Roofing of a one-story industrial building. Industrial roofing. The main types of roofs

The arrangement of the roof of industrial buildings is a rather complicated issue, therefore, its solution must be approached with all responsibility. the main problem, as a rule, consists in rather large dimensions, which greatly complicate the installation work.

For industrial buildings choose practical options, which are economical, because the decorative materials in this case special conditions not presented. Buying industrial premises, and find suitable option can on http://www.tdlinvest.ru/ don't skimp too much on possible repair roofs, after all, durability is also important here. At the moment, there are three most popular solutions for creating roofs for industrial facilities:

1. Bituminous materials are a very durable option, such a roof is waterproof, resistant to mechanical damage, elastic, withstands severe temperature changes and is airtight. However, they can only be used for flat roofs or roofs with a slight slope, and repairs will have to be done quite often.

2. Mastic materials are another option for flat roofing. They are more durable and wear resistant than bituminous materials. Such a roof is not afraid of ultraviolet and low temperatures. It provides good sound insulation and will last about 20 years.

3. Decking is the most popular solution for arranging sloping roofs of industrial facilities. It is very important that the sheets are distinguished by high waves, which make the roof stronger and more rigid. This material tolerates temperature fluctuations well, is light in weight, which makes installation relatively easy, and is durable (approximately 20 years).

Roof decking for industrial buildings

For the arrangement of roofs of industrial buildings, roofing corrugated board is used, which differs from ordinary profiled sheets by significantly greater rigidity and higher waves. Manufactured given material made of galvanized metal, famous for its durability. On sale you can find corrugated board with various polymer coatings, which determine its resistance to corrosion and durability.

Profiled sheets are characterized by environmental friendliness and fire resistance, in addition, they are produced in various color solutions. Although external aesthetics is not as important for industrial buildings as for civil buildings, such an abundance color options makes it possible to improve appearance the same warehouse or hangar.

One of the main advantages roofing corrugated board– light weight, which makes the installation process much easier. The profiled sheet roof has a high bearing capacity and long term services. At competent installation, profiled sheet roofing will provide high tightness and will not require special maintenance or care during operation. Decking is perfect for covering roof structures simple configuration.

Of course, corrugated board has its drawbacks, among which it is especially worth noting low sound insulation, the likelihood of leaks and the possibility of metal corrosion in places devoid of a protective layer. It is the materials listed above that are most often used to create roofs over industrial buildings, although other options are possible.

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Roofs of industrial buildings

Roofs of industrial buildings

Roofs with a rolled roof. Roll roofing (Fig. 110) is the most widely used in industrial construction. The roofs of buildings are pitched and flat. As load-bearing structures such roofs use steel or reinforced concrete trusses or beams; c, as a flooring - prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs or galvanized steel profiled sheets.

Prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs are made in prestressed sizes of 3X6 or 3x12 m. The slabs are laid on a truss or roof beams and fastened to them by welding steel mortgages. ny parts in slabs and trusses (beams). The seams between the slabs are filled with cement mortar of a grade of at least 100.

In non-insulated coatings (Fig. PO, a), a leveling layer (screed) of cement mortar 10-15 mm thick is arranged on the top of the slabs, along which a carpet is glued on the mastic, i.e., a roof is laid directly on the slabs.

Rice. 111. Adjacency of the rolled roof to the parapet: 1 - concrete parapet slabs with wooden antiseptic plugs; 2 - antiseptic wooden lath; 3 - apron made of galvanized roofing steel; 4 - one layer of roofing paper with coarse-grained dressing and three layers of only leather; b - waterproofing carpet (basic) of four layers of only leather; 6-layer gravel protective coating of waterproofing carpet; 7 - base (screed) for roll waterproofing carpet; S-board from mortar (or concrete); 9 - thermal insulation; 10 - vapor barrier; eleven - carrier plate coatings

In insulated coatings (Fig. 110, b), on leveled coating slabs, a vapor barrier is installed that protects the insulation from moisture, which can occur as a result of water vapor accessing it from the room, as well as condensation on top of the reinforced concrete coating spike. Vapor barrier is arranged by sticking a layer of roofing material or glassine or smearing the surface of the plates bituminous mastic. Insulation is laid over the vapor barrier. As a heat-insulating material, foam concrete, cement fiberboard, mineral wool boards are used. A leveling layer of cement or asphalt mortar 15-30 mm thick is arranged on top of the insulation and a carpet is glued. Sometimes (with insufficient rigidity of the insulation), the screed is made of cement mortar with reinforcement steel mesh. Roofing material, hydroisol, roofing felt are used as a material for roofing.

Bituminous roll materials, i.e. materials obtained on the basis of bitumen (roofing material, hydroisol), are attached to the base with bituminous mastic, tar (roofing) - tar. The number of layers in roofs is usually 3-4. The slope of the roofs is not more than 25%.

