Console on the plinth for facing bricks. Brickwork. Constructions of brick lintels

Residential building with brick facing wall

The most common cladding material for outer surface facades is masonry of facing bricks.

In the previous sections, it was already discussed that in order to ensure the necessary vapor diffusion on solid surfaces, it is necessary to make ventilated air gaps. From the point of view of energy saving, the most cost-effective are building envelopes with an intermediate heat-insulating layer and those walls on which only plaster is applied from the outside.

The loads caused by the cladding of facade walls (mass, loads associated with wind and other atmospheric phenomena), after carrying out appropriate calculations, can be distributed between the walls on which the cladding is applied, on the foundation of the building, on its plinth, on ascending walls or on the frame.

We have already talked about the building physics of modern facing materials for external walls, and now we will present options for constructive solutions.

Main constituent elements double wall walls:

Cladding wall with raw or veneered surface,

ventilation air gap,

heat insulating layer

Fastening structures and elements holding own weight cladding,

Expansion anchors (brackets) capable of bearing horizontal loads,

Enclosing wall or frame of a building.

Enclosing walls, in addition to separating one room of the building from another, they also perform the functions of load-bearing and heat-insulating structures. On the one hand, they must take up permanent payloads, on the other hand, the loads transmitted by the facings in front of them, in addition, they must also fully or partially provide thermal insulation.

Rice. one. Elements of supporting anchors preventing the collapse of a facing brick wall: with a dowel and a threaded anchor - for driving into drilled hole; with a bracket that is laid in the brickwork

Rice. 2. Brick facing wall with point support, air gap and thermal insulation

a) sectional view; b) front view; H is the height of the row that distributes the load; 1. - a wall of raw brick; 2. - point console; 3. - anchor element; 4. - air gap; 5. - thermal insulation; 6. - anchor bolt; 7.- concrete wall building

Rice. 3. Brick cladding of the building wall; determining the height that needs support

a) front view; b) sectional view

In large buildings you can sometimes find external walls filling the frame, they carry their own weight and are not suitable for carrying the weight of heavy exterior wall claddings.

Connecting or connecting elements can be installed both during the construction process and additionally, fixing them on traditional facings. Connecting anchors for heavy shell walls are installed on the ceiling belt or on the concrete basement belt; it can be installed in the belt anchor bolts or screw pins that allow for freer movement. The connectors are usually chrome steel consoles that are adjustable with screws.

Rice. four. Support anchors and facade layer construction technology

1. - installation of a support anchor; 2. - "piercing" thermal insulation; 3. - installation (and fixing) of the pressure washer; 4. - installation of a hydraulic washer; 5. - setting the level on the side bracket, built into the horizontal seam; 6. - construction of an external facing wall

Rice. 5. Installation of a support anchor for thermal insulation and cladding wall

BUT
- the usual way; AT
- acceptable method; C - ILLEGAL way

Fasteners, rods, which are used based on the loads caused by the wind, are installed either simultaneously with the construction of the masonry, or additionally using dowels and anchors.

Heat insulating layer fixed on the building envelope at the stage of manufacturing the outer cladding. Only fiber boards can be used as thermal insulation medium density or hardness.

Ventilation air gaps must be done on facades with brick cladding, experiencing significant thermal loads caused by solar radiation. The size of the gap should be 3-4 cm, however, on the northern, northeastern walls, 2-3 cm is enough. The cross section of the inlet and outlet openings that interrupt the air flow is considered adequate if it almost coincides with the cross section of the air channel, from above it should be at least 1/4 of the air channel, and from below - at least 1/6. Do not be afraid of reducing the cross section of the inlet and outlet due to steam condensation, because really important role they play in the summer (strong) heat, and significant condensation, which occurs primarily in winter period, a small inlet even lowers.

A brick facing wall-shell is usually made of whole bricks and halves, and no reinforcing columns are constructed, and the wall thickness is at least 12 cm. -partitions or a wall of brick placed on edge, however, such a wall must be faced. Walls are built in the same way as half-brick shells, however, for stabilization and to resist wind loads, you can increase the number of connecting elements - in this case they are installed more often and connect the shell wall to bearing wall.

