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METHODOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION IN CONSTRUCTION

TsNIIOMTP

FORESTS BUILDING. INSTALLATION, CALCULATION, OPERATION

MDS 12-25.2006

Moscow 2006

The methodological document contains information about scaffolding (types, designs, technical capabilities and the manufacture of scaffolding) necessary for their selection and use in the builder Yes, simplified methods of test races are presented. a couple of scaffoldings for strength and stability in the conditions of specific construction sites, recommendations are given for installation and testing, repair and safe operation forests.

DEVELOPED by the Central Research and Design and Experimental Institute of Organization, Mechanics construction and technical assistance to construction (TsNIIOMTP) (kandidats tech. Sciences V.P. Volodin, YL. Korytov).

The methodological document is intended for construction organizations using scaffolding in the construction of buildings and weapons, as well as for finishing and repair work on facades.

INTRODUCTION

Scaffolding is a means of scaffolding. Scaffolding is used to accommodate workers, tools and materials for construction and repair work at height.

At present, the use of forests is expanding, whichcaught by a small share of the cost of scaffolding in the total cost of the building (up to 3% of the cost of a residential building) and the availability of cheap labor.

Forests are universal means paving:they are applicable to buildings and structures with a variety of design and architectural and planning parameters, configuration, height and length. Forests are indispensable in the cramped conditions of urban development, where they are used not only for their intended purpose, but also as protective screens.

Assessment and selection of forests are made according to technical characteristics and technical and economic indicators.

Of the technical characteristics, the main ones are maximum height scaffolding and normative surface load.

The main technical and economic indicators are: the number of mounting elements and the largest weight of the mounting element, the cost of metal and wood products, the cost, the laboriousness of manufacturing and the laboriousness of installation 1 m 2 scaffolding. In addition, the analysis and selection of forests takes into account the quality of the accompanying design and operational documentation (working drawings for ESKD, specifications, instructions for installation and operation).

1 AREA OF USE

This guidance document is distributedstrayya on attached, hinged, suspension nye and free-standing scaffolding used in construction of residential, public and industrial buildings.

2. REGULATORY DOCUMENTS

SNiP 12-03-2001 Occupational safety in constructionevidence. Part 1. General requirements

SNiP 12-04-2002 Occupational safety in constructionevidence. Part 2. Construction production

SNiP II-23-81* Steel structures

GOST 9.032-74 * ESZKS. Paint coatings. Groups, technical requirements and designations

GOST 9.104-79* ESZKS. Paint coatings. Operating condition group

GOST 12.4.026-76* SSBT. Signal colors and safety signs

GOST 380-94 Carbon steel usuallyvenous quality. Stamps

GOST 3242-79 Welded joints. Metoquality control measures

GOST 3262-75* Steel water and gas pipeswired. Specifications

GOST 8240-89 Steel channel barschecked. Assortment

GOST 8486-86* Softwood lumberbreeds. Specifications

GOST 8509-93 Hot steel anglestanye are equal. Assortment

GOST 9467-75* Electrodesarc welding of structural and heat-resistant steels. Types

GOST 10704-91 Electric steel pipeswelded straight seam. Assortment

GOST 15150-69* Machines, devices and othersome technical products. Versions for times personal climatic regions. Categories, mustache Conditions of operation, storage and transportation in terms of the impact of climatic factors external environment coated metal for manual

GOST 24258-88 Scaffolding.General specifications

GOST 26887-86 Platforms and ladders forconstruction and installation works. General technical conditions

GOST 27321-87 Rack-mounted scaffoldingfor construction and installation works. Technical conditions

Instructions for the use of mounted monscaffolding for works on facadesbuildings under construction. - M.: TsNIIOMTP, 1998.

3. TECHNICAL CAPABILITIES OF SCAFFOLDS

3.1. Forests are spacea new multi-tiered and multi-section design, which allows you to organize workplaces at height, in various horizontal and vertical surfaces.

Currently used rack attached to the building under construction and freedom standing, mounted and suspended forests. Rack-mounted and hinged scaffolds are most widely used.

3.2. Attached scaffolding is attached to the wall of the building with plugs (dowels) of various systems.

Mounted single-tier (two-tier) scaffoldinghung with brackets in the openings of the building and fixed different ways for building elements (walls, ceilings, columns).

Suspended scaffolding hung on strings(cables) to the brackets fixed on the building.

Sustainability of free-standing forestsbaked with struts or stretch marks.

3.3. Rack-mounted scaffolding consists of steel pipes: vertical (racks), horizonsteel longitudinal (crossbars), transverse and diagonal braces (braces), causing spatial rigidity.

Scaffolding structures - inventory, light,collapsible, reusable.

Forest turnover is at least60 times, and the service life is at least 5 years.

3.4. According to the degree of assembly, i.e. cuts complexity and time of installation and dismantling madam, rack scaffolding can be made and assembled from single (tubular), flat (frames nyh) or three-dimensional (frame) elements.

According to the design of nodal connections (with installation and dismantling) rack tubular scaffolding divided into types: connected with using bolt or wedge clamps and with connected with hook or wedge pins. Racks, frame and frame elements are joined using nozzles.

3.5. On the crossbars (or on the cross braces) perpendicular (parallel) to the wall, a shield wooden flooring is laid.

Ladders for climbing to the tiers are suspended from the cross braces and rest on the flooring boards.

Rack scaffolding is installed on supportingki and further by means of wooden linings on the ground.

3.6. Forests are equipped with safety equipment. To prevent people and objects from falling from a height, fences are installed, and lightning rods and grounding are used to protect against atmospheric discharges. General form hundred side-by-side frame scaffolding, such as ARIS-200, shown on.

