What are sewer wells? Sewer wells: complete classification and examples of arrangement Types of wells

An individual water source is today a necessary element of a private plot. Ever-increasing water prices, frequent pipeline breakdowns, a clear sense of bleach and other impurities cannot please homeowners. Many owners resort to drilling a well, but such an action requires significant costs and special equipment. It is more accessible to dig a well, but for this you need to know not only the technology for building a water source, but also some standards that it must meet.

What is a mine well

In order to create a source drinking water, usually use the shaft method of construction. The essence of the method is simple: a pit is dug, the depth of which is determined by the appearance of water. Shaft wells are used most often, since this method is simple and allows water to be replenished naturally.

The walls of the mine are strengthened gradually, otherwise the collapse of the soil is possible, which is a direct threat to human life. The main difference between drinking wells is the material from which they are built. Another advantage of this design is that the well rarely dries up completely, this is possible only in long periods drought.

Materials used to build a well:

Wood. At proper processing, this material is in excellent contact with a humid environment. Now a wooden frame is very expensive and the construction of a well from it is unprofitable. The part where the wood is in close contact with water is usually lined with elm or oak. For the rest of the mine, ordinary pine is suitable.
A rock. Now a natural stone has a value several times more expensive than a tree. But, for example, in mountainous areas, this material is most popular due to the constant lack of wood. A well built of stone has amazing durability. Before the construction of this structure, a metal frame is usually welded, between the elements of which stone blocks are laid.
Brick. Wells made of this material do not have such a long service life as stone structures, but they are several times cheaper. Brickwork in 1 or 1.5 bricks has a long service life. During construction, the brick is laid according to a predetermined pattern. This material also requires the creation of a metal frame. Without it, over time, water can wash out the solution and the structure will sag.
concrete rings. The most popular type of material. Has an ideal ratio of quality and price. It does not take much time to install concrete rings, the availability of lifting equipment is sufficient. It is possible to install the rings manually, it is installed on the ground and dug in from all sides until the ring sags.

Features of plastic frames for drinking wells

In modern construction, practical and inexpensive plastic frames are used to create drinking wells. Installation of such structures is quick, they have less weight than concrete rings, which significantly reduces transportation costs and simplifies the installation process.

The main advantages of plastic structures:

Plastic rings are produced up to 1.5 m high. This makes the installation process easier and faster.
They have less mass than concrete rings, a wooden frame or brickwork.
Corrugated surface provides reliable connection between the rings. Rings are screwed into each other at a certain distance. For greater tightness of the system, various types of building sealants are used.
The service life of plastic structures is more than 50 years. These materials are not only durable, but also completely safe for humans.
They have an affordable pricing policy.

With loose soil, the usual installation of plastic rings is not possible. First, one ring is installed, all soil is removed from under it, and the ring is pushed further into the trench. A second one is installed over the first ring and the process is repeated until the shaft is completed.

What are the sanitary norms and rules for drinking wells

Each owner of a private plot should know some standards according to which the construction of a drinking well and its further operation should take place. These requirements are determined by the chief state physician.

The main stage of the well is the place where it should be installed. Exploratory drilling is used to select a location. Its cost is much higher than natural methods, but this method is able to provide almost 100% results. Exploratory drilling also provides data on sanitary conditions the place where the well will be located in the future.

If chemical industry facilities, plants or factories are located at a distance of 50 m from a private house, then the installation of a well is prohibited. At the same distance should move away from cesspools and toilets.

There is such a thing as a source debit. It allows you to determine how many people the drinking well is designed for. Usually, the owners of private houses do not pay too much attention to this condition.

Mandatory installation of the head of the well (the part that rises above the surface). The cap serves as a protective element and prevents the penetration of debris and dirt into the water. The minimum height to which it must rise above the surface is 0.7 - 0.8 m. It is also necessary to install a roof or hatch.

To protect water from the appearance of dirt and turbidity, a filter element should be made at the bottom of the drinking well. For it, a mound of clean sand or pre-washed gravel is usually used. According to some regulatory documents, the height of the filter should not be less than 60 cm.

It should be remembered that each well requires cleaning. Also sometimes it is necessary to make repairs to the mine. For ease of descent, metal or cast-iron staples are installed in the walls of the well during construction. To prevent corrosion, they are coated with a primer.

When to Clean a Drinking Well

The well is cleaned depending on the contamination of the source. On average, this occurs every 1.5-2 years. Strictly regulated rules do not exist. The most convenient time for this event is late spring, due to the withdrawal of driving waters.

During cleaning, other operations are also carried out: covering the seams with a special solution, strengthening the metal frame. In addition to the water intake part of the well, attention should also be paid to the base of the mine. On the walls of concrete rings or masonry, dirt may form, which must also be carefully cleaned.

After the cleaning is completed, it is necessary to qualitatively disinfect the water intake part. To do this, use various reagents that contain chlorine concentrate. After adding this substance, the well should be thoroughly rinsed. Drinking water without flushing the well is prohibited.

How to control the quality of drinking water wells

When checking the quality of water in drinking wells by the relevant authorities, the adjacent territory is also subject to inspection. The main types of water quality control:

Planned. It is carried out after a certain period of time. It includes a set of basic measures to determine the quality of water from all sources of water supply (wells, wells,).
Selective. It can be carried out in regions where problems with water supply systems were noticed earlier.
According to one-time requests. The initiator of such a check is the direct owner land plot. It is carried out in order to check the suitability of water.

It is not uncommon for the readings of the first water intake to include too many harmful bacteria and micro-organisms. Then a deeper examination of the water is carried out, which determines the cause of the deterioration of the water. All indicators are compared with the standards of the relevant instructions.

To improve the quality of water, the drinking well can be cleaned and then disinfected. If after this the problem has not been eliminated, then the quality of the water is improved by using special preparations with a high content of chlorine. If the pollution is of a chemical nature (especially pollution with aggressive substances), then a decision can be made to eliminate the source.

Choosing the right place

The right place is the main indicator of the durability of the well and the presence of water of the appropriate quality in it. To select a place, in modern construction, the method of exploratory drilling is used. The advantages of this method are in 100% determination of the water layer. The disadvantages include the high pricing policy of this process.

Where should a drinking well not be installed:

Nearby cesspools, septic tanks, utility rooms. Waste can seep into the ground, and subsequently into the water.
On the side of a river or in a ravine. The vertical direction of the well will reduce the flow of water.
Less than 5 m from the house or any outbuildings. A well located so close to the house will cause gradual washing out of the soil from under the foundation. This threatens with an early subsidence of the bearing wall.

Also, do not build a water source near water bodies. This can lead to contamination of the well and damage to the health of the user.

