Bauhaus style furniture. Economical functionality of the Bauhaus style in the interior. Left to right: Deutsche Werkbund posters, Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius, Werkbund school poster, Bauhaus in Dassau, Gropius coffee table

All design ever created by mankind does not arise from nothing and does not disappear without a trace. The appearance of objects that today surround both middle managers and bohemian artists is no exception. AT new series materials Platfor.ma will understand where the roots of modern design grow from. Let's start with one of the main trends - the school of simplicity and functionality - the Bauhaus, which defined the design of Apple and Ikea.

Bauhaus-Dessau school building

The Bauhaus, as a higher school of construction and artistic design, was created and headed by Walter Gropius in 1919, an artist and a craftsman all rolled into one. The main concept of the school was the combination of art with construction equipment, and the ideology was the responsibility of the designer to the individual, society and the development of culture in general.

From 1919 to 1925 the school existed in Weimar (Germany), then in 1926 it moved to Dessau. It was there that Gropius designed the school building, which is still considered a masterpiece of functionalist architecture. Interior and internal equipment were created by the students and teachers of the school.

Walter Gropius - German architect, founder of the Bauhaus.

The teachers were creatively bold, active, obsessed with finding new ideas. They shared Gropius' views on the unity of art and craft. "The artist is only highest degree craftsman,” he said. The best representatives of art of the 20th century taught at the Bauhaus: Johannes Itten, Wassily Kandinsky, Piet Mondrian, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

The core of the training was the idea of ​​medieval craft workshops, which worked on the principle of "master - apprentice - apprentice". At the beginning, students studied the basics of crafts and the properties of materials, and the main task was to move away from the classical perception of art as separate forms, to bring together all its types, from painting to architecture. The applied part included experiments with the form raw material, its properties and work with mechanisms. At the same time, the theory of color, pattern, and form was constantly studied and deepened.

In 1928, after Gropius, the school was headed by Hannes Mayer. He introduced two new disciplines into the educational process: economics and psychology. In the workshops of the school, Mayer set up mass production of furniture and interior details, the main principles of which were cheapness and a minimum number of parts. Due to the inexpensive production of the most functional things, all segments of the population could afford them. In general, an incredible number of interior items, dishes, furniture, posters were created within the walls of the school, which eventually began to represent the Bauhaus as a style.

Bauhaus by Magdalena Droste

“Most of the design artifacts throughout almost the entire period of human life had one thing in common: they were made for the rich and powerful.

After the First World War, the Russian Revolution, and a couple of financial crises, suddenly there was a huge field of design activity - the creation of products that are much better than without design, but not more expensive to manufacture.

Products whose attractiveness is not created by additional work (for example, external ornamentation, which takes time to apply), but by the inherent properties of the object. Everything - to create items that even people who are unsecured can afford. A characteristic example of this avalanche is the Bauhaus.

But despite this, in Dessau, the school was treated with hostility, which led to an almost complete reduction in subsidies. In 1932, the new director of the school, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, "moved" the Bauhaus and opened it as a private enterprise in Berlin. But already on next year, with the growing influence of the Nazis, the school had to be closed as a "hotbed of communism." Many teachers were forced to hide from persecution and emigrated to the United States.

Originating in Germany, the Bauhaus as a style had a huge impact not only in Europe. In America, his ideas were successfully developed by architects and designers Charles and Ray Eames. In 1929, after spending his honeymoon in Europe, Charles Eames first became acquainted with the work of the school. Returning home, he founded an architectural bureau in St. Louis, where the ideas of the Bauhaus were already promoted in the United States. However, the work of Eames deserves a separate article.

Eames Aluminum Group Executive Chair Eames Molded Plywood Dining Chair Eames Wire Chairs

The school lasted only 14 years, but the style and ideas of people who firmly believed in the simplicity of form and functionalism made a huge contribution to the culture not only of that time, but also to the design and architecture of our time.

LE1 loudspeaker, 1960. Design: Dieter Rams. Manufacturer: Brown

Now this ideology of functionality and simplicity of form is most pronounced in Scandinavian graphic design and architecture. In clothing, Bauhaus ideas can be found in the normcore style, and in industrial design at Apple and Ikea.

For example, the first Apple catalog opened with the words "Simplicity is the limit of perfection." And Steve Jobs himself said that the ideal product is the basic essence and simplicity without frills.

