Ventilation system options for individual heating points. What is an individual heating point (ITP)

An individual heating point is designed to save heat, regulate supply parameters. This is a complex located in a separate room. Can be used in private or apartment building. ITP (individual heating point), what it is, how it is arranged and functions, we will consider in more detail.

ITP: tasks, functions, purpose

By definition, ITP is a heat point that heats buildings in whole or in part. The complex receives energy from the network (TSP, central heating point or boiler house) and distributes it to consumers:

• GVS (hot water supply);
• heating;
• ventilation.

At the same time, there is the possibility of regulation, since the heating mode in the living room, basement, warehouse is different. The ITP has the following main tasks.

• Accounting for heat consumption.
• Protection from accidents, monitoring of parameters for safety.
• Shutdown of the consumption system.
• Uniform distribution of heat.
• Adjustment of characteristics, management of temperature and other parameters.
• Coolant conversion.

Buildings are retrofitted to install ITPs, which is costly but rewarding. The item is located in a separate technical or basement, an extension to the house or a separately located nearby structure.

Benefits of having an ITP

Significant costs for the establishment of an ITP are allowed due to the advantages that follow from the presence of an item in the building.

• Profitability (in terms of consumption - by 30%).
• Reducing operating costs by up to 60%.
• Heat consumption is monitored and accounted for.
• Mode optimization reduces losses by up to 15%. It takes into account the time of day, weekends, weather.
• Heat is distributed according to consumption conditions.
• Consumption can be adjusted.
• The type of coolant is subject to change if necessary.
• Low accident rate, high operational safety.
• Full process automation.
• Noiselessness.
• Compactness, dependence of dimensions on loading. Item can be placed in the basement.
• Maintenance of heating points does not require numerous personnel.
• Provides comfort.
• The equipment is completed under the order.

Controlled heat consumption, the ability to influence performance attracts in terms of savings, rational resource consumption. Therefore, it is considered that the costs are recouped within an acceptable period.

Types of TP

The difference between TP is in the number and types of consumption systems. Features of the type of consumer predetermine the scheme and characteristics of the required equipment. The method of installation and arrangement of the complex in the room differs. There are the following types.

• ITP for a single building or part of it, located in the basement, technical room or adjacent building.
• TsTP - the central TP serves a group of buildings or objects. It is located in one of the basements or a separate building.
• BTP - block heat point. Includes one or more blocks manufactured and delivered in production. Features compact installation, used to save space. Can perform the function of ITP or TsTP.

Principle of operation

The design scheme depends on the energy source and the specifics of consumption. The most popular is independent, for a closed DHW system. The principle of operation of the ITP is as follows.

1. The heat carrier comes to the point through the pipeline, giving the temperature to the heaters for heating, hot water and ventilation.
2. The heat carrier goes to the return pipeline to the heat generating enterprise. Reused, but some may be used up by the consumer.
3. Heat losses are compensated by make-up available in CHP and boiler houses (water treatment).
4. Enters the heating plant tap water passing through the cold water pump. Part of it goes to the consumer, the rest is heated by the 1st stage heater, going to the DHW circuit.
5. The DHW pump moves water in a circle, passing through the TP, the consumer, returns with a partial flow.
6. The 2nd stage heater operates regularly when the fluid loses heat.

The coolant (in this case, water) moves along the circuit, which is facilitated by 2 circulation pumps. Its leakages are possible, which are replenished by make-up from the primary heating network.

circuit diagram

This or that ITP scheme has features that depend on the consumer. A central heat supplier is important. The most common option is closed system DHW with independent heating connection. A heat carrier enters the TP through the pipeline, is realized when heating water for the systems and returns. For return, there is a return pipeline going to the main to the central point - the heat generation enterprise.

Heating and hot water supply are arranged in the form of circuits along which a heat carrier moves with the help of pumps. The first one is designed as closed loop with possible leaks replenished from the primary network. And the second circuit is circular, equipped with pumps for hot water supply, which supplies water to the consumer for consumption. In case of heat loss, heating is carried out by the second heating stage.

ITP for different consumption purposes

Being equipped for heating, the IHS has an independent circuit in which a plate heat exchanger is installed with 100% load. Pressure loss is prevented by installing a double pump. Make-up is carried out from the return pipeline in thermal networks. Additionally, the TP is completed with metering devices, a hot water supply unit in the presence of other necessary units.


The ITP designed for DHW is an independent circuit. In addition, it is parallel and single-stage, equipped with two plate heat exchangers loaded at 50%. There are pumps that compensate for the decrease in pressure, metering devices. Other nodes are expected. Such heat points operate according to an independent scheme.

This is interesting! The principle of implementation of district heating for the heating system can be based on a plate heat exchanger with 100% load. And the DHW has a two-stage scheme with two similar devices loaded by 1/2 each. Pumps for various purposes compensate for the decreasing pressure and feed the system from the pipeline.

For ventilation, a plate heat exchanger with 100% load is used. DHW is provided by two such devices, loaded by 50%. Through the operation of several pumps, the pressure level is compensated and make-up is made. Addition - accounting device.

