Sewer ventilation in a private house: we understand building codes and rules for installing a fan pipe. Rules for the arrangement of internal sewerage Permissible deviations external sewerage
For the installation of external sewerage and water supply, initial design is prescribed, layouts and further development are approved. Workflow projects, as a rule, are developed simultaneously for the water supply network and sewerage, while calculating the optimal balance of object water consumption and filling sewer facilities for the treatment and disposal of used effluents.
The arrangement of external water supply and sewerage at large facilities is provided so that it is possible to connect them as much as possible with other treatment facilities and existing pipelines. The possibility of using treated effluents for irrigation and watering, as well as for filling production processes necessary technical water.
In addition to design developments, when building centralized highways, reconstructing and expanding existing networks, it is worth being guided by the provisions of SNiP, taking into account other rules and regulations, standards and other departmental documents that have been approved in accordance with the norms of SNiP 1.01.01–1983.
For the acceptance of work into operation at the end of construction and there are requirements set out in SNiP 3.01.04–1987. Digging trenches, excavation, backfilling after laying the pipeline is regulated by SNiP 3.02.01–1987.
Laying of external pipelines
To prevent damage to the anti-corrosion layer top coat pipes and assembled finished sections, gentle grips made of soft materials are used that cannot harm the surface layer.
When laying out and connecting pipes intended for the supply of drinking water and hygiene procedures, they try prevent any external sewage from entering and other surface liquids. All pipes and fittings must be cleaned internally before being installed in the installation position.
Works on the installation of external pipelines must be detailed in the workbook, where they describe the volumes performed every day, indicating compliance with the project, the depth of laying, and the degree of strengthening of the walls of the trench.
If a slope of the pipeline with non-pressure movement of liquid is provided, then pipes with welded sockets are laid along it with a wide part upwards. While doing straight sections from one well to another using a mirror check the view to the light. Such checks are carried out until full backfilling, while the displayed gap should be of a circular shape. A horizontal deviation of no more than 5 cm in each direction is allowed. There should be no vertical deviations.
Small deviations from the design axis of external pipelines under pressure are allowed, which should not be more than 10 cm in plan, and the marks of non-pressure trays should not exceed 0.5 cm. in accordance with SNiP, and if special conditions are required, they are indicated in the working drafts.
When laying the pipeline along a slight curvature of the route, products with welded sockets should be used and rubber gaskets should be installed. With Turning movement is allowed only 2º for pipes with a diameter of up to 60 cm and 1º when laying with a diameter of more than 60 cm. The installation of a pipeline in rough terrain is regulated by the provisions and rules of SNiP III-42–1980.
The connections of the socket pipes in straight sections are made so that the equal width of the socket gap is centered along the diameter for grouting. During breaks in laying, the ends of the pipes and various mounting holes are buried with plugs and plugs. When installing in frosty conditions, the rubber seals are first defrosted.
Joint sealants and sealing materials are used by those that are developed and laid down in the project. When connecting with flanges, several rules are observed:
- flange connections are placed strictly perpendicular to the central pipe axis;
- when installing bolts, their heads are placed on one side, the hardware is strengthened gradually according to the principle of a cross;
- the planes of the flanges must be even, without distortions, their alignment with the help of gaskets is not allowed;
- all adjacent welding joints are performed after the installation of the flange.
If the wall of the pit is used as a support, then its structure should not be disturbed by digging. Slots obtained from the installation of an external pipeline on prefabricated supports, must be sealed with concrete or cement mortar. The insulation of steel and reinforced concrete elements of the pipeline is carried out in accordance with the project or the provisions of SNiP 3.04.03–1985.
All work performed, which will be hidden by a layer of soil, is necessarily reflected in the acts for hidden work. Subject to verification:
- preparation and arrangement of the base;
- installation of stops;
- fixed gaps of butt joints, method of sealing;
- construction and installation of wells;
- implementation of corrosion protection;
- method of isolating pipe penetrations through side walls wells;
- trench backfilling and ramming method.
The device of external pipelines from steels
Before starting welding work clean the joints from contamination, check the conformity of the geometric dimensions of the edges, clean them until a shine appears. After welding is completed all damaged places must be isolated according to the old scheme, in accordance with the design instructions.
In order to weld two pipes with a longitudinal or spiral assembly seam, the ends of the pipes should be positioned so that the offset of the joints is no more than 10 cm. If factory products with a longitudinal joint are used, then alignment does not play a role. Transverse welding seams have:
- no closer than 20 cm from the edge of the outer pipeline;
- no closer than 30 cm from the enclosing surface of the main structure, passing the pipeline or from the case edge;
- no closer than 10 cm from the welded pipe.
When installing the pipeline, centralizers are used, it is allowed to straighten dents on the walls up to 3.5% of the diameter. Curves with a large size are cut out of the route. The nicks at the ends of the pipes more than 0.5 cm are cut off with a section of the pipe.
Welders are allowed to perform welding with documents authorizing welding work, who have passed the certification of welders according to the rules of the State Technical Supervision Service. To recognize the master at a distance of 40 cm from the joint on the visible side a red-hot personal brand of each welder is put.
If welding is used in several layers, then each seam must be cleaned from slag and metal splashes before the next one is applied. Those areas on which a seam with craters and shells is applied are cut down to the base metal, and the cracks in the seam are boiled a second time. Outdoors, contact with workplace wet precipitation and gusts of wind. When conducting a control review of welding, the following is carried out:
- control over each welding and pipeline assembly operation according to SNiP 3.01.01–1985;
- checking the continuity of the welded joint and detecting defects by radiographic control method (X-ray or ultrasound).
All received joints are subjected to external inspection. When constructing a pipeline from pipes over 100 cm measure the outer and inner diameters. Before starting the inspection, the surface on both sides of the seam is cleaned of slag and metal splashes, scale.
If an external examination did not reveal metal cracks in the seam and the adjacent area, deviations from the dimensions and the required shape, sagging, burns and sagging from the inside, then the welding quality is considered satisfactory. Unsatisfactory seams are to be knocked down and performed again.
Welding quality is checked by X-ray and ultrasound at a system pressure of up to 10 atmospheres, in an amount of at least 2%, but at least one weld per welder, up to 20 atmospheres, in a volume of 5%, but at least two welds per welder. An increase in pressure above 20 atmospheres increases the amount of welding material to be checked up to three seams per welding worker. Welded joints selected for control are checked under the control of the customer, who notes in the work log information about the location of the joint and the name of the welder.
If, when determining the quality of the seam, fistulas, cracks, poorly welded areas are found, then such a seam is rejected, redone and a second quality control is performed. When viewing physical devices elements of marriage are allowed:
Installation of cast iron pipes
Cast iron pipes are exposed and connected by means of socket joints, which are compacted with resin hemp or strands impregnated with bitumen. On top they arrange a lock made of asbestos cement. If the pipes are made without a socket, then they are connected using rubber cuffs, which are supplied in parallel with the pipes. The composition of the mixture components is described in the project, the name and quality of the sealant are also indicated there.
For control correct installation gap for the stop surface of the socket and the pipe end to be connected is performed slot for pipes with a diameter of up to 30 cm, adopted 5 mm, and for a larger diameter, this figure is equal to a size of up to 10 mm.
Construction of external pipelines from asbestos cement
Before making the connection, marks should be made on the end of the pipe, indicating the position of the coupling before installation and after the finished mounted joint. Connection of asbestos pipes with metal fittings or sections of steel pipes are produced by cast iron fittings or steel joints using rubber sealing rings.
The quality of sealing of each seam is checked after connection, while paying attention to the correct installation of the rubber bands and the location of the couplings, as well as the uniformity of the tightening of the bolts.
