Purpose and types of drainage systems. What are the drainage systems Types and types of drainage

The problem of draining rain or melt water from the house or excess ground water from the soil garden plot decide drainage systems. What types of drainage exist?

First of all, drainage systems are divided according to the method of laying:

• superficial (open);
• backfill;
• deep (closed).

Surface drainage

Surface or open method gaskets by their very name suggests that it is designed to collect water from the surface of the site and the yard, as well as to drain water flowing from the roofs of buildings on the site. Open channels laid around (along the perimeter) of the house divert storm drains from the foundation and the territory adjacent to the house and thereby preserve the foundation, basement and basement from dampness and mold, and the blind area and paths from destruction.

In its turn surface way divided into such types of drainage as:

• point;
• linear.

Your attention!

These types of drainage systems are different from each other.

Spot surface drainage is designed to collect water at stressed drain points, these points are closed with metal decorative grilles which prevent large debris from entering the drainage pipes. Water collection points are connected by drainage pipes to one main pipe, which in turn is connected to a drainage well or storm sewer system.

Also from main pipe there may be a discharge of water into the nearest ravine or river.

Spot surface drainage is the easiest to implement, so you can easily lay it yourself. The greatest difficulty of this method lies in maintaining the correct slope of the water conduits so that the water itself flows through the pipes into the storm well.

The linear surface type in construction is more laborious.

Linear drainage is designed to divert streams of flood or storm water from slopes, from walls of buildings, from entrances to garages, if they are located at or below ground level. With this method of collection, water is collected and drained from the house and from the entire site using channels dug in the ground.

What size should the drainage channels be?

• width - 50 cm;
• depth - 60-70 cm;
• channel wall bevel angle - 20º-30º.

The inner surface of the channels is concreted so that the water does not erode the soil. From above, the drainage channels are closed with removable decorative gratings that trap large debris, but freely pass water.

Drainage channels should be stretched from the house throughout the site with a slope so that the water drains into storm well or into a central storm sewer.

An open drainage method is easier to design and install if your site has a natural slope.

In case you don't want to be superficial linear drainage was noticeable in your area, backfill drainage can be used.

According to the principle of drainage, the filling type of drainage is very similar to the linear surface type, the difference is that the drainage channels through which water flows are covered with rubble, and grass turf is laid on top. This method also removes water well from the entire site, but at the same time the drainage system is not visible, which does not spoil appearance your site.

deep drainage

The deep drainage system is fundamentally different from the surface one, both in the way it is laid and in its purpose. If surface drainage was to effectively divert water flows from the surface of the site during rains and floods, then deep drainage designed to lower the groundwater level and drain excess soilwater during prolonged rains and heavy floods.

According to the design, deep drainage is divided into:

1. Horizontal;
2. Vertical;
3. Combined.

Vertical drainage is a specially arranged drainage shafts, deepened on the territory of the site and equipped pumping stations. Vertical drainage is a complex engineering structure, so it is practically never found in suburban areas.

Combined deep drainage is a combination of horizontal and vertical drainage systems. In some cases, only combined systems able to maintain proper water balance soils in difficult climatic and relief conditions.

Like vertical systems, combined is quite complicated structurally and has a high cost, so it is extremely rare.

Your attention!

Horizontal drainage systems are much easier and cheaper to install. When laying deep horizontal drainage, a drainage system plan is necessarily drawn up, due to its rather high complexity and a large number earthworks.

Deep drainage is structurally a set of buried drainage pipes that draw excess moisture from the soil and divert water into drainage wells.

Now, special pipes made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with a diameter of 63 and 110 mm are widely used as drainage pipes. These pipes are corrugated outer surface, smooth inner and perforation along the entire length.

To filter soil and sand particles from the outside, drainage pipes are wrapped in sheets of coconut fibers or geotextiles.

