Design of thermal points. Standard requirements for premises for the placement of heat energy metering units for consumers

SNiP 41-02-2003

14.1 Heat points are subdivided into:
individual heating points (ITP)- for connection of heating, ventilation, hot water supply systems and technological heat-using installations of one building or its part;
central heating points (CHP)- the same, two buildings or more.
14.2 The heating points provide for the placement of equipment, fittings, control, management and automation devices, through which the following are carried out:
conversion of the type of coolant or its parameters; control of coolant parameters;
accounting for thermal loads, coolant and condensate flow rates;
regulation of heat carrier flow and distribution to heat consumption systems (through distribution networks in central heating stations or directly to ITP systems);
protection local systems from an emergency increase in the parameters of the coolant;
filling and make-up of heat consumption systems;
collection, cooling, return of condensate and control of its quality;
heat storage;
water treatment for hot water systems.
In a heating point, depending on its purpose and local conditions all of the listed activities or only a part of them can be carried out. Devices for monitoring the parameters of the coolant and accounting for heat consumption should be provided in all heating points.
14.3 The input ITP device is mandatory for each building, regardless of the presence of the TsTP, while the ITP provides only those measures that are necessary for connecting this building and are not provided for in the TsTP.
14.4 In closed and open systems heat supply, the need for a central heating station for residential and public buildings must be substantiated by technical and economic calculations.
14.5 In the premises of heat points it is allowed to place equipment of sanitary systems of buildings and structures, including booster pumping units supplying water for drinking and fire-fighting needs.
14.6 The basic requirements for the placement of pipelines, equipment and fittings in heating points should be adopted according to Appendix B.
14.7 Connection of heat consumers to heat networks in heat points should be provided according to schemes that provide minimum flow water in heating networks, as well as saving heat through the use of heat flow regulators and limiters for the maximum flow of network water, corrective pumps or elevators with automatic control, which reduce the temperature of the water entering the heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems.
14.8 The design water temperature in the supply pipelines after the CHP should be taken:
when connecting heating systems of buildings according to a dependent scheme - equal, as a rule, to the calculated water temperature in the supply pipeline of heating networks to the central heating station;
with an independent circuit - no more than 30 ° C lower than the calculated water temperature in the supply pipeline of heat networks to the central heating station, but not higher than 150 ° C and not lower than the calculated temperature adopted in the consumer's system.
Independent pipelines from the central heating station for connecting ventilation systems with an independent scheme for connecting heating systems are provided for with a maximum heat load on ventilation of more than 50% of the maximum heat load on heating.
14.9 When calculating the heating surface of water-to-water water heaters for hot water supply and heating systems, the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network should be taken equal to the temperature at the break point of the water temperature graph or minimum temperature water, if there is no break in the temperature graph, and for heating systems - also the water temperature corresponding to the calculated outdoor temperature for heating design. The largest of the obtained values ​​of the heating surface should be taken as the calculated one.
14.10 When calculating the heating surface of hot water supply water heaters, the temperature of the heated water at the outlet from the water heater to the hot water supply system should be assumed to be at least 60 °C.
14.11 For high-speed sectional water-to-water water heaters, a countercurrent scheme of heat carrier flows should be adopted, while heating water from the heating network should flow:
in water heaters of heating systems - in tubes;
the same, hot water supply - in the annulus.
In steam-water water heaters, steam must enter the annulus.
For hot water supply systems with steam heating networks, it is allowed to use capacious water heaters, using them as storage tanks hot water subject to the compliance of their capacity required in the calculation for storage tanks.
In addition to high-speed water heaters, it is possible to use other types of water heaters with high thermal and technical performance characteristics, small size.
14.12 The minimum number of water-to-water water heaters should be taken:
two, connected in parallel, each of which must be calculated for 100% of the heat load - for heating systems of buildings that do not allow interruptions in the supply of heat;
two, designed for 75% of the heat load each, for heating systems of buildings constructed in areas with an estimated outdoor air temperature below minus 40 °C;
one - for other heating systems;
two, connected in parallel in each stage of heating, designed for 50% of the heat load each, - for hot water supply systems.
With a maximum heat load on hot water supply of up to 2 MW, it is allowed to provide one hot water heater in each heating stage, except for buildings that do not allow interruptions in the supply of heat to hot water supply.
When installing steam-water heaters in heating, ventilation or hot water supply systems, their number should be at least two, connected in parallel, backup water heaters can be omitted.
For technological installations that do not allow interruptions in the supply of heat, backup water heaters should be provided, designed for the heat load in accordance with the mode of operation of the technological installations of the enterprise.
14.13 On pipelines, fittings with shutoff valves should be provided conditional pass 15 mm for air release at the highest points of all pipelines and a nominal bore of at least 25 mm - for draining water at the lowest points of water and condensate pipelines.
It is allowed to carry out devices for draining water not in the pit of the central heating substation, but outside the central heating substation in special chambers.
14.14 Mud collectors should be installed:
in the heating point on the supply pipelines at the input;
on the return pipeline in front of control devices and metering devices for water and heat consumption - no more than one;