Installation steps

The TP of a building or object undergoes a step-by-step procedure during installation. The mere desire of the tenants in an apartment building is not enough.

• Obtaining the consent of the owners of the premises of a residential building.
• Application to heat supply companies for designing in a particular house, development of technical specifications.
• Issuance of specifications.
• Inspection of a residential or other object for the project, determining the availability and condition of equipment.
• Automatic TP will be designed, developed and approved.
• The contract is concluded.
• The ITP project for a residential building or other object is being implemented, tests are being carried out.

Attention! All stages can be completed in a couple of months. The care is assigned to the responsible specialized organization. To be successful, a company must be well established.

Operational safety

The automatic heat point is serviced by properly qualified employees. The staff is familiar with the rules. There are also prohibitions: automation does not start if there is no water in the system, pumps do not turn on if the shut-off valves are blocked at the inlet.
Need to control:

• pressure parameters;
• noises;
• vibration level;
• engine heating.

The control valve must not be subjected to excessive force. If the system is under pressure, the regulators are not disassembled. Pipelines are flushed before start-up.

Approval for operation

The operation of AITP complexes (automated ITP) requires a permit, for which documentation is provided to Energonadzor. These are the technical conditions for connection and a certificate of their execution. Need:

• agreed project documentation;
• act of responsibility for operation, balance of ownership from the parties;
• act of readiness;
• heat points must have a passport with heat supply parameters;
• readiness of the heat energy metering device - document;
• certificate of the existence of an agreement with the energy company to ensure heat supply;
• act of acceptance of work from the company producing the installation;
• Order appointing a person responsible for the maintenance, serviceability, repair and safety of the ATP (automated heating point);
• a list of persons responsible for the maintenance of AITP units and their repair;
• a copy of the document on the qualification of the welder, certificates for electrodes and pipes;
• acts on other actions, the executive scheme of the automated heating unit, including pipelines, fittings;
• an act on pressure testing, flushing of heating, hot water supply, which includes an automated point;
• briefing.

An admission certificate is drawn up, magazines are started: operational, on briefing, issuing orders, detecting defects.

ITP of an apartment building

An automated individual heating point in a multi-storey residential building transports heat from the central heating station, boiler houses or CHP (combined heat and power plant) to heating, hot water supply and ventilation. Such innovations (automatic heat point) save up to 40% or more of heat energy.

Attention! The system uses a source - heat networks to which it is connected. The need for coordination with these organizations.

A lot of data is required to calculate the modes, load and savings results for payment in housing and communal services. Without this information, the project will not be completed. Without approval, ITP will not issue a permit for operation. Residents receive the following benefits.

• Greater accuracy in the operation of devices to maintain temperature.
• Heating is carried out with a calculation that includes the state of the outside air.
• Amounts for services on utility bills are reduced.
• Automation simplifies facility maintenance.
• Reduced repair costs and staffing levels.
• Finances are saved for the consumption of thermal energy from a centralized supplier (boiler houses, thermal power plants, central heating stations).

Conclusion: how the savings work

The heating point of the heating system is equipped with a metering unit during commissioning, which is a guarantee of savings. Heat consumption readings are taken from the instruments. Accounting itself does not reduce costs. The source of savings is the possibility of changing modes and the absence of overestimation of indicators by energy supply companies, their exact determination. It will be impossible to write off additional costs, leaks, expenses on such a consumer. Payback occurs within 5 months, as an average value with savings of up to 30%.

Automated supply of coolant from a centralized supplier - heating mains. Installation of a modern heating and ventilation unit makes it possible to take into account seasonal and daily temperature changes during operation. Correction mode - automatic. Heat consumption is reduced by 30% with a payback of 2 to 5 years.

Individual is a whole complex of devices located in a separate room, including elements of thermal equipment. It provides connection to the heating network of these installations, their transformation, control of heat consumption modes, operability, distribution by types of heat carrier consumption and regulation of its parameters.

Heating point individual

A thermal installation that deals with or of its individual parts is an individual heating point, or abbreviated ITP. It is intended to provide hot water supply, ventilation and heat to residential buildings, housing and communal services, as well as industrial complexes.

For its operation, it will be necessary to connect to the water and heat system, as well as the power supply necessary to activate the circulation pumping equipment.

A small individual heating point can be used in a single-family house or a small building connected directly to the centralized heating network. Such equipment is designed for space heating and water heating.

A large individual heating point is engaged in the maintenance of large or multi-apartment buildings. Its power ranges from 50 kW to 2 MW.

Main tasks

The individual heat point provides the following tasks:

• Accounting for heat and coolant consumption.
• Protection of the heat supply system from an emergency increase in the parameters of the coolant.
• Shutdown of the heat consumption system.
• Uniform distribution of the coolant throughout the heat consumption system.
• Adjustment and control of parameters of the circulating liquid.
• coolant.