3.7. Free-standing scaffolding is mounted asas a rule, from volumetric (frame) elements with a size in terms of 1 × 1; 1×2; 2×2 m, made poured from steel pipes. Frame elements you are joined with the help of branch pipes. According to others parameters free-standing design scaffolding is similar to the design of side ladders owls. Unlike attached free-standing forests have their own resilience.

1 - frame with ladder; 2 - frame; 3 - diagonal screed; 4 and 5 - fence ties; 6 - flooring; 7 - cork (or hookwith sleeve); 8 - coupler; 9 - support; 10 - screw support

Figure 1 - Rack-mounted scaffolding

3.8. Mounted scaffolding is a framewith supports for fastening to building elements. Working and intermediate floorings are laid on the frame. Rise to the intermediate style - up the stairs. Fencing presents a spatial frame welded design of channels and corners. From outside on the other side of the scaffolding, a protective me tall mesh. Over scaffolding for protection from bad weather, a canopy is arranged from a solid profiled sheet. To lift the scaffolding with a crane, sling loops are provided. A general view of single-tier and two-tier scaffolding, for example, the design of TsNIIOMTP, is shown in Figures 2 and 3.

1 - frame; 2 - support; 3 - flooring; 4 - shield; 5 - grid; 6 - loop

1 - frame; 2 - shield; 3 - grid; 4 - loop.

Figure 3 - Bunk scaffolding

3.9. The following information is notbypassed when choosing forests.

3.9.1. Rack-mounted scaffolding appliedare used to perform the following work:

Stone and facing chalk deviceco-sized materials (brick, blocks, slabs, etc.) masonry during the construction of buildings;

repair and reconstruction of facades, including replacement window frames, insulation device;

plastering, painting and other finishing nye works.

The normative surface load is regulated up to 500 kgf / m 2 according to GOST 27321-87, usually - 200 kgf / m 2, for masonry - 250-300 kgf / m 2.

The height of scaffolding for finishing and other works on facades is from 16 to 100 m, and for masonry - up to 60 m and is determined by the number of tiers supplied, the height of which is usually taken as 2 m. Poppy The maximum allowable height of scaffolding is indicated in GOST 27321-87: for clamps - 100 m, for pins roar - 80 m.

The length of the scaffolding (from 9 to 40 m) depends on the number of sections supplied, the length of which is usually set to 2; 2.5 and 3 m. For masonry, the section length can be mats 1.5 and 2 m. The length of the supplied scaffolding usually agreed with the client.

The width of the section (passage between the posts) is assumed to be at least 1 m according to GOST 27321-87, most often it is 1.25 and 1.4 m, less often - 1.5 and 1.65 m, flooring from wooden shields at the same time, it can protrude beyond the racks up to 150 mm.

The distance between the scaffolding and the wall of the building, to which the rack scaffolding is attached, does not exceed shaet 150-300 mm, but in necessary cases can be extended up to 500 mm.

The attachment points of the scaffold racks to the wall are usually located through the tier, in a checkerboard pattern. okay. AT special occasions anchorage points rely on uprights in each tier.

3.9.2. freestanding scaffolding applied for special works in construction, for example measures for thermal insulation on high horizontal pipelines and, in addition, can be used as protective screen, power frame, construction tower, temporary tribune, etc.

The normative surface load is assigned no more than 200 kgf / m 2.

The height of forests does not exceed 14-20 m.

The width of the scaffolding to increase the supporting surface is assumed to be at least 2 m.

3.9.3. hanging scaffolding are used for the same work as the side ones, but on the facades property monolithic buildings promoted number of storeys (up to 100 m high). Can be also used for work on large-panel with load-bearing external walls and frame buildings.

250-300 kgf / m 2, load capacity - up to 3000 kgf,moreover, the carrying capacity of each tier is twoRussian forests - no more than 1500 kgf.

Overall height of single-tier scaffolding - up to4 m, bunk - up to 7 m.

The dimensions of the working platform are usually notrise in length 3 m and in width - 2 m.

The weight of single-tier scaffolding is 1200-1300 kgf.

4. MANUFACTURE AND REPAIR OF SCAFFOLDINGS

4.1. Scaffolding is made in a climatic performance for areas with a temperate climate volume or for the northern regions according toGOST 15150-69*.

4.2. Attached scaffolding is made from steel pipes with a diameter of 25 to 60 mm and thickness wall thickness from 1.8 to 4.0 mm GOST 3262-75* and GOST 10704-91.

The most used pipes according to GOST 3262-75*are shown in the table

Table 1.

Conditional pass, mm	Wall thickness, mm	Weight of 1 m pipe, kg

For the manufacture of free-standing and mounted scaffolding, not only the mentionedpipes, but also steel profiles, for example, corners of profiles from No. 5 to No. 8 according toGOST 8509-93 or channels from No. 12 to No. 16 GOST 8240-89.

For pipes and steel profiles all carbon steel of ordinary quality, for example, Art.3sp5 and Art.3ps6 according to GOST 380-94.

4.3. Scaffolding is usually supplied lecturely. The kit includes the components, required for installation, and operational documentation (passport, installation and operation instructions).

The manufacturer can supply scaffolding without flooring. In this case, the flooring is made forest management organization.

Wooden deck boards are made from spruce or pine boardsGOST 8486-86*Wood is impregnated with antiseptic and flame retardants.

4.4. During the operation of scaffolding defects are poured: the paint coating is destroyedroofing, corrosion of metalsurfaces, deflections of individual hundred ek and crossbars, bends in the railings of fences, local deformations (dents, shells, delaminations, separations), cracks in scaffolding elements, etc. Scaffold repair is to eliminate these defects.

4.5. Repair is carried out usingpossibilities of blanks, materials and kitsthose who wereused in forest preparation. Replacements are madecarefully in agreement with the manufacturer. Technical requirements to materials andcomponents must be regulated standards (technical specifications).

When repairing, do not violate the principleinterchangeability of parts.