in ITP - regardless of their presence in the central heating point;
in thermal units of consumers of the 3rd category - on the supply pipeline at the input.
Before mechanical water meters (vane, turbine), plate heat exchangers and other equipment, filters should be installed along the water flow (at the request of the manufacturer).
14.15 In heating points, it is not allowed to install jumpers between the supply and return pipelines of heating networks, as well as bypass pipelines in addition to pumps (except for booster pumps), elevators, control valves, mud collectors and devices for metering water and heat consumption.
Overflow regulators and steam traps must have bypass piping.
14.16 To protect against internal corrosion and scale formation of pipelines and equipment of centralized hot water supply systems connected to heating networks through water heaters, water treatment should be provided, usually carried out in the central heating station. In ITP, only magnetic and silicate water treatment is allowed.
14.17 Processing drinking water should not worsen its sanitary and hygienic indicators. Reagents and materials used for water treatment, which have direct contact with water entering the hot water supply system, must be allowed by the Gossanepidnadzor of Russia for use in the practice of drinking water supply.
14.18 When installing storage tanks for hot water supply systems in thermal substations with vacuum deaeration, it is necessary to provide for the protection of the internal surface of the tanks from corrosion and the water in them from aeration by using sealing liquids. In the absence of vacuum deaeration inner surface tanks must be protected from corrosion through the use of protective coatings or cathodic protection. The design of the tank should include a device that prevents the ingress of sealing liquid into the hot water supply system.
14.19 For heat points, it is necessary to provide supply and exhaust ventilation, designed for air exchange, determined by heat release from pipelines and equipment. design temperature air in working area in the cold season, it should be taken no higher than 28 ° С, in the warm season - 5 ° С higher than the outside air temperature according to parameters A. When placing heat points in residential and public buildings, a check calculation of heat transfer from the heat point to adjacent premises. If the permissible air temperature in these rooms exceeds the permissible air temperature, measures should be taken for additional thermal insulation of the enclosing structures of adjacent rooms.
14.20 A ladder should be installed in the floor of the heating point, and if gravity water drainage is not possible, a drainage pit should be arranged with a size of at least 0.5 - 0.5 x 0.8 m. The pit is covered with a removable grate.
To pump water from catchment pit one drainage pump. The pump intended for pumping water from the catchment pit is not allowed to be used for flushing heat consumption systems.
14.21 In heat points, measures should be taken to prevent the excess of noise levels allowed for premises of residential and public buildings. Heating points equipped with pumps are not allowed to be placed adjacently under or above the premises of residential apartments, sleeping and play preschool institutions, sleeping quarters of boarding schools, hotels, hostels, sanatoriums, rest houses, boarding houses, wards and operating hospitals, premises with a long stay patients, doctors' offices, auditoriums of entertainment enterprises.
14.22 The minimum clear distances from free-standing ground-based central heating stations to the outer walls of the listed premises must be at least 25 m.
In particularly cramped conditions, it is allowed to reduce the distance to 15 m, subject to acceptance additional measures to reduce noise to acceptable sanitary standards level.
14.23 According to placement on the master plan, heat points are divided into stand-alone, attached to buildings and structures and built into buildings and structures.
14.24 Heat points built into buildings should be placed in separate rooms at the outer walls of buildings.
14.25 Outputs from the heating point should be provided:
if the length of the premises of the heating point is 12 m or less - one exit to the adjacent room, corridor or stairwell;
with a heating point room length of more than 12 m - two exits, one of which should be directly outside, the second - to an adjacent room, stairwell or corridor.
Premises of thermal points of steam consumers with a pressure of more than 0.07 MPa must have at least two exits, regardless of the dimensions of the room.
14.26 Openings for natural light heating points are not required. Doors and gates must be opened from the room or building of the heating point away from you.
14.27 For explosion and fire fire hazard premises of heat points must comply with category D according to NPB 105.
14.28 Heat points located in the premises of industrial and storage buildings, as well as administrative buildings industrial enterprises, in residential and public buildings, should be separated from other premises by partitions or fences that prevent unauthorized persons from accessing the heating point.
14.29 For the installation of equipment, the dimensions of which exceed the dimensions of the doors, in ground heating points, installation openings or gates in the walls should be provided.
At the same time, the dimensions of the mounting opening and the gate should be 0.2 m more than overall dimensions largest equipment or piping block.
14.30 Inventory hoisting and transport devices should be provided for moving equipment and fittings or integral parts of equipment blocks.
If it is impossible to use inventory devices it is allowed to provide stationary lifting and transport devices:
with a mass of transported cargo from 0.1 to 1.0 tons - monorails with manual hoists and crampons or manual single-girder overhead cranes;
the same, more than 1.0 to 2.0 tons - single-girder manual overhead cranes;
the same, more than 2.0 tons - single-girder electric overhead cranes.
It is allowed to provide for the possibility of using mobile lifting and transport vehicles.
14.31 For maintenance of equipment and fittings located at a height of 1.5 to 2.5 m from the floor, mobile platforms or portable devices (ladders) should be provided. If it is impossible to create passages for mobile platforms, as well as maintenance of equipment and fittings located at a height of 2.5 m or more, it is necessary to provide stationary platforms with a fence and permanent stairs. The dimensions of platforms, stairs and fences should be taken in accordance with the requirements of GOST 23120.
Distance from the level of the stationary site to top floor must be at least 2 m.
14.32 In the central heating station with permanent attendants, a bathroom with a washbasin should be provided.

