirable.

I am not a botanist and if not for my vineyard, I would never have written this article.

How much our whole family suffered, fighting first with one grape disease, then with another. Confused in the names and methods of treatment.

How much easier life would be for gardeners in the absence of various diseases that affect crops grown with such love. But there is no choice left - it is necessary to wage war with them.

In the selected photos - grape diseases. Not all diseases are curable, there are fatal diseases among them, so it is especially important to recognize them in time.

Mildew (peronospora viticola de bary)

Gardeners are familiar with this disease firsthand, since it has to be dealt with most often, since it is one of the most common diseases. Mildew is also called downy mildew. This fungal disease is manifested by the defeat of leaf blades. yellow spots and gray bloom. Without special treatment, the grapes may die.

The fungus can damage not only grape leaves but also fruits.

Oidium, or powdery mildew (oidium tuckeri berk)

This fungus is somewhat less common than downy mildew. The disease manifests itself in the appearance of a gray coating on leaf plates and fruits. The disease is especially prevalent in hot weather. If you do not start treatment with a fungus, then this can ruin the crop, the berries will begin to crack, and within a few years all the vines will die.

The fungus oidium is a relative with powdery mildew on apple trees, currants and other plants in the garden. Inflorescences and fruits suffer the most.

Anthracnose

When this disease appears, dark brown spots become visible on the leaves and all ground parts of the plant. Gradually, the affected areas begin to die.

The causative agents of anthracnose are imperfect fungi Gloeosporium, Colletotrichum, Kabatiella. This disease was nicknamed "bird's eye" for some similarities. The disease manifests itself on leaves, petioles, ridges of bunches and young shoots. The diseased parts of the vine slowly begin to dry out, and then die off completely. Grape brushes are most susceptible to disease with the onset of flowering.

Alternariosis

Most often, the disease appears in the spring. At the same time, branches, leaves, and berries suffer. The fruits begin to become covered with white spots, and the rest of the plant with spots of brown or silver color. Infected fruits begin to deteriorate literally before our eyes.

Alternariosis especially develops in hot and dry weather. With the widespread warming of the climate in recent years, this disease has spread very widely in all areas of grape cultivation.

cercosporosis

Leaf plates and berries are covered with brown spots that begin to grow. Leaves and fruits dry and die.

Escoriosis

The fungus leads to the appearance of black spots on the branches and leaves. The stalks gradually dry out and fall off.

Apoplexy

Infection comes from a fungal infection, but the toxins released by mushrooms during growth in large quantities can be fatal. This disease is also called exa. Most of the manifestation of the disease is observed in summer time. If the disease has an acute form, then the plant dies in just a few days. In the chronic course of the disease, the plant suffers for several years.

A sign of the disease is the appearance of white spots on the lower leaves of the vine.

Gray mold (botrytis cinerea)

Gray rot fungus damages the aerial part of the vine, sore spots begin to become covered with a grayish fluff. First of all, the lowest clusters located near the ground suffer. At the same time, the fruits first acquire a brownish tint, and then become covered with a gray coating.

white rot

With this disease, the fruits of grapes suffer. White bloom like moss spreads over the berries. They start to warp and fall off.

White rot often accompanies mechanical injury to the vine.

black rot

This fungus is manifested by the appearance of dark purple spots on leaf plates and grapes. The disease spreads rapidly, covering an ever larger area with rot.

Armillariasis

This disease causes the leaves to turn yellow and the roots to turn brown. In autumn, yellow mushrooms sprout on the affected areas.

Verticillosis

With verticillium in a plant, the leaves turn yellow, and the shoots begin to die very quickly. The fungus can persist for up to five years.

Various grape diseases and their treatment, video:

Bacterial diseases

bacterial cancer

This is a very dangerous and incurable bacterial disease. Manifested in the appearance of growths on the plant. During the first two years, the vine gradually ceases to bear fruit, and then the diseased vine dies. Affected plants are immediately removed and certainly burned to prevent the spread of a terrible disease. For the next two years, the vine cannot be planted in this place.

bacteriosis

Bacteriosis disease manifests itself in the form of wrinkled pink-purple spots on the grapes. The reason is the scorching rays of the sun.

Bacterial necrosis

At the same time, the berries are covered with black, clearly defined spots, the branches dry up and die.

acid rot

Berries acquire Brown color and start to decompose. Fruit rot begins. As a result, it can lead to the death of the entire crop.

Viral diseases of grapes

Viral diseases are deadly, there is no cure for them yet. Sick plants must be destroyed.

There is only one way to protect yourself - to choose grape varieties that are resistant to viral diseases for planting on the site.

Most often, plants suffer from:

marbling of foliage;
vein mosaic;
leaf necrosis;
chlorosis - discoloration.

Non-infectious chlorosis

Viral diseases

Diseases of viral origin are extremely difficult to recognize. The symptoms are similar to many other ailments that do not have a viral nature:

cracking wood;
leaves are deformed and their color changes;
inflorescences fall;
the plant slows down in growth and development.