The lack of a centralized water supply system ceases to be a problem when they equip a country site or simply in a place remote from the city alternative source water. There are various different types wells, and the owners of the territory themselves choose what is more suitable: a small, beautifully designed log house or a deep well with modern equipment. Let us consider in more detail the design features and stages of construction of structures of various types.

In summer cottages, there are rarely water bodies that meet sanitary standards. Most often, if high aquifers allow, they dig out a pond, which is actively exploited for watering a garden plot, household needs, and bathing. However, as a source of drinking water, the pond, like any other body of water open type, does not fit. Natural springs or springs gushing out of the ground are extremely rare, usually on a large area in country estates. Standard country cottage area usually devoid of any natural body of water at all.

Modern well in the country as a decorative element

To provide a separate area necessary quantity waters make wells various types. The choice depends on many factors, including:

location of groundwater;
volume of water required for comfortable life;
availability of material necessary for construction (financial possibilities);
possibility of installation pumping equipment etc.

The decisive factor for dividing all types of structures into two large categories is the depth of groundwater. If they are located shallow, then it is enough to dig a foundation pit mechanically or manually, strengthen its walls, ennoble the head. The result is a shaft-type device - one of those that our ancestors have used since time immemorial. Of course, building materials have become more durable and wear-resistant, wood has been replaced by monolithic concrete blocks and "eternal" plastic, but the principle of the device has not changed much.

Choosing a well depending on the location of aquifers

The deeper occurrence of aquifers does not allow the construction of a conventional pit; drilling of a well with the help of special equipment will be required. This process is quite expensive, sometimes time-consuming, but the volume of water extracted from an artesian well is much larger, and the quality of the liquid is much higher. Self-drilling rarely leads to positive result, as necessary step is a preliminary study of the soil, and this is done by geological research companies. With your own hands, you can make a well to a depth of 15-20 m with a mobile drilling rig. And now in more detail about the different types of water wells.

Mine wells: choose the material for construction

All shaft-type structures are united by the same design - an elongated pit 5-15 m deep with reinforced walls, a neatly designed head. The differences relate to the nuances of construction, material, method of extracting water. The advantages of a well shaft are constant access to a certain amount of drinking or technical liquid, the reserves of which are stored and replenished naturally over time. Complete drainage of the reservoir occurs only in rare cases, for example during an extremely dry period.

Types of shaft wells depending on the depth

Wooden frame

Wood has been used for a long time, as it perfectly tolerates the proximity to moisture, and is convenient in processing. From logs or thick boards (from 150 mm and thicker) a structure is made that resembles a log house. Elements are attached to each other different ways, for example "in the paw". Not all breeds are suitable. The lower part, in contact with water, is collected from elm, alder or oak. In order for the water to remain transparent and not have a bitter taste, the oak is first subjected to staining. For the manufacture of the upper part and the head, cheaper pine is suitable.

Scheme of the device of a wooden mine well

It is irrational to dig pits less than 5 meters: they collect only surface water horizons containing many impurities, respectively, not suitable for drinking. The ground layers lie at a depth of 10-15 m, it is precisely this height that a kind of "log" should turn out. The assembly is carried out in fragments, which are alternately lowered, hammering with a sledgehammer, to the bottom. The role of the bottom filter is played by a sand and pebble cushion. The upper part is protected from perched water with a clay castle 1-1.5 m wide.

Masonry

Stone mines are usually laid out in areas where wood is in short supply. Most often they can be found in mountainous and foothill areas with poor vegetation, but large quantity granite or dolomite deposits. Also masonry used for decorative purposes, but beautiful, lined with colored rocks cylindrical shape takes a lot of time and effort, besides, it does not have high functionality, since the stone is recommended to be used only for shallow pits.

Now the stone is more often used to decorate the above-ground part - the head

For the stability of the structure, a metal frame is initially welded with a stable base placed on the bottom. Reinforcement, wire, metal rings create a semblance of stiffeners, between which masonry is placed. The composition of dolomite, rubble, granite stone, impervious to water, is bound by sand- cement mortar. Limestone or sandstone is not suitable due to its porous structure and water permeability.

Brick mine

Despite the difference in the material of manufacture, the device of different types of wells has much in common. For example, if you replace a stone with a brick, the difference will be small. Main design difference consists in the arrangement of bricks, which are laid in a certain pattern, while the stones are in a chaotic order. To create reliable walls, masonry is made one or one and a half bricks wide. A rounded shape is given using a special stabilizing profile.

Well mine made of bricks

Without a frame, which forms a kind of “skeleton” of a well structure, stone and brick masonry cannot exist for a long time. Despite the strength of the Portland cement that holds the individual elements together, over time, underground currents wash out the solution, and the structure may crumble. The base frame is welded from metal profile, pieces of reinforcement, or assembled from waterproof wood species. The minimum thickness of the base is 100 mm.

Prefabricated concrete rings are popular among summer residents due to their low cost. The process of their installation takes much less time than laying a brick wall or installing wooden frame. Convenient dimensions (diameter from 0.8 m to 1.5 m, height from 0.7 m to 0.9 m) allow you to assemble the structure of the required depth. The elements are connected end-to-end with the help of special brackets and bolts, and the cracks between them are filled with cement mortar to ensure complete sealing. Sometimes, for strength, the joints are connected with 6-centimeter strips of steel and staples (3-4 pieces around the circumference).

Installation of concrete rings

The shaft is dug out gradually so that the first ring goes down, the second one is installed on top of it - and so on to the full depth. At the bottom they form sand cushion 0.3 m thick, covered with a layer of rubble. The upper part is reinforced with a clay castle. It is not needed if there are stones, peat or dense sand directly under the fertile soil layer. The first few portions of the liquid must be pumped out, and the subsequent ones are initially better used for household needs.

Video: The process of lowering concrete rings into the finished shaft

Prefabricated plastic frame

Modified polymers are actively used for the production of prefabricated well structures and other equipment located underground and in contact with a humid environment. They are not yet as popular as concrete counterparts, but the advantages of alternative rings are obvious:

the maximum height of an individual part is 1.5 m, which increases the speed of construction and increases the tightness of the mine;
weight plastic elements much lighter than concrete, brick or wood;
threaded connection provides water tightness over the entire area of the walls;
working pressure - up to 50 kPa;
cost - from 11 thousand rubles. for the ring.

Polymer pipes for a well

Rings are installed in two ways. On dense stable soils, the shaft is first pulled out, then the rings are lowered and screwed in turn, smearing the joints with sealant. If the soil is loose, a small pit is dug out, the first element is inserted, and then the ground is taken out from under it and lifted up. Then it is pushed down, the second element is mounted on top - and so on until the end. Polymer structures serve more than 50 years.