The basic principles of the Bauhaus can be expressed as follows:

The artist must be a craftsman, without separation from manual labor and technology;

You need to learn related professions, not get hung up on studying a narrow specialization;

Simplicity of form and functionality is the foundation of good design;

One should learn from masters who have applied knowledge of the discipline;

Design industrial buildings and systems with high social and cultural responsibility

Everything is simple and ingenious. Like the Bauhaus itself

The Bauhaus today is a symbol of bold and functional developments in art, architecture and design. Much of what we take for granted in our environment is a consequence of the revolutionary ideas of the founders of the Bauhaus. Now few people know that the design of many pieces of furniture that we have long known - armchairs, chairs, built-in wardrobes, tables made of metal and glass, comes from the Bauhaus style (bauhaus, German - "building houses"). This design direction (and the Bauhaus school), which flourished in 1919-1928, was founded by the architect Walter Gropius from Weimar, Germany. The German avant-garde style has become one of the most influential currents in modern architecture and contemporary design.

The movement developed in parallel with Russian constructivism and had much in common with it. Among the teachers of the school were such famous expressionist artists as Wassily Kandinsky and Paul Klee. The Bauhaus preached a cult geometric shapes and functionality. The design welcomed a mixture of different techniques and techniques.

Bauhaus products were to open a new era in home design, to which Gropius himself contributed by building a model house with flat roof. Equipping the house with linoleum floors, furniture walls and furniture from metal tubes was shockingly simple and functional. "The debunking of bourgeois luxury" was the program goal of the pioneers of the Bauhaus. From household items by "eliminating everything unnecessary" arose typical models interior. This was the start of industrial mass production.

The works of Bauhaus bore a tangible imprint of the art of the 20s with the passion for cubism, the decomposition of general form object into its constituent geometric shapes. The samples made within the walls of the school are distinguished by the energetic rhythm of lines and spots, the pure geometrism of objects made of wood and metal.

The Bauhaus style comes from the idea that everything in a space should be simple, modern and functional. Its creators saw the main task of the direction in improving the quality of industrial products, which should have an attractive appearance, affordable price and be as user-friendly as possible. The proclaimed idea of ​​the synthesis of art and technology became the main concept of the activity of style. When creating objects in the Bauhaus style, the principles of rational use of materials are observed.

AT color palette Bauhaus style is dominated by white, beige, gray and black tones. Big role has a color scheme in which the walls are painted: red - brings closer; blue - moves away; sounds are louder in a bright room than in a dark one. Light objects appear lighter than dark ones. At the same time, the coldness of traditional materials - glass and metal - is softened by the warmth of wood, the texture of leather and decorative organic elements.

Main motives:
- geometric: rectangle, square, elongated rectangle, circle;
- spatial: asymmetric shapes, elongated lines, diagonals.

The main features of the style are an abundance of light, high ceilings, design in horizontal plane. The only vertical element is a narrow window that illuminates the flights of stairs.

Interior decoration is minimal, surfaces are smooth monochrome. The walls and ceiling of the Bauhaus-style interiors are finished with plaster, and wallpaper can be used to decorate the walls. The wallpaper created in the school's wall painting workshop has had the greatest commercial success. Instead of flowers, patterns were used that resemble the structure of a fabric with geometric patterns. The advantage of this wallpaper was that the pattern was small and irregular, which made it easy to adjust the stripes when pasting the walls. Small rooms, thanks to this pattern, seemed more spacious.

Today, Bauhaus-style wallcoverings are always original, neatly and graphically precise, a piece of drawing technique that brings out charming kinetic effects that emphasize the sophistication of the style. The amorphous shapes on the Bauhaus wallcoverings help create the necessary contrasts, emphasize the impact of the colors and bring an incomparable color to the interior design.

Fashionable these days multi-level ceilings also suggested the Bauhaus style, lowering them somewhat in the bedroom and raising them in the living room. Linoleum is used as a material for the floor.

Intense search for new constructive solutions, often unexpected and bold, were especially characteristic in furniture production. Supporters of the Bauhaus tried to introduce inexpensive multifunctional furniture for people with modest incomes. The furniture is characterized by laconic, clear geometric shapes, lack of ornamentation, which gives the products convenience, simplicity and perfection. The design of chairs and armchairs uses the principle of crossing planes and, as a rule, they do not have handles. The Bauhaus was the first to use metal in the design of furniture. Ergonomic and aesthetic chairs made of steel tubes by Marcel Brewer or Ludwig Mies van der Rohe with curved X-shaped frames, chrome steel strips, leather cushions and canvas on the seat and back are considered “modern classics”. Brewer saw his furniture as the "apparatus of today's life", which should be hygienic, inexpensive and collapsible. Today, this absolutely new type of furniture for that time is an integral part of many office and home interiors.