Advantages

• High economy.
• Long-term operation of an individual heating point has shown that modern equipment of this type, unlike other non-automated processes, consumes 30% less
• Operating costs are reduced by about 40-60%.
• Choice optimal mode heat consumption and precise adjustment will reduce the loss of thermal energy by up to 15%.
• Silent operation.
• Compactness.
• The overall dimensions of modern heat points are directly related to the heat load. With compact placement, an individual heating point with a load of up to 2 Gcal / h occupies an area of ​​25-30 m 2.
• Possibility of location this device in the basement of small-sized premises (both in existing and newly built buildings).
• The work process is fully automated.
• Highly qualified personnel are not required to service this thermal equipment.
• ITP (individual heating point) provides indoor comfort and guarantees effective energy saving.
• The ability to set the mode, focusing on the time of day, the use of the weekend and holiday, as well as carrying out weather compensation.
• Individual production depending on the requirements of the customer.

Thermal energy accounting

The basis of energy saving measures is the metering device. This accounting is required to perform calculations for the amount of consumed thermal energy between the heat supply company and the subscriber. After all, very often estimated consumption much more than the actual one due to the fact that when calculating the load, heat energy suppliers overestimate their values, referring to additional costs. Such situations will be avoided by installing metering devices.

Appointment of metering devices

• Ensuring fair financial settlements between consumers and suppliers of energy resources.
• Documentation of heating system parameters such as pressure, temperature and flow rate.
• Control over the rational use of the energy system.
• Control over the hydraulic and thermal regime of the heat consumption and heat supply system.

The classic scheme of the meter

• Thermal energy counter.
• Pressure gauge.
• Thermometer.
• Thermal converter in the return and supply pipeline.
• Primary flow converter.
• Mesh-magnetic filter.

Service

• Connecting a reader and then taking readings.
• Analysis of errors and finding out the reasons for their occurrence.
• Checking the integrity of seals.
• Analysis of results.
• Checking technological indicators, as well as comparing the readings of thermometers on the supply and return pipelines.
• Adding oil to the sleeves, cleaning the filters, checking the ground contacts.
• Removal of dirt and dust.
• Recommendations for correct operation internal heating networks.

Heating substation scheme

IN classical scheme ITP includes the following nodes:

• Entering the heating network.
• Metering device.
• Connecting the ventilation system.
• Heating system connection.
• Hot water connection.
• Coordination of pressures between heat consumption and heat supply systems.
• Make-up of independently connected heating and ventilation systems.

When developing a project for a heating point, the obligatory nodes are:

• Metering device.
• Pressure matching.
• Entering the heating network.

Completion with other nodes, as well as their number is selected depending on the design solution.

Consumption systems

The standard scheme of an individual heat point can have the following systems for providing thermal energy to consumers:

• Heating.
• Hot water supply.
• Heating and hot water supply.
• Heating and ventilation.

ITP for heating

ITP (individual heating point) - an independent scheme, with the installation of a plate heat exchanger, which is designed for 100% load. Installation of the double pump compensating losses of level of pressure is provided. The heating system is fed from the return pipeline of the heating networks.

This heating point can be additionally equipped with a hot water supply unit, a metering device, as well as other necessary units and assemblies.

ITP for hot water supply

ITP (individual heating point) - an independent, parallel and single-stage scheme. The package includes two plate-type heat exchangers, each of them is designed for 50% of the load. There is also a group of pumps designed to compensate for pressure drops.

Additionally, the heating point can be equipped with a heating system unit, a metering device and other necessary units and assemblies.

ITP for heating and hot water

In this case, the operation of an individual heating point (ITP) is organized according to an independent scheme. For the heating system, a plate heat exchanger is provided, which is designed for 100% load. The hot water supply scheme is independent, two-stage, with two plate-type heat exchangers. In order to compensate for the decrease in the pressure level, a group of pumps is provided.

The heating system is fed with the help of appropriate pumping equipment from the return pipeline of heating networks. The hot water supply is fed from the cold water supply system.

In addition, ITP (individual heating point) is equipped with a metering device.

ITP for heating, hot water supply and ventilation

The connection of the thermal installation is carried out according to an independent scheme. For the heating and ventilation system, a plate heat exchanger is used, designed for 100% load. The hot water supply scheme is independent, parallel, single-stage, with two plate heat exchangers, each designed for 50% of the load. The pressure drop is compensated by a group of pumps.

The heating system is fed from the return pipe of the heating networks. The hot water supply is fed from the cold water supply system.

Additionally, an individual heating point can be equipped with a metering device.

Principle of operation

The scheme of the heat point directly depends on the characteristics of the source supplying ITP energy, as well as on the characteristics of the consumers it serves. The most common for this thermal installation is a closed hot water supply system with the heating system connected according to an independent scheme.