Borehole water supply of a suburban area

Mines with a depth of more than 20 m are called pipe (tubular) or artesian. If underground aquifers lie very deep, wells up to 200 m have to be drilled, but most often this happens for industrial purposes. The quality of the liquid in artesian sources is much higher than that of the well: it practically does not contain nitrates, salts of harmful metals, pathogenic bacteria that enter the wells from the top water. The only disadvantage of well equipment is the high cost.

Small well (on sand)

Sand wells are the most acceptable way to provide a country house with better quality water. Their depth is from 15 m to 35 m (rarely 45 m), and the water flow is on average 0.8-2.2 m³/h. Drilling should be carried out by specialists, since it is necessary to detect underground horizons of water-bearing sand and properly install the filter. The drilling process lasts 2-3 days, then it is necessary to plant the shaft with pipes made of steel or propylene. The lower part of the equipment is equipped with a sand filter or a more powerful filter column.

Scheme of a sand well device

The capacity of the facility is enough to provide water for a family of 3-4 people. The quality of the liquid is not as ideal as that of an artesian, but much higher than that of a well, since the ingress of surface water is excluded. If you install a centrifugal pump and automatic equipment, the sand well will function smoothly throughout the year. Drilling is possible when using a compact drilling rig, a license and a package of permits are not required.

deep well

The depth of an artesian well is from 30 m or more, in suburban areas the maximum does not exceed 200 m. A package of permits is required for its installation. Drilling should be carried out by specialists, as heavy construction machinery(ZIL, KAMAZ) and a powerful rotary unit. The drilling process is to destroy hard rock, removing them from the mine and installing casing pipes. The maximum number of casing pipes for one structure is 3 pieces, such a prefabricated structure is called telescopic. Welding has recently been used extremely rarely, the main method of connecting elements is threaded. The lower water layers are isolated from the upper ones with the help of a special material - compactonite, granular dry clay.

Artesian well with double casing

After installation of pipes, experimental flushing is required to obtain clean water. Samples are taken for analysis in order to give permission for the use of water as drinking water. The owner is issued a passport, which indicates the technical data of the structure and the terms of use.

Features of the device of the Abyssinian well

When there is no need to equip a powerful well, you can make an autonomous Abyssinian well. Its device does not require long digging or heavy equipment. The technology consists in installing a pipe of minimum diameter (up to 4 cm) to the depth of the upper aquifer. The lower part of the pipe is equipped with a filter that protects it from contamination. The water supply to the top is provided by a self-priming pump. To make the pipe easier to sink into the ground, it is equipped with a conical tip, the diameter of which is 4-5 cm wider than the diameter of the pipe.

Comparative diagram of a tubular and Abyssinian well

The above-ground part is decorated or ennobled with a small structure, such as a gazebo. Any will do comfortable spot for installation, however, it is necessary to avoid areas close to septic tanks, drainage collectors, sewers.

Video: comparative characteristics of a well and an Abyssinian well

Having figured out what kind of water wells there are, it is easy to choose a structure that is optimally suited for a particular suburban area. But keep in mind that deep-type structures without permits arrangement is prohibited.

Water wells can be different sizes and forms. It all depends on the free space in the suburban area and on what type of water supply will be used.

Ascending.
Tubular.
Mine.

Let's take a closer look at the designs:

The ascending type can only be used where a spring or any other source of water comes to the surface.
Most often it is used in reserves rich in springs and other reservoirs. It is a not too complicated structure that comes to the surface of the soil in the form of a small pipe.
A filter station is installed on it, a pump (see Water pumps for wells: which one to choose) may not be needed, since the water itself rises to the surface.

Advice. It does not make sense to install this type of well on suburban areas of the modern type.
It will take quite a lot of effort to get to a certain layer of the earth. In some cases, ascending sources can be at a depth of up to 150 m.

Mine and tube wells are considered more in demand for water supply to a suburban area. The photos show examples of them.

Shaft structure and its functions

This type is the very first that was used by man to supply water to his home.
Its size and shape can be varied:

Square.
Round.
Oval.
Rectangular.

Water enters through the bottom or partially through the walls.

Advice. If the groundwater in the suburban area does not lie too deep, then it is most rational to use a mine well for water supply.

It can be built on any soil, as it is reliably strengthened from the inside of the structure.
Walls can be:

Wooden bars.
Concrete well rings.
Stone (but or brick).

Application of materials:

Wood was used when there were no other materials. At the moment, they often began to lay out wells for water with the help of bricks or rubble stone.
For a longer time of use of the structure, concrete rings are used, which also have different sizes and thicknesses.

It will be mandatory to use natural filter materials on the bottom and walls of this design:

Sand.
Rubble.

The depth of such a well can reach 8-16 m. It all depends on what quality of water you need.
The video in this article shows the process of digging and building a shaft well. It will also be necessary to finish the mine structure.

Finishing the shaft well

Such work is necessary because in appearance the well resembles a deep pit and, for safety reasons, it will be necessary to limit it with any modern building material.
For this, houses are being built, which can be from:

Brick.
tree.
Foam blocks.
Foam concrete.

Let's take a closer look:

If brick or other similar material requires additional decoration, then wood does not.
Brick is almost always finished with natural agglomerate or artificial stone. For such work, it is necessary to prepare a flat surface.
The wood is simply varnished.

Advice. To give sophistication and attractive appearance outdoor structure shaft well, quite often various patterns are carved on the wood, which looks original.

It will be mandatory to build a roof, which is made of:

Wood.
Decking.
Metal tiles and other roofing materials.

Advice. To prevent debris from getting inside, you need to close it with a lid made of wood or corrugated board.

tubular well

This type is a well. He does not have big size, but its depth can be quite impressive.
Used for its arrangement:

Concrete pipes.
Plastic pipes.

If a shaft well is dug with a shovel, then a tubular well is drilled with a special drill. The most important thing when choosing this type of well is to establish the location of groundwater so that it does not clog the source of water supply.
The tube well must be well equipped, as water will not collect in it. Various automatic devices are used to raise the water out.
The well can be simple or artesian. What is the difference? The latter type of water is cleaner and healthier.
It lies quite deep underground and very often such a depth is at least 15-20 m.

The price of a tubular well is much more modest than a mine well. During the construction process, much less is spent building material and strength.