Laying of concrete and reinforced concrete sections of the pipeline
For reinforced concrete pipes the gap between the stop of the socket and the end face is performed in millimeters:
The joints of pipes placed on the site without standard seals are sealed with tarred hemp or a strand impregnated with bitumen. The lock is treated with an asbestos-cement mixture or special sealants specified in the project with a description of the required embedment depth. Pipelines over 100 cm are closed at the joints cement mortar of the brand defined in the project. If the brand is not separately indicated in the diagrams and documents, then they are sealed with a composition solution of 7.5.
The sealing of joints with folds when arranging a non-pressure version for pipes made of concrete with smooth ends is carried out strictly according to the instructions of the project. When arranging joints of reinforced concrete products, metal inserts and shaped elements according to the project.
Ceramic outdoor piping
The value of the end gap is taken for pipes with a diameter of up to 30 cm - 6–7 mm, bigger size- up to 10 mm. The joints are insulated with tarred hemp or bitumen in contact with the strand and further coated with cement mortar, bituminous mastic or sealants. Suitable for use with asphalt mix, if the temperature of the water flow does not exceed 40ºС, and it does not contain chemical wastes that dissolve bitumen. The pipes entering the well or chambers should be sealed in such a way that water tightness and tightness of the joints are ensured.
Installation of lightweight plastic pipelines
Pipes are made of low and high pressure polyethylene, which are connected to each other and plug-in elements by butt-welding the ends or using socket pipes. Only elements of the same material are welded, and the connection different materials not allowed.
For the performance of work, people who have the right to weld, confirmed by documents, are allowed. To ensure the efficiency of the process, apply various settings providing compliance with the specified technology parameters. Welding of polyethylene pipes is allowed at a temperature not lower than 10ºС of frost, moisture and dust are not allowed to enter the welding work area.
It is allowed, according to the norms of SNiP, to glue the same type of pipes made of polyethylene using a special glue, which is used when installing rubber cuffs that come to the facility along with the products. The joints are not subjected to mechanical loads for 20 minutes, and hydraulic effects can take place only after a day from the moment of gluing. The ambient temperature should not exceed 35ºС and be not lower than 5ºС, gluing is carried out in a place protected from rain and wind.
The device for the external passage of the pipeline through obstacles
Fluid supply lines often encounter natural obstacles on their way: rivers, lakes, ravines, quarries. In places of previously laid roads, tram and train tracks, subways also have to equip specialized crossing points. To work on the construction of transitions workers of specialized organizations are allowed, which have a license to puncture under roads and other places.
The procedure for arranging passage under roads and natural barriers is necessarily described in detail in the project with the preparation of special drawings and takes place with constant technical supervision of each stage of the implementation. At the same time, special attention is paid to the installation of through-hole cases and pipeline marks.
Permissible deviations are provided for the height marks of the cases:
- with slope hold in accordance with the project, the vertical deviation can be no more than 0.6% of the size of the case for non-pressure and 1% pressure lines;
- offset is allowed in the plan only 1% of the shell size of systems without pressure and 1.5% for pressure options.
Rules for the installation of collecting tanks
To facilitate compliance with the rules for arranging prefabricated containers made of concrete and reinforced concrete, one should be guided by the provisions specified in SNiP 3.03.01–1987. The backfilling of the earth is done by mechanisms after the completion of the laying of pipelines to and from the treatment tanks. A preliminary test is carried out by supplying working pressure to the line, but only after the concrete structures have gained all the required strength.
Installation drainage systems and their distribution units is carried out after testing the mounted container for tightness. Drilling holes in pipelines is carried out according to the terms of the project. Deviations from the design size of the holes should not exceed 1–3 mm. Offset from the design position of the axes of caps, couplings is allowed only 4 mm, and in height should not be more than the design mark.
The edge marks of the trays and drains are made according to the liquid level and are guided by the project data. When punching triangular overflows, the bottom of the hole should not be 3 mm higher or lower than the design. The line of trays and gutters should not have sections with an inclination opposite to the movement of drains, on the surface of the channel there should not be bumps and build-ups that prevent the natural flow of water.
All filters with filling are added to the design of the treatment plant only after the completion of hydraulic testing activities, and when repair work- after flushing and cleaning the supply pipelines, locking devices.
The filter components used to pass the liquid are selected subject to the requirements of SNiP 2.04.02–1984. The descriptions indicate the thickness of the filter layer, the deviation from the dimensions of which is allowed within no more than 2 cm.
Welding work is completed before the installation of the wooden structural components of the treatment plant.
Technology for the construction of water supply and sewerage in difficult climatic conditions
Special points that must be taken into account when constructing highways in difficult natural conditions are described in the project in a separate section. Temporary water supply pipelines are laid above the ground, and the requirements are observed as when carrying out work on the installation of a permanent branch.
The construction of water supply and sewerage on frozen soils, as a rule, is carried out at negative air temperatures. The provisions of SNiP provide for the requirement preserve the frozen soil of the base in its original form. The same applies to construction on frozen ground, but already at temperatures above 0ºС, it is impossible to change the soil parameters adopted in the basis of the project.
If soils abundantly saturated with ice inclusions enter the development, they are thawed to the design freezing depth and compacted. Sometimes it is planned to replace the soil with compacted thawed masses. The movement of auxiliary and main vehicles is carried out along special access roads, which are carried out in strict accordance with the working drawings.
Construction of water and sewer mains in the terrain with high seismic hazard is produced according to the standard terrain method, but additional measures are taken to protect buildings from destruction during tremors.
Docking sections are performed by electric arc welding, and their verification is carried out by 100% by the method of physical control. Plasticizers are added to cement joint and insulating mortars to reduce damage. Measures to reduce the impact on structures of seismic conditions in without fail are entered in the work log and acts for work hidden by the ground.
By backfilling trenches, they maintain internal cleanliness expansion joints. The seam gap must be continuous and cleared of layers of earth, concrete splashes and influx of mortar along the entire length from the sole of the base to the top of the aerial part. Remains of formwork and shields are removed from them.
Works on the arrangement of expansion and expansion joints, gaps for sliding, reinforcement, installation of hinged fasteners and spacers, arrangement of the passage of pipes through hard surfaces must be certified by supporting documents.
When laying water supply and sewerage in a swampy area, before laying the pipe in a trench, liquid is pumped out of it. Sometimes the description of the project work provides for laying into a water-filled trench, but in this case, the methods specified in the documents must be followed to prevent the pipe from surfacing. It is necessary to move such pipes by swimming with necessarily muffled ends.
The construction of a water supply and sewerage route on the surface of the dam is permitted only when the soil is compacted to the design state, which is verified by research. When laying pipes on soil with a high coefficient of subsidence, in places where supports for connections are installed, soils are also compacted using internal vibrators.
Test activities
Pipelines with working pressure
For some systems, the work plan specifies how the test is to be carried out. If there is no such data, then verification is performed in a standard way, which consists in testing for tightness and strength by the hydraulic method. In some cases, the pneumatic method is allowed:
- for underground highways from asbestos-cement, cast-iron and reinforced concrete pipes with design pressure no more than 5 atmospheres;
- for pipelines in the soil with a design pressure of not more than 16 atmospheres made of steel;
- ground steel lines with a pressure of not more than 0.3 atmospheres.
All pipelines without exception are tested twice. The first stage involves a control test by a construction company without an invitation from a customer representative. This action documented by a special act, the form of which is accepted in the construction company. The test is carried out by backfilling the trench to half the level of the pipe. In this case, all connecting joints remain open for visual inspection. Methods for such a preliminary test are regulated in the provisions of SNiP 3.02.01–1987.
The last final acceptance is carried out after the final backfilling of the pipeline and compaction of the soil. At this stage, a representative of the customer is present, and all actions are formalized by a standard act for such a case.