When choosing a mortar for masonry, static loads are the main point, and steam engineering factors play only a secondary role. For a two-shell wall, you can increase the amount of cement in facing mortar, this will, on the one hand, increase strength, and secondly - but not least - will provide the appropriate rigidity of the wall.

The lower plinth elements are installed on the basis of the final upper row of bricks, and the elements of the lintels of the openings and the fasteners of each level, including the dowels and studs that are inserted into them, are installed in the masonry manufacturing process.

Dowel fastening can only be installed in a load-bearing, structural (main) wall or in a structure stronger than a brick wall ( reinforced concrete belt, beam, column).

Of the cantilever elements, point and shoe two- (or three-) cantilever elements deserve special consideration, which can be made of stainless or galvanized steel.

Rice. 6. Point support of a brick facing wall, with the installation of thermal insulation and an anchor element. Fixing support brackets with dowels in a masonry wall is only permitted using special methods.

Rice. 7. Beam-supported bottom support of a brick cladding wall, with thermal insulation and support anchors

Rice. eight. double-shell facade wall with a ventilated air gap, with an external cladding of halves of brick, with the installation of brackets or anchor elements:

1. — brick cladding: 2. - receiving main wall; 3. - support anchor; 4. - hydraulic washer; 5. - clamping washer; 6. - thermal insulation

Rice. 9. Fixing the facade cladding with a shoe connected to a built-in rail

a) with an inserted shoe; b) fixed shoe

Rice. ten. Facade cladding with lower load distribution by means of a concrete cantilever that breaks the thermal bridge:

1. - polystyrene element with closed cells, interrupting the thermal bridge; 2. - concrete console reinforcement; 3. - concrete console beam; 4. - steel support element of the console; 5. - bottom air vent; 6. - air gap; 7. - wall cladding made of brick halves; 8 - thermal insulation

Jumper is called structural element walls, which allows not only to block the opening future door or windows, but will also carry certain loads. At a minimum, this is the weight of the masonry erected above the upper boundary of the opening, but when the floor slabs rest on the wall, the loads increase many times over.

Based on this, the jumper device in brick walls ah can be carried out in various ways. Using as visual aid video in this article on the topic: “Leaning jumpers on a brick wall”, we will talk about the ways to block openings that can be done with self erection masonry.

Concrete prefabricated lintels

Since a brick lintel is quite complex from a structural point of view architectural element, it is unlikely that a beginner will succeed in doing it right with his own hands. They are arranged only above openings not exceeding two meters wide, and on walls that do not bear loads from ceilings - after all, in terms of bending strength, they cannot compete with reinforced concrete lintels. Therefore, in private construction almost everywhere, even on narrow openings, they are used.

In the assortment of most precast concrete factories, there are lintels for brick walls manufactured according to the 948 standard, which has been in force since 1984. This GOST regulates the manufacture of heavy concrete lintels specially designed for brick buildings - and not only residential, but also for any other purpose.

They can also be used for installation in openings of walls erected from stones of natural and artificial origin. The category of artificial stones includes, in fact, the brick itself - and also all kinds of small-format blocks made of ash or autoclaved concrete.

Types and Options

There are four types of lintels for such walls, and they differ in shape and size. For clarity, we will present information arranged in the form of a table about how they look and in what situations they are used.

Product appearance	Purpose, dimensions
	This type of jumper resembles in shape wooden beam. Its section may be square, but if it is rectangular, then the height is greater than the width - for example: b-120 mm, h-220 mm. That is, in the design position, the bar should stand on the edge. The only option where the size b is larger than h is 120 * 65 mm. But it is only used on non-load-bearing walls. There are a lot of variations in length: starting from 1030 mm, and ending with 5960 mm. The maximum width of PB-type lintels is 250 mm, which means that they are used only in cases where the thickness of the walls does not exceed the length of one brick.
	Lintels of this type are designed for walls whose thickness starts from 1½ bricks. They are always mounted flat, and accordingly, their width is greater than their height. In general, there are only 2 options in width: 380 mm and 510 mm. Height can be 65; 140 and 220 mm. Maximum length- 2980 mm.
	Here we see that, unlike the two previous options, the section of the lintel-beam is not rectangular, but stepped. The protruding shelf is needed so that the floor slab can rest on it. The total width in the section is 250; 380 or 510 mm - according to the thickness of the brick walls. The height of the lintel and the height of the shelf, as well as their proportions, vary considerably. Product length minimum 1550 mm, maximum 5950 mm.
	By configuration, jumper facade type very similar to PG. The only difference between them is that the shelf has recesses at its ends. The drawing shows a top and end view. It shows that the shelf is shorter than the product itself on each side by the value “a”. Such a jumper, mounted on the wall, is visible from the facade - hence the name. A shortened shelf is needed in order to be able to block the opening with a quarter.