How to choose a place to build a well

Both options for a water source can be built with your own hands. You just need to choose the right place for it on a suburban area.
Let's take a closer look:

For this there is a specific instruction. According to it, a reservoir with water supply should not be too close to a residential building, since if the well itself is flooded with groundwater, the structure may begin to deform (destruction of the foundation, walls will crack, and so on).
All this can lead to the complete destruction of the house.
It is also worth considering that a well of any type should not be located near sewage sewer pits, compost pits, and other things that can pollute groundwater. The distance from them must be at least 20 m.
How to determine the water level? To do this, you can make an analysis of reservoirs that are located near a suburban area.
You can ask your neighbors about the depth of their well. But, here it is worth considering that each needs its own type of water.

Advice. This method can only help if it is planned to build a tubular well with artesian water on the site.

How to detect water

Water detection for a well can be done in a variety of ways. You can use any desiccant that is previously buried in the place where it is planned to build a well.
The depth of burial should be at least 0.5 m.

Advice. Brick or silica gel can be used as a desiccant. They are pre-dried and weighed.

After 24 hours have elapsed, the desiccant is dug out and weighed again. If it has acquired a fairly large weight compared to its original one, then a well can be built in such a place.
The second method is based on natural phenomena. After a hot day at dusk, you need to carefully examine the site.
If there is a gray haze (fog) in any place, then it is there that the well will need to be built.

Advice. According to legend, if smoke rises in a column or swirls, then it is in this place that the most fertile structure will be.

You can find water for a well by studying the topography of the site. If it has hills or hills, then there is definitely a lot of water between them, since the water underground relief exactly repeats the ground relief.

Advice. If the terrain is flat, then there will probably be quite a few places with enough water on it.

The amount of water can show and various plants, which require quite a lot of liquid to grow. These are sedge, spruce, birch, alder.
Please note that if a pine tree grows on a suburban area, and in order to be saturated with water, it has a rather long taproot, which means that the water is very deep.
They help determine the location of water and nearby water bodies. Have to take special device and measure their pressure right on the shore of the reservoir.
Then the same actions are done on the site. If the pressure has a deviation of 0.5 mm Hg, then the water will be at a depth of 6-8 m.

Pets are also good at locating water. In most cases, on hot days, they dig holes in a place where there is water and lie down in it.
Water is very close to the surface and in sufficient quantity.
There is another way to detect water - exploratory drilling. To do this, a well is drilled and, as soon as water appears in the well, drilling can be stopped.
But here it’s already worth deciding which is better, leaving a well or building a well.

Advice. Exploratory drilling is carried out at a depth of 5-10 meters.

There is a certain conditional depth. It is 10-15 m.
If the water is at a greater depth, then it is most rational to make a well.

Automation to ensure the normal functioning of a well or well

Water stations play big role for water supply of a residential building on a suburban area. They help to pump water into certain reservoirs and thereby make its reserves.
So:

They also provide a normal supply of water to the house and with their help, irrigation is carried out on the site.
At the moment, pumping stations are of different sizes. They can be installed directly in the well or outside (in the house or in any utility room).

Advice. To ensure the supply of water to the house, you need to run pipes from the well.

The main task will be to conduct electricity on the site, since without it the pumps do not work.
There are several types of pumping stations:

Surface.
In-depth.
Deep.

The first two types are used to provide shallow wells. And the latter is able to extract water from a very great depth, which reaches 80 m. Pumping stations can be switched on automatically or with the help of special remotes.
It all depends on the flow of water in the area. With a large consumption of liquid, it is best to opt for automatic pumping stations.

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Well device and types

The well is vertical system with reinforced surface and a structure for supplying water from underground sources (wells or groundwater). According to the mechanism of the rise of internal waters, this can be:

a Russian well, the water in it is obtained thanks to a rope wound on a special drum, at the end of which a bucket is tied;
a well-shaduf, in which a crane-type lever is used to raise water from the mine;
Archimedean screw, in which water rises in large portions.

Drinking wells use only:

groundwater of spring origin;
artesian waters that get out from the depths due to the force of natural pressure.

According to the material for strengthening the inner walls, wells can be:

wooden;
brick;
concrete;
stone.

The device of a wooden Russian well is a shaft, no more than 20 m deep and consists of lifting mechanism- a gate, a clay castle, on top of which gravel is poured and a blind area is laid. The well is dug before the groundwater runs, under which stack the filter from gravel and sand.

The part that is above the surface of the earth is called the head, its close the lid protecting from debris and winter icing. The part located underground is called the trunk, it is dug deep into the mine whose walls are reinforced. The shape of the shaft is most often round (the most convenient), square (the simplest) and any other (rectangular, hexagonal, etc.).

Concrete, brick and stone wells are dug with a round shaft.

How and when to dig

Digging in the spring is not recommended due to the high probability of choosing the wrong depth.
The best time to dig a well is the end of February or August. It is not easy to dig in February, but at other times you may not dig a well at all.
If you start digging, then you can not interrupt to prevent sticking of the column.
The use of a winch or a crane to extract the rings is mandatory.
A team of three people should dig a well, changing each other in turn.

Country well from logs

A well is dug if the groundwater lies at a depth of up to 15 m, otherwise it will be difficult to raise the soil upward. Mine depth less than 5 m is also unacceptable, due to the likelihood of surface water ingress, leading to pollution and the inability to use it for drinking, and there is not much water there.

The place for the well must be chosen at least 5 m from the buildings on the foundation, it is better to be at least 20 m away. Determine water occurrence folk methods possible, but it is better if you contact a special hydrological organization. However, if you see that the neighbors have wells and water in them, you can safely dig on your site, you will definitely have it too.

It is better to dig a well at a time when the surface layers of water are depleted, and you will surely reach groundwater without accidentally mistaking perch for them.

The material for the log house should be durable rocks oak type trees. So that the water does not take on a brown hue and does not give a bitter aftertaste, it is subjected to a staining process. You can use other tree species, for example: elm, larch, alder, aspen, pine. In the surface and underwater parts of the well can be used different types of trees.

Before digging the mine is selected fastening method logs among themselves (as a rule, “in a paw” in a “half-tree”, etc.) so that there are no obstacles for putting a log house into a finished shaft.

Having made a markup and tearing out a notch for clay castle, start digging a well shaft to a maximum depth of about 20 m.