An individual heating point has the following principle of operation:

• Through the supply pipeline, the coolant enters the ITP, gives off heat to the heaters of the heating and hot water supply systems, and also enters the ventilation system.
• Then the coolant is sent to the return pipeline and flows back through the main network for reuse to a heat generating company.
• A certain amount of coolant can be consumed by consumers. To make up for losses at the heat source in CHPs and boiler houses, make-up systems are provided, which use the water treatment systems of these enterprises as a heat source.
• The tap water entering the heating system flows through pump equipment cold water systems. Then some of its volume is delivered to consumers, the other is heated in the first stage hot water heater, after which it is sent to the hot water circulation circuit.
• Water in the circulation circuit by means of circulation pumping equipment for hot water supply moves in a circle from the heat point to consumers and back. At the same time, as necessary, consumers take water from the circuit.
• As the fluid circulates around the circuit, it gradually releases own warmth. To keep on optimal level temperature of the coolant, it is regularly heated in the second stage of the hot water heater.
• The heating system is also closed loop, along which the coolant moves with the help of circulation pumps from the heat point to consumers and back.
• During operation, leakage of coolant from the heating circuit may occur. Compensation for losses is carried out by the ITP make-up system, which uses primary heating networks as a heat source.

Admission to operation

In order to prepare an individual heating point in a house for admission to operation, it is necessary to submit the following list of documents to Energonadzor:

• The current technical conditions for connection and a certificate of their implementation from the energy supply organization.
• Project documentation with all necessary approvals.
• The act of responsibility of the parties for the operation and separation balance affiliation compiled by the consumer and representatives of the power supply organization.
• The act of readiness for permanent or temporary operation of the subscriber branch of the heating point.
• ITP passport with brief description heating systems.
• Certificate of readiness for operation of the heat energy meter.
• Certificate of conclusion of an agreement with an energy supply organization for heat supply.
• The act of acceptance of the work performed (indicating the license number and the date of its issue) between the consumer and installation organization.
• faces for safe operation and good condition of thermal installations and heating networks.
• List of operational and operational-repair responsible persons for the maintenance of heating networks and thermal installations.
• A copy of the welder's certificate.
• Certificates for used electrodes and pipelines.
• Acts on hidden work, the executive diagram of the heat point indicating the numbering of the fittings, as well as the diagrams of pipelines and valves.
• Act for flushing and pressure testing of systems (heating networks, heating system and hot water system).
• Officials and safety precautions.
• Operating Instructions.
• Certificate of admission to the operation of networks and installations.
• Log book for instrumentation, issuance of work permits, operational, accounting for defects identified during the inspection of installations and networks, testing knowledge, as well as briefings.
• Outfit from heating networks for connection.

Safety precautions and operation

The personnel serving the heating point must have the appropriate qualifications, and the responsible persons should also be familiarized with the operating rules, which are stipulated in This is a mandatory principle of an individual heating point approved for operation.

It is forbidden to put the pumping equipment into operation with the shut-off valves at the inlet blocked and in the absence of water in the system.

During operation it is necessary:

• Monitor the pressure readings on the pressure gauges installed on the supply and return pipelines.
• Observe the absence of extraneous noise, and also prevent excessive vibration.
• Control the heating of the electric motor.

Do not use excessive force when manually operating the valve, and do not disassemble the regulators if there is pressure in the system.

Before starting the heating point, it is necessary to flush the heat consumption system and pipelines.

Appendix 2

Typical requirements for premisesfor placement of metering units for thermal energy of consumers

Premises for the placement of metering stations for thermal energy of consumers must comply with the requirements established by the following regulatory documents:

1. JV "Design of heat points" (Introduction date
01.07.1996);

2. Rules for accounting for thermal energy and coolant (approved by order
Ministry of Energy of Russia dated 01.01.2001 No. VK-4936);

3. Rules technical operation thermal power plants
(approved by the order of the Ministry of Energy of Russia);

4. Rules for the installation of electrical installations;

5. SNiP 2.04.07-86* Heating network(with Amendments No. 1,2) (approved
Decree of the Gosstroy of the USSR dated 01.01.2001 No. 75).

The heat energy metering unit is equipped at a heat point owned by the consumer.

Individual heating points (hereinafter - ITP) must be built into the buildings they serve and located in separate rooms on the ground floor at the outer walls of the building. It is allowed to place ITP in technical undergrounds or in the basements of buildings and structures.

Buildings of detached and attached ITPs should be provided as one-story, it is allowed to build basements in them to accommodate equipment, collect, cool and pump condensate and sewerage facilities.

Stand-alone ITPs are allowed to be underground, provided:

Absences ground water in the area of ​​placement and sealing of inputs
engineering communications into the building of the heat substation, excluding
the possibility of flooding the heating point with sewer,
flood and other waters;

Ensuring gravity drainage of water from pipelines of thermal
item;

Ensuring automated operation of thermal equipment
point without permanent service personnel with emergency
alarm and partial remote control with
control room.

For explosive and fire hazard premises of heat points should be classified as category D.

Heat points are allowed to be placed in industrial premises of categories D and D, as well as in technical basements and undergrounds of residential and public buildings. At the same time, the premises of heat points should be separated from these rooms by fences (partitions) that prevent unauthorized persons from accessing the heat point.

In the premises of heat points, the finishing of fences with durable, moisture-resistant materials that allow easy cleaning should be provided, while the following work should be performed:

Plastering of the ground part of brick walls;

Jointing of panel walls;

Ceiling whitewashing;

Concrete or tile flooring floors.