Panels of rolled materials with roof slopes of up to 15% are glued in parallel, and with slopes of more than 15% - perpendicular to the roof ridge.

Cornice overhangs pasted over with additional layers of rolled material and trimmed with galvanized roofing steel. The places where the carpet adjoins the parapets (Fig. 111), the sides of the lanterns, and also the expansion joints are pasted over to a height of at least 250 mm with separate panels no more than 2 m long, mating them with the layers of the adjacent overlapping carpet.

Rice. 112. Coating on steel galvanized profiled flooring: 1 - profiled flooring; 2 - a layer of roofing material on hot bitumen; 3 - self-extinguishing polystyrene foam; 4 - roll carpet; 5 - protective layer of gravel; 6 - run; 7 - self-tapping bolt with a diameter of 6 mm; 8 - farm top

Such flooring is laid on steel girders from a rolled profile, which are supported by steel roof trusses. Insulation is laid on the flooring and the roof is arranged.

Coatings with galvanized steel profile flooring, compared to those with precast concrete slab flooring, are the most advanced and industrial, have a significantly lower mass, are less labor-intensive and more economical.

Roofs with asbestos-cement roofing. Roofs made of asbestos-cement materials (Fig. 113) are used in pitched, both non-insulated and insulated coatings of industrial buildings and structures.

In non-insulated coatings, corrugated sheets of the Reinforced profile with a size of 2800 × 1200 × 8 mm are usually used. They are laid on steel or reinforced concrete purlins, in a two-span pattern, i.e., each sheet rests on three purlins. The sheets are arranged in rows parallel to the ridge and overlapped. The transverse overlap is made on one wave, the longitudinal one is installed in each individual case. In the ridge and cornice parts of the coating, sheets of a special profile are used.

Asbestos-cement sheets are laid with a slope of at least 25%. They are fixed to the runs with spring clamps and anchors (Fig. 113, d). In coatings made of asbestos-cement sheets with a reinforced profile, expansion joints are arranged every 6-12 m. They are overlapped in such a way that the sheets can be displaced by 35-40 mm. To protect against water leakage, the seam is covered with special asbestos-cement trays, which are fastened with metal staples.

To repair roofs, working passages along the slope and ridge are arranged. When installing insulated coatings, asbestos-cementing hollow insulated and tray plates are used.

Rice. 113. Installation of non-insulated coatings from asbestos-cement corrugated sheets reinforced profile: a - sheet fastening on an intermediate support; b - the same, on the extreme support; c - installation of anchor fastening on top shelf channel; d ~ location of spring clamps and anchor fasteners on the coating sheets; 1 - spring clamp; 2- anchor fastening

Hollow slabs consist of two shaped asbestos-cement sheets, interconnected with aluminum rivets, and a layer of mineral felt between them, glued to the bottom sheet with bitumen. The ends of the package are closed with flat plugs made of sheet asbestos cement. Adjacent slabs are mated long side overlap, on a short one - butt over the supports. With runs, farms and among themselves, the plates are fastened with special cements.

In longitudinal joints provide gaskets from felt wrapped with glassine, glued in advance to the edges of the plate. Between the ends of the plates, the gaps are caulked with waste mineral felt. Are the profile and transverse seams of the plates on top shz ’ pecked with hot bituminous mastic with filler and smooth down? with a steel spatula until a smooth surface is obtained.

Rice. 114. Roof elements with bituminous latex coating: a - joint between panels when installing a roll-free roof; b - detail of the junction of the roll-free roof to the ventilation shaft; 1 - bitumen-latex coating (4 mm); 2 - reinforced bitumen-latex coating (8 mm); 3 - technical fabric; 4 - reinforced concrete roofing panel; 5 - insulation; 6- reinforced concrete panel overlaps; 7 - tow impregnated with emulsion; 8 - lining with galvanized roofing steel; 9 - hard polymer cement mortar stamps

Glavmosstroy recommends the device roofing instead of a multi-layer roofing made of rolled materials produced on the basis of the EGIK bitumen-latex emulsion (waterproofing and roofing emulsion). EGIK is a dispersion of bitumen and rubber in water, obtained by mixing a rapidly disintegrating water bitumen emulsion with SKS-30, SKS-65 or L-4 latex.

Roof elements with a bitumen-latex coating are shown in fig. 114. Such a coating is arranged mechanically using a special unit consisting of a pressure tank for bitumen-latex emulsion, a pressure cylinder for a coagulator, a spray gun and a set of hoses.