Separately, a log house is assembled, corresponding to the depth of the dug mine.
The finished log house is brought into the mine, trying to prevent damage to the walls.
Lower crown neatly seated on supports made from the remains of logs. For a hard landing, they beat with a heavy sledgehammer on the upper crown of the log house.
Produce a sample of soil for the further advancement of the log house.
Delete wooden poles and the log house must go down, otherwise help with a sledgehammer.
Repeat actions (set up supports, dig a hole, etc.).
If high water accumulates in the pit, a pump is used to pump it out.
After installation wooden structure, pump out water from the bottom, level it and pour filter layers- sand, then gravel.
A meter-long pit is being dug around the well to make clay castle, preventing water intrusion.
To prevent rain water from leaking make a blind area with a slight slope from the well.
The rest of the work is carried out to improve the appearance of the well.

concrete wells

Concrete wells more hygienic and durable compared to wooden counterparts. Concrete wells can be dug in two ways:

formwork method.
With the use of concrete rings.

formwork method. This is done simply: the formwork is placed along the walls dug to a certain depth of the mine, it is poured composition of cement sand and gravel (in a ratio of ½/3), water is added at the rate of an average of 0.6 per unit proportion. After curing after 12 days remove formwork, dig a hole under a concrete wall and lower the ring. This process is repeated until the well is dug to the desired depth.

With the use of concrete rings. This process is going much faster, so you do not have to wait until the concrete wall hardens. Finished rings (purchased or pre-made by formwork) are lowered into previously dug pit. Further, they dig a hole under the ring and push the ring inward, putting a new one on it. Fasten the rings with special brackets. They dig to a depth at which water will flow along the walls from at least three sources. Scoop out water, form bottom filter and proceed to the formation of the upper part of the well. The concrete ring should rise above the ground at least half a meter.

Brick well manufacturing technology

Brick wells have many shortcomings, however, where there is no access to vehicles for transporting concrete rings or it is not economically feasible, such walls can be made. Brick wells are dug shallow, so walls can be laid, only dig the entire mine. The masonry is made of hardened red brick, since the silicate counterpart is subject to rapid destruction. Wells made of stone and brick, as a rule, make round(for decreasing consumable) with a diameter of 1 m. The manufacturing technology is the same as that of concrete wells. Masonry can be done both from below, if the depth is not more than 5 m, and from above, placing supports, similar to the case with concrete rings. The thickness of the walls of brickwork should not exceed 25 cm, and stone 35 cm, it is desirable to plaster them.

Brickwork is a fan.

How much will it cost to build a well in the country

In order not to build a well yourself, you can turn to construction companies that are engaged in digging wells. During the construction of the well, the company produces calculation of materials, delivers everything you need to the object, digs a well shaft, installs rings, carries out complete sealing, mounts a clay castle, installs a house, if necessary, mounts a plumbing unit and connects water supply to a private house in accordance with building codes and regulations.

One of the Moscow companies offers digging wells from concrete rings worth at 2,000 rubles. for work in depth in 1 ring (0.8 m), the cost of the ring itself is 2,000 rubles. Digging a well with a depth of more than 16 m will cost 2450 rubles. for each subsequent ring. If you book a house - it will cost you 6 000 rubles

Another company offers its services at lower prices. The cost of installing one ring - 1 800 rubles, and the installation of the house - 5 500 rubles In addition, you will have to pay at least 150 rubles for rolling the ring. for every 20 m and delivery of materials. The cost of a well with a depth of 15 m will cost in 100 900 rubles. including materials for the bottom, house, etc., excluding transportation costs.

The Svoi Well company also produces well digging from 2 000 rubles, house installation from 5 000 rubles, and sells the rings themselves 1,500 rubles each a piece.

Average prices in the Moscow region for a ring - 1 900 rubles, and for digging for one ring - 2 000 rubles However, if there are difficulties with the removal of soil, groundwater, soil, then the price may be higher. On average, a turnkey well can do in the Moscow region with a depth of 9 m - 68 000 rubles, for 18 m - 145 500 rubles with a house.

Digging wells is very laborious process, associated with many nuances that are difficult for a non-specialist to understand, therefore it is best to contact an organization engaged in digging wells, which has specialists to perform geodetic developments and all technological processes.

septik.guru

Types of wells

by the most the right time of the year for the construction of the well will be late autumn. During this period, ground flows flow to a low level of depth, which allows you to freely build a mine. Before proceeding with the construction, it is worth deciding what type of well will be on the territory. At the same time, it is necessary to carefully study the technologies that explain how to make a well in the country.

A well or well for a private house can be of the following types:

wooden;

with a decorative house;

concreted;

from reinforced concrete rings;

from stone or brick.

Drilling well

A drilling well in the country is created in the territory where underground flows flow to high level. The work is carried out by drilling wells. The drill bit is embedded in the soil and with rotational movements they dig a hole of the desired width.

Choosing this kind of method, the well as a result has a great depth and a narrow neck. What kind of this building has, you can see in the photo.

Pipes made of metal and asbestos with a diameter of at least 15 cm are mounted inside the structure. A cover is installed on top of the well as a protection against debris and a water lifting device, which can be clearly seen in the photo examples. Such structures can be below 20 m in depth.

Mine type wells

A well according to the type of mine can be built if there are no stony rocks on the site, in the presence of which the drilling method is not used. A well in the form of a shaft is dug in a simple way, in which the earth is removed from the pit with one's own hand using a bucket. The depth of construction should be no more than 20-25 m, and the deeper the mine, the lower the risk of water contamination with harmful bacteria. Well in the country with minimum depth You can create your own using:

bucket for cleaning the pit.

If it is decided to create a deep well, this will require the help of special equipment. The bottom of the pit is equipped with crushed stone 50 cm high for water filtration. For the durability of the structure, it is required to equip the walls with asbestos. Photo examples of earthworks will help you figure out how to properly organize the work on arranging such a well.

Wooden structure

Suitable for creating a wooden well wooden beams 10-15 cm wide or thick panels. At the first stage of creation, it is required to dig a shaft corresponding to the height of the beam, after which they install finished material inside.

A dig is made under the log house with a gradual deepening for the next beam. How it looks right, you can see by looking at the photo examples. The frame is installed on top of each other, bringing it to the desired height. For strength, the structure is fastened with boards vertically.

decorative houses

They have a decorative function. Their main purpose is to close the well pit. A house is selected taking into account the decorative elements that are on the landscape of the territory. Inside the house, you can install a pump to raise water to the surface. You can get acquainted with the decorative element in the photo examples.

concreting

A metal formwork is mounted in a shaft dug in advance, followed by pouring it with cement. Small fractions of bitumen or pebbles can be added to the solution.

Three days later, after the first layer has dried, you can start pouring the second base. Carrying out the work in stages, the well will be strong and durable.

Reinforced concrete rings

Using reinforced concrete structures, you can create a well of various depths and any diameter. The work begins with the preparation of a pit at the level of two rings, which are accurately installed on top of each other, and how this happens can be seen in the photo examples.