Heating and water supply of infrastructure, residential and industrial facilities is provided complex system engineering communications. It consists of generating enterprises, central and individual heating points (CHP and ITP), as well as consumers. ITP ventilation provides standard parameters for temperature and air exchange rate. This is especially important when an individual heating point is located in a serviced building, and not a separate building.

ITP - a room isolated from the main areas of the object in question. It contains connecting elements of thermal power plants, which assemble the "boiler-consumer" system into one whole. Also, control elements for operating modes and nodes for distributing the heat carrier to consumers. individual item designed to serve one building or part of it. More often located in the basement of the house, less often as an extension.

Composition of a standard substation:

  1. Hot water and cold water system. Provides hot/cold water supply to the consumer.
  2. Heating. Provides standard temperature parameters.
  3. Ventilation. cold heating system supply air. including recycling.

The typical scheme of ITP operation depends on technical parameters consumer and producer. The most common is a separate DHW system, an independent heating and ventilation system.

Each element connecting system power plants emit a certain amount of heat. It must be removed in order not to go beyond the maximum permissible values ​​for this type of premises and to ensure an acceptable air exchange rate.

Ventilation

The calculation of air exchange in individual heat points is carried out in accordance with the regulatory data and requirements specified in: SP 41-101-95 "Design of heat points"; SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning" and GOST 30494-96 "Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters.

Initial data

The design of ITP air exchange systems begins with an analysis provided by the customer or from an additional calculation.

  • Thermal emissions from equipment. This is the most important parameter, since the power, type and performance of the ventilation system depends on it. Most often, heat dissipation data is provided by equipment manufacturers. You can also perform additional calculations.
  • Type of fuel. It is relevant when the power supply is not carried out from the central heating system.
  • Geometric characteristics of the room.
  • climate zone.

Norms and rules

Individual heating points can be part of the building or located separately. In both cases, ventilation is calculated the same way. The supply and exhaust system with natural impulse is mainly used.

Heating points with a capacity of less than 0.7 MW can be designed without a natural supply and exhaust ventilation system. This rule applies to free-standing or built-in premises equipped with mesh or steel wire fencing.