A bitumen-latex emulsion prepared in advance is poured into a pressure tank with a capacity of 950 l, and a coagulator is poured into a pressure tank with a capacity of 180 l. The tank and cylinder are mounted on a trolley and connected by a system of pipelines and hoses to a three-channel spray gun. Through two channels, the emulsion is fed through the taps into the coagulator, and through the third one, air is supplied to the emulsion. The nozzle of the spray gun should be kept at a distance of 30-35 cm from the surface to be coated so that the torch of the emerging emulsion is perpendicular to the surface. Bitumen-latex emulsion is applied in layers. Total number layers must correspond to the accepted thickness of the insulated surface.

Drainage from roof coverings of industrial buildings and structures can be external or internal. In one-story single-span buildings, there is usually an external unorganized drainage system; in multi-story and one-story multi-span buildings, as a rule, an internal drainage system is arranged (Fig. 115).

The internal drainage system consists of water intake funnels (Fig. 116) installed in the valleys, and a network of pipes located inside the building that drain atmospheric water into the storm sewer. The funnels are fixed at a distance of 12-24 m from each other, depending on the length of the slope, so that the roof area, at. per funnel did not exceed 300 m2.

Rice. 115. Scheme of internal drainage (arrows show the direction of water flow): 1 - end parapet wall; 2 - valley; 3 - internal drainage network; 4 - storm sewer; 5 - watershed; 6 - water intake funnel

At the places where the funnel is installed in the coating, a hole of 400 × 400 mm in size is provided, into which a bowl-shaped cast iron pallet with a hole for passing the pipe of the funnel. When installing a branch pipe in a pan, the sections between its walls and the funnel of the branch pipe are poured with molten bitumen mastic. inner surface pallets are pasted over with fiberglass or burlap impregnated with bitumen, and the edges of the roof are brought into it. The body of the funnel is installed in the pipe on top of the roof and in the lower part is also filled with bitumen.

K category: roofs

Coating structures of industrial buildings with roofs made of rolled and mastic materials

In one-story industrial buildings with roofs made of rolled and mastic materials coatings are arranged combined (non-attic); in high-rise buildings attic roofs can also be arranged.

Coatings simultaneously perform the functions of load-bearing and enclosing structures of industrial buildings, serve to protect the premises of buildings from atmospheric precipitation, from overheating by the sun and protect from cold.

Coatings, depending on the degree of insulation, are divided into warm, semi-warm and cold.

Above rooms with normal or dry temperature and humidity conditions and relative air humidity of not more than 60% in the presence of internal drains coatings suit warm or semi-warm.

Warm coatings are also arranged over rooms with high humidity air (over 60%) to prevent the formation of water vapor condensate on the surface of the ceiling of the premises located under the coating.

Above unheated premises buildings or over the premises of workshops with excessive heat emissions, cold coatings are arranged.

The covering (Fig. 1) of a building with roofs made of rolled materials usually consists of the following elements located one above the other:
a) base (supporting structure);
b) a vapor barrier layer - from one or two layers of roofing material or lime-bitumen mastic - protects the thermal insulation from moisture from air vapor from the room;
c) thermal insulation - from aerated concrete and other materials - provides the necessary degree of insulation of the coating;
d) the leveling layer (screed) serves as the basis for the waterproofing layer;
e) a waterproofing layer - from rolled or mastic materials - ensures the waterproofing of the coating;
f) a protective layer - gravel or slag dressing - protects the waterproofing from the influence of atmospheric factors and from mechanical damage.

Rice. 1. Scheme of arrangement of individual layers in the coating 1 - protective layer; 2 - waterproofing carpet: 3 - leveling layer (screed): 4 - thermal insulation; 5 - vapor barrier; 6 - bearing base of reinforced concrete slabs; 7 - channels for drying ventilation

In a number of building roof structures, individual elements may be absent. So, for example, in coatings made of gas-, pepo- or expanded clay concrete panels over rooms with a normal temperature and humidity regime, a vapor barrier layer can be omitted.

Rice. 2. Schemes of structures of non-ventilated coatings a - with thermal insulation, separate from the supporting structure; b - with thermal insulation, which is also the supporting structure of the coating; 1 - protective layer; 2 - waterproofing; 3 - leveling screed; 4 - thermal insulation; 5 - vapor barrier; 6 - load-bearing reinforced concrete slabs; 7 - finishing layer

In the practice of domestic construction, the following coating designs with load-bearing structures made of prefabricated reinforced concrete or cellular reinforced concrete are used:
1) with thermal insulation, separate from the supporting structures (Fig. 2, a), which is under the action of the load of the overlying layers of the coating and snow and is made of rigid board materials(slightly changing their density over time);
2) with thermal insulation combined with the supporting structure (Fig. 2.6), - slabs of reinforced cellular or lightweight concrete (gas-foam concrete, expanded clay concrete, slag concrete, thermosite concrete, pumice concrete).