The walls of the heating points must be covered with tiles or painted to a height of 1.5 m from the floor with oil or other waterproof paint, above 1.5 m from the floor - with adhesive or other similar paint.

From the heat points built into buildings, exits should be provided:

a) if the length of the premises of the heating point is 12 m or less, and
its location at a distance of less than 12 m from the exit from the building to the outside
- one exit to the outside through the corridor or stairwell;

b) if the length of the premises of the heating point is 12 m or less, and
its location at a distance of more than 12 m from the exit from the building - one
independent exit;

c) if the length of the premises of the heating point is more than 12 m - two
exit, one of which should be directly outside, the second -
through a corridor or stairwell.

In underground, detached or attached heat points, it is allowed to place a second exit through an attached shaft with a hatch or through a hatch in the ceiling, and in heat points located in technical undergrounds or basements of buildings - through a hatch in the wall

Doors and gates from the heat point must be opened from the room or building of the heat point away from you.

Dimension doorway ITP should provide free passage of personnel.

All passages, entrances, exits must be lit, free, safe for movement.

The passage between the equipment, pipelines must ensure free passage of personnel and be at least 0.6 m. Transition platforms must be arranged through pipelines located at or above the floor level.

The height of the premises from the mark of the finished floor to the bottom of the protruding floor structures (in the light) is recommended to be at least 2.2 m.

When placing IHS in the basement and basement rooms, as well as in the technical undergrounds of buildings, the height of the rooms and free passages to them is at least 1.8 m.

For water runoff, floors should be designed with a slope of 0.01 towards the drain or catchment pit. Minimum dimensions the catchment pit must be in plan - at least 0.5 x 0.5 m, with a depth of at least 0.8 m. The pit must be covered with a removable grate.

In heating points, open laying of pipes should be provided. It is allowed to lay pipes in channels, the top of the overlap of which is combined with the level of the finished floor, if these channels do not allow explosive or combustible gases and liquids to enter the heating point.

Channels must have removable covers with a unit weight of not more than 30 kg.

The bottom of the channels should have a longitudinal slope of at least 0.02 towards the catchment pit.

For maintenance of equipment and fittings located at a height of 1.5 to 2.5 m from the floor, mobile or portable structures (platforms) should be provided. In cases where it is impossible to create passages for mobile platforms, as well as for servicing equipment and fittings located at a height of 2.5 m or more, it is necessary to provide stationary platforms 0.6 m wide with fences and permanent stairs. The distance from the level of the stationary platform to the ceiling must be at least 1.8 m.

Minimum distance from the edge of the movable supports to the edge supporting structures(traverses, brackets, support pads) of pipelines should provide the maximum possible displacement of the support in the lateral direction with a margin of at least 50 mm. In addition, the minimum distance from the edge of the traverse or bracket to the axis of the pipe must be at least 1.0 Dy (where Dy is the nominal diameter of the pipe).

The distance from the surface of the heat-insulating structure of the pipeline to the building structures of the building or to the surface of the heat-insulating structure of another pipeline must be at least 30 mm in the light, taking into account the movement of the pipeline.

The laying of the water supply system must be carried out in one row or under the pipelines of heating networks, while thermal insulation plumbing to prevent the formation of condensate on the surface of water pipes.

In heating points, the supply pipeline must be located to the right of the return pipeline (along the flow of the coolant in the supply pipeline) when laying pipelines in one row.

For heating points, supply and exhaust ventilation should be provided, designed for air exchange, determined by heat emissions from pipelines and equipment. design temperature air in the working area during the cold period of the year should be taken no higher than 28 ° C, in the warm period of the year - 5 ° C higher than the outside air temperature.

In the premises of heat points, it is necessary to carry out measures for the destruction of insects, rodents (disinfestation, deratization).

During any construction of a residential or industrial, private or public building, it is necessary to install a heat point that will automatically regulate the supply of hot water, heat, as well as the outflow of air in the premises. In the article we will tell you how to design an individual heating point (ITP), and how it differs from a central or block one.

TP design functions during construction

The master plan of the chief engineer contains data on the location of the heating network. This is a large package of papers containing both graphic schemes, and project documentation, which will have to be approved by an energy-saving company in order to connect to power. Therefore, a prerequisite is the safety of the structure, as well as its ability to fully provide heat to the object.

Tasks of the heat point:

• Correct distribution of heat throughout the system, taking into account the necessary needs of a particular room. Under individual requirements the design of the substation will contain indications of an increased number of heating elements in a particular room.
• Control over the work of the TP, possible mistakes. This guarantees the economy of resource use and safety in case of possible emergencies. The sensors are set to the slightest change in the level of heat exchange.
• Accounting for energy consumption. Accurate data that is calculated automatically, will be summarized in tables during the operation of the facility to analyze the efficiency of the heating unit. During its design, engineers make predictions that allow you to determine in advance the most profitable type of installation.
• Adjustment of fluid circulation in the system. Hot water should go evenly, this is also taken into account when drawing up a plan in order to select the correct structural elements. TP shows any failure in the volume or location of the filling of the pipes.
• Distribution of heat by sources of consumption. Depending on the planned heat transfer points, an individual scheme will be developed taking into account all connections.