The ventilation power is determined by the maximum total heat release from the equipment. The air exchange rate is taken equal to 1-3 times per hour, it depends on the area, the height of the ceilings.

It is important to choose the correct design air temperature: in winter for the working area, it is + 28 ° С; in summer - no higher than 5 ° C from the outside air.

When the IHS is part of a building, then the heat flows from the considered room to the adjacent ones are checked. If the air temperature in adjacent rooms rises, then measures are taken to additionally insulate the separating partitions. Standard way thermal insulation consists in pasting the walls with foam plastic, followed by plastering.

Often, designers resort to such tricks: if there is a general house mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation, then changes are made to the project by making a tie-in existing system forced ventilation in ITP. This improves the quality of ventilation.

Summing up

Design flaws and errors can cause rapid wear of system components and the development of corrosion. For example, two residential buildings are considered, with the same schemes of individual heating points. In the first, hot water is prepared, in the second - no. ITP without hot water preparation can function normally without ventilation. If you do not design ventilation for the first option, then constant condensate and high humidity quickly destroy the equipment.

It is desirable to equip heat supply points with a simple forced-air and exhaust ventilation with a natural impulse, this will extend the life of building envelopes and equipment.


The Mega.ru company provides services for the calculation, selection and control over the implementation of ventilation systems. Highly qualified specialists are ready to answer all questions. Our phone numbers are listed on the page. We work in Moscow and neighboring regions, we have a positive experience of remote cooperation.

As a rule, an ITP project consists of 4 sections:

- Thermal mechanics. This section selects circuit diagram and its calculation, selection of heat exchangers, pumps, expansion tanks or pressure maintenance installations, selection of pipeline diameters, selection of shut-off and control valves;
- Thermal energy metering unit. The choice of the metering scheme, the selection of the heat meter and the description of its installation are made.
- Automation and dispatching. Based on the schematic diagram developed in the "Thermal mechanics" section, a functional diagram automation, selection is underway executive devices automation, temperature sensors, relays, differential pressure relays.
- Power supply. This section consists of two parts: Electric lighting and power equipment. In some cases, the "Electric lighting" part is not required. In the volume "power electrical equipment" power supply of pantographs (pumping equipment, AUPD, automation cabinets and metering unit) is carried out, a potential equalization system.

The initial data for design are:

1. Specifications for connection to heating networks (hereinafter referred to as TU). Specifications are issued by the heat supply organization. In Moscow, the technical specifications are issued by PAO MIPC. In the Moscow region, these are local heating networks. The specifications reflect the fundamental requirements for a heat point: the type of connection of heat consumers, the maximum total load and the types of consumption (heating, ventilation, thermal curtains, hot water supply), temperature charts at the input in winter and summer periods, available pressure at the input of the heating network, maximum operating pressure.

2. Technical task(TOR) for the design of ITP. As a rule, the TOR reflects General requirements to the design object Additional requirements Customer (types and brands of equipment used, the availability of a reserve of equipment, the location of the drainage pit, etc.)

3. Architectural and construction plans in which the heat point with cuts will be located.

4. The project of external heat networks or the binding of the input of heat networks to the ITP room with a section.

5. Bindings of inputs of pipelines of heat consumers(heating, ventilation, hot water, cold water systems, etc.).

6. Passports of heating, ventilation, hot water systems(during reconstruction) or Projects of HVAC sections (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), VK (water supply and sewerage) during new construction. The main parameters to pay attention to: thermal load, temperature graph, hydraulic resistance of the system, maximum working pressure.

7. Specifications for thermal energy metering units. In Moscow, specifications are issued at branch No. 11 Gorenergosbyt of PJSC MOEK.

8. Technical conditions for the implementation of automation and dispatching of ITP.

Below are the requirements normative documents relating to the premises of the heating point. This list of requirements is not exhaustive and will expand over time. Technical requirements to the Heat Substation Premises were taken from normative documentation regulating the design, installation and operation engineering systems residential and public buildings and may differ from similar rules for objects of other purposes.

DBN V.2.5-39 Heating networks

Clause 16.5 - Chapter 16 Heat points

In the premises of heat points, the location of equipment for sanitary systems of buildings and structures is allowed.

In heating substations built into residential buildings, only pumps with an acceptable (low) noise level should be installed.