4.6. Deflections of racks and ties less than 1.5 mm per 1m length can be cold straightened editing. With more significant deflections, at n dropping corrosion, rack cracks and connections must be replaced. Pipes used for this, must be straight and without threading.

4.7. Welding produced diplotrained welders. Welding is carried out with calcined electrodes, as a rule, type E 42 according to GOST 9467-75*. The dimensions of the seamstoil according to repair drawings or by analogy with those available that have passed the control inspection. The place of the parts to be welded is cleaned to a metallic sheen. Svarochny seam is cleaned of slag, spatter and sagging metal. The quality of welds is checked visually in accordance with GOST 3242-79.

4.8. The paint coating is restored by painting in signal colors (yellow, orange).left, red) according to GOST 12.4.026-76*. At the same time, according to the operating conditions, group Zh2 is accepted according to GOST 9.104-79 *.

5. CHECK CALCULATION OF FORESTS

5.1. Calculation of rack scaffolding produced on strength and stability.

When designing, scaffolding is calculated for a standard uniformly distributed load on the deck [ q ], which specified in the technical specifications owls and GOST 27321-87 accepted for rack-mounted scaffolding: clamp - 100, 200, 250 and pin - 300 and up to 500 kgf / m 2. This takes into account that the average load is 250 kgf / m 2 for stone work and before 200 kgf / m 2 for finishing and other works. Cro In addition, the longitudinal bracing of the scaffolding is calculated for a concentrated load of 130 kgf applied in the middle.

The need for a check calculation fussIt comes into play when choosing scaffolding for specific construction works, as well as at the stage of their use at a construction site to assess the safety of work under real load.

When choosing forests, the calculation is opdetermining the actual uniformly distributed load on the deck q and comparing it with the normative [ q ], specified in the technical specification.

The load on the flooring is determined by the product [ q] to the floor area. In this case, the design of the flooring should be provided withjoint work of boards (shields) of the flooring.

When using scaffolding, check the most loaded parts of the scaffolding are rushing - longitudinal ties and racks, flooring, as well as a scaffold attachment to the wall.

With this calculation, it is allowed for the stock strength consider the work of the flooring boards local.

Figure 4 shows a typical design scheme of scaffolding, which shows three sections with a length L and width at this is applied to the least advantageous pointke O in section 2-3. With transverse decking P transmitted to two longitudinal bonds at points determined

Figure 4 - Calculation scheme of rack-mounted scaffolding

load R B is not required to be determined, so as it is obviously less than R A, due to the fact thatwhat is known from practice: e 1 > e 2= (30-40) cm.

Maximum (excluding compensatingth) bending moment in longitudinal connection, kgf cm:

In a number of scaffolding structures (clamp, shtroar) this load is not transmitted in the center of the rack, but with an eccentricity e, the value of which does not exceed 40-70 mm. Because of this, the maximum bending moment may occur in the rack, kgf-cm:

5.1.2. Rack check

Checking the strength of the racks

The highest stress in the inner strut from longitudinal compression and bending moment is determined, kgf / cm 2:

where R p

F- cross-sectional area of ​​the rack pipe with external ( D) and internal ( d) diameters, cm 2. Acting bending stresses in the most over loaded horizontal connection and stand ke according to paragraphs 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 are compared with the permissible voltage, which, for example, for pipe made of steel St.3 according toGOST 380-94 accepted [s ] \u003d 2100 kgf / cm 2.

Checking the Stability of the Racks

The stability of the racks is checked under a combination of unfavorable conditions: without taking into account the elastic support from horizontal ties, at maximum and eccentrically applied load R P, with a rack height h equal to the race standing between the scaffolding attachments to the wall.

The calculation of the stability of the rack from R p is performed according toSNiP II-23-81* according to the formula

where φ e= 0.1-0.4 - the coefficient of reduction of the design resistance with eccentric compression;

γ s= 0.95 - coefficient of working conditions of compressed scaffold racks.

The coefficient φ e is determined according to the table below, depending on the conditional flexibility γ y and the reduced relative eccentricity m ef , determined by the formula

where η \u003d 1-1.1 - coefficient of influence of the shape of the section;

m= e F/W- relative eccentricity.

In existing scaffolding structures, the eccentricity e\u003d 4-7 cm. For pipes of racks with a diameter of 42-48 mm, the coefficient η \u003d 1 can be taken, and then the coefficient m e f , is in the range from 0.158 to 0.096.

Conditional Flexibilityλ y is determined by the formula

where λ = μ e/ i- rack flexibility;

μ \u003d 1-1.1 - coefficient depending on the method of fastening the racks; for the majority existing structures can can be taken equal to one.

For existing structures forests in a simplified calculation can be taken

λ y \u003d 0.03 λ

Coefficient φ e depending on theλ y and m ef located in table 74SNiP II-23-81* , fragment which is given in table 2.

Table 2.

λ y	mef=6	mef=7	mef=8	mef=9

5.1.3. Floor check

The greatest stress in the flooring from bend and n in the section passing through the point O in floorboard, determined, kgf / cm 2:

where W H= b t 2 /6 - moment of resistance dos ki, cm 3;

b- board width, cm;

t - thickness of the board, cm.

Floor boards are manufactured according toGOST 8486-86*, as a rule, from pine with a permissible stress bending [s s] \u003d 150 kgf / cm 2.

In case of flooring repair and usenon-standard boards allowable stress is adopted [s s] \u003d 100 kgf / cm 2.

5.1.4. Checking the attachment of the scaffold to the wall

Basic mounting parameters check are based on the force of pulling out the dowel (not long less L = 10 cm) from wall Q, equal to the friction force, and according to the torque M kr of tightening the nut 1, according to the design scheme for .

pull force Q determined, kgf:

(10)

where f - friction coefficient of steel according tobrickwork (0.35) or concrete (0.4);

z = 2-3 - the number of petals 2, pressed against the wall with a flare nut 3;

N=s CM de, kgf, - simplified calculationmy petal pressure forces on the wall from the conditions of strengthty wall material for compression;

s cm- the smallest limit firmlywall material (s cm \u003d 50 kgf / cm 2 - silicate brick,s cm = 80 kgf / cm 2 - concrete);

d, cm, is the outer diameter of the petal;

e,cm, - the length of the fit of the petal to Wall.

