Codling moth - Laspeyresia (= Carpocapsa, Cydia) prunivora. (=Laspeyresia pomonella)

systematic position. Order Lepidoptera - Lepidoptera, leafworm family - Tortricidae.

Damages

Damages

apple, pear, quince, apricot, less often peach, plum; form putaminana Stgr. Develops on a walnut.

Nature of damage

Damages the fruit thereby reducing the yield.

Spreading

Russia - the European part (except the Far North), Western Siberia (Sverdlovsk and Omsk regions), Altai, Eastern Siberia, Far East. Caucasus. middle Asia. In Ukraine everywhere, the most harmful in steppe zone and mountainous Crimea. Western Europe. North Africa. Near East. Introduced in South Africa, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, North and South America.

Favorite stations

Generation

Diagnostic features

Butterfly

in wingspan 17-22 mm. The forewing is ash- or brownish-gray with numerous transverse striate-wavy lines. Usually a darker basal field stands out; Areolet large, pronounced, blackish-brown, separated by an intense black bracket widening towards the posterior margin of the wing. The hindwings are greyish-brown.

testicles

rounded, flattened, up to 1 mm in diameter, greenish-white, translucent, shiny.

caterpillars

18-20 mm, flesh-pink on the dorsal side, yellowish-white on the sides and below. The head and prothoracic shield are brown with a darker marbled pattern; the anal shield is weakly colored. Scutes at bases of body setae large, light brown. Abdominal legs with single-tiered crown of 25-35 claws, anal legs with 15-25 claws in medial horseshoe. The anal crest is absent.

chrysalis

8-12 mm, light brown with a golden hue. The end of the abdomen has the shape of a rounded cone with eight hook-shaped setae.

Phenology

Overwintering caterpillars overwinter on trunks and skeletal branches of trees, in cracks and under loose dead bark, in stored containers, in soil at a depth of up to 3 cm, mainly near the root collar, and also on the surface under plant debris and debris.

The development of caterpillars in spring (the passage of pre-pupal phases) begins with the onset of stable average daily temperatures above 10 ° C (development threshold). Pupation of overwintered caterpillars is very extended and lasts 1.5-2 months.

The flight of butterflies begins during the flowering of the apple tree, reaching a maximum after 2–3 weeks, during the formation of the ovary. The sum of effective temperatures (above 10C°), corresponding to the beginning of summer, is 90-110°C, and for mass summer - 150-170C°. The years of butterflies of the first generation last 1.5-2 months. Butterflies are most active in the evening from 19 to 24 hours.

Eggs are laid one by one on the fruit, the lower and upper sides of the leaf, on the bark of young shoots and branches. The fertility of the female is 60 ... 120 eggs. They are laid in the twilight and evening hours, at a temperature not lower than 16C°.

Embryonic development lasts 5-10 days. The beginning of hatching of caterpillars of the first generation approximately corresponds to the sum of effective temperatures of 230 ° C. For the most part, the beginning of hatching of caterpillars is observed 17-19 days after the end of flowering late varieties apple trees. However, to determine the exact date, it is necessary to monitor the development of eggs and the appearance of the first caterpillars in the garden.

The hatched caterpillar at first keeps openly on the surface of the fruit, choosing a place for introduction, braids it with a net of cobwebs, and then bites into the pulp, closing the inlet with a cork made of cores. Feeding under the skin of the fruit for 2-3 days, the caterpillar makes a small chamber in which it molts for the first time and then gnaws its way to the seed chamber. Here she molts a second time. Then, biting into the seed chamber, it feeds on seeds and molts a third time. Having reached the fourth age, the caterpillar makes its way to the surface. At this time, it can move into a neighboring fetus. After the fourth molt, the caterpillar finishes feeding and leaves the fruit. The entire period of development lasts from 22 days (in the south) to 45 days (in the north of the range). During this time, the caterpillar damages 1-2 fruits.

In Polissya and Ciscarpathia, the main part of the caterpillars of the first generation go to wintering places, where they are in a state of diapause until spring. About 10-15% of the population pupates and produces second-generation butterflies. In the Forest-steppe and Transcarpathia, 30-40% of caterpillars pupate, and in the steppe zone and the mountainous Crimea, 50-70%. The emergence of butterflies of the second generation begins earlier than the end of the years of the first generation, and due to this, all stages of development occur simultaneously in nature from the moment the caterpillars of the first generation hatch (late May - early June) until the end of the laying of eggs of the second generation (late August), that is during three months.

Full development of two generations and wintering of fully fed caterpillars is possible under conditions of heat supply during the growing season, characterized by the sum of effective temperatures of 1400-1500 ° C. The number of diapausing caterpillars in all climatic zones increases sharply from the end of July, and from the middle of August, pupation stops even in southern regions, which is due to a decrease in the length daylight hours.