A new type of furniture appears - transformable, folding - tables, retractable one into another, collapsible stools. Josef Albers' nesting tables with stained glass tops are both simple, functional and easily recognizable pure colors. These and other developments of the Bauhaus in the field of furniture exploded the usual framework of technology and aesthetics.

The style has brought a huge amount of innovation, from modular furniture to abstract carpet patterns. The creators of the style professed the principle of functionality, trying to make the most efficient use of space. Therefore, built-in wardrobes have become a natural element of the interior, with a large capacity and allowing you to make the room more spacious. Workplace the kitchen also came under the scrutiny of designers.

The new models were characterized by inexpensive materials and modern aesthetics. For the children's room, Alma Siedhof-Buscher designed changing tables and cribs, and for the living room, Josef Albers designed built-in wardrobes and glass tables, combining glass and metal for the first time.

Bauhaus was real factory ideas. Marianne Brandt was the first to take a decisive step towards industry by developing her lamps. A successful development of the "mass product" was wallpaper that had a neutral pattern and could be pasted without much effort and preparation.

Bauhaus accessories are simple and functional: a family photo on the wall, a flower vase, a small figurine. The best accessory for such a room is high-quality household appliances and a well-thought-out lighting system, the use of lamps to create functional work areas.

Integrity, practicality and lack of pretentiousness are the characteristics of the Bauhaus style that make it stand out. The slogan of Bauhaus is functioning functionalism. Developments and prototypes of the Bauhaus still look amazingly modern today, objects of inspiration contemporary designers. Harmony of art, architecture, crafts and philosophy combined with rationality Everyday life remains unique. The idea that functionality determines the style of a product is the foundation of modern industrial design. Main principle: "Beauty does not live without use."

The Bauhaus is ideal for lovers of simplicity, convenience and functionality. With external uncomplicated solutions, style allows you to create comfortable interior where each subject has its own place and role.

"Don't look there, they're from the Bauhaus!" respectable mothers warned their young daughters. They (the Bauhaus students) played strange music on the weekends and went skinny dipping at night, the girls cut their hair short and wore trousers, and the boys let go long hair and dressed like rogues. The Bauhaus invented the modern long-haired student of an art school, who, in addition to direct artistic exercises and plein airs, must definitely have on his agenda: embroider a bag with Celtic patterns, carve a pendant from a piece of unidentified piece of iron found during a walk, invent the most ergonomic design something for the next festival or competition. And a dozen more important things to decorate and improve the world around us.

Oscar Schlemmer. Bauhaus stairs. 1932

graduate School building and artistic design Bauhaus (Bauhaus - translated from German "House of Construction") was founded in Weimar on April 25, 1919. Now the term Bauhaus is also used to refer to the association of artists who taught and studied at this educational institution, and to a certain style in architecture based on a constructivist approach.

Before the Bauhaus came into being, there was no way for students of art academies to break out of tradition: their studies began with art history, watercolor painting, and copying antique statues. Started at the Bauhaus preparatory Course from the theory of color and the study of textures, created three-dimensional structures from everything that came to hand, in senior years they played performances from geometric shapes, independently produced furniture for arranging classrooms and built houses for teachers. One of the students said that his girlfriend then cut her hair short and he used her hair for one of the sculptures. During the Depression, when there was no money for professional materials, Johannes Itten, an introductory teacher, sent students to the trash: go find something interesting and try to understand the nature of these things.

The Buddhist and mystic Johannes Itten shaved his head and wore monastic clothes. He developed a semi-annual preparatory course for Bauhaus students. During this time, they had to have time to understand the expressive potential of shapes and colors, materials and reliefs, learn to control their creative energy and manage emotions. Classes began with breathing exercises, practiced drawing with closed eyes and drawing with both hands.

The Bauhaus was a dream come true. Here they wanted to put a real aesthetic experiment on the world of things and expected not just an artistic, but a social revolution: the space surrounding a person, created according to the laws of art, should change the person himself over time.