The optimal torque on the nut, necessary to securely fasten the dowel and not crush the wall material, is determined, kgf cm:

where S, mm, - screw pitch;

R- friction angle, which is determined from the expression

(13)

where fR= 0.2-0.28 - coefficient of friction in a screw-nut pair;

R= 30°-32° - half the angle of the screw profile.

Figure 5 - Calculation scheme for fastening rack-mounted scaffolding to the wall

5.1.5. Calculation example

The following initial data are accepted:

main scaffolding dimensions: L = 200 cm, e= 100 cm, e 2= 30 cm, h = 200 cm;

longitudinal connection - from a pipe 42.3 × 3.2 m; W=3.6cm 2 ;

stand - from a pipe 48 × 3.5 m; F \u003d 5 cm 2, W \u003d 5.44 cm 2, I = 1.57 cm, e= 7 cm;

pipe material - steel Art. 3,GOST 380-94, [ s ] \u003d 2100 kgf / cm 2, E \u003d 2-10 6 kgf / cm 2.

Loads: dispersed q \u003d 200 kgf / m 2, reduced P - 200 kgf, the largest per stop ku R p \u003d 1200 kgf.

Longitudinal bond check according to (1) is equal to:

R A \u003d 200 70/100 \u003d 140 kgf.

Maximum bending moment in longitudinal connection according to (2)

M max = 140/2 200/2= 7000 kgf cm.

By formula (4)

s ps \u003d 7000 / 3.6 \u003d 1944 kgf / cm 2.

The strength of the longitudinal connection is ensured, since

s ps = 1944 < [ s ]= 2100 kgf / cm 2.

Rack check

Maximum bending moment per stop ke according to (3) is equal to:

M max \u003d 140 7 \u003d 980 kgf cm.

The highest voltage according to (5)

s sun \u003d 1200/5 + 980 / 5.44 \u003d 240 + 180 \u003d 420 kgf / cm 2,

which is less [ s ] = 2100 kgf / cm 2, i.e., the strength of the rack is provided.

Rack stability check

Rack flexibility is:λ \u003d 1200 / 1.57 \u003d 127.

Conditional flexibility according to (8)

Relative eccentricity m = 7 5 / 5.44 = 6.4.

Reduced relative eccentricity te/ = 1.05 6.4 = 7.0.

According to table 2 with valuesλ y , = 4.1 and m ef = 7 φ e ~ 0.13.

Rack stability according to (6) is provided by:

1200/0,13 5 = 1846 < 0,95 = 1995 кгс/см 2 .

Floor check

Moment of resistance of the shield made of pine GOST 8486-86*, for example with dimensions b = 50 cm and t = 2 cm is equal to:

W H \u003d 50 2 2 / 6 \u003d 33.3 cm 3.

Maximum stress according to (9)

s n = 140 30 / 33.3 \u003d 126 kgf / cm 2< [ s s] \u003d 150 kgf / cm 2,

those. floor strength is guaranteed.

Checking the attachment of the scaffold to the wall

Dowel pressure force with dimensions d= 3 cm e= 4 cm on a sand-lime brick wall (s cm = 50 kgf / cm 2)

N = 50 3 4 = 600 kgf.

The force of pulling out the dowel with two petals from the wall, with a coefficient of friction f = 0.35 according to (10) is equal to:

Q= 0.35 2 600 = 420 kgf.

The parameters α are determined by (12) and р by (13) medium diameter screws d=10.8 mm, step S = 1.75 mm, half profile angle screw (β = 30° and friction coefficient f p = 0.25:

α \u003d arc tg (1.75 / 3.14 10.8) \u003d 2 ° 56 ";

R = arctan (0.25/cos 30°) = 16°4".

The optimal torque on the screw nut 5 cm according to (11) is:

M cr = 420 10.8 / 2 tg (2°56" + 16°4") = 84 kgf cm.

With a screw handle length of 10 cm, the force does not exceed 9 kgf, which is quite acceptable.

Ras even confirms the correct choice of parameters ditch dowel fastening scaffolding to the wall.

5.2. Calculation of hanging scaffolding produced on the strength of attachment to the building and the strength of the frame from the load and its own weight.

The design scheme is shown on

Scaffolding is hung behind the wall opening at points BUT and AT and lean against the wall at the point D.

The strength of the wall in the opening is checked for a load equal toR a and R B , and

R a = R D =Pe /h,

R B= P

where R- load on scaffolding, attached on distance e from the wall;

h - the distance between the load-bearing crossbars of the scaffolding.

Figure 6 - Calculation scheme of hanging scaffolding

The bending strength of the frame is tested in sections passing at points B and G. From the schema it can be seen that the corresponding bending moments are determined by:

M b = R a a; M D =R B

Effective and allowable stresses are determined in the same way as described above for rack scaffolding.

6. INSTALLATION AND TESTING OF THE SCAFFOLD

6.1. rack scaffolding installed on a planned compacted soil surfacethe one equipped with a drainage system.

Under the shoes of each pair of racks, stacksthe lining is laid in the transverse direction from boards with a thickness of at least 50 mm. Should bebake horizontal lining, but without the relics of bricks, stones and scraps from boards.

Scaffolding equipped with adjustable screwsmi supports to ensure horizontal ty. The horizontality of scaffolding can be ensured chena by the device of a special temporary supporting structure.

6.1.1. The vertical elements of the scaffolding (racks and frames) are installed according to the plummet, and the horizontal elements (ties and flooring) - according to the level gauge.