For strength, the rings are connected with metal reinforcement. The alternate deepening of the shaft is carried out thanks to the digging from the bottom of the rings and making room for the third row of the structure. The next stage is based on cementing the gaps between the rings and equipping the bottom. The shaft is filled with gravel to a height of 50 cm. At the next stage, a cover and a decorative canopy are installed.

Near such a well, it is necessary to dig a trench of 1 meter and fill it with clay. This action is necessary to protect well water from the ingress of fine litter and soil particles.

brick and stone

The walls inside the structure can be equipped with bricks or small stones, but only in the case of a finished mine with a digging of the required size. This kind of well cannot be deeper than 7 meters.

Wall decoration with brick and stone can be used if the territory of the private sector contains clay or loamy soil.

When creating masonry at the bottom of the shaft, it is necessary to add less liquid to the cement, and for the upper part, a standard mix solution can be used.

So that the country well does not spoil the appearance of the landscape, it should be decorated. You can build a well in the country in the form of a wooden crane, arrange a hinged roof in the Moroccan style, decorate the hinged support with carvings or ornamental painting. Any fantasy can be realized, even the one you once saw in a photo in a book or on the Internet.

The same amount of time is allotted to create a well or well. However, for any type of construction, preliminary preparation of work is required, taking into account the level of groundwater passage, selecting a photo of the future well and determining right place for the building.

delovvode.ru

Existing types of wells

Classification into types is usually carried out on the basis of the material design of the shaft wall, which can be:

wooden;
brick;
stone;
from concrete rings;
from monolithic reinforced concrete;
from polymer rings.

Each of the materials has its own advantages and disadvantages, as well as indications and limitations for use, depending on the size and depth of the hydraulic structure.

One of the first artificial structures, due to the availability, cheapness and ease of processing the material, was a wooden well, which, despite the variety construction materials, produced by construction industry enterprises, remains the most affordable, especially if next to a summer house or country house there is a forest. As structural elements for wells made of wood, sanded solid logs, timber, round timber spread in two or thick boards can be used. The final choice is made for reasons of economy and laboriousness in processing and assembling a log house from a particular material, which in turn is determined by the availability of a suitable tool and skill from the master who decided to build a water intake.

Wood has long been used as a material for a well.

The size of the structural elements is selected depending on the depth of the well, based on the following considerations:

log diameter - 120 - 180 mm;
the thickness of the timber, boards or cut - from 100 to 150 mm.

Wood species have different hardness and resistance to moisture, so when picking it is recommended to take:

for the lower part immersed in water - alder, elm or oak;
for the surface part, not subject to contact with water - pine.

A mine made of stone

A hydraulic structure capable of challenging the palm in terms of the priority of appearance near a wooden log house is a stone well. It is quite possible that the first well was entirely made of natural material, representing stones, selected according to size, collected in a cylindrical shaft and held together with clay. Today, the construction of stone wells for drinking water involves the use of thick sand-cement mixture with a high content of Portland cement to ensure the watertightness of the structure, which is also achieved by using granite, rubble stone or dolomite as the main material, which, unlike limestone and sandstone, do not let water in from the outside, which guarantees its flow exclusively from the aquifer.

stone mine

Reliable construction of a well made of natural stone implies the manufacture of a reinforced concrete support frame at the bottom of the shaft, which is a massive base for the entire structure and ensures its stable positioning in connection with the intermediate and upper wooden element, which, in combination with reinforcing rods, acts as a skeleton. Metal rods connecting the elements of stone wells to each other are threaded at the ends, which allows them to be fixed to wooden round frames with nuts, screwed on both sides and tightened to a hard contact. The number of intermediate frames is determined by the depth of the structure, but should be at least one for penetration up to 2 meters and located at a distance of 1 to 1.5 meters at a lower bottom level. To strengthen the structure, every 5 - 6 rows of masonry should be provided with a closed ring gasket made of double-row steel wire with a diameter of 0.5 - 1 mm.

Brickwork instead of stone

The development of building technologies and the emergence artificial stone, which, after firing, acquires water-repellent properties, made it possible to build the first brick well, which is still used today. The structure of a brick well is similar to that described for a natural stone structure, while the thickness of the support frame must be at least 100 mm and the width exceed a quarter of a meter, which will allow laying one or one and a half bricks, depending on the chosen scheme. wooden elements wells made of bricks should be from 80 mm thick, and their width exceeds the width of the masonry by 20 mm or more.

Beginning of brickwork

In order for a section of a brick well in a horizontal plane to have the shape of a ring, specially prepared templates are used during masonry, made in the form of a segment of a circle and providing the necessary shaft profile. The gaps between the last row of bricks and the intermediate or top frame are filled masonry mortar, which is rammed.

An alternative material for building a brick well for water is iron brick, obtained by burning the workpiece and being practically impervious to moisture.

Assembling a shaft from concrete rings

The most practical from the point of view of arrangement time and ease of use is a well made of concrete rings, which can be from 800 to 1500 mm in diameter and from 300 to 900 mm in height. The device of the well, assembled from concrete rings, provides for careful sealing of the joints of structural elements with the help of special waterproofing mixtures, by filling and coating on both sides. If the depth of the well does not exceed 6 meters, then it is practiced to use concrete pipes having a diameter of 600 - 700 mm and a length of 3 - 4 meters.

The rigidity of the device for a water well assembled from concrete pipes is achieved by arranging an external plank formwork that protects the structure from the shearing effects of soil layers, or by welding metal pieces of reinforcement or another profile to the external embedded plates.

Monolithic concrete wells

The greatest installation depth of a water well can be achieved by arranging a completely monolithic reinforced concrete structure, obtained:

the method of gradual build-up by rearranging the formwork from the bottom up;
successive pouring of the rings to the height of the enclosing form, undermining and lowering it in depth, after which the reinforcing frame is built up and the formwork is reinstalled. The operations are repeated the number of times necessary to reach the aquifer.

The device of reinforced concrete monolithic wells for drinking water is a rather laborious and time-consuming measure, which is rational to use only if it is possible to perform one-time work by arranging a continuous double-sided formwork and reinforcing cage to the full height, followed by periodic pouring of the entire volume, at intervals necessary for compaction concrete using internal vibrators. The external formwork elements of the wells with this organization of the process are non-removable and are subject to backfill together with a monolithic shaft.