In this case, the waterproofing layer can be made from rolled materials glued directly on the boards, or from a mastic layer without leveling screeds. It is recommended to glue these boards with a layer of rolled material or apply a mastic layer at the factory (the remaining layers of the carpet are glued on the job site).

The bearing structures of the coatings should be made of large-sized prefabricated reinforced concrete elements that meet the requirements of the industrialization of construction. For load-bearing structures of coatings, in some cases, it is possible to apply prefabricated monolithic reinforced concrete. Bearing structures must meet the requirements of strength, rigidity and fire safety, and also match the durability of other parts of buildings; at the joints of prefabricated slabs, an equal deflection should be provided in order to exclude the possibility of rupture of the waterproofing carpet. The joints of the plates are recommended to be monolithic with a cement mortar of a grade of at least 100. It is more expedient to carry out the slopes of the roofs due to the inclined arrangement of the bearing base.

Coatings of great length are cut into separate sections expansion joints, the distance between which when combined Reinforced concrete structures should be no more than 60 m, and with monolithic - 40 m.

Vapor barrier. The design of the vapor barrier layer of coatings is assigned according to the project, depending on the humidity of the air in the premises in winter conditions. Above rooms with a normal humidity regime (relative air humidity up to 60%), the vapor barrier layer in the coatings is not satisfied, with relative humidity air up to 75%, the vapor barrier consists of one layer of rolled material glued on the mastic, and with a humidity of more than 75% - of two layers of rolled material with a sticker on the mastic. The vapor barrier layer is also made of lime-bitumen mastic, the number of layers of the mastic layer is taken according to the project.

For gluing vapor barrier, roofing roofing (leather only), glassine, roofing felt are used. The surface of the vapor barrier made of uncovered materials (roofing paper, glassine) must be painted on top with mastic. Coverless roofing felt is glued on tar mastic, and glassine and roofing felt - on bituminous. The base of the coating before sticking the materials of the vapor barrier layer must be leveled with a solution, and also cleaned of dirt and dust.

The vapor barrier layer is arranged solid with a rise at the junctions with the walls to a height of at least 100 mm. The overlap of panels of rolled materials in the seams of adjacent panels is 50-70 mm.

Thermal insulation. For insulation of coatings, it is recommended to use plates made of foam glass, foam keralite, cellular concrete(gas-foam concrete or foam silicate), from expanded clay concrete, cement fiberboard and others similar materials. It is allowed to use materials in the backfill (slag, pumice) for thermal insulation only in exceptional cases when it is impossible to use plate heaters.

Thermal insulation materials they are put into the case in a (stuffy-dry) state and protected from moisture by atmospheric precipitation, mainly due to the immediate installation of a waterproofing layer on top of the thermal insulation. etc.

The most progressive designs currently used in the installation of coatings for industrial buildings are complex roof panels, combining both load-bearing and heat-insulating functions, they are factory-fitted with waterproofing from one layer of rolled material (the remaining layers of the carpet are glued directly to the construction site).

Research Institute for Construction of the Ministry of Assembly and Special construction works The RSFSR proposed and implemented in the construction of a roofing structure from complex roofing panels.

Roof valleys are prefabricated from prestressed reinforced concrete thin-walled panels having a tray shape, with an inclined slab-bottom, forming a 2-3% longitudinal slope to the funnels of internal drains. The panels are 6-12 m long with a width of 1 m, depending on the pitch of the columns. On the surface of the panels in the factory, one elephant of a rolled carpet is glued.

Leveling layer (screed). In coatings with slab or loose insulation, to obtain an even and rigid base for waterproofing from rolled materials, a leveling layer is arranged in the form of a screed from a cement-sand mortar, cast sandy asphalt concrete or from prefabricated flat reinforced concrete slabs.

The thickness of the cement-sand screed from the mortar of the brand not lower than 50 is taken when laying on plate heaters 15-20 mm, on loose 25-30 mm; the thickness of the asphalt screed on the slabs should be 15-20 mm. Asphalt screeds are arranged on roofs with a slope of no more than 20. The compressive strength of cast sandy asphalt concrete should not be lower than 8 kg/cm2 at a temperature of +50°C. Prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs must be made of concrete grade not lower than 100.

Asphalt screeds are usually performed when installing roofs in autumn-winter period, as well as, if necessary, speeding up roofing work; screeds to prevent deformations should be cut into square sections with side dimensions of 4 m.

In areas with deposits and quarries of gypsum, it is advisable to use gypsum concrete for screeds.

In places where roofs adjoin walls and parapets, for a smooth rise of the rolled carpet to the height of its rise, boards or fillets from a cement-sand mortar of a grade of at least 25 are arranged. The slopes in the valleys should be at least 1%, and at the funnels of drains at a distance of 0.5-1 m from the axis of the funnel, at least 5%.