When building racks and frames from pipes on nozzles, the gap between pipes and nozzles should not exceed 3 mm.

When installing hollow (box-shaped, tubular) structures, measures are taken against the ingress and accumulation of water in them.

6.1.2. Forests located near the road vehicles are fenced with fenders so that they are at a distance of no closer than 0.6 m from the dimensions of the vehicle.

6.1.3. When laying the flooring, the strength of the fixing and the absence of shifts. Gaps between deck boardsaccept no more than 5 mm. Protrusions of boards for shield surface should not exceed 3 mm. Decking boards can be joined lengthwise overlap, the joints are located on the support and cover it by at least 200 mm in each side, the thresholds are beveled (from straight mogo - up to an angle of 30 °). The flooring must be tripled by a side railing with a height of at least 150 mm.

6.1.4. Scaffolding is equipped with a fence with a high that railing is at least 1.1 m, the railing must have an intermediate horizontal support or mesh.

The places of attachment of the scaffolding to the wall are indicated in the project for the production of works.

In the absence of instructions, fastening scaffolding to bearing wall buildings with anchors (dowels) produced in at least one tier for extreme racks, through two spans for the upper tiers and one fastening for every 50 m 2 about scaffolding surface projections on the facade of the building. At coincidence of fixing points with openings in the wall scaffolding is attached to load-bearing structures(walls, columns, ceilings) with inside buildings with the help of various devices and devices.

Scaffolding should not be attached to balconies, cornices, parapets.

6.1.5. The gap between the wall of the building and the flooring is set no more than 50 mm for stone and 150 mm for finishing works Oh.

6.1.6. Scaffolding must be equipped with ladderwith non-slip supports for transfer displacement of workers between tiers. Stairs a hundredcurl up in working position at an angle of 70-75° tohorizon. The design of stairs should be flyrequirements GOST 26887-86.

6.1.7. Scaffolding must be equipped withprotection.

The grounding resistance of scaffolding should be no more than 15 ohms.

At the time of installation and dismantling of electric scaffoldingtricial wires located closer than 5 m from the scaffolding are de-energized.

During thunderstorms and wind force over 6erection and dismantling of scaffolding are not carried out.

6.1.8. Scaffolding is allowed for use aftertests. When testing scaffolding normative load, their strength and stability, reliability of flooring and fences are evaluated,

grounding. Forests must be kept underroller load for at least 2 hours.

6.1.9. The railing of the fence must withstand a concentrated static load of 70 kgf applied to them in the middle and perpendicularly.

All bearing horizontal connections must we can withstand concentrated static load of 130 kgf applied in the middle.

6.1.10. Dismantling of scaffolding is carried out in the village research, reverse installation. Descent de mounted parts is carried out by crane or using lifting devices.

During the dismantling of scaffolding, all doorways of the first floor and exits to the balconies of all floors must be closed.

6.2. hanging scaffolding mounted usingcranes (tower, jib)with slinging as usual two-wire ropevevy sling, and with the help of specialtraverse.

6.2.1. When mounting scaffolding on a monolithic orin a brick building, openings in the wall with a size of 200-300 mm should be provided, in which support brackets are installed,fixed with wooden wedges. One of the variants of the scaffold attachment to the wall is shown in Figure 7.

For panel or frame buildings scaffolding is mounted on horizontal load-bearing elements (crossbars, lintels, etc.).

6.2.2. The walls in which holes are arranged must be checked for load from scaffolding according to the scheme of Figure 6, taking into account their load. materials, tools and working but the production project.

6.2.3. Testing of suspended scaffolding before exoperation is carried out in the same manner as well as attached scaffolding. Hanging scaffolding should be under a control load that is twice the nominal load, and not less than 15 minutes.

1- wooden wedge; 2- bracket scaffolding; 3- wall.

Figure 7. - Mounting scaffold attachment to the wall.

7. ENSURING SAFETY DURING THE OPERATION OF FORESTS

7.1. Commissioning of scaffolding is allowed after acceptance by the commission appointed by the head of the construction organization, and is recorded in the register according to GOST 26887-86.

If the scaffolding has not been used for a month, then they are allowed for use after acceptance by the said commission.

Scaffolding should be operated in accordance withwith manufacturer's instructions and requirements SNiP 12-03-2001.

7.2. Technical condition of scaffolding control ruyutsya before each shift and periodically checkups every 10 days. resultyou periodic inspections note in mentioning nutty magazine.

The strength and reliability of the crepe are checkedrailings, floorings, fences, fixing devices that protect detachable connections protection from spontaneous separation, condition of welds, deflection of posts and crossbars.

Before the start of the shift, the flooring is cleared of snow and ice.

After the end of the shift, the flooring is cleaned from debris and remnants of building materials.

7.3. Forests are subject to additional inspection ru after rain or thaw, which may reduce the bearing capacity of the foundationthem, as well as after mechanical influences. In case of deformation, the scaffolding must be repaired and accepted by the commission again.

7.4. Workers should be familiar with scaffolding rules, with load diagrams containing information about permissible loads zah and the order of their placement.

Provisions should be made to ensure that people can safely exit the workplace.one hundredin the event of an emergency.

7.5. In case of finding people or trans port near the scaffolding and when performing work at a height of 6 m or more, there must be at least two decks: working (upper) and protective (lower).

The workplace on the scaffolding must be protected from above by a deck located on youcomb no more than 2 m from the working platform.

Installed above the entrances and entrances of buildingsthe protective visor is poured.

7.6. Supply of materials to scaffolding cranes (winches) from above, also through window and other openings in the wall of the building.

If the scaffolding is located in the area of ​​the crane operation, then the combination of crane operations, for example, lifting the load and turning the boom, is not performed.

The load is moved by a crane above the top pointwhich scaffolding at a height of at least 1 m. The load is lowered by a crane onto the flooring on minimum speed smoothly and without jerks.