Assembling the shaft from plastic elements

Polymer wells are an innovation in the market of country hydraulic structures and have not yet become quite common, although they have all the set of positive properties necessary for this:

the final cost is comparable to water wells constructed from concrete rings;
an order of magnitude smaller mass of structural elements, while having a greater length (1500 mm);
high tightness of the assembly, achieved by threaded connection elements and surpassing even the indicator that reinforced concrete wells have, due to the complete water tightness of the walls;
allowable working pressure on the outer and inner walls - 50 kPa;
operating temperature from -70 to +50 0 С;
service life over 50 years.

polymer wells

An alternative to plastic corrugated pipes, with the ability to perceive external loads comparable to that of concrete wells, a polymer-sand composition used for the manufacture of rings 200 mm high and with a wall thickness of 45 mm can become. The diameter of the water well from such parts can only be 970 or 1060 mm, since the manufactured elements have only such dimensions. The scheme for assembling a well from sand-polymer rings implies fixing the links with the help of special locks that ensure the rigidity of the structure.

All considered types of wells equipped for water extraction include:

a bottom with a filter layer, which is a base of geotextiles and / or gravel, the layer thickness of which determines the degree of purification of incoming water, but must be at least 100 mm;
a trunk with windows in the lower part filled with porous concrete if the well is on a water-resistant layer, and not on sand;
head, rising above the ground by 0.6 - 0.8 m and serving to install equipment, a canopy and / or cover;
clay castle, obtained by excavation of 25 - 50 cm of soil and backfilling with clay, which is a waterproof barrier to surface runoff. Required for types of water intake wells that do not have waterproof walls.

Some authors, answering the question: “What are the wells?”, Supplement the existing classification with pipe hydraulic structures, which is not true, since, due to the ratio of the diameter of the hole in the ground to its depth, it would be more correct to classify them as wells.

Concrete rings are very popular in the construction of the sewer system. Concrete is one of the most durable building materials, so its use guarantees the durability of the structure. Wells are constructed from concrete rings, which act as a sump or drainage element. The technology has not changed even after a long time, it has minor flaws, but remains in demand.

What elements does a concrete well consist of?

Installation and installation are the main actions when working with concrete wells. But no less important the right equipment this element of the system. Ignoring the equipment of the well can lead to improper operation of the system, reduced service life and violation of safety regulations.

The first thing any concrete well consists of is its foundation. The base can be either round or rectangular. For the drainage system, a hole is made in the base, which contributes to better contact with the ground.

This is followed by the installation of concrete rings, plates or monolithic fill. You should be aware that the outer surface of the base must be perfectly smooth, otherwise this may lead to installation difficulties. The hull will constantly slow down due to too close contact with the ground. The correct solution is to install wooden formwork, then the installation process will be faster.

An overlay is installed on top of the system. Many manufacturers create ceilings that initially have a regular hole for the hatch. Usually this hole has strictly regulated dimensions.

The last element of the well is the manhole cover, which can be made of any material. Now the most popular is the polymer material. Previously, cast iron and various types of metals with impurities were used. Due to the high cost, metals are gradually being phased out.

The main advantages of concrete rings

Concrete wells are more practical than masonry, since you need to install already ready product. Even the use of lifting equipment does not force you to choose other materials.

Advantages of concrete rings:

Quick installation. If you have equipment of a suitable category, you will not need more than two people to install the rings. Products are transported to the construction site already in the finished state, it is enough to install them and properly fix them together.
Affordable pricing policy. Concrete rings are qualified as a product; only high-quality and high cement grades are used for production.
After installation, the design becomes a single whole element of the site. Concrete wells do not require fixing with additional elements (cables, brackets or fittings).
Long period of operation. Even a low cement grade only gets stronger over time. Therefore, concrete wells have a very high durability.

The main disadvantage is the need to use lifting equipment. Without it, the installation process is possible, but requires excessive effort and a large number of people. concrete rings large diameter and with thick walls impossible to install without a tap.

Types of concrete wells

Concrete wells do not have too broad a classification. They are divided into 3 main types:

monolithic structures. Too long installation process. As an initial stage, a well of suitable size is dug. Next, the formwork is installed in which it is necessary to place the reinforcement. After all the operations performed, you can start pouring concrete. After completing the pouring, it is necessary that the concrete is infused (at least one week) and the formwork can be removed.

The main advantage of this method is that it is not necessary to use heavy equipment. All operations are carried out directly in the place where the concrete well will be located in the future.

With the use of concrete rings. This type of building material is very popular because of its ease of installation. Often concrete rings are made independently, but it is better to use factory products. Concrete rings should be installed evenly and without distortion. Without lifting equipment, you should use the old method. The ring is set on the ground and is undermined from all sides. Under its own weight, the product sags until it top part not level with the ground. You can install a second ring on it and repeat the process.
With the use of concrete plates. The process is similar to the above, with the exception of joining the plates. You can install them with an overlap so that one overlaps the other a little, or you can use welding. In addition to welding, for better bonding of two plates, it is necessary to additionally coat the joints with a solution. It also helps to reduce the penetration of sand and dirt.

The choice of the type of well directly depends on the pricing policy and the area. For example, a bottleneck under the sewer will make the installation process concrete slabs difficult. In some places, only filling the well is possible. In all other cases, convenient and inexpensive concrete rings are used.

Detailed classification of concrete wells

Concrete wells are used in various industries. Their design and composition imply use in the area where it will create all the conditions for long-term and high-quality operation.

Classification of concrete wells:

Operating conditions of a certain network:

In sewage disposal structures. Wells can be of both domestic and industrial importance.
in drainage systems. They have a special design, a distinctive feature of which is a cushion of sand and gravel.
Storm systems. They are easy to install and use less building material.

What function are they for:

Variable. It may consist of several levels and have great depth.
Lookout. It is purely observational. Such a well may be small.
Changing the direction of the flow. They have the most complex design, since access to the structure from all sides is necessary.
Turning. Installed where the system has a turn. Serve for ease of maintenance of the turning point.
Linear. Installed in a place where the system is straight. Serves for quicker access for the purpose of cleaning or troubleshooting.

Each type of well has certain features during installation and assembly. It is necessary to know how the environment for which a concrete well is installed is used in order to maximize its durability.

What are the criteria for making a mixture for a concrete well

Most often, concrete is used in the installation of monolithic wells. But a certain amount of grouting material will also be needed when installing concrete rings. In order for the product to serve for a sufficiently long period of time, in the manufacture concrete mix worth sticking with certain rules and not break the sequence.

Main parameter good solution is enough water. If you slightly exceed the norm, then too liquid material cannot be given correct form. After the final drying, the concrete will begin to delaminate and crumble.

A special cone, which is used by concrete pourers, helps to determine the degree of plasticity of the mixture. Plasticity is also an important indicator and requires strict adherence to the criteria. The cone does not require special operations, it is enough to place it on the solution, press it and measure the distance over which the concrete will settle.

Do not use gravel, crushed stone and sand if it contains dirt. Such debris will result in poor quality mortar with a short service life. Even ordinary building dust can interfere with setting. To avoid such consequences, all materials are thoroughly washed.