Reconnaissance supervision

Detailed supervision

or inpatient examinations

Control measures

The main method in the fight against codling moth is the chemical method. The first spraying is carried out at the beginning of hatching of the first generation caterpillars, which usually happens when the sum of effective temperatures reaches 230°C (with a development threshold of 10°C). It is expedient to correct this indicator by direct observations of the development of eggs (the appearance of a red ring) or by the detection of the first fresh entrances of caterpillars into fruits. Subsequent sprayings are carried out at intervals of 14-16 days. In total for the season early varieties two treatments are carried out on apple and pear trees, and five treatments are carried out on later ones in the steppe zone, Crimea and Transcarpathia.

If the number of caterpillars is small (1-2 wintering caterpillars per 10 trees and 1-2 per 1 m 2 in the soil in the crown projection), the number of sprays per season in the development zone of two generations can be reduced to three. In this case, the first spraying is carried out at the beginning of the period of mass hatching of the first generation caterpillars, the second - at the beginning of the mass hatching of the second generation caterpillars, the third - in mid-August, but not later than a month before harvesting.

In home gardens and collective gardens, trapping belts made of thick paper should be used, which are superimposed on boles in mid-June. Belts must be removed once a week and crawling caterpillars destroyed. In autumn, after harvesting, the belts are removed. Fruit drop must be collected daily.

Experienced gardeners do not need to explain what harm the codling moth can do. Trees are equally affected by it in different regions our country. It can easily destroy crops not only in summer cottages, but also in industrial plantings. Getting rid of this pest is not easy. Some have to struggle with it for years.

Apple codling moth: description

It is unlikely that anyone will be pleased with the prospect of a spoiled crop, a large amount of effort, time and money spent. But all this can be avoided if we adopt proven methods and means struggle with the codling moth on the apple tree. And if, in addition to everything, to learn about the biological cycle of the pest, then this will help to repeatedly increase the effectiveness of measures taken to combat it.

Many gardeners up to a certain point do not realize that they have settled on their site for a long time moth butterfly. And this is not surprising, because she has such an inconspicuous appearance that many do not recognize it as a dangerous pest.

It seems to gardeners that this is a harmless insect that accidentally flew into the garden. However, over time, they learn that behind this nondescript coloring lies a dangerous enemy of fruit crops.

Butterfly codling moth - that's enough major pest. It has a wingspan of about 18-21 mm. There are two pairs of wings on the body - the front ones are dark gray in color with dark wavy lines, which are located transversely, and the back ones, which have a light brown tint. This the pest has a very good disguise- as soon as a butterfly sits on a tree bark or branch and folds its wings, it immediately merges with it and it is almost impossible to distinguish it with the naked eye.

This insect breeds mainly at night. It conducts its pest activity during the flowering period of trees, which lasts for one and a half to two months. Approximately on the 3rd day after the appearance, the butterfly begins to lay milky eggs 1 mm in size on the shoots, leaves and fruits.

During the season, one individual can lay from 40 to 120 eggs. Over time, they hatch into white caterpillars with a black head. As they mature, they change their color to light pink. It is the caterpillars that cause the main harm, eating the ovaries, gnawing passages in the fruits and leaving behind wormholes.

During the season, one individual can give life to two or three generations. The second one causes the greatest harm to fruit trees.

Caterpillars hatched from eggs lead their wrecking activity for 16-45 days. They then hide in the ground or bark, where they make cocoons for themselves to survive the winter. In the soil, they arrange their shelters at a depth of 3-10 cm. In addition, they can use plant remains, containers and rooms in which fruits are stored as shelters. With the onset of spring, when the air temperature rises above 10 degrees, they pupate.

Harm from codling moth

Apple codling moth can cause considerable harm not only to apple trees, but also to others. fruit trees - plums, pears, quinces, apricots and peaches.

Caterpillars can enter the fruit through the petiole, lesions on the peel under the cover of the leaf. After the worm makes moves in the fruit, rot forms there, which is caused by bacteria carried by caterpillars on its body. Over time, the fruits begin to release a specific aroma that attracts wasps.

Adult caterpillars of the latest generation cause great damage to the crop, sequentially gnaw through passages first in one and then in another fruit and eating their pulp. Only one individual can spoil two or three fruits per season, and sometimes five.

If a damaged apple falls to the ground, codling moth tries to leave the fetus and after about one or two days it ends up on the trunk, where it continues to spoil other fruits.

In view of the foregoing, it becomes clear what this insect is and how much harm it can cause to apple trees and other fruit trees.

Now it's time to get acquainted with proven ways to deal with this pest. Keep in mind that using only one of them, you are unlikely to be able to get rid of the codling moth. To achieve positive result , it is necessary to take a comprehensive approach to solving this problem.

Apple codling moth: control measures

To clear the garden of the codling moth and its caterpillars, you can use the following ways to fight:

• agrotechnical;
• biological;
• chemical.

The safest and at the same time effective are preventive actions. If you want to protect your summer cottage from the codling moth, you need to dig up the soil well in the near-trunk circle every autumn.

Thanks to this procedure, cocoons with caterpillars will be on the surface of the earth, where they will die with the first frost.

In addition, plant debris should not be accumulated, which can become an excellent refuge for caterpillars.