7.7. Scaffolding markings on load-bearing elementsmax should be preserved and restored whennecessary throughout the life of the product. The label must contain informationabout the manufacturer, scaffold designation, batch number and date of manufacture.

8. FOREST STORAGE

8.1. AT the periods between exploitation, storage of forests is organized.

Scaffolding details are stored sorted(racks, crossbars, braces, frames) in a container rax and packages. Small parts (anchors, spigot ki, clamps, etc.) are stored separately in a container.

8.2. Scaffolding should be stored indoorsor under a canopy on linings, except that are in contact with the ground.

Containers, packages and containers can be stacked, but not more than three tiers.

Scaffolding - indispensable attribute construction or facade reconstruction high-rise building. Frame-type structures are well-deserved recognition of builders due to their reliability and ease of assembly. frame scaffolding They are made in a modular design, so that they can be easily modified and extended as needed.

Design and execution

In many branches of technology, it is commonly believed that simplicity is always a symbol of reliability. Frame scaffolding is extremely simple. They are a horizontal frame made of steel pipes, the rigidity of which is enhanced by ties. Such connections also serve as fencing for personnel working on scaffolding. Separate sections of frame-type scaffolding are interconnected using locking locks, mostly of the flag type. Naturally, according to the purpose, on each horizontal frame ties, laying is provided wooden flooring. The flooring is often provided with hatches for the possibility of vertical communication between the individual sections.

The reliability of frame scaffolding is provided by their supports. They can be non-adjustable, on a conventional welded bearing plate made of thick structural steel. Modern designs are equipped with height-adjustable supports, the main part of which is a screw mechanism using a thrust thread in accordance with GOST 10177-82 or a trapezoidal thread in accordance with GOST 24737-81. Thrust thread is used more often, because it allows you to balance not only axial, but also radial loads that inevitably arise during the operation of scaffolding.

Classification of frame scaffolding can be performed according to the following parameters:

1. Frame type. There are tubular-type through-through frames (the thickness of the pipe wall depends on the height of the scaffolding and on the maximum permissible load on them) and frames with ladders designed for the movement of production personnel. At the same time, the main frames are the passage frames, and the stair frames are made in the form of inserts located at a certain interval.
2. By type of links, which can be horizontal and diagonal. Despite some restrictions on the actions of workers, diagonal frames are used more often because they provide increased rigidity and safety.
3. According to the execution of scaffolding attachment to the facade of a building or structure. Mounting brackets can be disposable, with the use of massive dowels that are aimed at the surface, or - more often - anchors that are easily removed when reinstalling the scaffolding to a new place of use.
4. Type of floor boards. When moving through the forests of massive loads or building tools perforated steel flooring is used, in other cases pine or spruce boards are preferable, without structural defects and with moisture-proof impregnation. Sometimes ordered and combined types flooring, where wooden elements adjacent to metal.

Frame type scaffolding sizes

Frame scaffolding is produced in accordance with technical standards and the requirements of GOST 27321-87, which systematizes the requirements related to all types of attached building structures vertical type. This standard contains instructions for the design of all fasteners and connections, as well as requirements for materials. In addition to GOST, manufacturers also develop their own specifications that relate to flooring boards, as well as requirements for welded and enclosing elements.

Rational Choice of the structures under consideration is determined by the height of the structure, the complexity of the work performed, as well as the calculated values ​​of operational loads. It should be noted that frame scaffolding is used when working on straight facades that do not have protrusions, bends, etc. When choosing, you should pay attention to specifications pipes (the presence of an anti-corrosion or hardening coating, and the method of production - cold-rolled pipes are preferable to hot-rolled or drawn pipes, since they better resist bending and tensile stresses).

Frame-type scaffolding labeling includes the letter abbreviation LRSP (or LSPR), which means (with permutations of individual words) "rack-mounted frame scaffolding". Then comes the number. It can indicate the maximum axial load on the scaffolding in kilograms (and then it will be three-digit: for example, LRSP-200 allows a load of no more than 200 kg), or it can also indicate the maximum height of the facade to which the structure can be attached (in particular, LRSP-60 scaffolding designed for a height of 60 meters).

Despite the differences in names, all sizes and types of frame scaffolding differ in the standard distance between individual posts (it is 950 mm), which often allows you to mount structures from elements of different manufacturers.

The remaining technical characteristics of the scaffolding of the LRSP line are:

• Permissible loads per frame, kg - up to 200 kg (in the presence of reinforcing crossbars, the load can be doubled, as reported in the manufacturer's instructions);
• Vertical size of each tier, mm - 2000;
• The length of each individual module, mm - 3000 (under individual order it is possible to manufacture modules with a length of 2000 mm);
• Width of each section, mm - 1000;
• The maximum load on the frame before the start of its irreversible deformation, kg - 600.

The main difference in the design of frame scaffolding is the dimensions (diameter and wall thickness) of the tubular elements. For example, for the manufacture of scaffolding LRSP-30, a pipe 30 × 1.5 is used, for LRSP-40 - a pipe 42 × 1.5, etc. Based on the dimensions of the supporting part, the minimum installation height of scaffolding is 2 meters.

How to assemble frame scaffolding?

The sequence of installation of frame-type scaffolding is as follows:

1. The site for installation is being prepared: the soil is planned and leveled, the place is cleared of stones, snow and construction debris, after which it is dried.
2. When installing newly acquired scaffolds, their completeness and the presence of a certificate of conformity are checked.
3. The personnel involved in the installation must have a work permit.
4. Direct installation starts from one of the corners of the building or structure. Wooden shoes with a height of at least 40 mm are installed on the prepared site, on which the supports are mounted. The step of the supports should not exceed the values ​​set by the scaffolding manufacturer.
5. Adjacent vertical frames of the first tier are mounted on thrust bearings or screw supports, and connected by ties. The control of parallelism and perpendicularity of the installation is carried out using a level.
6. All other horizontal modules of the structure are mounted similarly.
7. The tier is anchored or doweled to the wall (the installation step is regulated by the manufacturer's instructions).
8. Crossbars and floorings of the first tier are installed, during which the maximum allowable gaps, shifts and leaks are controlled. Side railings are being installed.
9. Similarly, the installation of the next tier is carried out, while the stiffeners are placed in a checkerboard pattern.
10. Checking in progress finished construction for strength. They test the flooring, fences, the reliability of the closure of the flag connections is controlled.