If the pipeline is laid in land conditions that allow visual inspection of the system, then no initial check. A preliminary check is not carried out in crowded conditions and if immediate backfilling is required, for example, in case of severe frosts.
When arranging a water supply and sewerage route through natural obstacles, the test is carried out for the first time during assembly on site after the pipes are connected, but before anti-corrosion treatment is performed. The second stage involves testing laid down in working position pipes without digging into the soil. The results of the check are reflected in the corresponding act.
Highways laid in places under railways and highways, they are checked for the first time when laying in a working position, but already in a protective casing. The cavities between the walls of the casing and the pipe are not filled. The second time is tested after complete backfilling and compaction of the soil.
The size of the test pressure and the value of the calculated pressure of the liquid in the line are indicated in the provisions of the working draft, guided by the data of SNiP 2.04.02–1984.
Reinforced concrete, asbestos-cement, cast iron and steel lines are tested in sections 1 km long at a time. It is permitted to increase the size of the test area beyond 1 km if the volume of pumped water is calculated as for a length of 1 km. Water pipelines made of polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride are checked sequentially in sections of no more than 0.5 km. If the volume of pumped liquid is the same as for a section of 0.5 km, then it is allowed to take a length of 1 km for testing. If the project for the production of works does not contain data on the value of the allowable pressure for testing, then it is calculated according to special tables.
Before the test begins, the following work must first be completed:
The specialist in charge of the test is issued a permit for carrying out high-risk work, indicating in it the coordinates and dimensions of the space being checked. This document is filled out according to the established pattern, which is determined by the norms of SNiP III-4-1980.
Measuring instruments in the test process are pressure gauges, which must meet certain parameters:
- accuracy class should not be lower than 1.5;
- the diameter of the device (case) is not less than 16 cm;
- the scale of the instrument should be 1/3 higher than the limit indication of the test pressure.
The measurement of the volume of water used during the test is carried out with measuring containers or temporary water meters are installed, which are certified in the standard manner.
The arrival of water and filling the test section of the highway should be carried out with the intensity specified in the project, which in standard cases is:
- for pipes with a diameter of up to 40 cm - no more than 5 m3 per hour;
- for pipes with a diameter of up to 60 cm - no more than 10 m3 per hour;
- for pipes with a diameter of up to 100 cm - no more than 15 m3 per hour;
- for pipes with a diameter of up to 110 cm - no more than 20 m3 per hour.
Acceptance of the pressure line using hydraulics begins after filling the trench with soil in accordance with SNiP 3.02.01–1987. Before this, the system is filled with water and kept in a filled state. Reinforced concrete pipelines are kept for 72 hours, of which 12 hours are pressurized within the design value. Asbestos-cement and cast iron pipes are checked for 24 hours, half of the time is under pressure. Pipelines made of steel and polyethylene are not pre-filled with water; such a check is not provided for them. In the case of filling with liquid, the inspection time is counted from the moment the trench is filled with earth.
The network is recognized as having passed the test if the volume of the lost liquid does not exceed the allowable flow rate of pumped water for a test section of 1 km. If the water flow rate is more than specified, the main is not recognized as serviceable, and measures are taken to identify defects in the desired area. After the leak is eliminated, the test is repeated.
Data on these parameters are given in special test tables. For cast iron pipes connected to each other with rubber rings, the allowable value is multiplied by a factor of 0.75. If the length of the desired gap is less than 1 km, then the allowable volume of pumped liquid is brought to a different value by multiplying it by the actual length of the pipeline.
For pipes made of polypropylene, polyethylene, welded together, and for sections of glued PVC elements, the allowable flow rate of the pumped liquid is taken as for pipelines made of steels equal in diameter. PVC pipelines connected by rubber seals are calculated for the flow rate of pumped water as for cast iron elements of equal diameter.
The amount of hydraulic pressure for testing the pipeline for tightness and strength is usually indicated in the description of the working project. If there is no such data in the documents, then they take the standard value:
To check the steel line, before starting the test for strength and tightness, air is pumped into it. It must be in the pipeline section for a certain time to equalize the temperature of the soil and air mass. The time depends on the diameter of the pipes:
- pipe diameter up to 30 cm is subject to exposure for 2 hours;
- from 30 cm to 60 cm withstand 4 hours;
- diameter from 60 cm to 90 cm requires exposure to 8 hours;
- from 90 cm to 120 cm the temperature levels off within 16 hours;
- pipes from 120 cm to 140 cm in diameter withstand 24 hours;
- the line with a diameter of more than 140 cm is filled with air for 32 hours.
For all pipe diameters, it is recommended to apply test pneumatic pressure for a period of 30 minutes, which is achieved by additional pumping of air mass. To inspect the pipeline in order to identify defects, the pressure is reduced. Steel pipes are inspected at a pressure of 0.3 MPa, reinforced concrete, cast iron and steel - with readings of 0.1 MPa. Connection defects will be indicated by bubbles appearing in the connecting places and the sound of passing air.
The elimination of leaks is carried out at zero pressure, after which the pipeline section is retested. The pipeline is considered accepted for operation if the inspection does not reveal any violation of the integrity of the pipe and weld joints.
Checking non-pressure pipelines
Pipelines that will be operated without pressure are taken in two stages. The initial test is carried out before backfilling., and the final check is carried out after the implementation of the shelter in one of the ways, which is determined by the working draft:
the volume of liquid added to the desired section of the pipeline, laid in dry soil or in wet soil, is measured, if the mark ground water at the highest well is below the earth's surface by more than 0.5 of the depth of the laid pipes, measuring from the shelyga to the hatch;
the volume of fluid inflow into the line laid in wet soil is measured if the groundwater level is greater than 0.5 of the depth indicator.
Wells, in which moisture insulation is located inside, are checked for tightness by measuring the volume of added liquid, and structures in which waterproofing is provided outside, by measuring the volume of water inflow.
Those well designs that are equipped with waterproof walls and are insulated from moisture inside and out, tested by determining the volume of moisture inflow or measuring the added water at the same time as checking the line or a separate stage. If the well, according to the project, does not provide for waterproofing outside and inside, and the walls are made of permeable materials, then a check for tightness and strength is not provided.
The tightness test is carried out on sections of the pipeline between adjacent wells. Sometimes the required amount of water for testing is not available or its supply is difficult, then it is allowed to test sample areas determined by the customer representative. According to the norms, with a length of the main line up to 5 km, several sections are checked, and if the length of the pipeline is more than 5 km, then several sections are tested so that their total length is 30% of the length of the route. If the test result of at least one of the wells is unsatisfactory, the entire pipeline is tested.
The value of water pressure must be determined in the working design. If there is no such data in the documents, then this indicator is determined by the volume of liquid excess in a well or riser above the main line or above the ground liquid mark, if it is above the device. For ceramic, reinforced concrete, concrete pipelines, this indicator is standardized to a value of 0.04 MPa.
The hydraulic pressure in the line is created by filling the riser located at the top with liquid, or by filling the upper well with moisture, if it is intended to be tested.
The first stage of the strength test is carried out with the pipeline open for 30 minutes. To do this, constantly add liquid to the well or riser so that the water level does not drop by more than 20 cm.
The pipeline and wells are considered to have passed the tightness test if no areas of fluid leakage are detected during visual inspection. Allowed droplet formation at pipe joints, not merging into one stream, if the project does not provide for requirements for increased tightness of the pipeline. In this case, the total area of areas of misting with drops should not exceed 5% of the area of the pipes in the section being checked.
The final acceptance test for tightness begins after filling with water and holding in this state. For wells and pipelines made of reinforced concrete and protected from moisture from the inside and outside, the exposure time is 72 hours, and for all other materials - 24 hours.