The laying of deep drainage is carried out in stages:

1. With the help of a geodetic level and a laser rangefinder, a thorough survey of the relief of the site is made. If you do not have the appropriate equipment and skills to work with it, then you can simply wait for the next rain and draw a diagram of the flow of water on the surface of the site. This diagram will help you plan your drainage trenches.
2. A network of trenches is dug into which pipes will then be laid. If after that you wait for the next rain, then, by tracing the movement of water in the trenches, you can check the correct laying. If the water does not collect in puddles anywhere in the trenches, then everything is done correctly and you can proceed to the next step.
3. Geotextile tapes 50-60 cm wide are laid along the entire length of the trenches.
4. Drainage pipes are laid on the fabric. At the intersections, they are connected using special tees or crosses.
5. The lower end of the main pipe is connected to a drainage well.
6. Pipes are covered with a layer of crushed stone with a fraction of 20-60 mm. Attention! It is strictly forbidden to use crushed limestone, as it is washed away with water over time, which leads to salinization of the soil.
7. Pipes and crushed stone are wrapped with overlapping geotextile tape to prevent clay and sand from getting inside.
8. The resulting fabric pipe is covered with crushed stone or coarse sand to a level of 20-30 cm below the ground.
9. Next, the trench is covered with a layer of soil typical for this area.

This completes the laying of deep drainage.

All of the above types of drainage systems, with proper design and installation, as well as timely maintenance, will last fifty or more years.

Your attention!

Drainage pumps

In addition to those discussed above stationary systems, requiring quite serious investments of money, time and effort, portable drainage pumps are often used for surface drainage of small areas of the area and pumping water from basements and cellars.

The device of the drainage pump is quite simple. It is a compact pump with a wide working chamber and a stainless steel or plastic housing.

In this case, the water intake is carried out at the very bottom of the body, which makes it possible to almost completely remove water from flooded areas or basements. Thanks to the wide working chamber of the pump, it can easily cope with pumping water containing fine debris and sand.

The disadvantage of a drainage pump of this type is the locality of its application. With its help, it is possible to drain only one area at a time, while the rest will be flooded with incoming water.

A high level of groundwater, including seasonal, is a serious problem that can cause significant damage to the foundation of a building. Most often, to eliminate the influence excess moisture on the structural elements buildings apply different kinds drainage, which can not only reduce the level of groundwater, but also completely eliminate this factor.

The technical complexity of the device of the drainage system depends on its effectiveness and cost. Getting a working drainage by investing a little money, most likely, will not work.

All drainage systems can be classified according to various criteria, so according to the principle of placement they can be divided into:

• underground drainage

Underground drainage, in turn, is divided into ring and reservoir. Drainage can be provided with backfill materials or special technical devices, a type of perforated drainage pipes.

If it is impossible to mount a gravity drainage system, pumps must be used drainage type , such equipment is known in the industry as slurry pumps. They allow you to pump liquid containing foreign particles up to 10 mm in size.

The main task of such a system is to remove water that has fallen in the form of precipitation. With a significant deepening of the drainage ditches, such a system can also be used to drain surface groundwater.

For device surface drainage it is enough to dig a trench around the building, it is usually covered with special gratings that allow it to receive a stream of water.

Usually the depth of the drainage ditch does not exceed 1 meter with a width of up to 50 cm, larger structures are difficult to maintain in good condition for technical reasons.

The main disadvantage surface system drainage is that the trench is located in a layer of unstable soil, to prevent spilling of the walls of the ditch, it is necessary to apply additional funds. Previously, this was done using a reinforcing mesh, today geotextiles are increasingly used for this purpose. The upper part of the device is usually concreted, which makes it possible to install decorative grilles.

When choosing this option, it should be remembered that these types of drainage systems can only partially solve the problems of groundwater, and in small volumes. The disadvantages also include the need for constant cleaning of facilities .

Ring underground drainage

The most popular way to deal with surface groundwater, allows you to protect the foundation of the building from their impact.

There are several types of ring drainage devices.

In the past, drainage was most often done in deeper trenches filled with material that was capable of draining the incoming water. For this purpose, they used the battle of bricks, crushed stone and others. similar materials that are not eroded by water. The layer of this material was covered with coarse-grained sand, which has good filtration properties.

But such a drainage scheme cannot work effectively. long time, after 1-2 years it usually clogs up. Indeed, with the flow of groundwater, a significant number of various soil inclusions enter the system, and it ceases to fulfill its functions. Moreover, flushing such a system is almost impossible.

The laying of pipes through which groundwater is drained significantly increases the efficiency of drainage.

Previously used for these purposes:

• ordinary metal pipes, who sawed into two parts or drilled a whole network of holes in them,
• asbestos-cement and ceramic structures that have not been subject to corrosion.