To make rings with correct settings, you should adhere to the following indicators:

Height - no more than one meter. This height is standard.
Wall thickness - no more than 10 cm. Allows you to lay reinforcement inside the solution.

Particular attention should be paid to the reinforcement, which must be laid in concrete. You can use rods from 8 to 12 mm. Smaller products will not create the necessary shrinkage of the solution, and rods with a large diameter will provide a cost overrun.

Summing up

Properly installed and equipped concrete well can last a long period of time. This design is only getting stronger every year. Also, concrete products are distinguished by affordable prices, which makes them very popular in construction.

Concrete wells are mounted by many owners of private houses on their own, only lifting equipment is ordered. This product is used in many construction areas.

Following the recommendation and some rules, you can quickly install a concrete well, which will be distinguished by increased strength and other high operational characteristics. In the absence of extra time, you can use the services of specialists who will perform the required work quickly, efficiently and for an affordable fee.

Despite the growing popularity of wells, a well for drinking and / or technical water still occupies a significant place among the hydraulic structures used to supply country and village houses, as well as summer cottages. Such popularity of a rural ordinary well is due to the possibility of combining the function of a water source and a storage tank that retains a significant volume, which, if necessary, can be used at a high flow rate and replenished when there is no consumption. The most common wells for water from concrete rings, combining the simplicity and speed of installation with the practicality and durability of operation.

Existing types of wells

Classification into types is usually carried out on the basis of the material design of the shaft wall, which can be:

wooden;
brick;
stone;
from concrete rings;
from monolithic reinforced concrete;
from polymer rings.

Each of the materials has its own advantages and disadvantages, as well as indications and limitations for use, depending on the size and depth of the hydraulic structure.

One of the first artificial structures, due to the availability, low cost and ease of processing the material, was a wooden well, which, despite the variety of structural materials produced by the construction industry, remains the most accessible, especially if there is a forest near a summer house or a country house. As structural elements of wells made of wood, sanded solid logs, beams, round logs spread in two or thick boards can be used. The final choice is made for reasons of economy and laboriousness in processing and assembling a log house from a particular material, which in turn is determined by the availability of a suitable tool and skill from the master who decided to build a water intake.

Wood has long been used as a material for a well.

The size of the structural elements is selected depending on the depth of the well, based on the following considerations:

log diameter - 120 - 180 mm;
the thickness of the timber, boards or cut - from 100 to 150 mm.

Wood species have different hardness and resistance to moisture, so when picking it is recommended to take:

for the lower part immersed in water - alder, elm or oak;
for the surface part, not subject to contact with water - pine.

A mine made of stone

A hydraulic structure capable of challenging the palm in terms of the priority of appearance near a wooden log house is a stone well. It is quite possible that the first well was entirely made of natural material, representing stones, selected according to size, collected in a cylindrical shaft and held together with clay. Today, the installation of stone wells for drinking water involves the use of a thick sand-cement mixture with a high content of Portland cement as a binder material to ensure the watertightness of the structure, which is also achieved by using granite, rubble stone or dolomite as the main material, which are impermeable, unlike limestone and sandstone water from the outside, which guarantees its flow exclusively from the aquifer.

stone mine

Brickwork instead of stone

The development of building technologies and the appearance of artificial stone, which, after firing, acquires water-repellent properties, made it possible to build the first brick well, which is still used today. The structure of a brick well is similar to that described for a natural stone structure, while the thickness of the support frame must be at least 100 mm and the width exceed a quarter of a meter, which will allow laying one or one and a half bricks, depending on the chosen scheme. The wooden elements of brick wells must be at least 80 mm thick, and their width exceeds the width of the masonry by 20 mm or more.

Beginning of brickwork

In order for a section of a brick well in a horizontal plane to have the shape of a ring, specially prepared templates are used during masonry, made in the form of a segment of a circle and providing the necessary shaft profile. The gaps between the last row of bricks and the intermediate or upper frame are filled with masonry mortar, which is rammed.

An alternative material for building a brick well for water is iron brick, obtained by burning the workpiece and being practically impervious to moisture.

Assembling a shaft from concrete rings

The most practical from the point of view of arrangement time and ease of use is a well made of concrete rings, which can be from 800 to 1500 mm in diameter and from 300 to 900 mm in height. The device of the well, assembled from concrete rings, provides for careful sealing of the joints of structural elements with the help of special waterproofing mixtures, by filling and coating on both sides. If the depth of the well does not exceed 6 meters, then the use of concrete pipes having a diameter of 600 - 700 mm and a length of 3 - 4 meters is practiced.

Monolithic concrete wells

The greatest installation depth of a water well can be achieved by arranging a completely monolithic reinforced concrete structure, obtained:

the method of gradual build-up by rearranging the formwork from the bottom up;
successive pouring of the rings to the height of the enclosing form, undermining and lowering it in depth, after which the reinforcing frame is built up and the formwork is reinstalled. The operations are repeated the number of times necessary to reach the aquifer.

Assembling the shaft from plastic elements

Polymer wells are an innovation in the market of country hydraulic structures and have not yet become quite common, although they have all the set of positive properties necessary for this:

the final cost is comparable to water wells constructed from concrete rings;
an order of magnitude smaller mass of structural elements, while having a greater length (1500 mm);
high tightness of the assembly, achieved due to the threaded connection of the elements and surpassing even the indicator that reinforced concrete wells have, due to the complete watertightness of the walls;
allowable working pressure on the outer and inner walls - 50 kPa;
operating temperature from -70 to +50 0 С;
service life over 50 years.

polymer wells

An alternative to plastic corrugated pipes, with the ability to perceive external loads comparable to that of concrete wells, can be a polymer-sand composition used for the manufacture of rings 200 mm high and with a wall thickness of 45 mm. The diameter of the water well from such parts can only be 970 or 1060 mm, since the manufactured elements have only such dimensions. The scheme for assembling a well from sand-polymer rings implies fixing the links with the help of special locks that ensure the rigidity of the structure.

Well device

All considered types of wells equipped for water extraction include:

a bottom with a filter layer, which is a base of geotextiles and / or gravel, the layer thickness of which determines the degree of purification of incoming water, but must be at least 100 mm;
a trunk with windows in the lower part filled with porous concrete if the well is on a water-resistant layer, and not on sand;
head, rising above the ground by 0.6 - 0.8 m and serving to install equipment, a canopy and / or cover;
clay castle, obtained by excavation of 25 - 50 cm of soil and backfilling with clay, which is a waterproof barrier to surface runoff. Required for types of water intake wells that do not have waterproof walls.

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