In the photo (from left to right): Joseph Albers, Hinnerk Scheper, Georg Muche, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Herbert Bayer, Just Schmidt, Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Lionel Feininger, Gunta Stolzl, Oskar Schlemmer.

The Bauhaus teachers were craftsmen and avant-garde artists: the creator of other artistic worlds Paul Klee, the inventor of abstract painting Wassily Kandinsky, the founder of the geometric theater Oskar Schlemmer. During their work here, they all created their own teaching methods and developed the latest art theories. The works of teachers were published right there - they became exhibits of the Bauhaus Books series.

Wassily Kandinsky. Composition VIII
1923, 140×201 cm

Wassily Kandinsky. Contrasting sounds

Paul Klee. Highways and lanes

Paul Klee. chirping machine

The Bauhaus was invented just after the First World War, during a time of deep depression, hyperinflation and despair. The Saxon-Weimar School of Applied Arts had not been operating for 4 years and had to be revived and restored. The young architect Walter Gropius was appointed director of the school, who also received at his disposal the Higher School of Fine Arts. New model training of artists-craftsmen of the future took shape literally by itself.

In 1919 Gropius came up with new school called the Bauhaus - House of Construction - and issued a manifesto in which he described the main idea:

"The highest goal of any creative activity- construction! Previously art was subordinated to great architecture, and its noblest function was merely to decorate architectural structures. Today fine arts and architecture are complacently oblivious to each other, and this can only be corrected by a conscious unification of the efforts of representatives of all crafts. Architects, painters and sculptors must return to understanding the composite nature of construction, both the process as a whole and in its many particulars.

Bauhaus students did not just create sketches of future functional things, but produced these things. For this, a system of workshops was developed: pottery, textile, stained glass, metal, a class of scenography. In addition, students were taught to create wall painting, woodcut, and later experiment with photography. Then in all of Europe there was no longer an art school that would seriously apply avant-garde ideas in teaching.

In 14 years, the Bauhaus has changed three addresses. It was beautiful and free in Weimar, because it is the most artistic city in Germany, here the Bauhaus was recognized and accepted. It was grandiose in Dessau, because here a special building was built for the school and everything was arranged from the inside according to their own projects and in accordance with the main ideas: a hostel for students, workshops, a theater hall, a dining room, teachers' houses. It was very short and scary in Berlin, because it was here that the National Socialists came in 1933 to close the Bauhaus and throw instruments and “degenerate” works of students and teachers out of the school windows.

All the main trends in modern architecture of the 21st century were discovered almost a century ago: the balconies of the Bauhaus dormitory and the house built in Dessau for teachers to live.

Functionality is a definition that first sounded within the walls of the Bauhaus and to this day, not a single dispute about architecture, industrial and urban design can do without it. But in the early 1920s simple shapes items produced in the workshops of the Bauhaus were amazing. Because it was furniture, dishes, buildings, tapestries, carpets made by bold, revolutionary artists. The experimental house Haus am Horn, built in Weimar on the territory of school gardens, has become a symbol and archetype of pure functionality. In the first exhibition of the Bauhaus, arranged to showcase the achievements of the school in 1923, Haus am Horn became the main exhibit. Metal in many elements of furniture replaced wood, decorativeness no longer worked according to the old principles - lines, geometrically clear shapes, saturated pure colors became a new aesthetic resource. There was a kitchen here, more like a laboratory, where every thing combined several functions, where all the utensils were laconic and ideally located in space. This kitchen was not for chatting over a cup of tea, but for quick and most comfortable work. This was the real Ikea.

Some pieces of furniture produced in the workshops of the Bauhaus became the embodiment of the artistic, compositional, and coloristic ideas of its leaders. And so it turns out that the famous baby cradle, the carpet designed by Klee and the chair "Vasily" are not the things on which they sit, lie and trample, but works of art that are stored in museums.

When Walter Gropius announced that everyone could become a student of the Bauhaus, he did not expect that there would be so many women here. In the entire short history of the school, there were approximately the same number of them as young men. And it would be nice to draw tapestries and create ceramics there, but it wasn’t there. Marianne Brandt, for example, who entered the Bauhaus as a serious lady in her early 30s, specialized in metal and lighting design. Her metal tea sets are still made by the Italian company Alessi (photo below).