Clause 16.20 - Chapter 16 Heat points

A ladder should be installed in the floor of the heating point, and if gravity drainage of water is not possible, a drainage pit with a size of at least 0.5x0.5x0.8m should be equipped. The pit should be covered with a removable grate.

It is allowed to arrange the descent of water not into a pit or ladder of a heating point, but into special containers.

A single drain pump should be used to pump water from a catchment pit to a sewer, downspout, or associated drain.

The pump intended for pumping water from the catchment pit is not allowed to be used for flushing the heat consumption system.

SNiP 2.04.01 Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings

Clause 12.3 - Chapter 12 Pumping installations

Pumping units that supply water for household, fire-fighting and circulation needs should, as a rule, be located in the premises of heating points, boiler rooms and boiler rooms.

Clause 12.4 - Chapter 12 Pumping installations

Locate pumping units (except fire) directly under residential apartments, children or group rooms kindergartens and nurseries, classrooms of secondary schools, hospital premises, work rooms administrative buildings, audiences educational institutions and other similar premises is not allowed.

Pumping units with fire-fighting pumps and hydropneumatic tanks for internal fire extinguishing may be located in the first and basement floors of buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance made of non-combustible materials. At the same time, the premises of pumping units and hydropneumatic tanks must be heated, fenced off with fire walls (partitions) and ceilings, and have a separate exit to the outside or to the stairwell.

Notes:

  • 1. In some cases, in agreement with the local bodies of the sanitary and epidemiological service, it is allowed to locate pumping units near the listed premises, while the total noise level in the premises should not exceed 30 dB.
  • 2. Place rooms with hydropneumatic tanks directly (near, above, below) with rooms where simultaneous stay is possible a large number people - 50 people. and more (auditorium, stage, dressing room, etc.) is not allowed. Hydropneumatic tanks are allowed to be located in technical floors. When designing hydropneumatic tanks, one should take into account the requirements of the "Rules for the Design and safe operation vessels operating under pressure" of the Gosgortekhnadzor of the USSR. In this case, the need for registration of hydropneumatic tanks is established by paragraphs 6-2-1 and 6-2-2 of these Rules.
  • 3. It is not allowed to locate fire fighting pumping units in buildings in which the power supply is interrupted during the absence service personnel.

SNiP 2.04.05 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

Clause 10.8 - Chapter 10 Space-planning and design solutions

In case of centralized heat supply of buildings, they must be provided with premises for individual heat points, which must meet the requirements of the norms for the design of heat networks. To accommodate electronic appliances commercial metering of heat consumption, it is necessary to provide premises protected from unauthorized access that meet the requirements for the operation of these devices.

Appendix 2

Typical requirements for premisesfor placement of metering units for thermal energy of consumers

Premises for the placement of metering stations for thermal energy of consumers must comply with the requirements established by the following regulatory documents:

1. JV "Design of heat points" (Introduction date
01.07.1996);

2. Rules for accounting for thermal energy and coolant (approved by order
Ministry of Energy of Russia dated 01.01.2001 No. VK-4936);

3. Rules technical operation thermal power plants
(approved by the order of the Ministry of Energy of Russia);

4. Rules for the installation of electrical installations;

5. SNiP 2.04.07-86* Heating network(with Amendments No. 1,2) (approved
Decree of the Gosstroy of the USSR dated 01.01.2001 No. 75).

The heat energy metering unit is equipped at a heat point owned by the consumer.

Individual heating points (hereinafter referred to as ITP) must be built into the buildings they serve and located in separate rooms on the ground floor near the outer walls of the building. It is allowed to place ITP in technical undergrounds or in the basements of buildings and structures.

Buildings of detached and attached ITPs should be provided as one-story, it is allowed to build basements in them to accommodate equipment, collect, cool and pump condensate and sewerage facilities.

Separately standing ITPs are allowed to be underground, provided:

Absences ground water in the area of ​​placement and sealing of inputs
engineering communications to the building of the heating point, excluding
the possibility of flooding the heating point with sewer,
flood and other waters;

Ensuring gravity drainage of water from pipelines of thermal
item;

Ensuring automated operation of thermal equipment
point without permanent service personnel with emergency
alarm and partial remote control with
control room.

According to the explosion and fire hazard, the premises of heat points should be classified as category D.