Methods for the treatment of diseases of the vine

The following fungicides work best against fungal bacterial infections:

Against mildew, white and black rot:

Good treatment with Rodimol Gold, Polyhom, Arceride, copper oxychloride, Bordeaux mixture.

To combat oidium:

It can be treated with Topaz, Strobi, Acrobat MC, Horus, Thiovit, using colloidal sulfur.

With the help of sulfur checkers, protection against oidium is carried out in greenhouses, burning them in the fall, after the end of the growing season. And also in the spring, immediately after the shelter is removed.

For the treatment of alternariosis, cercosporosis, Bordeaux liquid is used.
With escoriosis, treatment is carried out with Bordeaux liquid and benzophosphate.
In apoplexy it is best to use Arsenite, but the drug is very poisonous.
With anthracnose, Bordeaux liquid, Polyhom, copper oxychloride are used.
From gray rot they use Switch, Horus, Antrakol.
Copper-containing fungicides are suitable for armillariasis.
With verticillosis, Fundazol is used as a spray.

Bacterial diseases are the most difficult to treat. IN without fail urgently remove diseased areas or even the entire plant. Be sure to treat with an insecticide from insects that can be carriers of the disease, and then treat the plant with Bordeaux mixture.

Diseases of viral origin are almost untreatable. When they are found, diseased plants are best destroyed.

But it must be remembered that best remedy From all diseases is prevention. And this is proper care.

And, of course, with a natural desire to improve the quality of the crop, I want to minimize the chemical treatments of plants.

It is in this case that prevention comes to the fore, becoming an ally in the struggle for a good grape harvest.

Prevention will reduce risks possible diseases and, as a result, will reduce the use of insecticidal preparations in the treatment of plants.
With preventive treatments, measures are taken after harvesting, which reduces the possible accumulation of harmful toxic substances in the fruits.
The dosage of chemically active substances for prevention is one and a half to two times less than for therapeutic purposes.
Prevention measures contribute to obtaining healthy material for plant propagation.

The best way to prevent is proper care. With experience comes understanding of the need preventive treatments grapevine, but many gardeners believe that growing grapes without the use of chemicals is the best way.

In cases of damage to the bushes, the question is put in a completely different way: either to lose the vineyard completely, or try to save it with the help of chemical industry products. In such situations experienced gardeners usually choose the second option.

White, pink. people use black grape varieties for various purposes. In summer cottages, grapes are mainly grown for consumption in fresh, making juices and fragrant house wine. To get a good harvest, it is necessary to study not only the rules of planting and care, but also to find out the weak points of plants, their enemies and diseases. For the attention of site visitors, we offer a series of articles on pests and diseases of grapes to help them learn how to prevent diseases in a timely manner and help their garden pets. Each article details several diseases and ways to effectively fight them.

Non-communicable diseases

These are grape diseases caused by poor growing conditions, and not by the vital activity of harmful living organisms.

Chlorosis

There is an infectious one (more on this below, in another section). With chlorosis, the leaves lose green color due to a violation of the synthesis of chlorophyll - a green pigment. Other pigments are preserved in the chromoplasts, so the leaves acquire a light yellow, creamy, whitish color. It is caused by a lack of iron in the plant. At the same time, the plate itself turns yellow, the veins remain green for some time. To check the diagnosis, we apply a strip, sign or symbol on the sheet with a solution of iron chelate (citric acid iron). After a few hours, the leaf turns green at the place of application.

The most common causes of non-infectious chlorosis are as follows:

Soil salinization.
Excess moisture.
Excessive, compared with iron, content in the soil of copper, manganese, phosphorus, lime.

Under such conditions, the absorption of iron from the soil is disrupted, which leads to chlorosis. Chlorosis of grapes is treated 3-4 foliar top dressing solutions of iron preparations, the cheapest - iron sulphate. It is convenient to combine top dressing with the introduction of other trace elements, stimulating and therapeutic drugs.

Drought

The viticulture area does not always have the right amount of moisture for the plants. The lack of water is outwardly expressed as follows.

Escapes - growth and development slow down sharply, the crowns fade, wither, dry out.

Antennae - stiffen, dry up, starting from the ends, fall off.

Leaves - massively turn yellow, starting from the edges of the lower leaves, they can thicken, curl, fall off.

Berries - the ovary falls off in early spring. During drought in the pea phase, the bunches wither and dry out, starting from the bottom. Drought in the filling phase causes a characteristic lesion: darkening and acquiring a brown color of the part of the berry, as if pressed with a fingernail. When the skin is removed, the inside is healthy. As a result, the berries dry out like raisins, but alas, they become inedible.

Winter drought is accompanied by cracking of the soil, while small roots are torn.

Control measures- watering and maintaining the moisture present in the soil: mulching; shelter for the winter with soil; shallow loosening in order to break the capillaries of the upper soil layer, which makes evaporation more difficult. into the root zone through specially dug-in tubes is preferable: more economical and efficient.