Rice. 3. Breakdown of the valley when installing the screed 1 - funnel; 2 - watershed; 3 - coupler

Surface cement-sand screeds for better adhesion of the bottom layer of the rolled carpet, it is necessary to prime it.

Waterproofing can be arranged from rolled roofing materials or in the form of a mastic, non-rolled roof. Rolled carpet or non-rolled waterproofing structures are assigned by the project. The number of layers of the rolled carpet is taken taking into account the slopes of the roofs.

In roll roofs bituminous materials glassine or double-sided roofing felt with fine mineral dressing (RM) is placed in the lower layers, and upper layer arrange from roofing material with coarse-grained colored dressing (RC) or with flake dressing (RF). All layers of the carpet are glued on bituminous mastic.

Flat roofs are made of uncovered roofing roofing with a sticker of all layers on tar mastic. Covering double-sided roofing materials can be glued on cold or hot mastics, and non-covered roofing materials on hot mastics. When installing roofs from rolled materials, the combined use of bituminous and tar mastics should not be allowed.

Rollless roofs from cold asphalt mastics. At present, along with roll roofs On hot bituminous mastics, rollless roofs made of cold asphalt mastics are increasingly being used.

Roll-free roofs made of cold asphalt mastic have a number of advantages over roofs made of rolled materials:
1) cold asphalt mastics are used in a hungry form;
2) work on the installation of non-rolled roofs can be comprehensively mechanized;
3) the complexity of applying a waterproofing layer is less than when installing roofs from rolled materials;
4) cold asphalt mastics due to the introduction of cement and asbestos fiber are not washed out by rain and do not melt when heated by sunlight;
5) coatings from these cold mastics are waterproof and have sufficient mechanical strength.

Design warm cover with rollless waterproofing of cold asphalt mastic (Fig. 4, a) consists of a bearing reinforced concrete slab; vapor barrier layer 10-15 mm thick from cold asphalt mastic, applied in two layers, heat-insulating

Rice. 4. Structures of non-rolled roofs made of cold asphalt mastic a - insulated coating; b - cold coating; 1 - fiberglass; 2 - cold asphalt mastic; 3- cement strainer; 4 - foam concrete; 5 - vapor barrier from cold asphalt mastic; 6 - carrier reinforced concrete slab; 7 - cement mortar

In a cold coating with a rollless waterproofing made of cold asphalt mastics, vapor-thermal insulation layers do not suit (Fig. 5, b).

The protective layer is arranged over the completed waterproofing to protect the waterproofing carpet from atmospheric influences and mechanical damage.

With roof slopes of 5-10%, the surface of the waterproofing layer is painted with hot mastic and sprinkled with coarse-grained sand or fine gravel with grains of 3-10 mm.

With a roof slope of more than 10%, the protective layer is performed by painting the surface of the waterproofing layer with hot bituminous mastic with a layer of 2-3 mm.

If the top layer of the waterproofing carpet is made of rolled materials with scaly or coarse-grained dressing, then the protective layer is not satisfactory.

Rice. 5. Adjacency of roofs made of rolled materials to walls and parapets a - adjoining roofing of rolled materials to a wall with a "fork" overlap; b - detail of the junction of the waterproofing carpet of a flat roofing roof to the wall; in - adjunction of a flat roof to a parapet; 1 - coupler; 2 - carrier plate; 3 - waterproofing carpet; 4 - protective apron; 5 - cement mortar; 6 - wooden rail; 7 - wooden cork; 8 - two-layer gravel protective coating of the waterproofing carpet; 9 - board made of mortar or concrete; 10- thermal insulation; 11 - vapor barrier

Rice. 6. Adjunction of a rolled waterproofing carpet to various equipment a - to pipes and masts; b- to the ventilation shaft; 1 - pipe or mast; 2 - compression ring; 3 - smearing with red lead; 4 - umbrella made of galvanized roofing steel; 5 - tarred tow; 6-pipe; 7 - an additional layer of burlap; 8 - waterproofing carpet (basic) of four layers of only leather; 9 - two-layer protective gravel cover waterproofing carpet; 10 - base (screed) under the waterproofing carpet. II - board made of mortar or concrete; 12 - thermal insulation; 13— vapor barrier; 14 - bearing plate of the coating: 15 - ventilation shaft: 16 - fastening of the umbrella with galvanized dowels; 17 - galvanized nails with washers; 18 - antiseptic wooden block; 19 - layer of only leather

The protective layer of flat water-filled roofs with a multi-layer waterproofing carpet made of uncovered roofing felt (leather only) is arranged by painting the surface of the carpet with hot tar mastic, into which gravel or slag dressing is embedded. After the installation of the first protective layer, a second protective layer is arranged over it in a similar way.