Heat points are allowed to be placed in industrial premises categories G and D, as well as in technical basements and undergrounds of residential and public buildings. At the same time, the premises of heat points should be separated from these rooms by fences (partitions) that prevent unauthorized persons from accessing the heat point.

In the premises of heat points, fencing should be finished with durable, moisture-resistant materials that allow easy cleaning, the following must be done:

Plastering of the ground part of brick walls;

Jointing of panel walls;

Ceiling whitewashing;

Concrete or tile flooring floors.

The walls of the heating points must be covered with tiles or painted to a height of 1.5 m from the floor with oil or other waterproof paint, above 1.5 m from the floor - with adhesive or other similar paint.

From the heat points built into buildings, exits should be provided:

a) if the length of the premises of the heating point is 12 m or less, and
its location at a distance of less than 12 m from the exit from the building to the outside
- one exit to the outside through the corridor or stairwell;

b) if the length of the premises of the heating point is 12 m or less, and
its location at a distance of more than 12 m from the exit from the building - one
independent exit;

c) if the length of the premises of the heating point is more than 12 m - two
exit, one of which should be directly outside, the second -
through a corridor or stairwell.

In underground, detached or attached heat points, it is allowed to place a second exit through an attached shaft with a hatch or through a hatch in the ceiling, and in heat points located in technical undergrounds or basements of buildings - through a hatch in the wall

Doors and gates from the substation must be opened from the premises or building of the heat substation away from you.

Dimension doorway ITP should provide free passage of personnel.

All passages, entrances, exits must be lit, free, safe for movement.

The passage between the equipment, pipelines must ensure free passage of personnel and be at least 0.6 m. Transition platforms must be arranged through pipelines located at or above the floor level.

The height of the premises from the mark of the finished floor to the bottom of the protruding floor structures (in the light) is recommended to be at least 2.2 m.

When placing IHS in the basement and basement rooms, as well as in the technical undergrounds of buildings, the height of the rooms and free passages to them is at least 1.8 m.

For water runoff, floors should be designed with a slope of 0.01 towards the drain or catchment pit. Minimum dimensions the catchment pit must be in plan - at least 0.5 x 0.5 m, with a depth of at least 0.8 m. The pit must be covered with a removable grate.

In heating points, open laying of pipes should be provided. It is allowed to lay pipes in channels, the top of the overlap of which is combined with the level of the finished floor, if these channels do not allow explosive or combustible gases and liquids to enter the heating point.

Channels must have removable covers with a unit weight of not more than 30 kg.

The bottom of the channels should have a longitudinal slope of at least 0.02 towards the catchment pit.

For maintenance of equipment and fittings located at a height of 1.5 to 2.5 m from the floor, mobile or portable structures (platforms) should be provided. In cases where it is impossible to create passages for mobile platforms, as well as for servicing equipment and fittings located at a height of 2.5 m or more, it is necessary to provide stationary platforms 0.6 m wide with fences and permanent stairs. The distance from the level of the stationary platform to the ceiling must be at least 1.8 m.

Minimum distance from the edge of the movable supports to the edge supporting structures(traverses, brackets, support pads) of pipelines should provide the maximum possible displacement of the support in the lateral direction with a margin of at least 50 mm. Besides, minimum distance from the edge of the traverse or bracket to the axis of the pipe must be at least 1.0 Dy (where Dy is the nominal diameter of the pipe).

Distance from the surface of the thermal insulation structure of the pipeline to building structures building or to the surface of the heat-insulating structure of another pipeline must be at least 30 mm clear, taking into account the movement of the pipeline.

The laying of the water supply system must be carried out in one row or under the pipelines of heating networks, while thermal insulation plumbing to prevent the formation of condensate on the surface of water pipes.

In heating points, the supply pipeline must be located to the right of the return pipeline (along the flow of the coolant in the supply pipeline) when laying pipelines in one row.

For heat points, supply and exhaust ventilation should be provided, designed for air exchange, determined by heat emissions from pipelines and equipment. The design air temperature in the working area during the cold period of the year should be taken no higher than 28 ° C, in the warm period of the year - 5 ° C higher than the outside air temperature.

In the premises of heat points, it is necessary to carry out measures for the destruction of insects, rodents (disinfestation, deratization).

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