Note! Bar and slab lintels are interchangeable. Where, for example, one plate 2PP17-5 is needed, the size of which is 380 * 140 * 1680 mm, three bars 2PB17-2 can be used. They have the same height and length, only the width is different: 120 mm. Of course, the price of one larger item is lower than the total cost of three smaller items. But there are all sorts of situations - for example: the necessary plate-type jumpers are not available.

The nuances of the installation of concrete lintels

The technology for mounting prefabricated reinforced concrete products is extremely simple, and therefore such lintels above windows can be seen much more often than any others. For their installation in the wall, a ledge with a width of at least 25 cm should be provided on each side of the opening. That is, the jumper in length should always exceed its width by half a meter.

All that is needed for installation is a truck crane that will lift a concrete beam or slab and lower it onto a support heel in the wall. On it, as in the case of laying bricks, a mortar is spread before installing the jumper. The horizontal position of the structure is verified by the level along the bottom face.

Sometimes the prefabricated option cannot be selected according to the width of the opening, and for walls of 2.5 bricks, ready-made concrete lintels are not produced at all. In such cases, formwork is installed over the openings, a frame is knitted from the reinforcement, and the lintels are poured in a monolithic way. How it looks like is clearly seen in the example above. Shown here is the usual removable formwork, but there are other options.

For example, to fill a monolithic lintel, you can use concrete or ceramic U-blocks, which are used as fixed formwork. In all respects, they correspond to a conventional lintel, but they have a cavity in which reinforcement is laid and concrete is poured.

Jumpers made of metal

Sometimes it is much easier and cheaper to install not a reinforced concrete jumper, but a metal one. For example, if this doorway, or a small window. When the walls are not thick, or it's just a brick cladding, one or two channels, or corners with a wide shelf, are more than enough.

Take, for example, a frame-brick house, which we see in the photo above. Here, the masonry does not carry loads from the weight of the building - they fall on the frame, the cells of which are filled with bricks.

Here, a reinforced concrete lintel is generally useless, and laying them out of brick in high-rise building surely no one will. It takes too much time, and besides, it requires the involvement of masons with higher qualifications.

The advantage of rolled metal jumpers is that they are lightweight, costly, and you can always cut off the length you need. And one more thing: it is possible to block the opening with rolled metal in such cases when it is impossible to install any other jumper. For example: a new opening is cut out in the wall of an operating building, or an old opening is expanded.

Important! Let us draw your attention to the fact that metal lintels do not suit the walls on which the slabs rest. There should only be reinforced concrete structures. Otherwise, lintels in brick walls made of rolled metal are a very convenient and practical solution.

Since the metal tends to bend under heavy load, and the masonry that will be above the wall is very heavy, supports are arranged for the lintels. The support posts are removed when the mortar has gained full strength, and the masonry itself can carry its own weight.

The selection of rolled metal for jumpers in projects is carried out on the basis of calculation, but private traders working “by eye” should remember that a margin of safety never hurts.

Brick lintels

Lintels brick are not only constructive, but also an interesting architectural element of the building. We have already said that they can only be used where there is no support for floor slabs. As for openings more than two meters wide, on which brick lintels are usually not made, then there is an excellent way out of the situation.

Not so long ago, metal consoles for the device appeared on the domestic building materials market. brick lintels. You can see what they look like in the photo above. Consoles are usually used when facing a building with bricks.

They are mounted to the main wall along the top of the opening, and interconnected by a shelf. Clamps hang from it, which are laid in the vertical seams between the bricks, and actually reinforce the entire structure. Consoles increase the strength of the lintel, and take on the weight of the overlying masonry, which allows you to cover the opening of any width.

This is still new technology, and we think that in small towns and settlements, such consoles are not always found. That's why traditional options no one has yet canceled the device of brick jumpers.