Dry and clean gravel or slag with a grain size of 5-15 mm is used for the protective layer.

Coating details. Particular attention should be paid to the arrangement of the details of the coatings (the adjoining of the carpet to the walls, the lining of the funnels of the spillways, the sides of the lanterns, pipes, etc.) during the production of roofing work, since if the roofing is of poor quality, these. places, as a rule, leaks.
The places where the rolled carpet adjoins the protruding parts of the building (parapets, pipes, lanterns) are glued over the main coating with an additional layer of rolled waterproofing material. The carpet at the junctions should smoothly rise along the inclined board or fillet of the screed to a height of at least 300 mm for the roofs of buildings under construction in I, II and IIIA climatic regions, and at least 150 mm for the roofs of buildings under construction in SB and IV climatic regions. areas. The edges of the carpet at the junction with the walls (Fig. 5, a) and parapets (Fig. 5, c) are led into the otter, securely fastened with galvanized nails to antiseptic rails and protected with an apron made of galvanized roofing steel. Otter seam close up cement-sand mortar marks not lower than 25.

Waterproofing carpet may be embedded in the furrow concrete stones(Fig. 5.6), while the edges of the carpet and apron are fixed in the furrow to wooden plugs and sealed with cement mortar.

To ensure reliable watertightness of roofs at the junctions, the waterproofing carpet on vertical planes is made separately from the main waterproofing carpet with the panels of waterproofing materials overlapping or in a fork. Examples of solving the adjoining carpet to the ventilation shaft and pipes are shown in fig. 6.

Expansion joints must pass through all layers of the coating without compromising the water tightness of the waterproofing carpet. Expansion joints made of galvanized roofing steel are arranged in expansion joints (Fig. 7) along the line of vapor barrier and waterproofing. Compensators are installed on the mastic and firmly fixed to wooden antiseptic slats. The seam is filled with mineral wool or other types of elastic heat-insulating materials.

Lining of funnels of internal drains. The junctions with the drain funnels are pasted over with an additional layer of durable fabric impregnated with bitumen (tar mastic) (fiberglass, burlap, etc.); the fabric is glued to the rims of the funnel bowls and the part of the base adjacent to it. The design of water intakes must provide airtight and strong connection them with a waterproofing layer of roofs. For normal drainage of precipitation and ensuring the conditions for the production of roofing work related to lining the places where the carpet adjoins the drain funnels, the funnels should be located in open free areas. To avoid stagnant water, the funnels must be placed slightly below the roof surface. Drainage funnels must be cast iron.

Rice. 7. Construction expansion joints a - in flat pavement; b - in a flat cover; 1 - galvanized roofing steel or plastic; 2 - upper compensator made of galvanized roofing steel; 3 - an additional layer of waterproofing; 4 - waterproofing cap, 5 - two-layer gravel protective coating under the waterproofing carpet; 6 - board made of mortar or concrete; 7 - thermal insulation; 8 - vapor barrier; 9 - carrier plate; 10 - lower compensator made of galvanized roofing steel; 11 - thermal insulation made of fibrous material ( mineral wool etc.); 12- antiseptic wooden bars; 13 - galvanized nails; 14 - boards 120 X 50; 15 - wooden plugs; 16 - brick

Rice. Fig. 8. Adjacency of the waterproofing carpet to the funnels of the internal drain a - adjunction of the carpet to the funnel of the internal drain with an overflow pipe on flat roofs cooled by a layer of water; b - the adjoining of the carpet to the funnel of the internal drain with a gentle coating; 1 - receiving cap; 2 - removable branch pipe; 3 - clamping ring; 4 - stud with nut; 5 - water intake bowl of the funnel with a transition pipe; 6 - cement mortar (or concrete); 7 - additional two layers of waterproofing; 8 - waterproofing carpet; 9 - an additional layer of burlap impregnated with mastic; 10 - base for rolled waterproofing carpet 11 - thermal insulation; 12 - vapor barrier; 13 - carrier plate; 14 - clamping collar. 15 - stuffing box; 16 - risers; 17 - branch pipe; 18 - asphalt mastic; 19 - tarred strand

The design of the adjunction of the waterproofing carpet to the funnels of internal drains for flat roofs is shown in fig. nine.

The water layer for cooling flat water-filled roofing roofs is 25-35 mm in height and is regulated by the height of the overflow pipes installed in the bowls of the water intake funnels. Water enters the roof compartments from water supply network, to drain the water, the overflow pipes are removed from the funnels.