The tightness of the pipeline covered with soil during final acceptance is carried out in one of the following ways:
- first method allows you to determine in the upper well the volume of water added to the riser for 30 minutes of time so that the liquid level in the structure under test does not drop by more than 20 cm;
- second way involves measuring in the lower well the volume of ground moisture seeping into the well.
A section of the main line is considered to have passed acceptance for tightness if the volume of added water in the first method and the influx of liquid in the second method does not exceed the norms presented in special tables, which is an acceptance certificate in a mandatory form.
If the test time increases and is more than 30 minutes, then the indicator of the allowable volume of liquid, taken from the table, also increases proportionally.
Pipelines made of reinforced concrete with rubber seals at the joints allow the volume of added liquid or water inflow indicated in the table to be multiplied by a factor of 0.7.
To determine the allowable inflow rate or the volume of liquid through the enclosing structures in the well per 1 m of its depth, this value should be taken for pipes of the same material and equal diameter.
Rain sewers are checked according to the rules intended for checking non-pressure pipelines by preliminary and final testing, if this is prescribed in the working design document.
If the line is made of non-pressure roller or socket reinforced concrete elements with a diameter of more than 160 cm, which are designed by the project for lines with a working pressure of up to 0.05 MPa with external and internal waterproofing provided for by the project, they are checked for operability by a hydraulic test with a pressure specified in the project.
Testing of capacitive structures
Collecting tanks made of concrete are subject to inspection only after the laid concrete reaches the strength provided for in the project. Before hydraulic testing of capacitive structures for tightness and strength, they are thoroughly cleaned from the influx of solution and debris. Isolation from moisture and backfilling of the trench with soil is carried out only after positive results hydraulic test, unless other conditions are prescribed in the working design of the work.
Prior to the start of work on hydraulic testing, the collecting container is filled with liquid in two stages. The first one involves pouring water to a height of 1 m and keeping it in the chamber for one day. The second stage replenishes the capacity to the mark of the design top. After that, the liquid is kept in the tank for at least 72 hours.
The collection container is considered to have passed the test if the outflow of water in it is not more than three liters per 1 m2 wet bottom and walls. Examine the seams, walls and base for water leakage. Permissible fogging and darkening of some places. If the container is open, then the effect of liquid evaporation from the water surface is additionally taken into account.
If water leaks are found on the walls and seams or wet soil in the base, the container is considered to have failed the test, even if the amount of liquid lost does not exceed the allowable limits. In such cases, all areas with defects are noted, which are then repaired. After carrying out work to eliminate the shortcomings, the collecting capacity is tested again.
When carrying out a leak test on containers that are supposed to contain aggressive liquids, the slightest leak is not allowed. The test is carried out before the application of the anti-corrosion layer.
All prefabricated and monolithic filter channels and lighting contact chambers are subject to hydraulic checks with the design pressure specified in the working draft of the work. They are recognized as having passed the hydraulics test if, during visual inspection, no fluid leaks are detected in the side surfaces of the filter channels and above them, and the value of the control test pressure is not reduced by more than 0.002 MPa.
When testing the collection tank of the cooling tower and during its hydraulic check, darkening of places and even slight fogging of them is not allowed. Sumps and potable water tanks undergo a hydraulic test after providing overlap, it is carried out in accordance with the norms and requirements of standard rules. Drinking containers are subjected to an additional test for vacuum and overpressure by excess air pressure in the amount of 0.0008 MPa for half an hour. They are considered fit if the pressure index decreases by no more than 0.0002 MPa, unless other requirements are specified in the design documents.
Drainage and distribution caps of filter channels are tested for delivering fluid flow at a rate of 5–8 liters per second and air flow at a speed of 20 liters per second. This feed is carried out three times lasting up to 10 minutes. Caps with detected defects are replaced and checked again.
The mains of the water supply and sewerage, before carrying out the acceptance measures, are mandatory washed and disinfected with a chlorine solution with further washing. Control chemical and bacteriological samples are taken, washing is carried out until positive results meet standard requirements GOST and instructions of the Ministry of Health for the control of disinfection of drinking water and disinfection of water supply.
Measures for disinfection and flushing of pipes and structures of the utility and drinking main are carried out by a construction organization that lays pipelines with the participation of the customer and the controlling organization sanitary and epidemiological operational service in the standard manner set out in the relevant instructions. The results of the work carried out are recorded in an act of washing and disinfection in a standard form, which contains the signatures of all representatives of the executive and supervisory services.
Structures on the main water supply and sewerage
Connections, bends and piping depth
All docking points, turns of the route on the collectors are arranged in wells. The turning radius of the tray is taken not less than the diameter of the element in collectors with a size of 120 cm. Collectors with large diameters are arranged with a turn of at least 5 pipe diameters, while inspection wells are necessarily arranged at the beginning and end of the bend.
The angle of connection of the outlet pipe is taken not less than a straight one. If the connection is made with a height difference, then the angle between the connected route and the outgoing route is allowed to be of any size.
Docking of pipes of different diameters is carried out along the shelyg or at the level of the calculated liquid height. To determine the smallest depth of pipe laying, perform a thermal calculation or take into account standard depth laying in the working area.
If it is impossible to perform calculations or there is no data on the depth of laying in a given area, then standard conditions are accepted. Pipeline with a diameter of less than 50 cm they are laid to a height of 30 cm, and pipes of larger diameter are laid to a depth that exceeds the freezing point of the soil by half a meter. This distance may not be less than 70 cm from the top of the pipe, starting from the ground surface or grade level, to prevent crushing by machines.
The maximum laying depth is determined by special calculations, which take into account the category of soil, the material of the pipes and their size, as well as the method of laying. Ready data are indicated in the project for the production of works.
Construction of manholes
Manholes along the highway suit:
The dimensions of rectangular wells or sewer chambers in the plan are provided depending on the diameter of the pipes. Pipelines up to 60 cm in diameter require a size of 100 X 100 cm. Lines with a pipe diameter of more than 70 cm are equipped with wells 120 X 150 cm.
Round wells are arranged on tracks with a diameter of up to 60 cm and a size of 100 cm, with a diameter of up to 70 cm they put decks of 125 cm, more than 120 cm in diameter require a well of 200 cm.
The dimensions of the rotary wells are calculated based on their design conditions for placing receiving and intermediate trays in them. On routes with a diameter of not more than 15 cm and a pipe laying depth of up to 1.2 m it is allowed to install wells, small in size, up to 60 cm in size. They are intended only for lowering cleaning mechanisms, people are not lowered.
In height, working wells are made to a height of 1.8 m (from the platform to the cover), if the working height of the well according to the project is less than 1.2 m, then their width is made from 30 to 100 cm. Shelves and platforms for manholes are arranged at the height of the upper surface pipes of the largest diameter.
On highways of elements with a diameter of 70 cm or more, a working area is arranged in front and a shelf of at least 10 cm in size on the other side of the tray. In pipelines with a diameter of more than 200 cm, the working platform is performed on consoles, with an open tray of at least 200 X 200 cm.
For preventive maintenance of trays and descent of people, hinged ladders are provided in the working part of the well, which can be stationary or removable. Be sure to arrange a fence of the site for work to a height of one meter.
rain wells
Rain sewer wells are arranged in terms of dimensions on pipelines from 60 to 70 cm with a diameter of 1 m, and from 70 cm or more they are made rectangular in size 1 m X 1 m or round with a diameter equal to a large pipe, but not less than 1 m.
The height of wells on pipelines with a diameter of 70 cm to 140 cm depends on the tray largest size, on highways with a diameter of more than 150 cm work sites are not included. Shelves in wells are arranged only in pipelines no more than 90 cm at the level of ½ half of the largest pipe.
The standard width of the manhole neck for all sizes is assumed to be 70 cm in diameter; it should allow lowering the equipment for cleaning the route on bends and straight sections.