But these types of drainage also silted up very quickly.

Therefore, the most efficient system ring drainage today is a system using perforated pipes made of polymer materials, with additional protection geotextile acting as a filter.

We will talk about the rules for the device of such a system below.

Ring drainage using perforated pipes and geotextiles

For effective drainage using modern similar modern materials several requirements must be met.

Around the house are being dug drainage ditches, the depth of which should be greater than the depth of the foundation by 0.5 m.

Considering that the slope of the drainage pipes should be 2 cm by 1 meter, immediately plan where the water will be discharged. To do this, it is advisable to draw up a plan for the drainage system of the site, indicating the elevations of the soil. Focusing on them, and determine the optimal reset point.

Best to collect drainage water into two wells mounted in opposite corners of the building.

When using a scheme with one well, it will be necessary to significantly deepen the drainage pipes to maintain the slope.

The base of the ditch is carefully compacted, do not forget to observe the slope. drainage trench covered with geotextiles in such a way that they can wrap the entire drainage layer.

A layer of crushed stone is arranged on the geotextile, preferably granite, it is less susceptible to erosion by water. A layer of 20-40 mm is quite enough. We lay drainage pipes on it. It is best to use perforated corrugated plastic pipes, they have greater rigidity and are able to withstand ground pressure.

These types of drainage systems, using corrugated pipes, it is advisable to apply if it is planned to operate the site above the drainage system with increased loads.

The pipe is also covered with a layer of crushed stone, if possible, the height of the backfill can be increased to 50 cm, but it should not be less than 30 cm.

This whole system is closed with the edges of the geotextile, carefully fastened. Geotextiles prevent clogging of the drainage system with alluvial soil. Despite its small thickness, given material It has excellent strength, does not decompose under the influence of water, even aggressive. It is for these reasons that it is used to protect drainage structures.

A layer of sand is poured over the drainage, which will improve the water flow to the system. The upper part of the trench is covered with ordinary soil.

Drainage collection

As already mentioned, special wells are used to collect wastewater from the system. With help drainage pumps Water from wells can be supplied to the garden for irrigation. The device of the drainage pump allows it to pump wastewater with various mechanical impurities, while their size can reach up to 30 mm.

For installation in drainage wells we recommend you to use submersible models of drainage pumps. When installing the simplest control automation, you can get an autonomously operating system capable of pumping wastewater from a drainage well without human intervention.

The use of various types of drainage systems allows not only to protect the structures of the house from groundwater, they are also arranged to drain wetlands. In this case, the drainage scheme must be carefully thought out and worked out, which only a specialist can do.

a) Active drainage. Active drainage produces continuous aspiration and is mainly used in subcutaneous tissue and muscle wounds. The bottle attached to the drain tube in a closed system has an aspiration bellows that maintains negative pressure and expands when the pressure in the system equalizes.

The plastic active drainage material is rigid and should not be used near vulnerable tissue. Active is usually left in place for 48 hours.

b) Drainage fixation. Each drain must be fixed to the skin to prevent it from being accidentally dislodged and to prevent it from constantly sliding in and out. Therefore, it is important that the fixation suture does not have a long bridge between the skin and the drainage.

in) Abdominal drains. Abdominal drains are placed either as indicators or to evacuate fluid, providing early warning of any complication (postoperative bleeding, anastomotic failure, infection) or draining blood and wound discharge.

These drains operate on overflow, and some types are designed to support fluid transport by capillary action.

Nowadays, very flexible plastic materials such as silicone, latex and polyurethane are commonly used. Rigid materials such as rubber carry a significant risk of erosion even after a relatively short time.

Common types of drains include tubular side-hole drains (a), Penrose drains with or without gauze tape inserted (b), easy-flow drains (c), easy-flow leaf drains (d) and Jackson-Pratt drains (e) and its various modifications.