Rice. 9. Coating structures with asbestos-cement roofs 1 - truss; 2 - run; 3 - sheets of VU or UV

Cornices. To protect the waterproofing carpet from tearing off by the wind, and the cornices from getting wet, the overhangs of the coatings are protected with galvanized steel (Fig. 10.6), the ends of the carpet are pinched on the cornice with a crimped peak made of galvanized roofing steel.

LECTURE PLAN

Roofs of industrial buildings.

Methods for draining rain and melt water with coverage.

1. External drainage from the coating.

   Internal drainage from coatings.

Floors of industrial buildings.

1. Floor requirements.

   Effects on floors.

   Structural elements of floors.

   Types of floors.

1. Roofs of industrial buildings

As previously noted, the roofs of industrial buildings operate in difficult operating conditions. In addition to the impacts of the external and internal environment, the strength and water tightness of the roof is affected by uneven settlement of the building, temperature deformations, shrinkage of reinforced concrete flooring, vibration, and others.

The material and design of the roof is prescribed mainly depending on the slope of the coating and the type of impact. By type of materials, roofs are divided into rolled, mastic, asbestos-cement and metal.

Roll roofs are one of the most common in domestic and foreign construction practice. They are made of roofing felt, roofing felt, hydroisol and polymer films.

Roofs made of roofing material, roofing felt and hydroisol are arranged in four layers with slopes up to 2.5% and three-layer - with slopes from 2.5 to 10%. Two-layer roofs are recommended for slopes from 15 to 25% and only on heat-resistant mastics. For sticking roofing material, roofing felt and hydroisol, hot and cold mastics with different heat resistance are used. Hot tar, bitumen and bitumen-rubber mastics in a waterproofing carpet are applied in layers of at least 2 mm, and cold bitumen and bitumen-latex-cookersole - at least 1 mm. To increase the service life of rolled roofs, they are made low-slope (1.5-2.5%) and covered with a protective layer of gravel embedded in hot mastic.

Amendment No. 2 to DBN V.2.6-14-97 “Structures of buildings and structures. Coatings of Buildings and Structures” Gosstroy of Ukraine has legally banned the use of traditional cardboard-based roofing felts with a cover mass of oxidized bitumen (such as RCP, RKB, etc.) in the design and installation of roofing carpets and prescribed the use of modern rolled roofing bitumen-polymer materials on non-rotting bases with a coating mass of modified bitumen.

Roll roofs are among the labor-intensive structures. In order to mechanize work on their device, welded roofing materials are used, glued by heating a thickened cover layer or plasticizing them with a solvent. Another means of reducing roofing labor and material consumption is to reduce the number of layers of rolled carpet. These requirements are better met by polymer and bitumen-polymer rolled roofing materials from domestic ones, these are butylcor, bitulizol, hydrobutyl and armohydrobutyl. These materials allow you to arrange reliable roofs from a single layer.

Abroad, instead of sticking films to the base, they use the free laying method. So in the ASP this method is used to perform up to 50% of all single-layer roofs. From sheets produced with a width of 15 m and a thickness of 1.1 and 1.5 mm, cards with an area of ​​​​up to 900 m 2 are pre-glued. After laying them, they are loaded with a layer of gravel 40-50 mm thick or fastened with screws with special washers.

Mastic roofs have high-rise waterproofing properties, are resistant to atmospheric and mechanical influences. They are made from hot bitumen or rubber-bitumen mastics or water-based bitumen emulsions. The operational qualities of mastic roofs are significantly increased when they are reinforced with fiberglass, fiberglass, chopped fiberglass and when a protective layer is made of fine gravel.

The number of layers of mastic and reinforcing pads is from two to four, depending on the slope of the roof.

Mastic roofs are performed using liquid polymer-based compounds (silicol, thiokol, etc.). such roofs are arranged on a massive concrete base; a reinforcing fabric is laid dry on it and a liquid polymer composition is applied. To protect against abrasion, the polymer layer is dyed after vulcanization.

Table 8.1 shows the physical and technical properties of some materials recommended for waterproofing carpet.

Roof classification: design, types, shapes, elements

Roof- the upper enclosing structure of the building, which performs load-bearing, waterproofing and, with non-attic (combined) roofs and warm attics, heat-insulating functions.

Roof- the upper element of the roof (covering), which protects buildings from all types of atmospheric influences.

Rice. 1 The main elements of a roof with several slopes

The roof of the building consists of the following elements (Fig. 1): inclined planes called slopes (1), which are based on rafters (2) and lathing (3). Lower ends rafter legs rely on Mauerlat (4). The intersection of the slopes forms inclined (12) and horizontal ribs. The horizontal ribs are called the ridge (5). The intersection of the slopes, forming the incoming corners, create valleys and grooves (6). The edges of the roof above the walls of the building are called cornice overhangs (7) (located horizontally, protruding beyond the contour of the outer walls) or gable overhangs (11) (located obliquely). Water flows down the slopes to the wall gutters (8) and is discharged through the water intake funnels (9) into the downpipes (10) and further into the storm sewer.