Another programmatic idée-fix of the Bauhaus, the basis of the foundations and the goal of development, is the synthesis of the arts. And in the future - the synthesis of technology, science and art. The teachers of the school did not broadcast from the pulpit about the truth found once and for all, they were looking for this intercultural, interdisciplinary truth together with the students. Not surprisingly, the period of lecturing and conducting workshops at the Bauhaus became a time of incredibly powerful inspiration for Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Oskar Schlemmer, Gerhard Marx and the creation of theoretical works. One of the most amazing projects of the Bauhaus was the stage productions of Schlemmer. Papier-mache, cardboard, metal - out of all this 18 geometric statues-dancers grew and came to life, who solved metaphysical questions on the stage about the fusion of man and the world, private and general. It was the first action in the history of art that organically fit the figures of dancers into the scenery, which brought the avant-garde to the stage. The fusion of music, color, form, movement, light, mechanics and architecture of the stage.

In the photo on the left and top - the actors of the "Triadic Ballet" by Oscar Schlemmer, 1922.

The video is the 1970 film "Triadic Ballet" recreating Schlemmer's stage experiments.

Concerts of contemporary music were held at the Bauhaus - Kandinsky and Klee sought out the most daring experimenters at the Leipzig Conservatory and dragged them to play with their students. The concert was over - the partition between the dining room and the hall with the stage was removed - and already they began to dance in the incredible masks of Schlemmer. Festivals were held here various materials and forms. For example, a metal festival was announced for the whole school: students were inspired by the possibilities and impossibilities of the material and created their own innovative work. Own vision and individuality - this is what was valued in the students of the Bauhaus.

Own vision and individuality - this is something that the National Socialists, who first came to power in Weimar, and in the early 30s reached Dessau, could not allow. Most of the Bauhaus teachers became the heroes of the famous exhibition "Degenerate Art" and lost hope for any future in their country. It's time for the ideas of the Bauhaus to emigrate to America.

"Bauhaus" is a multi-valued concept. So in medieval Germany the workshops of architects and builders were called, later one of the most famous German educational institutions was named this word, which created a new direction in the art of the 20th century and had a huge impact on modern architecture and design. The Bauhaus High School of Art existed for only 14 years: from 1919 to 1933, and yet it became one of the most significant phenomena in the cultural life of Germany.

Researchers note that modernism became for many artists of the first half of the 20th century not just a new direction in art, but also a kind of religion, with the help of which they wanted to change the world around them, as well as a person, transforming his home and life. In 1919, the experimental art school Bauhaus was founded in Weimar. In the program manifest educational institution in a rather exalted form, it was proposed to unite the efforts of artists and artisans and build a building of the future, which, according to the authors of the program, will become "a crystal symbol of the new faith."

The founder of the Bauhaus, Walter Gropius, along with Le Corbusé, is considered the founder of modernism in architecture. The teaching staff in his educational institution was extremely talented, although quite eccentric. Johannes Itten, who created the theory of color, was a fan of Zoroastrianism. Each class of this professor began with a special meditation designed to help students concentrate and awaken their creative powers. Among the professors was also the Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky, the founder of abstract painting. After leaving Russia after the revolution, he moved to Germany, where he took German citizenship and taught painting at the Bauhaus for several years.

Not only teachers, but also students were extremely extravagant. Complete freedom reigned in the educational institution, and students were allowed to do whatever they wanted. As a result, the inhabitants of Weimar constantly complained about the antics of students who either painted city statues at night, or bathed naked to the horror of well-bred burghers, or wore defiant clothes. Particularly shocking a large number of women among students, which in the first half of the 20th century was still extremely unusual.

Teaching at the Bauhaus

The training began with an introductory course, allowing you to get acquainted with the theory of color, textures and materials. This was followed by work in the workshops, in which students learned to weave, work with metal, wood and other materials. After that, students, having tried themselves in different areas, could choose a specialization. The motto of the teaching method at the Bauhaus was the following statement: "Art cannot be taught, only craft can be taught." Manufacturing process was an extremely important part of teaching, as students were oriented not to the creation of some single works of art, but to mass production and to the needs of ordinary consumers.

The main principle at the Bauhaus school was the concept of "Gesamtkunstwerk", which can be translated as "synthesis of the arts", since it was assumed that graduates would combine art and craft in their work. In general, it was believed that only what is useful, convenient and functional is beautiful, and therefore the design was extremely simple and concise.