Constructions of brick lintels

There are only four options for brick lintels that differ in shape. Among them are ordinary and arched lintels, among which there are wedge-shaped, arched and vaulted ones. The construction of ordinary and arched structures has fundamental differences.

Features of ordinary jumpers

The simplest constructively are ordinary jumpers. They are laid out from a single solid brick- sometimes five or six horizontal rows high. For the device of such a jumper, it is required to build a formwork supported by temporary racks.

It looks like this. A layer of mortar is laid out at the bottom of the formwork and three reinforcement bars with a diameter of 6 mm are sunk in it. The length of the rods should be such that it is possible to leave free ends. This is necessary so that they can go around the nearest bricks in the opening.

As in the case of mounted consoles, for this you can purchase ready system jumper reinforcement. It consists of frames, reinforcing bars and fittings with triangular teeth bent at 45 degrees. They are arranged in a checkerboard pattern, which makes it possible to fix the bar with high quality.

The fittings themselves are galvanized, which eliminates the possibility of metal corrosion. The frames are designed so that you can expand the reinforced area at your own discretion - this already depends on the thickness of the wall masonry.

Brick arches in the opening

This type of lintels is already interesting in that they are laid out of a wedge-shaped brick. That is, in cross section it is not a rectangle, but a trapezoid. What it looks like and what dimensions it has can be seen in the presented photo.

There are no special dimensional variations here - it only happens that the width of the narrower side is not 45, but 55 mm. As you can see, wedge brick differs from ordinary brick in almost all respects.

They also lay it out along the formwork - only this is not a direct structure, but a curvilinear template, thanks to which the jumper will take a given shape. Bricks are laid according to the markup, on a narrow end. Template marking is done in order to calculate the number of wedges so that they get an odd number.

Naturally, the thickness of the seams must be taken into account. They are obtained in different thicknesses: from below 0.5 cm, from above 2.5 cm. Laying of bricks starts from the edges of the lintel to the center, with a slight slope to create a spacer. Due to the wedge-shaped shape of the brick, it is very convenient to lay out arches of various types from it.

Since, when laying them, the brick is located vertically, the rows in the masonry are not counted as usual, but horizontally. An odd number of elements is needed for symmetry: identical arcs on the sides - and one central (castle) wedge.

It is very important that the seams are completely filled during masonry, otherwise the elements may shift in the lintel, which will greatly reduce the strength of the structure. Finally, we note that for quality construction brick jumpers need not just instructions in theory, but a good master class.

Two-row masonry is a "layer cake" consisting of:
- the main load-bearing wall,
- heat-insulating layer,
- air layer,
- facing row.

It should be borne in mind that the cladding row is a finishing row that simultaneously protects the main wall from the effects of atmospheric phenomena. Therefore, it cannot carry or transmit a load; building elements cannot be attached to it.

Facing masonry is attached to the load-bearing wall with anchors installed in the wall at regular intervals. In this regard, an additional load falls on the load-bearing wall, which is the result of the action of the force of the weight of the cladding and the forces that arise inside it. To increase the rigidity of the facing row, it must be securely fixed to the wall so that bending and wind loads cannot deform it. The anchors used for fastening create the necessary air gap between the cladding and the main wall.

Facing masonry anchoring system includes:
- consoles providing fastening of the facing row,
- anchor rails, with which the consoles are attached to the wall of the building.

Brick cladding on consoles: a - single console anchors; b - anchor with an insert from the corner; c - twin cantilever anchors

Recommended for various facades different thickness air and insulating layer, which in total sets the distance between the main and facing masonry. Depending on it, the length of the cantilever bracket is selected. The console makes it possible to "move" the facing masonry from the main wall at a distance of 4 to 16 cm.

Brackets are available in six length gradations - from 14 to 24 cm. If the gap between the main and facing wall is less than 4 cm, then corner consoles are used. In addition to the size of the brackets, the consoles also differ in the degree of load for which they are designed (from 3.5 to 10.5 kN).

Anchor tires are installed in concrete building elements of the bearing wall, then consoles are attached to them. This mounting option is the most economical. Anchor rails must be made of of stainless steel High Quality. You can also use certified anchoring dowels, which come in two types:
- for mounting in concrete elements without cracks or in places of compression;
- for fastening in concrete elements in the presence of cracks in tension zones.
In the first option, connecting anchors of the Upat-UKA3 type or multi-cone UMV are used.