Rice. 2 The main elements of a gable roof

1) eaves plank; 2) Lathing board; 3) Falling beam of the counter-lattice; 4) Waterproofing film; 5) Rafter leg; 6) Skate; 7) Sheets of metal tiles; 8) Sealer ridge; 9) Cap of the ridge; ten) wind bar; 11) Drain pipe; 12) Pipe holder; 13) Drainage chute; 14) Chute holder; 15) Snow barrier; 16) Upper valley; 17) Lower valley; 18) Wall profile.

slopes pitched roofs and their durability

Roof classification

Depending on the slope of the slopes, the roofs are pitched (more than 10%) and flat (up to 2.5%). In individual housing construction, as a rule, pitched and sloping roofs are used. By constructive solution roofs can be attic (separate) and non-attic (combined). Attic roofs are insulated or cold. Depending on the shape of the roof, they can be single-slope, gable, three-, four-slope, multi-slope (Fig. 1).

Rice. 3. Main types of roofs

Shed roof (Fig. 3, a) with its plane (slope) rests on bearing walls having different heights. This roof is most suitable for the construction of outbuildings.

A gable roof (Fig. 3, b, c) consists of two sloped planes resting on load-bearing walls of the same height. The space between the slopes, which has a triangular shape, is called tongs or gables. A variation of the gable roof is the attic.

If the roof consists of four triangular slopes converging in one top point, then it is called hipped (Fig. 3, d).

A roof formed by two trapezoidal slopes and two end triangular ones is called a hip four-slope (Fig. 3, e). There are also gable hip (half-hip) when the pediments are cut off (Fig. 3, e).

In individual construction, as a rule, roofs are used, shown in fig. 3, a-e. The intersections of the roof slopes form dihedral angles. If they are turned downwards, they are called grooves, or valleys, if upwards, then ribs. The upper rib, located horizontally, is called the ridge, and the lower part of the slope is called the overhang.

To remove rain and melt water, external drainpipes are installed, through which water is discharged to a certain place and leaves the site through drainage ditches into street ditches. The magnitude of the slope of the slope and the durability of the roof depend on the material of the roof, as well as on climatic conditions (see table).

Roof construction

Attic pitched roofs consist of load-bearing structures and roofing. Between such a roof and an attic floor there is an attic used to accommodate ventilation ducts (boxes), pipe runs, etc. With significant slopes, attic spaces are often used for built-in premises. The height of the attic in the lowest places, for example, at the outer walls, should be at least 0.4 m to allow periodic inspection of the structures.

The most widespread are layered and hanging rafters.

Rice. 4. Rafters:

a-d - for shed roofs; d, e - for gable roofs; g - plan for the device of rafters; 1 - rafter leg; 2 - rack; 3 - brace; 4 - rafter beam; 5 - crossbar; 6 - spacer; 7 - top run; 8 - bed; 9 - diagonal leg; 10 - short rafter leg.

Fig.5. Wooden hanging rafters:

1 - puff; 2 - pendant, or headstock; 3 - rafter leg; 4 - suspended attic floor; 5 - brace; 6 - emergency bolt; 7 - nails; 8 - roofing; 9 - two overlays; 10 - bolts; 11 - bolt dowels.

Laminated rafters (Fig. 4) consist of rafter legs, struts and racks. They rest with the lower ends of the rafter legs on the under-rafter bars - Mauerlats, and the upper ends on a horizontal beam, called the upper ridge run. The role of the Mauerlats is to create a convenient support for the lower ends of the rafters. The top run is supported by uprights mounted on internal supports. The distance between the posts carrying the ridge runs is taken equal to 3 - 5 m.

To increase the longitudinal rigidity of the rafter structures, longitudinal struts are placed at each rack. If the building has two rows of internal supports in the form of longitudinal main walls or pillars, columns and other elements, then two longitudinal runs are laid. Rafters are used in buildings with intermediate supports and spans up to 16 m in size.

Laminated rafters are made of beams, boards and logs. The pitch of the rafters is taken depending on the material from which they are made, the type of roof and the section of the elements of the crate. In the manufacture of rafters from beams with a thickness of 180 - 200 mm, they are placed after 1.5 - 2 m, and from plates and boards - after 1 - 1.5 m. In buildings of considerable width, when the length of the rafter legs reaches 8 m, it is necessary to arrange intermediate reliance on internal walls. Beds are laid along these walls, racks and struts are installed on them, and then a run is installed on which the rafter legs rest.

At the intersection of the roof slopes, the rafters are made of diagonal and short rafter legs (see Fig. 4, g).