Design guide for different types of substations

The engineer, together with the customer, determines the feasibility of mounting one of the types of installations. In doing so, several factors must be taken into account:

• building volume;
• economy;
• security;
• autonomy;
• the timing and cost of the work.

In accordance with this, you must select the type of installation:

• Individual - ITP;
• Central - TsTP;
• Block, or modular, - BTP.

First you need to design a branched heat supply to several carriers or even buildings from one center of an energy saving company. Such a heat point is responsible for the distribution of energy to a number of objects without loss of resource. Therefore, when designing, it is important to take into account the state of the central heating substation, if it is already installed in the building. If this is a new facility, then a connectivity plan will need to be developed. It can be of two types:

• Thread from already operating system. Then you need to calculate maximum power operating equipment, whether it is able to provide new space the right amount heat, as well as provide a developed safety plan to an energy saving company so as not to disrupt the power of other nearby sites.
• Carrying out a new line. Typically, this decision is made for large buildings, which will house a number of energy-intensive premises - a large shopping center, a factory with various workshops. The design will depend on the initial amount of space, as well as on their heating needs.

After the development of the central heating station for individual enterprises that are under construction, it is necessary to carry out an individual heating point. These can be shops, cafes, parking and any fairly large, but autonomous objects. The peculiarity of such projects is that the configuration of the premises is taken into account and required level heat. For parking, for example, it can be much lower than for other points.

During the construction of buildings for one production, the installation can be single. For example, for apartment building or other housing estate.

BTPs are rarely used, mainly in small spaces. Their advantage is small size and economy. But the power is also below average.

Pre-project preparation

At the stage of preparation for the design of heat points (using the example of ITP), the rules, requirements and norms for construction prescribed in the relevant SNiP 2.04.07-86 * are taken into account. Here are described technical advice on the design of the system, in particular - the choice of the amount of specific power.

There are two types of individual heat points:

• Small - up to 50 kW.
• Large - up to 2 MW.

The first is suitable for small heat transfer points - residential buildings for one owner or a store. The second is used to provide energy to multi-apartment buildings, business centers and industrial enterprises.

The pre-project preparation also includes:

• analysis of the structure of the building;
• possible batteries;
• connection to water, heat and power supply systems;
• data on operating conditions and possible emergency situations;
• list of equipment used with the calculation of the amount of energy consumption for each.

Then comes milestone– submission of an application for connection of the building to the central heating station of an energy saving company. The organization issues a contract for connection and technical conditions (TS). If they are not met, then the connection will not take place until the inaccuracies are corrected, therefore it is extremely important to hire specialists with experience and accurate computer technology. It depends on how quickly the project will be agreed upon, and when it will be possible to make the connection.

After that, you can negotiate with the development company to start designing.

Development of project documentation - the composition of the project

The package of documents includes:

• Thermal calculation. This is the main analytical part, which contains all the data on the amount of energy consumption and heat loss. It is from this figure that the installation specialists will start, offering options for the installation power.
• Title page. The correct filling forms are contained in the set of rules for the design of heat points 41-101-95. Constantly updated design regulations can also be found in specialized software from ZVSOFT - the programs are constantly updated to offer new requirements approved by the standards of the inspection bodies.
• Explanatory note. It contains:
  • data on the objectives and goals of the project;
  • all initial values;
  • summary of heat losses;
  • list of energy-consuming installations;
  • installation equipment;
  • terms of Use;
  • safety regulations.
• Master plan with floor drawings indicating the points of connection of devices. Here is the trace of all engineering networks associated with water, heat and energy intensity. All intersections of communication lines are marked on the diagram to eliminate possible heat losses and prevent emergencies. Near each element, the diameters of pipes, wires and their sections, length should be indicated.

• Axonometric (parallel) projections of systems for clarity and detailed design instructions.
• Detailed diagrams for individual nodes of the heat point - drawings for connecting objects, installation features of the collector, complex line decoupling.
• Recommendations for the installation of ITP and its individual parts.
• Separate specifications for a number of works - according to the materials and equipment used.
• Evidence of the organization of competence in the field of design and construction of engineering systems.

All these types of work must comply with the task issued by the energy-saving company - TU.

Composition and compliance with specifications

All requirements comply with the legislative document that controls the construction and installation work on ITP - SP 41-101-95 "Design of individual heating points". The specifications state:

• Connection point to the central heating source.
• Schemes of entry into the equipment system and the maximum hourly load on the batteries - heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems, water supply.
• Calculation of heat costs for each section.
• Average allowable values ​​of temperature and pressure in devices, taking into account overloads.
• Return heat treatment data.
• The presence of secondary, autonomous heat energy generators and their percentage of work, recommendations for use.
• Conditions for the installation of heat pipes and their insulation.
• Organization of control points: automated and manual checks.
• Availability of an emergency protection system.

When these specifications are met and the project is developed, the final stage begins - the coordination of project documentation, after which it is possible to install equipment and connect.