Hatches are installed at the level of the road of the carriageway with ideal coverage. On lawns and in the green zone, the cover should be 7 cm above the surface, and in unequipped and undeveloped areas, the hatch cover mark is 20 cm from the ground. To prevent unauthorized entry hatches suit with locking devices. The design of the hatch must be strong and withstand the load from passing vehicles or other loads and allow the free entry of maintenance personnel.
If in the place of the well device high level groundwater, above the design bottom, then the walls and base of the chamber are waterproofed to a level above the water penetration mark.
Elevation wells of the main
The slopes of the route up to 3 m high are designed in the form of weirs from the working profile. If a drops are provided up to 6 m high, then the connection is made in the form of a riser or walls for spreading a vertical arrangement. Wherein specific consumption drains is determined at the rate of 0.3 m per second per linear meter of the width of the wall or the circumference of the section of the riser.
The riser is equipped with a receiving funnel on top and a metal plate at the base with a water pit below. Pits in risers with diameters less than 30 cm are not arranged; instead, a guide elbow is provided. Lines with a pipe diameter of up to 60 cm are equipped with a drain in the inspection chamber instead of installing a viewing well.
In the receiving collectors of rain sewers with a height difference of up to 100 cm, drop chambers are equipped according to the type of drain, a height difference of up to 300 cm requires a water pit with the installation of one grid made of slabs or beams, two grids are installed with a drain height difference of up to 400 cm.
rainwater inlets
The construction of water intake chambers includes:
Gutters suit horizontal type when gratings are installed on the surface of the street in the plane of the carriageway. Vertical storm water inlets are practiced, the gratings of which are inserted into the side of the curb. Sometimes it is advisable to build mixed-type storm water inlets with vertical and horizontal gratings installed. They are not placed on the gentle slopes of the street terrain.
With a jagged, gently sloping street, the distance between the rainwater receivers is determined by calculation, taking into account the distance of the longitudinal slope and the depth of the liquid in the tray at the grate. Depth should not exceed 12 cm on a street with a straight gentle slope, the distance between atmospheric precipitation receivers is calculated from the condition that the width of the current in the flume should not exceed 2 m before entering the grate. For the calculation, the amount of precipitation of standard intensity for this area is taken.
The data for calculating the distance from one storm water inlet to another are placed in special tables that take into account the conditions of the relief and the intensity of rainwater runoff. The length of the intermediate section from the manhole to the installed storm water inlet should not exceed 40 cm, on which it is allowed to install no more than one receiver. The diameter of the connecting pipe is determined from the intensity of the water flow to the grate at a slope of 0.02, but not more than 20 cm.
It is allowed to connect organized drains from the roof of buildings and drainage sewerage. If a the open tray should be brought to the closed highway, then this is done with the installation of settling wells. The grating at the head of the pit is made with gaps no larger than 5 cm, diameter connecting pipes the highway is taken according to the calculation, but not less than 25 cm.
Road crossing device
For the intersection of automobile routes of the first and second categories and railway lines of the first, second and third values, pipelines are equipped with protective cases. Other categories of roads and rail links allow the laying of the water supply and sewerage line without a shell device. The intersection of pipelines with paths (under them) of pressure action must be laid from steel pipes. Non-pressure mains are allowed to be arranged with cast-iron elements.
A puncture under the roads must be coordinated with the city or regional special services in accordance with the established procedure. At the same time, the possibility of designing and laying additional roads and railways in this area is taken into account. All work on the arrangement of the intersection with artificial barriers is carried out in accordance with the provisions of SNiP 31.13330.
To start carrying out measures to equip the crossing point, it is necessary to provide for the occurrence on the site under the road. Drainage is provided to the sewer. If a there is no sewer line in the immediate vicinity, measures are being taken to prevent the merger Wastewater with natural water bodies, on the surrounding territory of the relief. To do this, they arrange the switching of pipeline fittings, install additional collecting tanks and provide for an emergency shutdown of the pumps.
Preservation of the slope in the case is carried out by concreting platforms of a given height with the installation of retaining guide structures. On the top surface of the case it is allowed to lay electrical cables and communication wires in the design of pipes. In some cases, it is allowed, after laying the pipes, to fill the space between them and the walls of the case with cement mortar.
For cases that are laid by the installation method, the wall thickness is calculated depending on the degree of penetration, and thickness of the walls of the shell, which is laid by the puncture method or extrusion, is determined by the calculation, taking into account the amount of pressure of the jack, in order to avoid shape change and deformation.
Steel cases must be processed inside and out anti-corrosion coating and moisture insulation.
Pipe ventilation device
Domestic sewage is ventilated through the internal risers of the house sewer, but sometimes a device for forced ventilation of sewer networks is provided. Ventilation suit:
If the release of wastewater is envisaged in the area of sanitary or protected zones, residential areas and in places of accumulation of human flow, then they arrange treatment facilities for the neutralization and partial treatment of sewage.
Natural ventilation of external networks that drain wastewater with volatile poisonous and explosive components present in them is installed at each outlet from the house in the form of risers with a diameter of at least 20 cm. They should be placed in the heated area of the house, providing for them a connection with the hydraulic seal chamber. The outlet of the ventilation pipe is carried out above the roof of a residential building to a height of at least 70 cm.
With regard to the ventilation device of common sewers and channels large diameter, arranged by the shield or mining method, then the design of the ventilation units is built according to special calculations, the drawings of which are given in the working draft.
The device of any type of pressure or non-pressure type of water supply and sewage lines requires a serious attitude. All work carried out by construction organizations is carried out in strict accordance with the provisions and standards prescribed in SNiP. This is the only way to avoid unpleasant moments associated with the pollution of drinking water and the deterioration of the ecology of the surrounding space.
Sewer pipelines require a very careful attitude to literally every element.
Only in this case will not arise with further operation. Each of the stages of work is carried out on the basis of the current regulatory documentation.
One of its types is SNiP. Sewerage, internal networks – only one of the many areas of construction covered by this document.
Sewerage, located outside, consists of: main pipelines, drainage and sewer structures. Without adjustment, other types of equipment will not work.
There can be several installation systems in such a sewer:
- Creating a separate alloy. In each part of the system there is a separate collector for draining wastewater.
- Semi-split alloy. Two separate systems are used for atmospheric precipitation, as well as effluents from social and economic activities. But one sewer is used for draining.
- General alloy. Everything is integrated into a single system, which includes the collector.
Without the principle of gravity, almost none of the modern ones is built. Therefore, the terrain on the ground always deserves special attention.
An accurate calculation of the slope is required. When a pipeline is laid, a document such as SNiP 2.04.03-85 plays the role of a support. If this factor is not taken into account, then the pipeline will simply become clogged with particles, including solid ones:
- If the slope is too large, the flow rate will also increase. But because of this, solid inclusions will remain in place.
- A small slope leads to a decrease in the quality of the drain. In this connection, solid particles settle in the pipes. And blockages form.
0.7-1 m / s - the optimal speed for the movement of the carrier inside. So it is said in all varieties of SNiP. Installation of sewerage, internal networks is carried out only taking into account these requirements.
Carrying out installation of networks of internal type
The process takes a lot of time, even with careful attention to each step.
Without following a certain sequence, it will not be possible to achieve the desired result.
As well as without thoroughness, accuracy.
The performance of the entire system depends on how competently it is carried out.
Professional help is indispensable, although it is also possible to independently carry out part of the work.
A mandatory document for familiarization will be SNiP "Internal water supply and sewerage".
Even with self-manufacturing of the project, it is recommended to show the latter to a specialist. Then there is less chance of problems in the future. Only after approval can you start purchasing the required ones.