Cantilever anchors on rails and dowels: fastening and adjustment. A - Halfen, B - Jordahl, C - dowel

A special bolt or steel plate is located at the head of the console, making it possible to easily move the console vertically and adjust its exact position. Anchor rails allow you to adjust the position of the anchor horizontally.

A row of facing masonry is at least 90 mm thick. It must be supported around the entire perimeter. If the support line breaks (on the console), then it is necessary to fix the cladding bricks on both sides. If the thickness of the cladding row is 120 mm, and its height reaches the second floor, or if it is fastened every 2 floors, then it can be extended beyond the support by a maximum of a third of the thickness. Rows of this thickness must be fixed to the main wall every 6 m (approximately every 2 floors).

When facing buildings less than this height, it is allowed to perform a gable triangle without fastening (with a triangle height of up to 4 m). In this case, the protrusion beyond the support should not exceed 15 mm. It is necessary to carefully grout the seams of the rows protruding beyond the support line.

During the construction of a building with a two-row outer wall it is necessary to provide for the thickness of the layer between the main and facing masonry in the range from 60 to 150 mm. If it is planned to place heat-insulating material (mats or slabs) in the space between the walls mineral wool), then the distance between the rows of masonry should not exceed 150 mm, but inside there should be an air gap between the insulation (or its irregularities) and the wall of at least 40 mm.

Thus, it can be concluded that when facing finished walls low-rise building, you can limit yourself to one row of cantilever anchors, which must be embedded in the load-bearing wall during its construction or fixed in it later at the basement level. Further, as the facing masonry is erected, it is fixed to the main wall using rod anchors. In other words, if the wall cladding is not made along the foundation, then its functions are assigned to a number of cantilever anchors mounted in the base of the main load-bearing wall.

The design and calculation of the facing masonry removed from the main wall is carried out individually for each building, taking into account its characteristics and features. In each individual case, the design, type and thickness of the heat-insulating material, the distance between the main and facing masonry are selected, taking into account the parameters of the insulating material.

When facing the main wall, it is necessary to provide for the finishing of its remaining elements (corners, seams, lintels). Depending on the type of design of these elements, the most various options holders installed in brickwork. different types consoles can have not one, but several holders, designed to fasten several cladding elements.

Starting to calculate the fastening elements of wall cladding above window and doorways, it should be borne in mind that due to the effect of a self-supporting vault, the load on the load-bearing wall above the openings is reduced. Therefore, here you can use the fastening in the form of an equilateral triangle, installed above the supporting element.

Closing the opening and inserting a corner between the anchors when using a "self-supporting vault"

This option can be used provided that the height of the masonry above the opening is greater than the height of the triangle by at least 25 cm, and there are no openings on both sides and above this bearing element. At the same time, seams are not made on both sides of the opening, because it must be possible to receive the resulting lateral shift. If the overlap is simple, then you can lay a steel corner, the size of which depends on the width of the span.

When installing a jumper from a steel corner, it is necessary first, before laying bricks on it, to support it from below with the help of one or two wooden racks, which will not allow the crossbar to bend under the weight of the brickwork. When the mortar hardens and sets well, the brickwork above the lintel becomes a self-supporting vault. Now the supports can be removed.

If the lintel is made at the factory and it cannot be fixed on the sides due to the presence of vertical seams, then special wire brackets can be used for anchoring. These brackets are good because you can hang any jumpers on them, both home-made and factory-made.

Arrangement of jumpers on cantilever anchors above the window opening

The procedure for installing brackets:
- drill holes in the brickwork of the main wall,
- insert reinforcing bars into the holes,
- hook the rods with specially bent clamps,
- hook and fasten the clamps to the corners of steel.

As a result, brick lintels will be attached to the corner lintels from below, and brickwork will be assembled on top of them. In order to avoid deflection of the corner web, it must be reinforced with several cantilever anchors and a corner welded to them to provide greater rigidity.