It must be said that the Bauhaus artists made a real breakthrough not only in architecture, completely breaking with classical traditions, but also in design. Metal furniture made of bent tubes has become a new word in interior design. When you look at the products of the Bauhaus masters, made in the 20s of the last century, you are amazed at how modern they look today. Peculiar calling card school was the chair "Vasily", named after Wassily Kandinsky. For the first time in history, furniture was created from chrome pipes, and the inspiration for the designer was ... the design of the bike! Among the products of the Bauhaus artists, the most famous is the tea service, which consists entirely of the simplest geometric shapes, as well as stylish table lamps. Some furniture and household items created by Bauhaus artists are still in production today.

In addition to studying architecture and design, Bauhaus students paid great attention to the art of photography, being one of the first to use the photo collage technique. There were attempts to express themselves also in dance. Completely schizophrenic ballets were staged at the educational institution, the scenery and costumes for which were created by students and teachers.

The most famous performance was the "Triadic Ballet" with the participation of students, in which the dancers were likened to large puppets:

Bauhaus in Dessau

After the Bauhaus was closed in Weimar and moved to Dessau, the question arose of building a new building that could combine not only classrooms, but also apartments for numerous students. The head of the school, Walter Gropius, took over the development of the project. Built in just a year, the campus has become a truly iconic building. Constructed of concrete, steel and glass, this house embodied all the principles of constructivism, due to which it was called by contemporaries the “temple of functionality”.

The structure is truly unique, as its walls are made of glass, thanks to which the room fills up all day long. sunlight. However, this was also a big drawback: in the summer the building literally heated up, and in the winter it was very cold. Because of this, I had to make changes to the project and use additional concrete walls which violated the intended transparency of the building.

Since the architecture of the campus was guided by the ideas of constructivism, its interior design was idiosyncratic. What people usually try to hide was emphasized in it and served as a design. For example, the battery was installed in the center of the wall, being, according to the creators, a functional decoration.

The Bauhaus building has one interesting feature: due to the transparency of the walls, you can see almost any part of the room and those in it. All rooms were interconnected, and even the students' rooms were not a place of solitude, but a single collective area. Thus, community was placed above personal space, which could not but have an impact on the mental state of students.

The Nazis who came to power were quick to close the Bauhaus, as they considered it a hotbed of communist ideas. The Gestapo was located in the building of the educational institution for some time. During the war, the building was badly damaged, but later it was completely restored and is currently included in the UNESCO list. Today it is difficult to surprise us with buildings built in the style of constructivism, but when you look at the Bauhaus building, you are involuntarily surprised at the audacity and courage of the architect, who was actually the first to design such a house in the mid-20s of the last century.

Bauhaus and Russia

Throughout its existence, the Bauhaus had close ties with Russia. Among the like-minded people of the art school would be the artist from Russia El Lissitzky, whose work was largely oriented by the early masters of the Bauhaus. Since 1921, Vasily Kandinsky, the founder of abstractionism in Russia, taught there.

After the construction of the building in Dessau, several delegations from Russia came there, including the People's Commissar Lunacharsky himself, and a year later several Bauhaus teachers and students visited Moscow. The new director of the Bauhaus, Hannes Meyer, sympathized with the communists, and after being fired at the insistence of the mayor of Dessau, he went to Russia with several students, calling his team "Rot Front". In Moscow, they organized an exhibition dedicated to the work of the Bauhaus, and later they were engaged in the design of the city of Birobidzhan, took part in the development of the unrealized project of the Palace of Soviets and other architectural objects. However, the political atmosphere gradually changed, and Hannes Meyer managed to leave Soviet Union to Mexico, but the fate of his students was not so successful: many of them were arrested and repressed.

In the period of the 60-80s, a return to the ideas of the Bauhaus became noticeable in Soviet architecture. The need for mass development led to the fact that in all cities rather cheap buildings made of glass and concrete in the style of constructivism began to be erected, which became one of the symbols of the Soviet era.

"Bauhaus: The Face of the Twentieth Century", documentary, 1994:

bauhaus style appeared in Germany. The advantage of this design is the low cost of furniture and Decoration Materials. And without any extra frills.

This direction appeared at the beginning of the last century and influenced the mass production of mass-produced pieces of furniture..

Style history

The history of the Bauhaus style is amazing. It appeared in Germany in 1919, but it has features of Russian constructivism, geometricism and cubism.

Translated from german word Bauhaus means building a house. Initially, this word was called the Higher School of Construction and Design, on the basis of which a whole direction arose.