We start with the installation of risers
This is the first step in the process of installing risers. According to the developed plan, markings are applied to the surface. Only after that they begin to mount the pipeline.
The positions of the risers in the vertical must be observed with maximum rigor. Then, in the places where the pipes are joined, there will be no fractures, distortions.
Pipes are laid so that the sockets are directed upwards. To start, starting work in the cellars. At the same time, they are trying to arrange an audit.
What is a revision, why is it needed? This is the name of a type of tee or fitting. It is needed to provide free access to sections of the pipeline where a gap may appear.
They try to install revisions in every place where a corner appears. Also at the beginning and at the end.
With a linear and long pipeline, 30 centimeters is equal to the minimum distance between the fittings. The inspection hatch is recommended for those who plan to create a wired form of the riser. Such hatches are needed to facilitate the maintenance of the water supply.
Ventilation is what each of the sewer risers necessarily ends with. It should go to the attic with good ventilation. Or on the roof of the house.
Towards the end of the channel, the design looks like a ventilation duct, with an individual construction. It is strictly forbidden to bring communications into the chimney part of the building; this will not allow you to comply with all safety rules.
Horizontal branch lines are mounted at the same time as the risers themselves. This applies to every floor of the building.
The sockets must not be located in places where they pass through building construction like overlays.
About installation work, methods of connecting pipes
Small pipeline sections are easy to assemble in the right place if the buyer prefers plastic varieties of pipes.
Only after assembly proceed to direct installation.
The use of rubber gaskets contributes to the sealing of the connecting elements.
The most complex connection has pipe sections made of cast iron.
Fasteners are allowed as bell-shaped and coupling groups.
Each of them has its own characteristics:
- The bell-shaped one is simpler. One section of the pipeline is simply inserted into another, through the so-called sockets. The connection is sealed with special rubber rings. Then hemp is used, everything is coated with bitumen on top. Or with cement mortar.
- Working with coupling joints is considered more time consuming. They are used much less often, because they necessarily require the use of special skills.
Even novice craftsmen will cope with the installation of plastic sewers.
- On one end of the pipe there is a seal end with a coupling, on the other - a small cut with a chamfer.
- The pipe is inserted into the coupling until it stops. And then it pulls out, but only one and a half centimeters.
- The system acquires additional tightness thanks to rubber rings.
- Where there is a connection, damper gates appear. Due to this, additional protection against linear expansion in pipes appears. This is also stated in documents such as SNiP. Sewerage, internal networks, cleaning – everything must comply with the requirements of the standard.
There is the following set of provisions regulated by the document:
- For pipes, the horizontal plane is important. If the direction needs to be reversed, special connectors are used.
- Branch types of pipelines are attached to risers with tees, crosses.
- The open position of the sewerage system in the basement, on the territory is acceptable utility rooms. Special elements help with mounting on the walls. In the panels and walls of the structure, under the floor, pipes are only hidden. Then they move on to the equipment of hidden furrows.
- A cement-based mortar will help close the places where pipes meet ceilings.
- It is not allowed to lay drainage lines in the floor, in the walls or under the ceiling of living rooms. This also applies to kitchens, any premises where a special sanitary regime is required.
- Hatches are mounted on the opposite side of the revisions. Right on the stand.
- Communications of latrines and baths are located above the floor coverings. The main thing is to take care of waterproofing first.
Sewer stand. What are the rules for setting it up?
We already wrote about revisions above. In SNiPs, even the places of such elements are regulated.
- On the first and last floor of the building they are mounted if there are no indents on the risers.
- When connecting pipes to three or more devices without a cleaning device, installation is carried out at the beginning of the section with branch structures.
- They must be installed at all turns.
- Between revisions, the distance should be at least 8 meters. This rule is common to all sections in the horizontal plane.
Sewer systems and their ventilation
For the organization of ventilation, it is necessary to equip special risers. They all go through . No drainage riser can do without ventilation devices. The system itself is needed to solve three different tasks:
- Reduction of extraneous noise.
- Maintain pressure at a constant level.
- Getting rid of odor.
The ventilation pipe must have the same diameter as the riser. Or bigger. with chimney and ventilation system you can not combine the exhaust part.
When draining the water, the air is rarefied if there is no ventilation in the system. Because of this, unpleasant odors appear inside the premises.
The SNiPs also describe in detail what the ventilation height above the roof should be.
- 3 meters - above the exploited roof.
- 0.5 meters - for a pitched roof.
- 0.3 meters - for a flat roof that is not actively used.
At least 0.1 meters must be up to the prefabricated ventilation shaft.
What pipes to use and how?
Pipes, according to the same SNiPs, are selected based on the requirements for rigidity, the ability to resist corrosion processes.
Do not do without taking into account financial opportunities. It is permissible to use various materials, the main thing is to match the preferences of those who own it.
Internal sewerage is supplied with:
- Pressure system. It is made up of plastic, cast iron, asbestos-cement, reinforced concrete pipes.
- Self-flowing system. Here they use glass and plastic, cast iron, asbestos cement, concrete, various types of reinforced concrete.
More and more buyers prefer plastic. Thanks to this material, they receive many advantages:
- Quick disassembly when needed.
- Simple service. No problems and in-line repairs.
- High level of clogging resistance.
- Durability.
- Reliability.
- The ability to resist environmental influences.
- Protection against chemicals.
- No corrosive processes.
- Fast and easy installation.
- Product prices remain low.
For the production of pipelines, fittings with components, it is permissible to use the same materials.
The wiring is carried out with plastic pipes, several varieties. From all materials the best performance differ:
- Polypropylene.
- Polyethylene.
Most drain pipes use these materials. Some put products made of polyvinyl chloride. But in this case performance characteristics are noticeably reduced.
Drainage lines. About the mount
The use of special clamps will add reliability to the fasteners. Fastenings are located throughout the entire line, when organizing a drain through plastic pipes. The distance between them is 0.5-1 meters.
Sets of steel brackets with end bends are used for mounting with a diameter of 100-110 millimeters. Then the probability of displacement of the sewerage due to the pressure of the liquid is less.
Brackets are located under each of the outlet pipes, near the socket.
What are the requirements for soundproofing?
Residents often worry about being too noisy as it passes through the networks. In many ways, everything here is determined by the materials used in the manufacture of pipes in internal sewer networks.
This problem is easily solved thanks to the following two:
- Install pipes based on mineralized polypropylene. This ensures good noise absorption. Serious energy consumption for such work is not required. There are many ready-made solutions, where almost all elements are already assembled in the factory. But the material still costs a lot, because it is not suitable for any objects.
- Materials provided with sound insulation properties can be wound and on their own. Suitable for this is either a rolled type of insulation, or foamed polyethylene.
The thicker the layer of material, the less extraneous noise will be. Then the work itself will give the best result.
For soundproofing, each buyer chooses materials independently, according to his personal preferences. Here are just a few of the most popular:
- Fiberglass.
- Polyethylene foam.
- Synthetic type of rubber.
- With a mineral wool base.
Each of the houses is supplied with a water seal. The device is partially capable of absorbing extraneous noise.
About the features of the water seal
Valves can be installed with a common capacity for all devices, or individually for each of them.
The most widely used are metal or plastic valves. They are installed where pipes connect to each other.
Mounting internal sewerage- on video:
Since ancient times, mankind has been faced with the problem of wastewater treatment. The history of sewers begins with ancient rome. It was here that the first internal sewage system appeared, designed to drain the products of human life. These tanks, much like modern septic tanks, had to be periodically cleaned out. A significant difference is that modern containers are completely sealed and prevent pollution of groundwater and soil. harmful substances.