The design features of cantilever anchors allow you to install them as accurately as possible by adjusting their position both in the horizontal and vertical directions, regardless of which jumper is used - factory-made or own production. To ensure greater rigidity, it is recommended to provide the reinforcing bars of a homemade jumper with an end thread. Then, tightening them with nuts, you will get one whole jumper that securely holds the load.

To increase the area inside the building, when laying out the walls with bricks, a protrusion beyond the basement line (protruding part of the foundation) is allowed. Brick overhang over the base - overhanging brick walls over the foundation. Walls on the same level with the base are not recommended, because then the view deteriorates. It is necessary to follow the norms, because the durability of the walls and their protection from external influences. The plinth helps distribute the load on the foundation.

What is an overhang?

This overhang prevents water from stagnating between the foundation and the beginning of the wall, and also protects thin walls and the basement from the cold. The protruding area requires protection (waterproofing and drainage), as it collapses under the influence of the atmosphere and is subject to mechanical damage. The plinth is often laid out with stones, tiles, attached interesting view. The following types of cladding are used:

Frame. It is advisable to produce after insulation, but install the brackets before, then it is easier to install the frame. Bars are attached, used basement siding and lining is done.
Frameless. Glue is applied to the insulation and a tile or any other material is attached, if desired, then the surface is leveled. After cladding, drainage is fixed.

The norms of the maximum overhang of bricks over the base

The overhang of brickwork should be less than 15 cm.

The first floor should not be more than 25 cm thicker than the foundation.
Permissible brick overhang - less than 15 cm, take-out - more than 1/3 of the block width.
ledge facing material no more than ¼ of its thickness.
If it is planned to insulate the house, an addition to the release is taken into account.
Maximum release of bricks over the plinth with concrete foundation- 100 mm. Protrusion is allowed on both sides. Minimum plinth protrusion for brick house- 510 mm.
Ceramic brick overhang - 20 mm maximum wall height 3.2 m.
The overhang of the facing brick is 15 mm. A mesh is required under the tychkovy row.
Foundation 400 mm wide, canopy 55 mm on both sides.

The overlapping of rows and their reinforcement is very unreliable and short-lived. The verst rests on consoles. In masonry, the main clamping of the brick.

Hi all. I discussed how to clad my house on the foundation in the last article, if someone missed it, you can return here. How is it performed facing masonry without foundation? Many will ask. Here in this article we will analyze this in detail. Well, let's get started.

Decorative cladding walls

Double row masonry consists of two rows - a facing layer and an internal load-bearing wall. The cladding layer must not be loaded with building elements and other loads. This layer is more for weather protection and serves as a building decoration element.

Cladding layer of clinker tiles

It must be fixed at certain intervals. Its mass and the resultant forces arising in connection with this are transferred to the internal load-bearing wall. In addition, the strengthening of the rigidity of the facing layer to counteract wind and bending loads is also transferred from the bearing wall of the building. That is why both masonry walls are interconnected by anchors to provide an air gap and attach the cladding to the brickwork.

Console mount

In the cantilever mounting system facing masonry includes: anchor rails for fastening consoles to a load-bearing wall and consoles for fixing the facing layer (see figure below).

The design of facing masonry is carried out on an individual basis. It usually differs in the thickness of the air gap and insulating material, on the design of the elements. Along with the usual wall, elements such as seams, lintels and corners are also made.

Fixing a brick jumper (console)

For different cases Numerous product varieties and suitable brickwork holders on edge are provided. Each console guarantees the fastening of one or several facing elements at once. Many types of products are available in two types: for fastening with a height offset and for fastening at the same height.

It is recommended to use a console attachment with a height offset, for example, in the basement area - when the waterproofing cannot be interrupted and must be above the level of the console attachment.

Double row masonry

Double layer of masonry with insulation

Air gap thickness and the insulating layer of different facades are different. The distance between the facing layer and the bearing wall is equal to the sum of the thickness of the air gap and the thickness of the insulating layer. The greater this value for the cladding row of the wall, the longer the length of the cladding console bracket should be.

Consoles for facing masonry

Consoles for facing masonry guarantee the distance between the wall and the cladding within 40-160 mm. For this reason, they are made different sizes from 140 to 240 mm. If the distance is less than 40 mm, then corner consoles are used. For different loading cases, their own consoles for cladding are designed, provided for at a load level of 3.5; 7.0 and 10.5 kN.

