Depth of laying drainage pipes with geotextiles. Depth of the drainage pipe. Combination of different types of drainage

The drainage system is an important component of the improvement of the site, its basis is drainage pipes for drainage ground water.

They can be made from different materials and have different diameter. They should be selected based on the characteristics of the site.

This article will be devoted to this.

What is a drainage system for?

A drainage device for the removal of groundwater is required:

• on the territory adjacent to a large reservoir;
• on a site with swampy soil;
• if observed on the ground high level humidity;
• when there is a lot of rainfall.

Drainage is necessary to drain the courtyard due to the removal of excess water from various sources:

• it may be precipitation;
• melt moisture;
• underground and irrigation water.

Due to excess water:

1. Plants may die. Soil impregnated with water does not allow oxygen to pass through. The nutrients that plants need are washed out of it.
2. Due to the softening of the soil, the foundation of buildings can sag. Including your home may suffer.
3. There is a deformation of garden beds and garden paths.

To prevent such problems, drainage systems are being laid to divert ground and other waters.

Types of drainage elements

According to the material of manufacture, the drainage pipeline can be:

• ceramic;
• reinforced concrete;
• asbestos-cement;
• polymeric.

Pipes from the first three materials are now rarely used, as they have many disadvantages:

1. They weigh a lot. Therefore, their transportation and installation is quite expensive. It is necessary to mount the system using special equipment.
2. Installation of ceramic, concrete and asbestos-cement pipelines is also difficult to implement. It is produced only by specialists.
3. Such network products have low operational characteristics. Its elements in most cases are not equipped with holes. Pipes have to be perforated manually. As a result, they clog faster and need to be cleaned regularly.

Plastic products

Polymer products for groundwater drainage are superior in quality to analogues from other materials. Its advantages:

• long service life;
• sufficient level of strength;
• resistance to aggressive chemical environments;
• low weight, thanks to this, pipes are easy to lay, this process is carried out quickly;
• due to the smoothness of the inner walls, deposits do not grow on them, so the pipeline does not clog for a long time;
• the use of geotextiles during installation prevents silting of the structure;
• you can bury the system on your own, this does not require special skills and special equipment;
• costs plastic drainage inexpensive.

Products are made from three types of polymer:

• polyvinyl chloride (PVC);
• polyethylene low pressure(PND);
• polypropylene (PP).

PVC drains are most in demand. Polymer products can be:

• one- and two-layer;
• flexible (supplied in coils up to 50 meters long);
• rigid (their length can be 6-12 meters);
• perforated (in whole or in part);
• wrapped in filter material.

Besides plastic products for water drainage is divided into strength classes (ring stiffness). They are designated by the letters SN and the numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8 and 16.

Drainage part diameters

Drainage structures have different diameter- from 50 millimeters to 425. This makes it possible to equip drainage networks of different capacities. For the removal of large volumes of water a large cross-section network is required -30-40 cm.

For domestic networks, in most cases, products with a passage of up to 20 cm are enough. They are most in demand in drain sections with a cross section of 11 cm.

To calculate the diameter of the network, it is necessary to take into account the features of the site:

1. Moisture level and type of soil.
2. Filtration coefficient.
3. The depth of soil freezing.
4. Water inflow dimensions, etc.

When it is necessary to drain a courtyard with an area of ​​​​up to 400 m², pipes with a cross section of 11 cm will suffice. Products of the same size are also laid to drain the foundation of the building. The radius of groundwater discharge by a pipe with a cross section of 11 cm is 5 meters.

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The drainage system can be wrapped with geotextile. It will filter the garbage. The width of the trench in this case should be 0.4 m more than the cross section of the network elements.

For large areas, drainage pipes are used large diameter for ditches (20 cm). The depth of their laying is approximately 8 m, taking into account the pressing load from the soil.

LDPs (large diameter pipes) with a diameter of 31.5 and 42.5 cm are mine and are used in most cases to equip a drainage well. Such products withstand maximum pressure loads.

Which drain to choose according to the characteristics

Bending single-layer products equipped with perforations, can be used at a depth of no more than 3 meters. The category of products by ring stiffness can also indicate the desired depth. For example, SN-2 products can be buried no more than 2 meters, and SN-4 - 3 meters.

At the two-layer drainage smooth inner walls. Its outer layer is corrugated. In most cases, the strength of such products is SN-6. When laying the drainage network, two-layer elements with a length of no more than 4 meters are used. As a filter layer, they can be wrapped with geotextile or coconut fibers.