The ancient Roman sewer, the cloaca, was distinguished by engineering complexity. During its construction, the terrain was taken into account, and peculiar pumping stations were used to raise the effluents to a hill. The width of the cesspool reached seven meters, which forced the workers who served it to move along it in a boat. Later, sewerage appeared in all other countries of the world.
In the modern world, the problem of wastewater treatment can be solved by installing a treatment plant system - local sewerage consisting of septic tanks and a filtration platform. The latest generation treatment systems allow not only to purify wastewater to the required level, but also to give the resulting water a number of useful properties. Subsequently, it can be used for watering, washing paths in a suburban area and other technical purposes.
Without sewer system modern world it's hard to even imagine
According to SNiP, sewerage is an internal network of devices and pipelines responsible for diverting effluents from sanitary appliances and other technological equipment.
Internal sewerage is designed to drain waste generated in the process of human life, in other words, its sanitary and hygienic and household activities. In most cases, this is a gravity system, that is, a system in which the movement of fluids occurs due to the influence of gravity. In addition, it does not require the use of additional energy. To eliminate unpleasant odors, the system is equipped with a hydraulic seal - a siphon.
Tip: free air access must be provided to the internal sewerage.
Any internal sewage system in a private house consists of the following mandatory parts:
- capacity for receiving wastewater;
- installation for pumping or treating wastewater;
- pipelines;
- collectors;
- risers;
- outlet lines.
In those country houses where the bathroom is located at a noticeable distance from the riser, the installation of an internal gravity-flow type sewer is not always possible. In such cases, it is better to use a system consisting of a pump, a special container, a switch and a pump, with the help of which wastewater is discharged through a special pipe.
What is needed for the installation of sewerage
First, you should make sure that the pipes and fittings for the internal sewerage are purchased in sufficient quantities. Worth buying the necessary reverse filters and an air filter (if needed for the project).
What you need for installation:
- hacksaw for metal;
- grinder with a special disc designed for cutting pipes;
- a pipe with a diameter of 50 mm for draining waste from plumbing and household appliances;
- a pipe with a diameter of 110 mm for draining drains from bidets and toilets;
- pipe with a diameter of 110 mm for the riser.
Tip: all outlet pipes are installed with a certain slope. For pipes with a diameter of 50 mm - the minimum slope is 0.025, normal - 0.035. For pipes with a diameter of 110 mm - the minimum slope is 0.012, normal - 0.02.
Installation of internal sewerage
Sewerage installation is a thorough and rather long process that requires a certain sequence, thoroughness and accuracy. The performance of the system in the future and the quality of its use depend on competent actions. Of course, to get a really good result, it is best to turn to professionals, but do-it-yourself internal sewage is also possible.
Before starting work, be sure to familiarize yourself with SNiP: Internal pipeline and sewerage.
Installation and subsequent operation of the system requires full compliance with these rules. Internal sewerage must be installed in accordance with the approved project.
Tip: If the project is drawn up on your own, be sure to show it to a specialist so that there are no problems in the future. If the project is approved or, even better, compiled by a specially trained employee, then you can safely purchase all the necessary material.
Installation of risers
Installation of internal sewerage should begin with the installation of risers. First, we make the markup according to a pre-developed plan and then proceed to install the pipeline. When installing the riser, try to fully observe its vertical position and avoid distortions and fractures at the pipe joints. The pipeline must be carried out by laying pipes with sockets up, starting from the basement, at the same time arranging revisions.
Riser pipes should be laid with sockets up, starting from the basement
What is a revision? This is a fitting (tee) that provides free access to those places in the pipeline where blockage is possible. As a rule, an audit is installed at each place where the pipeline forms a corner, at the beginning of each riser in the room and at the end of the internal sewer.
With a long linear pipeline, the fittings should be at a distance of no more than 30 meters from each other. If the riser is planned to be made wired, then when installing the revision, you should take care of the inspection hatch designed for servicing the pipeline.
Revision or tee providing access to clear blockages
Everyone sewer riser necessarily ends with ventilation that goes to the ventilated attic or to the roof of the house in the form of an individual ventilation duct. For safety reasons, it is strictly forbidden to bring the ventilation part of the sewer system into the chimney network of the building. Simultaneously with the risers, horizontal branch lines are installed on all floors of the building.
After the risers are installed, outlet lines from toilet bowls, bathtubs and other sanitary and hygienic equipment are connected to them. For this, cast iron or plastic pipes for internal sewage, while their diameter must completely match the diameter of the outlets sanitary facilities.
Installation of a sewer system made of plastic parts
Tip: the length of the outlet pipe should be less than ten meters, and the angle of inclination should be such that it does not impede the free movement of drains to the riser. In this case, the sockets are installed against the flow of wastewater.
When installing sewer pipes wires mechanical restoration branch pipes and pipes are produced hand saws for metal or fine-toothed for wood. The cut is carried out perpendicular to the axial section of the pipe. Burrs formed during sawing must be removed and chamfered with a large-mesh file. But fittings and turns are strictly forbidden to cut and process. If necessary, all sewer elements are treated with special lubricants or soapy water, the use of engine oil and its analogues is strictly prohibited.
The video will introduce the technological rules for organizing internal sewage.
If the installation of the internal sewer system is carried out taking into account SNiP and all installation rules, then you will be able to achieve its long-term operation without unnecessary noise, frequent blockages leading to exhausting cleaning, replacement of deformed pipes and other troubles.
Over the years of designing water supply and sewerage networks, you communicate with many people: with customers, architects, designers, installers, designers of other sections. And the most frequently asked professional question is:
- With what slope should the sewerage be laid?
Of course, the answer to this question must be justified. Well, it is best to look for the basis in the regulatory documentation. Inside buildings, pipes of small diameters are almost always used; we will use SNiP for internal networks.
Clause 18.2 of SNiP 2.04.01-85 * "Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings" says:
"... non-calculated sections of pipelines with a diameter of 40-50 mm should be laid with a slope of 0.03, and with a diameter of 85 and 100 mm - with a slope of 0.02."
For external sewerage, larger pipe diameters are used and they have their own standards. Paragraph 2.41 of SNiP 2.04.03-85 “Sewerage. External networks and structures" says the following:
"The smallest slopes of pipelines for all sewerage systems should be taken for pipes with diameters: 150 mm - 0.008, 200 mm - 0.007."
Well, clearly:
Usually, after silently listening to lines from SNiP on the phone, installers ask the second most frequent question:
- Well, if you really need to make the slope less?
Well, in SNiP there are several reservations on this topic. Regarding the internal water supply, we are talking about "unaccounted sections" of pipelines. In the same paragraph 18.2 of SNiP 2.04.01-85 * there is a formula:
“Calculation of sewer pipelines should be made by assigning the speed of fluid movement V, m/s, and filling H/d in such a way that the condition
here K = 0.5 - for pipelines made of plastic and glass pipes;
To= 0.6 - for pipelines made of other materials
At the same time, the velocity of the liquid must be at least 0.7 m / s, and the filling of the pipelines must be at least 0.3. "That is, theoretically, if you calculate the flow rate of effluents, then filling and, by checking the speed of effluents, you can get some other result.
You can also use the fundamental work of Lukinykh A.A. and Lukinykh N.A. “Tables for the hydraulic calculation of sewer pipelines and siphons according to the formula of A.A. Pavlovsky". By the way, these tables are also suitable for external sewer networks with their large diameters.
However, for pipes 150-200 mm for external sewerage networks in SNiP 2.04.03-85 there is a direct clause:
"Depending on local conditions, with appropriate justification for individual sections of the network, it is allowed to accept slopes for pipes with diameters: 200 mm - 0.005, 150 mm - 0.007."
That is, having the justification “very necessary” and a great desire, you can save as much as 2 millimeters of slope per meter for pipes with a diameter of 200 mm.