G) Semi-open drainage. Semi-open drain systems have a connection between an inserted drain tube and an external collection system. The advantage of such systems is the possibility of their quick replacement, and the disadvantage is the possibility of contamination.

e) closed drains. Closed drain systems eliminate any risk of contamination due to accidental disconnection. The disadvantage of such a drainage system is the need to introduce it from the outside.

e) Areas of drainage in the abdomen. In the patient's supine position, fluid accumulates in the most deep places abdominal cavity (a). These are, first of all, the Douglas pouch, both subdiaphragmatic spaces, the subhepatic space, the right and left lateral canals. Another cavity in which fluid can accumulate is the stuffing bag (b).

g). The pleural drainage is equipped with a valve that allows secretions, blood or air to exit the pleural cavity without air entering it from the outside. Unlike other drains, the walls of the pleural drain must be thick enough not to collapse under significant pressure differences. The drain should be securely fixed to the chest wall.

There should always be a clamp next to the installed pleural drain for urgent clamping of the drain in case of accidental detachment. For active evacuation, an aspirating device is connected to the pleural drainage, which creates a pressure of 15-20 cm aq. pillar.

The opening pressure of a pleural drain is determined by the distance between the fluid level in the drainage bottle and the hole in the tube below the fluid level.

Excess moisture has an extremely negative effect on the durability of buildings and plant growth. Therefore, when arranging the site, you should think about the construction of a drainage system. Construction of drainage systems is rational decision problems of formation of excess moisture on the site. Consider what types of drainage exist, and in which case one or another variety should be chosen to ensure the most comfortable conditions life.

It is customary to call drainage an extensive network of channels in which excess moisture is collected, which is removed outside the drained area. If the soil in the area is excessively moist, then to ensure normal growth plants and for protection from groundwater underground parts buildings, it is necessary to build drainage systems.

Thanks to their work, the accumulation of surface (precipitated) and ground water is prevented. To solve the tasks, various types of drainage are used on the site.

Open and closed systems

Depending on the method of the device, open and closed drainage systems are distinguished.

open

Open systems are the simplest type of drainage on the site. It is built quite simply:

• Along the perimeter of the site, trenches should be dug, having a width of 50 cm and a depth of at least 60 cm.
• To divert water from the house, the same trenches must be dug around the perimeter of the building. Water, flowing down the blind area, will fall into the ditch and be transported to the exit point.
• To make it easier for water to drain into ditches, they are made with beveled walls. The angle of inclination is about 30 degrees.
• When such a linear drainage is built, the output of water, as a rule, is carried out in a common ditch for several sites with the discharge of water into a ravine or reservoir.

zasypnye

To build a closed drainage, you can go in two ways:

• Build soft drains;
• Lay pipes.

The first option is the simplest, but less effective, since the systems silt up faster.

deep

To divert excess groundwater, deep drainage of the site is arranged. As a rule, such systems are necessary if the site is located in a lowland or the soils on it are predominantly clayey with a high GWL.

In this case, a tubular drainage is being constructed. Perforated pipes are laid in the prepared trenches, into which water is collected. Work on the device is carried out as follows:

• Trenches are being prepared. Their depth depends on the height of the soil water, and the width should be 40 cm more than the pipes used.
• A layer of sand is poured onto the compacted bottom of the trenches, and on top of it - a layer of rubble. The height of the permeable layers is 20 cm.
• Perforated pipes are laid on top of the crushed stone layer.
• A layer of crushed stone and sand is again poured over the pipe, then the trenches are completely covered with soil, and turf is laid on top.
• The pipes are laid with a slight slope towards the receiving well.
• Inspection wells should be installed at the places where the pipeline turns.

Vertical, horizontal and combined systems

Depending on the design, the following options for drainage systems are distinguished:

• vertical;
• Combined;
• Horizontal.

Horizontal

The most common is horizontal drainage, such systems include the installation of ditches and trays, pipe laying and the construction of reservoir (backfill).

One of the varieties horizontal systems is an annular drainage designed to ensure the dryness of the basements and the safety of the foundations. An annular drain is recommended if:

• The buried parts of the foundation are located below the calculated level of occurrence of soil water.
• The level of the basement exceeds the groundwater level by no more than half a meter.
• When building a house on sites with loamy and clay soils, regardless of the UGV.

The action of ring drainages is based on a decrease in the level of the location of soil water inside the laid contour. Pipes are laid at a distance of 5-8 meters from the walls of the building, the level of pipe penetration is 50 cm below the floor of the protected room.

Advice! If there is a pronounced unilateral inflow of moisture, the ring systems can be planned open.