Console mounting for facing layer to anchor rails embedded in concrete building elements do not cause high costs. In such cases, anchor rails made of high-quality stainless steel are used. As alternative you can use dowels that have the appropriate certificates.

In this case, the dowels are distinguished: for anchoring in the compression zone or fastening in concrete without cracks and dowels for anchoring in concrete with cracks in the tension zone. When working with them, you must comply with all the requirements specified by the manufacturer in the certificate. At anchor fastening in non-cracked concrete it is better to use Upat-UKA 3 connecting anchors. It is also possible to fasten equivalent dowels, for example UMV multi-cone connecting anchors, which are designed for fixing in concrete with and without cracks.

Consoles for fixing facing masonry

With the help of a special steel plate with an inclined hole or an adjusting bolt installed in the head of the console, the consoles can be moved in the vertical direction within 40 mm. This gives the accuracy of the installation. The horizontal displacement is provided by the anchor rail.

Cladding fastening

The minimum thickness is 90 mm. The facing row along the full length must be supported along the entire edge. When supported at intervals (on consoles), all bricks along the attachment plane must be supported on both sides.

Facing masonry 120 mm thick must be fixed in height at intervals of no more than 12 m. If the facing row of masonry is 120 mm in height above two floors or it is fixed every two floors, then it can go beyond the support, but not more than a third of its thickness .

Bearing elements of openings

When calculating load-bearing elements above door and window openings, one should proceed from a reduced load on the walls, since above the level of fastening, the effect of a self-supporting vault is formed. In such cases, as a lightweight vault, an equilateral triangle can be built above the supporting elements. A prerequisite here is the absence of extra openings on the top and sides of the supporting element and the proper height of the masonry (H> h + 0.25 m). In addition, it should be possible to perceive a lateral shift of the arch. That's why they don't make seams on the side.

Lintels for openings

For the simplest overlap of openings in the role of jumpers, it is most often used steel corner or channel. The dimensions of the corner or channel are accepted depending on the opening to be covered, or refer to the table below. With a slight amendment, this table can also be used when choosing jumpers for ordinary brickwork.

And someone puts a foam block on the reinforcement. This is a U-shaped foam block that will then be reinforced and poured with concrete from the inside.

Lintels for openings from a corner or channel before laying bricks on them must be supported from below with wooden supports (one or two, depending on the size of the opening). These props will prevent bending under weight. They are removed only after the mortar in the masonry has completely set and gained fundamental strength, that is masonry above the lintel will become self-supporting.

For lintel anchorings factory made over window openings which cannot be reinforced on the sides (due to the vertical seam), you can use special wire brackets (as shown in the figure below). On these brackets, you can fix both factory-made jumpers and homemade production.

How it works?

Holes are drilled in the bricks, into which are inserted reinforcement bars. The rods are fixed with specially curved clamps, which, in turn, are fixed by engagement to the steel angle. Thus, brick lintels are attached to the steel lintels from below, and brickwork is laid out on top of the lintels.

To prevent such jumpers from bending, they are reinforced with two or more cantilever anchors. Due to the fact that cantilever anchors are included in the design, the possibility of vertical and horizontal adjustment has appeared. Such factory-made or home-made jumpers can be installed with pinpoint accuracy. For greater rigidity, the jumpers at the ends of the rods can be threaded and tightened with nuts during assembly - the jumper will come out as one.

Decorated with facing masonry facade will open up endless possibilities for the designer. The location of the seams of the facing masonry, the structure and the choice of material indicate the image of the building. All these factors produce a special influence on each other and on the constructiveness of the load-bearing building parts of the building.

Where to start facing the facade of the house?

Facing the house, on the corners decorative masonry, "torn brick"

The facade project must be carefully worked out in advance so that all design results can be taken into account even before development. load-bearing structures. The designer has a huge choice of cladding options and harmonizing materials - from limestone cladding and bricks or clinker of various structures and colors to natural and artificial stones(by the way, we will learn about them in). However, the choice of material depends on how appearance facade, and constructive ability.

In everything, it seems, on the topic of the facing layer of masonry without a foundation. There are of course nuances and varieties, but it is better to break it down into separate articles. Until then, until new articles.

Sincerely, Vadim!

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