Twice a year (spring and autumn) you need to process the bark of trees. Necessary carefully inspect trees and remove old areas that may be chosen by caterpillars for pupation. All bark collected from trees must be burned.

Carrion should not be left in the trunk circle where it can rot. Her necessary collect regularly.

To scare away the codling moth, you can grow next to the plantings herbaceous plants that can attract insects - natural enemies of caterpillars. A fairly effective measure is the creation of feeders that will help attract insectivorous birds to the garden.

Codling moth butterflies do not tolerate the smell of tomatoes. Therefore, if you plant tomatoes, mustard or dill next to fruit trees, the pest will bypass your site.

Help to protect summer period trees from the codling moth will help you with trapping belts. To make them, you would need a piece of paper, cloth or burlap, from which you need to cut strips 25-30 cm long. Then they wrap tree trunks at a height of 30-40 cm from the ground. From above, the trap must be fixed with twine, below it must be free.

When the caterpillar tries to get to the fruit, it will start to climb up the trunk and eventually fall into the trap. They need to be regularly checked and removed and destroyed by insects that have got there. For greater efficiency you can smear the traps with caterpillar glue. To protect old trees over 20 years old, betanapthol can be applied to paper or cloth wrapped around the trunks.

You can also make a trap for the codling moth from the usual sticky tape, which is used to catch flies. Try to check at least once a week trapping belts and clean them from the caterpillars that got there.

Butterflies can be fought manually. Knowing that they arrange sorties at night, you can turn on a bright light, and after they fly to it, catch them and destroy them. To catch more pests, you can make a trap from duct tape or sticky paper under the light source.

When it's time to harvest the fruit containers, you need to previously cover corrugated paper. Caterpillars will fall into it, which will crawl out of the carrion. Store fruits preferably in containers without gaps, keep them tightly closed. In the future, when there are no fruits left in the containers, the paper with caterpillars should be pulled out and burned. The container must be thoroughly cleaned and treated with boiling water.

Folk methods of struggle

During the time that gardeners have to deal with the codling moth, they have tried various ways, among which folk remedies showed themselves well.

To destroy the pest, you can use infusions and decoctions based on insecticidal herbs- wormwood, burdock and tansy. You can also use coniferous and tobacco decoctions, which have a strong deterrent effect.

First time the trees are sprayed decoctions and infusions during flowering. In the future, it is necessary to process the trees twice again with an interval of 2 weeks. Spray fruit plantings best after sunset in calm, dry weather.

To prepare tobacco broth, take half a kilogram of dry tobacco, add 10 liters of water to it and insist for 2 days. After that, the resulting mixture must be boiled for 2 hours. The cooled broth additionally needs to be diluted with a bucket of water. Before use, add 50 g of soap to the solution. Spray apple trees with this agent during the period of mass appearance of caterpillars.

Chemical preparations for codling moth

These means of pest control are used only in case of mass destruction of trees. In order to determine the moment when it is necessary to process trees, it is necessary to make pheromone traps and arrange on the site. If more than 5 butterflies get into them in a week, then chemical treatment of trees is necessary.

However, it is still better to do everything possible so that you do not have to resort to such a drastic measure. At first, it is worth trying to cope with pests using gentle methods. And if they do not help clear the garden of the codling moth, you can turn to chemistry. At the same time, try to use the most harmless for caterpillars against caterpillars. environment a drug.

With a large scale infestation of the garden, prepare for the fact that handle trees will have at least 4 times. The first treatment is carried out during the departure of butterflies, the second - after 2 weeks, the third - after another two weeks, the last time the apple trees are sprayed after harvesting.

To date, stores offer a large number of various preparations with which you can clean the garden from codling moth caterpillars.

All of them can be divided into three main groups:

• chemical;
• biological;
• viral.

Among the drugs in the category insecticides, from the best side Detsis, Iskra-M, Ditoks, Zolon, Sirocco, Fufanon showed themselves. With their help, you can destroy the caterpillars from the exit from the egg to the introduction into the fetus. It is during this period that apple trees should be sprayed.

In addition, trees can be sprayed cyhalothorins, among which the most effective are Boreas, Gladiator, Sensei, Kungfu.

To cope with the codling moth, you can also use the growth regulators "Insegar", "Match", "Herold".

Among biological preparations nice results show:

• "Fitoverm";
• "Lepidocide";
• "Bitoxibacillin".

If none of the above remedies helped, you can try to treat the trees with viral preparations. Among those approved for use against the codling moth, Madex Twin, FermoVirin YP can be distinguished.

Conclusion

- one of the most famous pests that can cause serious damage to the crop. In order to destroy butterflies and codling moth caterpillars, gardeners use various methods and means of control.

but most effectively combine folk methods from chemicals, which in most cases help to achieve a positive result.

Even if you don’t know how to deal with codling moth on apple trees, it’s still better not to bring it to this and prevent similar situations. To do this, it is necessary to engage in prevention and annually, after harvesting, dig up the ground near the trunk circle, prevent the accumulation of plant residues that insects can use as shelters, and regularly collect carrion.