Sunburn

During the hottest months, the grapes can overheat in the sun. In appearance, the berries are similar to scalded boiling water, in the future they wrinkle and dry out. They feel hot to the touch. The leaves, as if they had been under a heated iron: they dry out green, turn brown over time. Leaves with damaged petioles are the first to suffer: they have difficulty supplying water to reduce the temperature. All damage is only on the sunny side of the bush, while such a picture does not happen with infectious diseases. The bush tries to defend itself by intensively evaporating water to cool. Does not grow, does not accumulate nutrients.

Control measures. The main thing is the presence of a sufficient amount of water, therefore - watering, mulching, destruction of the soil crust fur. processing. In the heat, we transfer all freshly grown shoots with a "visor" to sunny side. You can cover the affected bunches with everything that is available: newspapers, leaves, etc. We don’t mow the aisles, we’ll wait with beauty guidance until the weather is cooler. When laying - we choose such a row spacing so that the rows shade each other sufficiently.

Infectious diseases of grapes

Mildew, (downy mildew, pernosporosis)

Perhaps the most common disease. The pathogen overwinters in soil and plant debris, is resistant to any weather, lasts 2-5 years, and spores are carried by wind up to 100 km. In spring, oospores germinate, with the help of flagella in the smallest drops of moisture (dew, watering, rain) swim to the stomata and germinate in plants, where they invade living cells, destroying them. Treatment with contact fungicides after the germination of the fungus inside the plant is ineffective.

After introduction inside the plants develop thin threads fungus - hyphae, spore-bearing organs come out at night. There are so many of them that for a person it looks like an easily washable gray coating on the lower surface of the sheet. Top part leaves acquire an oily tint, at first small, with a light center, the spots on the leaf increase, gradually merging.

Yellowish elongated spots appear on the shoots, gradually acquiring a brown color. Affected berries in dry weather dry out, in wet weather they rot and become moldy. With late infection of the berries, bluish-gray depressed spots appear near the stalk, at the end the berries warp, rot, fall off. Potential loss of yield.

Control measures- repeated treatment with fungicides.

The first is carried out before the onset of signs of the disease!

We use the rule of 3 tens: temperature 10 ˚С, shoot length 10 cm, precipitation 10 mm. The conditions are met - it's time to process. Subsequent treatments - depending on the weather. In a year favorable for the disease, the number of treatments can reach 6-8 ...

Prevention. First of all, selection resistant varieties. But do not hope too much, this does not completely eliminate the problem: in bad years, the development of the disease on resistant and unstable varieties differs in the speed of spread, and a little more in severity and the percentage of crop destroyed. So it will most likely need to be processed.

Oidium, or grape powdery mildew.

With the beginning of the growth of grapes, stunted shoots and leaves appear. Such leaves curl. Leaves, berries, clusters look as if showered with flour, hence the name of the disease. This plaque is the thinnest threads of the fungus. It is attached to the plant with special suction cups called appressors. Of these, haustoria are injected into the berries, through which the fungus feeds. The growth of berries with the simultaneous destruction of the walls leads to breaks, the seeds are exposed. Constrictions appear at the edges of the hyphae, these pieces are easily torn off and carried by the wind. Once on other vines, they germinate and infect new bushes.

With partial damage, when part of the grapes are used for wine, sorting is needed with the selection of damaged berries. Otherwise, the wine will have a moldy taste, completely invaluable to connoisseurs ...

Measures to combat oidium grapes. Proper, well-ventilated vine formation and destruction of vegetation between rows helps to prevent or attenuate the disease. Fungicides and copper preparations that help against mildew are not suitable for the treatment of powdery mildew in grapes. Sulfur preparations give an excellent effect. How finer particles sulfur the better. Powdered sulfur for pollination must be properly stored so that it does not stick together into breasts, always in a dry place. Processing temperature matters. The air must be warmed up to 20 ˚С, otherwise it will not work. At the same time, in extreme heat, burns are possible; in hot summers, we process plantings in the morning or evening hours. It is good to use special colloidal sulfur pastes when making tank mixtures from mildew and oidium. In this case, we save time and effort by reducing the number of treatments.

Anthracnose of grapes (bird's eye, hail disease).

The disease is activated after heavy rains with hail, hence one of the names. On the leaves, it manifests itself as the appearance of small dry brown spots surrounded by a darker border. Later, the middle of the spot dies off, acquires a gray color, and often breaks. The leaves become perforated. Depressed spots with a dark border appear on the shoots, the shoots dry out, break. Similar spots, gray-brown, depressed, with a dark border appear on the berries. It looks a little like the image of a bird's eye, which leads to another name for it.

Control measures. When grapes are infected with anthracnose, treatment is carried out with treatments with copper preparations or systemic fungicides. It is not for nothing that the disease is called hail disease, after heavy rain with hail immediately carry out processing. Without delay and regardless of the time after the previous one.

Grapes need our care, otherwise it is difficult to hope for a good harvest. Clearly, this includes only spraying with drugs. Correct fit, pruning, fertilizing, watering - everything matters. A strong, nutrient-dense plant is better able to resist any disease.

Grape disease control - video

Categories

Popular