The following drainage systems are also used to protect the foundations of buildings:

• Wall mounted. Arranged along the contour of the building with outside, is laid below the sole strip foundation or the level of the foundation slab.
• Plast. This option, most often, is combined with annular or wall-mounted to increase their effectiveness.

vertical

In order to create vertical drainage, tubular wells are installed, connected by pipes and pumping units. That is, the removal of water accumulated in the wells occurs with the help of pumps.

As a result of pumping out moisture, in the area where the wells are located, the GWL decreases, and so-called depression funnels appear, into which water is actively supplied, diverted from the protected objects. This type of drainage allows you to divert water from the deepest layers of the soil, so their use can significantly reduce the GWL.

Combined

As the name implies, they use a combination of vertical and horizontal systems. They are needed where top part The soil consists of soils that are poorly permeable to water, and sand is located below.

Sewer drainage systems

Local diversion and cleaning systems Wastewater are objects of increased environmental danger, therefore, when arranging them, it is important to observe sanitary norms. Here are some tips for setting it up:

• In order for the drainage for the septic tank to be located on optimal depth, it is necessary to properly build an external supply pipeline.
• The optimal depth of the pipes is 0.45-0.7 meters with a pipe slope of up to 3%.
• It is clear that the depth at which sewage drainage will have to be built will depend on the level of deepening of the septic tank. And according to the rules, drainage systems should not be below the level of 1.2-1.5 meters. If this condition is not met, the implementation of the process of post-treatment of water using anaerobic bacteria will be impossible.

• Properly constructed sewage drainage is an extensive network of perforated pipes.
• To collect the drainage system, plastic pipes measuring 110 mm are used. Drain holes drilled at an equal distance from each other. It is better that the holes are located on different height and had different diameter. In the initial part of the pipeline, the volume of effluents is greater, so small holes are made here and placed higher. This solution ensures uniform distribution of liquid throughout the filtration field.
• Drainage pipes are laid on a pre-made filter pad (from crushed stone, expanded clay, sand). The liquid passing through such a filter is effectively cleaned.

So there are different types drainage systems. Each of them is created to solve specific tasks, the choice of systems to be built on site is determined by local conditions.

These days, most homeowners are faced with the problem of how to get rid of excess moisture on the site. Site drainage and drainage can protect the foundations of buildings, as well as basement and basements from excess moisture.
If the drainage system on the site does not work, then the brick and wooden buildings will begin to collapse quite quickly, the soil will erode, and the owners of the house will have to live in constant dampness. This has caused many homeowners to look for professionally designed drainage system designs that determine the depth of the drains and their position, the arrangement and slopes of the drainage channels, as well as the selection of the necessary materials.
For those houses where the problem of drainage has not been solved, the shortcomings of the projects are obvious. These buildings will not be able to serve their owners for a long time, but on the contrary, such houses will constantly require various repairs and can become a permanent source financial problems. Plus, areas that suffer from excess moisture make it difficult to create a full-fledged garden or vegetable garden, and it will also be quite difficult to build a barn, a bathhouse or a wooden gazebo.
Today you can find three types of drainage systems: roofing, surface and deep. Surface and roofing systems drainage systems are designed to reduce the negative impact of precipitation. These systems are designed to prevent the appearance of such a phenomenon as "top water". Most effective way in various occasions there may be either one of these drainage methods, or several methods in combination.
The most common method of drainage is surface. The operation of this method is based on linear and point principles. The first principle allows you to collect excess moisture with large area, and the second is used to collect water from local sources. According to experts, by using a combination of two methods, it is possible to reduce the amount of work and reduce the length of storm sewer channels.
Point systems are installed in various places, for example, under drains or under water taps. In a word, where it is necessary to collect melt and rainwater. This system complements well linear system in those areas where it is necessary to efficiently and quickly drain water from the surface. For these systems, ladders, drains and storm water inlets are used.
The system of buried trays and sand traps, where sand and small debris are retained, which are carried out by water flows, is already a linear drainage system. These containers and trays are topped off with removable gratings that prevent leaves and debris from entering the system while ensuring the safe movement of vehicles and people. Typically, drainage trays are made of concrete, plastic, polymer concrete. This system is usually combined with storm sewer through vertical and horizontal outlets.