Do not forget that, in addition to the minimum slope, there is also a maximum slope for laying sewer pipes. According to clause 18.3 of SNiP 2.04.01-85*
"The largest slope of pipelines should not exceed 0.15 (with the exception of branches from devices up to 1.5 m long)".
That is, a slope of 15 centimeters per meter. If this angle is exceeded during laying, then silting of the sewer pipeline is possible. Or, more simply, the water will quickly leave, and everything else will remain.
Keep the rules, Lord.
More useful information:
Sewerage slope per 1 meter SNIP
With what slope to lay sewer pipes?
The arrangement of the sewer system requires compliance with certain standards. In particular, the correct slope of the sewer pipe is very important, which is according to SNiP and the length of communication pipelines.
HOW TO CHOOSE THE ANGLE
There are several positions that guide home masters:
1. Make the corner as sharp as possible;
2. Make the slope minimal or skip this point altogether when installing sewer drains;
3. Create a slope in accordance with the rules and GOSTs.
At first glance, the excessive slope of the sewer pipe will help water that needs cleaning to reach the well faster. But on the other hand, while the pipe is exposed to the harmful effects of drains. Due to the fact that the water passes through the sewer too quickly, particulate matter sewage, food residues and other debris, often flushed down the toilet, remain in the pipe. Also, pipe silting will be a problem. Over time, the sewer will clog and you will have to work on its repair. The service life of such a system is much shorter than the standard one and is less than a year.
The minimum slope or its absence is a gross mistake when installing a sewer pipeline. At the same time, the pipe not only silts up, but is practically not cleaned naturally. Only the angle at which the septic tank is located in relation to the sewer can save the situation.
It is best to work with certain standards, which indicate the ratio of the angle to the diameter and length of the pipe. Of course, this requires a lot of time and special care, but after such painstaking work, the sewage system will serve you for many years.
Why do you need a slope:
When the pipe is silted up, air siphons break down, which serve as protection against unpleasant odors in room;
Silting main pipe threatens with a complete violation of the main functions of sewer outlets, which, in fact, is the termination of the system;
Protecting the basement of a residential building from leakage and breakthroughs depends on the correct slope.
Also, if there are no problems with corrosion during the slopeless installation of plastic, then gaps may appear in the cast-iron pipe. She will begin to let water and sewage into the basement. Earlier in high-rise buildings sewers were not installed with a slope, which is why there are so many cases of drowning in an apartment on the ground floor or a break in the entire sewer system.
HOW TO CHOOSE A SLOPE
To determine the minimum pipe slope that will be optimal for you, you need to know the length of the entire sewer system. Reference books use data immediately in ready-made, they are depicted in hundredths of a whole number. Some employees find it difficult to navigate such information without explanation.
For example, a slope for a pipe with a diameter of 50 mm and a length of 1 meter needs 0.03 mm. How was it determined? 0.03 is the ratio of slope height to pipe length. Depending on the diameter, it can be from 0.03 to several millimeters. Let's see how the rule works:
Suppose you need to calculate the optimal slope for a pipe of 110 mm, according to GOST it is 0.02 mm. To calculate the total angle, you need to multiply the length of the pipe by the slope specified in SNiP or GOST. It turns out: 10 m (the length of the sewer system) * 0.02 \u003d 0.2 m or 20 cm. This means the difference between the installation level of the first pipe point and the last one is 20 cm.
Also, for a cast-iron, plastic or asbestos-cement sewer pipe, the level of fullness must be calculated. This concept determines what the flow velocity in the pipe should be so that it does not become clogged. Naturally, the slope also depends on the fullness. You can calculate the fullness using the formula:
LEVEL HEIGHT / PIPELINE DIAMETER
The maximum level of fullness is 1, but in this case the sewer pipe is full, and, therefore, there is no slope, so you need to choose 50-60%. This is a coefficient, often taken as 0.5 - as the definition of half of the tubal cavity. Much depends on the material of the pipe (cast iron and asbestos fill faster due to the high roughness of the inner walls), and its angle with respect to the septic tank.
Your goal is to calculate the maximum allowable speed for the sewer device. Professionals say that 0.7 m/s allows waste to pass quickly past the walls without sticking. Investigator, the correct calculation looks like this:
0.5 / 110 = 0.04 is the level of fullness
0.5 ≤ 0.7 / 0.042 = 0.5 ≤ 43.75 - the calculation is correct.
The last formula is a test. The first digit is the fill factor, the second after the equal sign is the speed of the drains, the third is the square of the fill level.
Also, the angle can be expressed in degrees, but then it will be more difficult for you to switch to geometric values when installing an external or inner pipe. This measurement provides higher accuracy.
In the same way, it is easy to determine the slope of the outer underground pipe. In most cases, outdoor communications have large diameters. Investigator per meter will use a larger slope. At the same time, there is still a certain hydraulic level of deviation, which allows you to make the slope slightly less than optimal. In most cases, this allowable size pressure pipe less by 0.02 - 0.01 mm.
According to SNiP 2.04.01-85 clause 18.2 (the norm when installing water drainage systems), when arranging the corner of the sewer pipes of a private house, you need to follow these rules:
Do not confuse the method of installing sewer pipes in an apartment and a house. The first case is often used vertical mounting. This is when a vertical pipe is installed from the toilet bowl or shower stall, and already it goes into the main pipe, made at a certain slope. This method can be applied if, for example, the shower or washbasin is located in the attic of the house. In turn, the laying of the external system begins immediately from the rings of the toilet bowl, septic tank or washbasin.
In order to maintain the desired angle during installation, it is recommended to dig a trench under a slope in advance, and pull the twine along it. The same can be done for gender.
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A series of video tutorials on a private house
Part 1. Where to drill a well?
Part 2. Arrangement of a well for water
Part 3. Laying a pipeline from a well to a house
Part 4. Automatic water supply
Water supply
Water supply of a private house. Principle of operation. Wiring diagram
Self-priming surface pumps. Principle of operation. Wiring diagram
Calculation of a self-priming pump
Calculation of diameters from the central water supply
Water supply pumping station
How to choose a well pump?
Setting the pressure switch
Pressure switch wiring diagram
The principle of operation of the accumulator
Sewerage slope per 1 meter SNIP
Heating schemes
Hydraulic calculation of a two-pipe heating system
Hydraulic calculation of a two-pipe associated heating system Tichelman's loop
Hydraulic calculation of a single-pipe heating system
Hydraulic calculation of the beam distribution of the heating system
Scheme with a heat pump and a solid fuel boiler - the logic of work
Three-way valve from valtec + thermal head with remote sensor
Why the heating radiator in an apartment building does not heat well
How to connect the boiler to the boiler? Options and connection diagrams
DHW recycling. Principle of operation and calculation
You are not doing the calculation of the hydraulic arrow and collectors correctly
Manual hydraulic heating calculation
Calculation of a warm water floor and mixing units
3-way servo valve for domestic hot water
Calculations of hot water supply, BKN. We find the volume, power of the snake, warm-up time, etc.
Constructor of water supply and heating
Bernoulli equation
Calculation of water supply of apartment buildings
Automation
How servos and three-way valves work
Three-way valve for redirecting the movement of the coolant
Heating
Calculation of the thermal power of heating radiators
Radiator section
Overgrowth and deposits in pipes impair the operation of the water supply and heating system
New pumps work differently...
Heat regulators
Room thermostat - principle of operation
mixing unit
What is a mixing unit?
Types of mixing units for heating
Characteristics and parameters of systems
Local hydraulic resistance. What is KMS?
Capacity Kvs. What it is?
Boiling water under pressure - what will happen?
What is hysteresis in temperatures and pressures?
What is infiltration?
What is DN, Du and PN? Plumbers and engineers need to know these parameters!
Hydraulic meanings, concepts and calculation of heating circuits