The apple codling moth is a butterfly that has an inconspicuous appearance. Therefore, its appearance for a person often remains invisible. Although this butterfly is quite large in size. Its wingspan is about 20 mm. The front wings of the codling moth are dark gray with pronounced wavy lines of dark color. These stripes are transverse. At the same time, the hind wings are light brown in color.

This coloring allows the pest to remain invisible, being on the bark of trees. Insect reproduction is carried out at night. Usually a butterfly appears in the garden during the flowering of apple trees. Three days after its appearance, the codling moth lays eggs 1 mm long on shoots, leaves and fruits. One individual lays up to 120 eggs.

The eggs hatch into white caterpillars that have a black head. With age, it becomes light pink. It is the caterpillars that cause the greatest harm to the ovaries and fruits. They penetrate inside the apples, forming wormholes. After 16–45 days, the caterpillars go into the bark or soil, where they overwinter. During one season, the codling moth can give up to 2-3 generations. Pupation takes place in spring.

It is impossible to protect yourself from the apple codling moth. Only an effective fight against codling moth on a garden apple tree is possible with correct use specific funds.

Symptoms of the appearance

• caterpillars and butterflies appear on the trunk, leaves and fruits;
• microscopic holes are formed on the apple ovaries. Also, the caterpillar stage of insect development actively feeds on fruits. Therefore, wormholes appear on apples.

The presence of the above symptoms indicates that the apple codling moth has started up in the garden and measures must be taken to combat it. If no measures are taken, then the caterpillars eat almost all the ovaries.

What is dangerous

One caterpillar can spoil 2-3 fruits. Therefore, if there are a lot of them, the crop will almost completely disappear. If the first generation of caterpillars destroy about 25% of the crop, then the second - 80-90%. In this regard, you need to know how to deal with the codling moth on apple trees in order to save at least part of the crop.

The following control methods can help people effectively get rid of butterflies and caterpillars:

• the use of chemicals;
• ecological method using folk remedies.

Chemical Methods

The most effective in terms of results is the chemical treatment of apple trees against the codling moth. However, here you need to know how to get rid of the pest without harming the tree and yourself. Experts initially recommend the use of gentle means. Only if they were ineffective should you switch to more aggressive drugs. To protect trees, you can use viral and biological means. These include various insecticides (for example, Binom, Zolon, Atom, etc.). You can also use pyrethroid preparations (for example, Calypso, Alatar, Ivanhoe, etc.).

One of the varieties chemical method is to use a pheromone trap. If more than 5 butterflies got into it in a week, then chemical treatment is necessary.

Environmental methods

You can get rid of butterflies and caterpillars not only chemicals but also ecological methods. The last steps include:

However, it is worth noting that it is worth using ecological methods of control only if there are few pests in the garden. Of the above methods, the most effective is the use of folk remedies. Many gardeners do not know how to process garden apple trees from the codling moth from folk remedies, in order to accurately get rid of all pests. The garden in this case is usually treated with solutions that were prepared from the following components:

• needles;
• tobacco;
• tansy;
• burdock;
• sagebrush.

Prevention

Preventive measures in this case include the following:

• spring processing (spraying) of the bark of apple trees with a solution of copper sulphate;
• removal of old sections of the bark. It may contain pupae;
• cleaning plant residues from under trees;
• preventive pruning;
• all plant residues (leaves, branches, pieces of bark) must be burned;
• planting herbs and crops that repel codling moths (for example, tomatoes);
• attracting insectivorous birds.

You can also set traps into which the codling moth falls when it first appears.

resistant varieties

Breeders bred various varieties apple trees, which are highly resistant not only to pathogenic microflora, but also to insects. Many varieties (for example, Wine) are characterized by high resistance to apple codling moth. Autumn and winter varieties of apple trees are distinguished by good resistance to this pest.

Knowing the signs that a codling moth has appeared on an apple tree and methods of dealing with it, you can save the crop fruit trees at a fairly high level.

Video "Apple codling moth in the garden"

This video offers helpful tips for the control of apple codling moth.

Apple codling moth: control and prevention measures

codling moth

At the beginning of September of the past year, a gardener friend called me and said with bitterness in her voice that almost all the fruits of the only fruit-bearing apple tree in her garden plot were affected by the codling moth. In this low-yielding year for apples, she really counted on the harvest from this apple tree, since there was no flowering at all on four other apple trees in the spring. She acquired a garden plot with fruit-bearing trees and shrubs only five years ago and has not yet carried out any serious fight against diseases and pests. Therefore, she asked me to publish an article about the codling moth and the fight against it in US. Because within a few recent years there were no publications on this topic in US, I agreed to write such an article. Previously, "US" has already published several of my articles about the codling moth and the fight against it. But in connection with the appearance of new data on this topic, I decided to write this article again.