Software for drawings and accompanying documentation ITP

ZVSOFT offers innovative computer-aided design systems. ZWCAD programs have basic wide opportunities, and add-ons to them are designed for specialized work with engineering systems. ZWSOFT offers a similar product from Autodesk, but with a more flexible licensing system and reasonable price. All software is translated into Russian and adapted for the Russian-speaking user. Software packages from the developer:

2018 Professional - CAD with a wide range of features. It contains a large number of standard elements that are in the library. It can also be replenished individually to facilitate the work of engineers. In this environment, you can work with both drawings and text formats, especially since the program has high level integration with files of most permissions. This facilitates all the processes of approvals and amendments. You can design in both 2D and 3D. The resulting project can be shown in the smallest details using the 3D visualization function.

The following modules can be installed on CAD:

• - an environment for engineering networks, their intersections, features. Facilitated tracing and a large number of template sketches. There is the possibility of an isolated callout drawing for complex nodes.
• – Facilitates designing to specified standards. The standards of the inspection bodies are updated, and at the same time, new layouts in the program.
• - with its help, you can plan the placement of the TP, depending on the objects located nearby. The analytical capabilities of the add-on allow you to calculate the optimal location of the structure.

- software aimed at 3D visualization and complex objects that require three-dimensional construction. With its help, you can quickly and conveniently create ITP equipment in accordance with the drawings of manufacturers, as well as develop a 3D diagram of their connection by drawing up drawings in ZWCAD using modules.

Only install substations using the correct software.

According to SP 41-101-95

• 2.8 Individual heating points should be built into the buildings they serve and located in separate rooms on the ground floor near the outer walls of the building. It is allowed to place ITP in technical undergrounds or in the basements of buildings and structures.
• 2.9 Central heating points (CHP) should, as a rule, be provided separately. It is recommended to block them with other production facilities.
  It is allowed to provide central heating stations attached to buildings or built into public, administrative, household or industrial buildings and structures.
• 2.10 When placing heating points equipped with pumps inside residential, public, administrative buildings, as well as in industrial buildings, which are subject to increased requirements for acceptable levels noise and vibration in rooms and workplaces, the requirements of Sec. 10.
• 2.11 Buildings of detached and attached heating points should be provided as one-story, it is allowed to build basements in them to accommodate equipment, collect, cool and pump condensate and sewerage facilities.
  free-standing heat points may be provided underground, provided:
  • lack of groundwater in the construction area and sealing of engineering communications inputs to the heat point building, which excludes the possibility of flooding the heat point with sewer, flood and other waters;
  • ensuring gravity drainage of water from the pipelines of the heating point;
  • ensuring automated operation of the equipment of the heating point without permanent service personnel with alarm and partial remote control from the control room.
• 2.12 According to the explosion and fire hazard, the premises of heat points should be classified as category D.
• 2.13 Heating points may be placed in industrial premises of categories D and D, as well as in technical basements and undergrounds of residential and public buildings. At the same time, the premises of heat points should be separated from these rooms by fences (partitions) that prevent unauthorized persons from accessing the heat point.
• 2.14 When developing space-planning and constructive solutions detached and attached buildings of heat points intended for industrial and agricultural enterprises, it is recommended to provide for the possibility of their subsequent expansion.
• 2.15 Heat points built into buildings should be placed at the outer walls of buildings at a distance of no more than 12 m from the exit from these buildings.
• 2.16 From the heat points built into buildings, exits should be provided:
  • if the length of the premises of the heating point is 12 m or less and its location is less than 12 m from the exit from the building to the outside - one exit to the outside through the corridor or stairwell;
  • with the length of the premises of the heating point of 12 m or less and its location at a distance of more than 12 m from the exit from the building - one independent exit to the outside;
  • with a heating point room length of more than 12 m - two exits, one of which should be directly outside, the second - through a corridor or stairwell.
  • Premises of heat points with a heat carrier with a steam pressure of more than 1.0 MPa must have at least two exits, regardless of the size of the room.
• 2.17 In underground detached or attached heat points, it is allowed to provide a second exit through an attached shaft with a hatch or through a hatch in the ceiling, and in heat points located in technical undergrounds or basements of buildings - through a hatch in the wall.
• 2.18 Doors and gates from the heat point should be opened from the room or building of the heat point away from you.
• 2.19 It is recommended to use heat point equipment in block design, for which it is necessary:
  • accept water heaters, pumps and other equipment in prefabricated units;
  • accept enlarged mounting blocks of pipelines;
  • to consolidate technologically interconnected equipment into transportable units with pipelines, fittings, instrumentation, electrical equipment and thermal insulation.
• 2.20 Minimum distances in the light from building structures to pipelines, equipment, fittings, between the surfaces of heat-insulating structures of adjacent pipelines, as well as the width of the passages between building structures and equipment (in the light) should be taken according to adj. one.
• 2.21 The height of the premises from the mark of the finished floor to the bottom of the protruding floor structures (in the light) is recommended to be taken at least, m:
  • for ground central heating stations - 4.2;
  • for underground - 3.6;
  • for ITP - 2.2.