Rack-mounted wedge scaffolding is a universal rigid structure. It is easy to mount and dismantle. Can be applied multiple times. This type of scaffolding is a frame structure.

Rack wedge attached scaffolding is used for construction work outside and inside the building. Also, attached rack scaffolding is used not only in construction work, but also for the organization of stages and stands, as well as the formwork of structures, covered pavilions. Wedge rack-mounted structures are used in the following cases:

• bricklaying and plastering;
• repair of buildings public utilities and industry;
• formwork support;
• restoration work.

Certificates of conformity and regulatory documents

This type of scaffolding must meet the requirements of GOST 24258-80. Attached wedge scaffolding must be produced strictly according to the initially approved design documentation.

Steel pipes are used in the production of rack-mounted wedge scaffolding different diameter and different thickness walls. GOST provides for differences different elements scaffolding in the same structure. In the manufacture of wedge scaffolding of this design, the use of aluminum is not allowed due to the fact that its price is quite high, and welding is difficult, because of this scaffolding cannot be used repeatedly. Parts of the manual are powder coated for added safety.

Along with the fact that the wedge rack scaffolding is manufactured according to GOST standards, the scaffolding design is developed in accordance with TU. In addition, scaffolding goes through mandatory certification. Such a procedure is necessary not only for reporting, but also for quality control, both development and manufacturing and assembly of the structure. The reliability and strength of the attached wedge scaffolding is verified by a high load test carried out at the time of certification. Each scaffold design has a passport, where absolutely all parts of the structure are registered, which makes pre-construction installation much easier. Using the product passport, you can check the presence of all parts of the structure during installation and dismantling.

Specifications

A jack will be required in order to place verticals on it. Using a jack, you can adjust the level, in other words, the height of the horizontal scaffolding belts. This part of the structure must be installed under each vertical part of the scaffolding.

Main elements

• thrust bearing needed in order to place the verticals. It should also stand under each part of the verticals.
• Starting element is placed on a pedestal. Serves to simplify the process of mounting scaffolding. This element also bears the vertical parts. There is also a flange on the starting element, which helps to fix it horizontally with other similar parts.
• Vertical stand- is the main load-bearing element scaffold structures of any type. It has flanges that are made in increments of 50 cm or 100 cm. They are fixed with flanges by self-braking wedges with horizontals and diagonals. Racks of verticals have parameters 1.5; 2; 3 meters. The vertical post is made of steel pipe 48 mm in diameter, 2 mm wall width.
• Horizontal connection is issued with a bracket-lock, which has a self-braking wedge. The lock-bracket and a wedge fastens with vertical racks. The horizontal elements are also made of steel pipes, the length of which reaches 3 m, and the diameter is 48 mm, the wall width is 3 m. The distance between the vertical posts can be different: 1 meter, 1.2 meters, 1.5 meters, 2 meters, 3 meters.
• Diagonal element necessary for the stability of the scaffold structure. Tiers at the end and at the beginning should have diagonal ligaments. The diagonal is set so as to provide a slope during different sides. If the slope is carried out in different directions, the scaffolding may tip over. Diagonal elements have typical parameters: 1×2, 1.2×2, 1.5×2, 2×2, 3×2.
• Flooring is an important element scaffolding. It serves to ensure the reliability and safety of forests. It spreads on several tiers. have a width of 45.2 cm. the decks must have railings.
• Wall support necessary in order to attach the scaffolding structure to the wall of the building. When buying scaffolding, wall supports are determined by the customer.

Installation and dismantling of wedge rack-mounted scaffolding

Before installing scaffolding, you need to carefully prepare. First of all, a scheme for assembling the wedge attached scaffolding should be drawn up. All who will work on the scaffolding must be familiar with this scheme and instructed in the order of work. The scaffolding site must be planned and prepared: the surface must be leveled, construction and other debris removed.

Structure installation procedure

1. On a previously prepared surface, it is necessary to install thrust bearings. Their width must strictly correspond to horizontal connections (1; 1.2; 1.5; 2; 3 meters).
2. Starting elements are put on the thrust bearings themselves.
3. Along the perimeter of the installed starting elements, you need to connect them using horizontal ties.
4. into existing holes vertical elements you need to install vertical racks(1.5, 2, 3 meters).
5. Vertical racks are also interconnected by horizontal lines.
6. Next, the floorings are laid on the resulting tiers.
7. To give the scaffolding the necessary rigidity, you need to fix the diagonals with the appropriate dimensions.

The scaffold structure must be attached to the wall with anchors, as well as wall supports. The load of scaffolding must also be calculated according to a special scheme. Without these manipulations, a full-fledged installation of attached wedge rack scaffolding is impossible.

Dismantling is carried out in the reverse order, starting from the upper tier of scaffolding. Ladder used according to the wishes of the customer.

To ensure safety at the construction site, it is necessary to make special canopies.

Operating rules

Wedge sewage attachment scaffolding can only be operated after the installation of the structure has been completed. Acceptance must be carried out by a person responsible for safety at the facility.
Upon acceptance, the following is checked: the level of the scaffolding, the correct assembly of the nodes, the fastening of the structure to the wall, the presence of canopies and appropriate fences.