The codling moth is one of the most harmful insects. It is a small butterfly with dark gray front wings, on which there are dark transverse wavy lines, and on top - a brown spot with a bronze tint. The hind wings are light, with a fringe along the edges. In scope, the butterfly reaches 20 mm. The caterpillar is yellowish or pinkish in color with a dark head and occipital shield. Adult caterpillars reach 12-18 mm. One caterpillar of this codling moth damages at least 2-3 fruits. Damaged fruits become wormy, their passages in the pulp fill with excrement. From the pulp of the fruit, the caterpillars enter the seed chamber, eating 2-3 seeds each and leaving their shells intact. Damaged fruits fall off prematurely, significantly lose their quality and storage capacity. Damage to fruits in the absence of serious protective measures can reach, according to the observations of specialists, in some cases 80-90%, indicating an extremely high harmfulness of the codling moth.

The flight of codling moth butterflies begins during the flowering period of the apple tree and lasts 1.5-2 months, in our country it usually coincides with the end of its flowering in the second half of May and early June. Males appear first, after 2-3 days females fly out, puberty of which lasts 2-3 days. At the same time, they feed on droplet liquid moisture, and dishes with water or fermenting molasses attract butterflies, which can be used to catch them. Mature females secrete pheromones to attract males, starting to lay eggs after fertilization 3-5 days after leaving the pupa. Egg laying lasts up to two weeks. During this period, each female of the overwintered generation lays 40-120 eggs, immediately after sunset at a temperature not lower than 15.5°C. This is one of the most vulnerable periods in life cycle codling moth, in which it is desirable to use substances that repel and disorientate the process of its oviposition. Such methods include smoke garden plot with the addition of plant residues of tobacco, wormwood or other specific repellent plants to the mixture, spraying trees with solutions or infusions of such plants or synthetic repellents of low toxicity to humans, hanging these plants or repellents in tree crowns. It may also be effective to grow 2-3 plants of wormwood, tansy, hellebore Lobel and other similar plants under each apple tree, which also scare away the female codling moth, making it difficult for them to lay eggs.

The main feature of the use of methods for scaring away the codling moth during its oviposition is that they should be carried out only at dusk after sunset at an air temperature of at least 15.5 ° C, when butterflies actively lay eggs, since during the day our butterflies sit motionless in crown of trees. However, in the south, where, unlike us, there are several generations of codling moth, butterflies of its subsequent generations fly during the day. During oviposition, females place eggs one at a time, according to experts, usually on smooth surface leaves (up to 96%) and young shoots (1-2%), after which, when the fruits also become smooth, - mainly on the fruits. Given this feature, it is important that repellents during the laying period have good fumigation (fumigation) properties, covering the surface of all above-ground parts of the apple tree.

5-10 days after laying, depending on the air temperature, the sum of effective temperatures above 10°C - 230°C is required, caterpillars hatch from the eggs, which actively crawl for 1.5-2 hours in search of a place to penetrate into the fruit. For effective control of codling moth caterpillars, it is especially important to know the date of accumulation of the indicated sum of effective temperatures. Temperature is considered effective, which is the difference between its average daily value and the value of the lower threshold for the development of the codling moth (its biological zero). Observations have established that the temperature equal to +10°С should be considered as the lower threshold: only with the transition of its average daily value above +10°С does the development of the codling moth begin in the spring, therefore, when organizing observations, the calculation of the sums of effective temperatures should begin in the spring from the moment the average daily value passes the last one after +10°С. From this date, it is necessary to summarize the effective temperatures daily (differences in the average daily temperature and the lower threshold of development). So, for example, if the average temperature for the day turned out to be +13.5°С, the value of the lower development threshold is +10°С, then the effective temperature for this day is 13.5°-10°=3.5°С. It has been established that by the time of accumulation of 130°C effective temperatures in spring, a butterfly hatches from a chrysalis. By the time of accumulation of 230 ° C effective temperatures (above + 10 ° C), caterpillars develop from the eggs laid by the butterfly, and they begin to penetrate into the fruits. With the onset of this moment, from this date, apple trees already need to be actively treated with appropriate chemicals designed to combat the codling moth.

The method for calculating effective temperatures is simple and quite accessible to every gardener. Moreover, many gardeners live on their plots from spring to late autumn. Summing up these residual (effective) temperatures from the day when the average daily temperature passed through +10°C, it is possible to determine the date of accumulation of 130 and 230°C effective temperatures, which will indicate the timing of protective spraying. Temperature observations are carried out directly in the garden, using a conventional thermometer with a two-time reading of temperature information during the day or special maximum and minimum thermometers. The sum of two measurements of a conventional thermometer taken during the hours of maximum and minimum daily temperature and measurements of the maximum and minimum thermometers, divided by two, will give the value of the average daily temperature. To avoid the influence of direct and diffuse solar radiation, thermometers are installed in a protected special box with lattice grids at a height of about one and a half meters. When using the minimum and maximum thermometers, a minimum thermometer is placed in the box for the night, and a maximum for the day. Such a change is carried out daily during the entire observation period. Such observations of the temperature in the garden are also very useful for the purposes of research on plant phenology.