  ITP design

  Requirements for heat points in accordance with SP 41-101-95

  When placing IHS in basements and basements, as well as in the technical undergrounds of buildings, it is allowed to take the height of the premises and free passages to them at least 1.8 m.

• 2.22 In the central heating point, an installation (repair) site should be provided.
  The dimensions of the installation site in the plan should be determined by the dimensions of the largest piece of equipment (except for tanks with a capacity of more than 3 m3) or a block of equipment and pipelines supplied for installation in assembled, with a passage around it of at least 0.7 m.
  For production minor repairs equipment, appliances and fittings, a place for installing a workbench should be provided.
• 2.23 Condensate tanks and storage tanks with a capacity of more than 3 m3 should be installed outside the premises of heat points in open areas. At the same time, thermal insulation of tanks, the installation of hydraulic seals built directly into the tank, as well as the installation of fences with a height of at least 1.6 m at a distance of not more than 1.5 m from the surface of the tanks, preventing unauthorized persons from accessing the tanks, should be provided.
• 2.24 For the installation of equipment, the dimensions of which exceed the dimensions of the doors, in ground heating points, installation openings or gates in the walls should be provided. At the same time, the dimensions of the mounting opening and the gate must be 0.2 m larger than the dimensions of the largest equipment or pipeline block.
• 2.25 Provide openings for natural light heat points are not required.
• 2.26 Inventory lifting and transport devices should be provided for moving equipment and fittings or integral parts of equipment blocks.
  Stationary lifting and transport devices should be provided for:
  • with a mass of transported cargo from 150 kg to 1 t - monorails with manual hoists and crampons or manual single-beam overhead cranes;
  • the same, more than 1 to 2 t - single-girder manual overhead cranes;
  • the same, more than 2 tons - single-girder electric overhead cranes.

  It is allowed to provide for the possibility of using mobile small-sized lifting Vehicle provided that the entry and movement of vehicles through the heating point is ensured.
  Means of mechanization can be specified by the design organization when developing a project for specific conditions.

• 2.27 For water runoff, floors should be designed with a slope of 0.01 towards the drain or catchment pit. The minimum dimensions of the catchment pit should, as a rule, be at least 0.5 x 0.5 m in plan, with a depth of at least 0.8 m. The pit should be covered with a removable grate.
• 2.28 In the premises of heating points, it is necessary to provide for the finishing of fences with durable, moisture-resistant materials that allow easy cleaning, while it is necessary to perform:
  • plastering of the ground part of brick walls;
  • grout cement mortar recessed part of concrete walls;
  • jointing of panel walls;
  • whitewashing of ceilings;
  • concrete or tiled floors.
  • The walls of heat points are covered with tiles or painted to a height of 1.5 m from the floor with oil or other waterproof paint, above 1.5 m from the floor - with adhesive or other similar paint.
• 2.29 In heating points, open laying of pipes should be provided. It is allowed to lay pipes in channels, the top of the overlap of which is combined with the level of the finished floor, if these channels do not allow explosive or combustible gases and liquids to enter the heating point.
  • Channels must have removable covers with a unit weight of not more than 30 kg.
  • The bottom of the channels should have a longitudinal slope of at least 0.02 towards the catchment pit.
• 2.30 For maintenance of equipment and fittings located at a height of 1.5 to 2.5 m from the floor, mobile or portable structures (platforms) should be provided. In cases where it is impossible to create passages for mobile platforms, as well as for servicing equipment and fittings located at a height of 2.5 m or more, it is necessary to provide stationary platforms 0.6 m wide with fences and permanent stairs. The distance from the level of the stationary platform to the ceiling must be at least 1.8 m.
• 2.31 In the premises of heat points it is allowed to place equipment for the systems of domestic drinking and fire-fighting water supply of the building, including pumping units, and in the premises of attached and built-in heat points - also equipment for supply ventilation systems serving industrial premises categories C, D, D in terms of explosion and fire hazard and administrative and amenity premises.

According to SNiP 23-03-2003 "PROTECTION FROM NOISE":

• 11.6 To prevent the penetration of increased noise from engineering equipment into other rooms of the building, the following should be done:
  • ... to use in ITP floors on an elastic basis (floating floors);
  • apply enclosing structures of rooms with noisy equipment with the required sound insulation.
• 11.7 Floors on an elastic foundation (floating floors) should be made over the entire area of ​​the room in the form reinforced concrete slab not less than 60 - 80 mm thick. As an elastic layer, it is recommended to use fiberglass or mineral wool boards or mats with a density of 50 - 100 kg/m3. With a material density of 50 kg / m3, the total load (weight of the plate and unit) should not exceed 10 kPa, with a density of 100 kg / m3 - 20 kPa;
• 9.13 The floor on the soundproof layer (pads) should not have rigid connections (sound bridges) with the bearing part of the ceiling, walls and other building structures, i.e. must be floating. Wooden floor or floating concrete base floors (screed) must be separated along the contour from the walls and other structures of the building by gaps 1–2 cm wide, filled soundproof material or an article, such as a soft fibreboard, foam polyethylene moldings, and the like;