1. Every day, the master must check the design before starting work.
2. Ice and snow, as well as construction debris, must be regularly removed from the decks.
3. The load on the flooring should not exceed the specified in technical passport options.
4. Working with tower crane when submitting materials to the upper tiers of scaffolding, safety precautions must be taken into account.
5. It is forbidden to lift the load next to scaffolding.
6. The work of the crane must be regulated by a signalman located on the scaffolding.
7. When working with a stationary lift, keep in mind that it must also be attached to the building itself.
8. The crane boom when lifting the load must be at least 1 meter above the fence. The load on the decks should be lowered at the lowest speed.
9. Over the passages between the tiers, as well as over the driveways, sheds should be built.

Mandatory security measures

1. The frame of the structure must be fixed with brackets. You can not arbitrarily remove the brackets.
   Access strangers it is not allowed to enter the territory of assembly and disassembly of attached wedge rack scaffolding.
   Installation and disassembly of the structure at a height should be carried out by workers with special fastening belts.
2. During the installation of scaffolding, openings and passages on the first floors, as well as balconies in without fail are closed.
3. Power lines that are located at a distance of up to five meters from the scaffolding structure must be removed or de-energized.
4. Before removing the flooring or moving it from one tier to another, you need to clean it of debris and containers. It is not allowed to dump all this from the scaffolding.
5. Horizontals and verticals, which are located near the driveways, must be protected from traffic impacts.
   During a thunderstorm or strong wind work on scaffolding, as well as the installation and dismantling of scaffolding must be stopped.
   Grounding must be made on the scaffolding, for safe work in a thunderstorm
6. For work at a height exceeding a height of 15 meters, workers with a permit for work at height must be allowed.
7. The load on the flooring should not be higher than the indicator specified in the project.
   Cluster a large number people in one place is not allowed.

Scaffolding can be transported by any transport that can ensure the safe transportation of scaffolding. Structural elements must not be dropped from a height, this leads to damage. Storage of the disassembled structure should be carried out under a canopy, it is best to use gaskets that do not allow the scaffolding elements to come into contact with the ground.

Attached wedge rack scaffolding from trusted manufacturers, as a rule, have a guarantee of one year.

Earlier, more old times, for the construction and repair of buildings, disposable scaffolding made of beams and boards was used, which did not provide the necessary reliability of the system. It was from there that the common name of the structure - the forest - went. In our time, several types of collapsible scaffolding have been developed and are being produced by the industry, which are distinguished by high reliability and ease of use, which can be used repeatedly.

All attached scaffolds are installed near the working wall and must be fixed to it with the help of anchor fastenings. As a rule, these are self-wedging bolts that are laid in holes punched in advance in the wall. Fasteners are installed at the rate of one point per two sections of scaffolding.

Scaffolding catalog

Price: from 140 rubles. per sq.m

Price: from 160 rubles. per sq.m

Types of attached scaffolding

All types of attached scaffolding are united by the way they are installed at the working wall - they are attached close to the outer or inner wall buildings or structures. Forests differ in the way elements are connected.

• Rack-mounted wedge scaffolding ; different high strength, often used for masonry works. The connection of structural elements is carried out by a special fastening of the "wedge-flange" type. Scaffolding is increased in height as the walls are raised. Scaffolding is securely attached to the wall with brackets along the entire height of the structure.
• Scaffolding rack clamp ; are used for installation and finishing works, in construction they are considered universal, since they are installed against walls of any configuration. The elements are fastened with clamps.
• Attached construction frame scaffolding ; used for finishing and repairing large straight sections of walls. The main prefabricated elements are horizontal frames, to which the remaining components of the frame are attached using flag locks fixed on them.
• Scaffolding attached construction pin ; are used on straight facades, but in combination with clamp scaffolding they are quite suitable for complex facades. The system is based on pin mounts, which are located on the rack elements. To working wall such forests are fastened with special hooks.
• Scaffolding rack-mount cup type ; they are also called "Cup-Lock", which means "cup-lock" in English. This is a spatial structure of racks, which are interconnected by crossbars, which give the scaffolding rigidity and stability. Special connections in the form of a cup, dressed on racks and sliding freely along it, make it possible to securely fix all structural elements. Supports can be either adjustable - for uneven surfaces, or non-adjustable - they are installed on a flat surface.

Prices for components for scaffolding

Tier pitch, m: 2.0. Step frames along the wall, m: 2.3. Passage width, m: 1.1.

Name of components	Weight, kg	Cost, rub (up to 1000 sq.m)
Frame with ladder (42*1.2) LSP-30	10	643
Frame with ladder (42*1.5) LSP-40	11,5	705
Frame with ladder (42*2.0) LSP-60	14,5	777
Frame with ladder (48*2.0) LSP-80	11,5	844
Passage frame (42*1.2) LSP-30	8,5	593
Passage frame (42*1.5) LSP-40	10	644
Passage frame (42*2.0) LSP-60	13,3	721
Passage frame (48*2.0) LSP-80	10	799
Diagonal link 2.0m	3,4	255
Diagonal link 3.0m	5,2	344
Horizontal link 2.0m	1,7	127
Horizontal link 3.0m	2,6	166
Rigel under vil. flooring 2.0m	6,2	388
Rigel under vil. flooring 3.0m	9,2	510
Wooden flooring 1.0x1.1m	18,0	183
Anchor bracket l=270mm	0,4	72
Anchor bracket l=470mm	0,5	111
Screw support 250 mm	1,5	299
Screw support 330 mm	1,5	333
Support heel	0,3	61

Benefits of using attached scaffolding

Despite the name preserved from old times, today forests are made from metal pipes. A big plus is the relatively low weight of the structure and the speed of assembly and disassembly. Big Advantage attachment scaffolding - the possibility of their phased assembly, moving up as the wall is being laid, or vice versa, the ability to disassemble the upper tiers after this section of the wall is completed, and the front of work gradually moves down.