Caterpillars of the codling moth usually enter the fruit through the calyx or through the petiole, through wounds on the skin of the fruit, often under the cover of a leaf, or between two or a group of fruits that touch each other. Before inserting into the fruit, the caterpillars attach themselves with a cobweb, gnawing a hole shallowly under the peel, in which they live for 2-3 days, feeding on the pulp of the fruit. The inlet of the caterpillar is closed with a cork from the cores of the fetus and excrement. The latter remain on the surface, making the places of introduction of the caterpillars clearly visible. After the first molt, the caterpillars gnaw their way to the seed chamber, where they molt again after 5-6 days. Feeding on seeds, the caterpillars molt two more times with an interval of 9-10 days. Caterpillars of the last two generations crawl from fruit to fruit, rising at the same time from damaged fruits that have fallen to the ground again onto trees and damaging 2-3 fruits in large-fruited varieties, 3-4 fruits in ranetki and semi-cultivars, and 4-5 fruits in Siberian apple trees. The average duration of the development of caterpillars in fruits in our zone is about 45 days.

Damaged fruits fall to the ground, and the caterpillars that have finished growing leave them within a day in search of a place for cocooning. The codling moth overwinters in the caterpillar phase in a dense cocoon made of cobwebs and other auxiliary material (soil, wood). Wintering grounds are varied. In old gardens, up to half of the caterpillars hibernate under the lagging bark of boles and in cracks at a height of up to 60 cm from the soil surface, and the rest in the soil trunk circles, as well as in pieces of humus, supports, chatals, sticks, stumps, different buildings and other shelters. In young orchards, caterpillars overwinter mainly (up to 90%) in the soil of near-stem circles, at the root neck at a depth of 3-10 cm. In addition, caterpillars overwinter in packaging material, in containers, in fruit storage rooms, where they get with damaged apples .

The main long-term and annual measures in the fight against codling moth.

Long-term measures include the following.

* Increasing the number and activity of entomophage insects by creating a flowering conveyor of entomophilous and nectariferous plants on free space near gardens, orchards and summer cottages(hawthorn, mountain ash, irga, blackthorn and others) and in the aisles of gardens in different dates(phacelia, buckwheat, mustard), as well as partial or complete sodding of gardens with the inclusion of alfalfa, clover, fescue. I have already noted above that pupae and caterpillars of the codling moth destroy more than 20 species of entomophages.

* Preservation of the number and activity of insects of entomophages when using pesticides in the garden, in the garden and summer cottages by creating a reserve site there or a plot where, after flowering, plants are treated only with biological preparations. Such plots or plots perform the filtering role of delaying pests and passing entomophages from the reserve to the rest of the garden and plots.

* Establishment of orchards with stable and slightly damaged varieties for codling moth. In the Sverdlovsk region of research on sustainability assessment different varieties apple trees to the damage of their fruits by the codling moth was not carried out, therefore, such data are not available. From my own experience, I can say that these are mostly only individual autumn and winter varieties of apple trees. Gardeners themselves can identify such varieties of apple trees. Such a bookmark of the garden allows you to keep the entomophages on resistant varieties, which subsequently spread throughout the garden.

* Interruption or limitation of overwintering of caterpillars by stimulating the reproduction of natural populations of muscardine mushrooms, maintaining high humidity soil by watering, especially in young gardens.

The following measures should be carried out annually.

Carrying out disorientation of oviposition by female codling moths by catching them in vessels (jars) with water or with roaming baits and scaring them away with smoke from the garden. At night, jars with fermenting baits should be hung in the crowns of apple trees (1/3 filled liter jar). Lure recipes are as follows. They take 600-700 g of apple carrion or 100 g of dried fruit, pour 2 liters of water and boil for about 30 minutes, then add 0.5 liters of whey, 0.5 liters of bread kvass, 20-25 g of yeast, 250 g of sugar and put to a warm place. The bait is ready when the liquid begins to ferment. Another recipe: three-liter jar put 200-300 g of rye bread crusts, 3-5 pieces of sugar and a little yeast, pour water, cover with gauze and put the jar in heat. After 1-2 days the composition is ready. The liquid is drained, and bread and sugar are again put in the sediment, water is poured. The fermented thick is diluted with water and used as bait. Banks so that they do not accidentally get day beneficial insects, hang out for codling moth butterflies only in the evening. In the morning, the jars are removed, the butterflies that have fallen out of them are taken out, the bait mixture is poured into a closed container and stored in a cool place until evening. In the evening, fill again with this mixture. liter cans and hang them in the crowns of trees, and such an event is carried out daily, be sure to monitor the air temperature so that it is not lower than 15.5 ° C.

Smoke is carried out as follows. Small piles of straw or manure are placed in the aisles of the garden, one per 100 square meters. m. They are filled with 1.5-2 kg of tobacco dust, wormwood, tansy, hellebore Lobel, tomato tops, which have repellent and insecticidal properties against codling moth and other pests. Smoldering heaps of straw and other substances are achieved with intense emission of smoke after sunset at dusk at a temperature also not lower than 15.5 ° C. This event is most effective if it is carried out simultaneously on the entire garden area for at least 2 hours a day, 2-3 days after the departure of the males caught on roaming baits.