The architect Walter Gropius, having become the head of the school of construction, proposed the use of combinations of industrial production possibilities and simple and aesthetic forms.

The central idea of ​​this direction was the creation of an interior in which there are no decorative details that do not have a functional value.

The elements in the room have regular and rectangular shapes. The main goal of the style was the creation of a practical and functional home and the rejection of pretentious and luxurious elements.

At the very beginning of the development of this direction, the following ideas were embodied in life:

1. Minimal amount decorative elements.
2. The use of machine technology.
3. Combination of design and industry solutions.
4. Practicality and versatility.

Many features were borrowed from Art Nouveau. This direction has found application in private design and in large architectural projects.

In the field of construction, some innovations were introduced: the lightness and conciseness of building forms and the flexibility of architectural structures.

The creators of the direction sought to mass-produce comfortable and beautiful pieces of furniture. At the same time, modern materials and developments were used in the products.

The Bauhaus architectural style was characterized by the use of the principle of standardization of residential buildings. The architects of the school were engaged in the development of projects for industrial settlements.

were erected apartment buildings in 3-4 floors for employees and workers with low level income. At the same time, the apartments were two or three-room with a kitchen and a bathroom. They were designed for a family of 5-6 people.

Style Features

The Bauhaus has survived to the present day. The central idea of ​​the style is simplicity and functionality. At the same time, furniture and decor details should not only have an attractive appearance, but also comfort in operation and affordable cost.

In the production of interior items, the principle of rational consumption of material is welcomed.

There are the following features of the Bauhaus architectural style:

1. The use of repeating symmetrical elements and asymmetric shapes.
2. The use of functional details with a minimum amount of ornament.
3. Full use of space.

The decoration of the room is not decor and accessories, but high-quality household appliances and well-planned lighting.

The interior in this style suggests. It was in this direction that different lighting for individual zones was originally used.

Separate features can be seen in the style of hi-tech, minimalism or modern.

The interior involves the use of forged and metal elements and glass items.

Furniture, materials and color in the interior

From its inception to the present, the Bauhaus has been constantly developed and improved. The main task of style is to create simple design corresponding to the spirit of the times.

Distinctive features of furniture

Furniture in this style should be of high quality, but affordable. At the same time, it is not the color of the upholstery that is valued, but the ease of use.

For the first time in the Bauhaus style, furniture was made of metal. In this school, the idea arose to use for the frame of furniture bent tube from metal. The first items of modular and transformable furniture appeared.

Furniture of this style has the following features:

1. Lack of decorative elements.
2. Clear and concise geometric shapes.
3. Simplicity and comfort of use.
4. Armchairs are made without handles.
5. Using built-in and spacious wardrobes.
6. The chairs are made of bent steel tubes and seated with canvas or leather cushions.

Transformable types of furniture are popular - tables and chairs that retract into each other, collapsible cabinets and stools.

Particular attention is paid to the improvement working area in the kitchen.

Color palette

The color scheme of this style is neutral shades: gray, beige, white and black. To create accents, bright spots of blue, green, red or yellow color. Application light shades allows . Of the ornaments, geometric prints and paintings in the style of abstract art are used.

The color palette in the Bauhaus is a combination of warm and cold shades. Light plaster and stone are diluted with the warmth of wood, and the coldness of stele and metal is diluted with textile and leather products.

Materials and finishing works

Of the materials in the interior, metal, plastic, glass, leather and wood are used. Finishing work is characterized by simplicity. The walls are decorated with plaster or wallpaper with geometric configurations. Small and scattered drawings are popular. Such wallpaper is easy to glue, since it is not necessary to adjust the strips. A small pattern visually creates a more spacious room.

The interior of the room is recognizable by the following features:

1. The presence of geometric shapes: squares, rectangles and circles.
2. The space is emphasized by diagonal lines and asymmetrical shapes.
3. As floor covering linoleum with neutral ornaments is used. Suitable material with imitation of wood or metal.
4. Smooth and monochrome surfaces predominate.
5. As decor, stylish household appliances and bright light sources are used that highlight separate zones premises.

The interior features include high ceilings, design in the same plane of the horizontal direction and an abundance of light. From vertical elements elongated and narrow window openings are used.

The Bauhaus style connected the realm of art and technology. Bauhaus ideas influenced design and architecture modern houses and individual rooms. An important feature of style is functionality. Creating an interior in the Bauhaus style involves the work of technologists, artisans and artists for one result.