The use of other measures of disorientation and repelling moth moths mentioned above.

To control caterpillars 15-20 days after flowering winter varieties or, if pest development is being monitored or effective temperatures are being monitored, then a week after the start of egg laying, apple trees should be sprayed with karbofos (75-90 g per 10 l of water), INTA-VIR (1 tab. per 10 l of water), fitoverm (2 ml/l per 10 l of water), lepidocide (20-30 g per 10 l of water) or other insecticides. The second treatment with these drugs is carried out after 10-14 days. In addition, spraying apple trees with infusions of wormwood, decoctions of tomato tops, milkweed, yarrow, delphinium, burdock, chamomile, and tansy can be used with less effectiveness against caterpillars during their mass appearance several times every three days.

Cleaning, collection and destruction in autumn or early spring of lagging dead bark. Systematic collection and processing of carrion. Disinfection of fruit storages, containers, packaging material, support, chatal, various objects in the garden, walls of buildings, fences up to a height of 60 cm. In garden and summer cottages and in small gardens use for catching caterpillars leaving for cocooning of trapping belts superimposed on boles and skeletal branches trees.

It is possible to fight the codling moth using the trichogram. The release of the egg-eater with a rate of 2-2.5 thousand per 1 weave is carried out in three terms: at the beginning of egg laying, in the middle of mass laying and 6 days after the second release. This can be done if it is possible to purchase a trichogram.

To increase physiological resistance to stress, early spring top dressing of apple trees nitrogen fertilizers mixed with trace elements, especially boron and zinc.

In conclusion, I want to say that the codling moth damages not only the fruits of the apple tree, but also the fruits of the pear, quince, apricot, less often plums, peaches, walnut. Therefore, the fight against it may not be limited to one apple tree.

V. N. Shalamov

23.09.2016

Wormy apples right on the apple tree - a familiar picture? I'm sure yes. Almost certainly, these "worms" in apples are the larvae of the codling moth. Which, by the way, damages not only the apple tree, but also pear, plum, apricot and sometimes walnut.

Systematics

The codling moth (Cydia Pomonella) belongs to the Tortricidae family of the Lepidoptera order. Simply put, it's a butterfly.

Description and photo

adult insect: butterfly with a wingspan of 17 ... 22 mm. A photo:

The forewings are dark grey, with darker hairy transverse stripes. On the posterior margin is a brownish-brown spot with a black border.

The hind wings are a light brown-brown shade with a fringe along the edge.

Eggs: rounded oval, light green in color, less than 1 mm in size. Arranged one or two. A photo:

Larva: caterpillar, at the last age up to 20 mm long. The body is light yellow or pink-white, the ventral side is lighter. A photo:

Prothoracic shield and head brown.

On the ventral legs, one can see a crown of claws (usually 25–35 pieces), on the crowns of the anal legs, 15–25 claws. However, they can only be counted under a magnifying glass.

Pupa: up to 12 mm long, yellow-brown. A photo:

Development cycle

Adult caterpillars overwinter in silky cocoons. gray color in bark cracks, upper (depth up to 3 cm) soil layer, under fallen leaves, as well as in apple boxes.

In spring, at an average daily temperature of about 10 degrees, pupation begins. Pupation is strongly extended in time, and regardless of air temperature. This creates certain difficulties in the fight against the codling moth, because the years of butterflies, egg laying and caterpillars are also stretched.

Under unfavorable conditions, some caterpillars may enter diapause for a whole year and pupate only next spring.

Butterfly years begin 15–20 days after pupation begins. Males emerge 2-3 days earlier than females. Usually the beginning of summer coincides with the end of flowering, but not always.

The intensity and duration of the summer of the codling moth differ in different years. Sometimes years are intense literally for a week and a half, and then individual butterflies are found, and sometimes they fly actively for about a month.

After the release, the butterflies feed additionally for several days, and then mate. Egg debugging begins 1-3 days after mating and lasts up to 2 weeks. One female lays from 40 to 200 eggs, but more often about 50-60.

Years and oviposition usually occur in the evening, at dusk, in the absence of wind and the air temperature is not lower than 15ºС. Butterflies lay their eggs on fruits and leaves, preferring smooth, well-lit surfaces.

The duration of egg development depends on the air temperature. At an average daily temperature of 18-21ºС, the larvae of the codling moth hatch in 9-10 days. The released larvae move to the fruits and look for a place to infiltrate. This may be damage to the peel, the area where the leaf is adjacent to the apple, or the petiole. Sometimes the caterpillar makes several attempts to infiltrate intact areas, gnawing through shallow holes.

Starting to penetrate, the caterpillar first weaves a light cocoon, with which it attaches itself to the apple, and then begins to gnaw its course. Having made a move, she turns her head outward and collects all the bits, excrement, etc. around the hole. The codling moth fastens these residues with secreted fibers and plugs the inlet with the resulting cork. Sometimes she attaches an adjacent sheet to the cork.

The duration of the search for a place for implantation and the implementation itself ranges from several minutes to one and a half hours. At this time, the larvae are especially vulnerable.

For the first time after introduction, the larva lives in the surface layer, feeding on the pulp and arranging a chamber for molting. Shedding occurs 2-3 days after introduction. After the first molt, the larva gnaws a long way to the seed chamber and molts there a second time - usually on the 5th-6th day of life. Caterpillars of the third age feed on seeds in the seed chamber and molt for the third time on the 9-10th day of life. After that, the codling moths gnaw their way to the edge of the apple and go outside. If the caterpillar is lucky, and it hits the point of contact of two apples or pears, the larva gnaws through the entrance to the seed chamber in the new apple, where it molts for the last time. As a result, we get two wormy apples on an apple tree next to each other. If the caterpillar is unlucky, it returns and molts in the seed chamber of the old apple.

Depending on the temperature, the period of feeding and development of the larva lasts 20-40 days. Having finished feeding, the caterpillars come out and climb into cracks on the trunks and large branches of trees, where they weave a dense cocoon. Then it all depends on the length of daylight hours and air temperature. If the air is cool (summer ends), the caterpillar hibernates in this cocoon and pupates on next year. Thus, it gives only one generation: in the conditions of the Moscow region and to the north, this is exactly what happens.

If the temperature was high, and the caterpillars were able to go through the development cycle quickly, pupation and years occur in the same year. Then the codling moth manages to give two or even three generations. This is typical for North Caucasus, Krasnodar Territory large part of Ukraine. There is information that the codling moth gives two generations in the Kursk and Voronezh regions.

Galina Vladimirovna Bystraya from FGBNU SevKavNIIGiPS developed such a useful table

Maliciousness

The codling moth does not pose a danger to the tree, but makes the fruit unmarketable and unsuitable for storage. In the years since mild winters and in the absence of protective measures, it can damage up to 90% of apples.

In what cases is it worth fighting the codling moth?

IN agricultural practice there is the concept of the economic threshold of harmfulness (EPV), that is, the prevalence threshold at which the cost of control will be less than the damage from a pest or disease. It is clear that this is a rather rough estimate - all the more so, it is of little use to amateur gardeners who are not trying to make money on growing several apple trees. Most often, EPV for the codling moth is considered to be 2% of infected apples or the capture of 10 male codling moths per trap 10 days after flowering. Atracon-A pheromone traps are used for monitoring

Agrotechnical measures

Agrotechnical measures are mainly aimed at the destruction of larvae ready for wintering. First of all it is:

• cleaning of boles and large skeletal branches from dead bark and subsequent burning of the cleaned off;
• painting or whitewashing trees;
• processing near-stem circles before frost to a depth of about 20 cm;
• use of trapping belts 20 days after hatching of larvae;
• use of trapping barriers during harvesting;
• installation of pheromone traps during the summer of butterflies - 1 trap per 2 ha.

Biological activities

An effective way to fight is the release of Trichogramma - about 150-250 thousand per hectare in 2-3 doses. Of course, this is only available to agricultural enterprises. Amateur gardeners can use biologics that have an insecticidal effect.

Table 1. Biological products for the fight against codling moth

Please note: phytoverm (and other biological products too) can be found in different concentrations. If necessary, the dosage should be recalculated according to the available commercial form and concentration of the drug.

You can not use phytoverm and other insecticides during the flowering of the apple tree, because they are dangerous for bees.

According to Ivan Ivanovich Prali, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, the biological effectiveness of Lepidocide and Fitoverm against the codling moth is 75...85%, which is very good for biological products.

Chemical treatments

The purpose of chemical treatment is the destruction of flying butterflies, as well as hatching or emerging larvae. There are a lot of insecticides registered in the Register that are allowed to control codling moth on apple and pear, but the table below shows only those for which there is authoritative data on the effectiveness.

Preparations for chemical control of codling moth

Like biopreparations, chemical insecticides should not be used during flowering because they are dangerous to bees. However, simply due to biological features codling moth does not need to be sprayed during flowering.

How to determine the development phase

The only way to understand what the codling moth is doing right now is to regularly analyze the contents of pheromone traps. Setting traps allows you to get information about the beginning and end of the summer of butterflies. Based on these data and air temperature, we can draw conclusions about the development phase of the new generation.

1. "Pests fruit crops”, Vasiliev V.P., Livshits I.Z., Moscow, 1958
2. "Pests of fruit crops", lecture by Slepchenko L.G., Grodno, 2004
3. "Protection of the apple orchard", Pralya I.I., Moscow, "AMA-press", 2013
4. "Protection strategy against codling moth in different regions Russia”, presentation, Bystraya G.V., asprus.ru
5. "Insecticides against the codling moth" Kashirskaya N.Ya, Plant Protection and Quarantine magazine, 2012 No. 5
6. State catalog of pesticides and agrochemicals permitted for use on the territory of the Russian Federation.