Flexible single-layer perforated and corrugated products belong to the SN-8 strength class. They can be equipped with a textile filter or supplied without it. They can be laid to a depth of 10 meters. Two-layer drains of this type are buried no more than 8 meters. They do not come with a filter.

Elements for storm sewers

In a storm drainage system, the liquid is discharged by gravity, i.e. external compression action is not applied. That's why special requirements there is no pressure to such a sewer network. Only one parameter of strength is important here - storm drainage must be able to support the weight of the backfill when it is buried.

Minimum requirements for thermal resistance of products. The operation of the stormwater does not occur when high temperatures. The only condition is that drains should not lose strength in winter, with a negative temperature regime. In a well-designed and installed storm drainage system, moisture will not stagnate. Therefore, there will be no risk of freezing the network.

When underground pipe laying is used, they are exposed to aggressive chemicals that are dissolved in water or are in the ground. Based on this, essential condition for the selection of drainage elements - their inertness to such compositions and resistance to corrosion.

The most important quality of a storm network is its throughput. The required cross-section of drains is determined at the stage of system planning. Most often, elements with a diameter of at least 11 cm are used for drainage.

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One more condition effective functioning storm sewer - the lowest possible level of hydraulic resistance inside the pipes. The walls of the products should be as smooth as possible. Then dirt and debris will almost not settle on them.

The length of storm drains can be different. However, it is best to select elements with maximum length. So you reduce the number of interfaces in the system - this will increase its efficiency and reduce the cost of laying.

Selection of drainage products for groundwater drainage

The foundation of buildings can be washed away by subsoil moisture at depths of up to 2 meters. At the same time, substances that contribute to the destruction of building materials can be dissolved in groundwater.

Waterproofing in this case is of little help. The best option- this is the instillation of a drainage pipeline. When designing it, it is necessary to take into account the type of soil and its level of moisture.

The increased content of liquid in the earth leads to freezing, rotting, diseases of plant crops, waterlogging of the farmstead. To prevent this from happening, for drainage it is necessary to choose corrugated products made from low-pressure polyethylene.

The optimal types of pipes for different types of soil are presented in the table:

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Drainage pipe manufacturers

Now more and more factories are being opened that produce pipes, including those for drainage systems. However, most often used products that are produced by proven and well-known manufacturers. Among Russian companies this is:

• SK-Plast;
• Corsis;
• Politek;
• Ruvinil;
• Nashorn;
• Perfocor;
• Kama-Polymer.

Among foreign manufacturers companies' products are in demand:

• Rehau (Germany);
• Wavin (Netherlands);
• Uponor (Italy);
• Ostendorf (Germany);
• Polieco (Italy).

In fact, the manufacturing technology of drains is the same everywhere. Therefore, all factory products have approximately the same quality. The only difference is in the cost of the products.

Laying a drainage pipe with your own hands

Before laying the drainage structure, it should be calculated and selected optimal view pipes. The project will require a site plan. As well as geodetic data, they can be found in the regional department of land use:

1. Seasonal depth underground water.
2. Features and structure of the soil.
3. The average annual amount of precipitation and flood moisture that falls on the site.

Knowing these parameters, professionals will carry out necessary calculations and determine to what depth to bury the drainage pipes and their diameter.

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The arrangement of the network for the removal of liquid is carried out as follows:

The structure is brought into a ditch, a nearby body of water, or storm sewer. At the end of the outlet pipe put check valve . When it is impossible to equip such an exit, a storage well is mounted. When it is completely filled with volumes of water, it is pumped out using a pump.

When arranging drainage for draining liquid on the site, do not forget that the entrance to it must also be equipped with a pipe. There, it will be necessary to bury the product with maximum ring stiffness in the ditch.

When installing a drainage system, one should not make mistakes that entail a violation of its operation. The most common of them:

1. Insufficient drainage depth. This may cause a crash water balance territory.
2. The use of products for the removal of liquids that are not suitable for site conditions. This leads to the rapid termination of the network.
3. Incorrectly selected network slope angle. This will lead to problems with the removal of groundwater on the site.

Cleaning the drainage system

During maintenance of the groundwater drainage structure, it is necessary to periodically check whether it is clogged or out of order. When problems arise, they are promptly eliminated.

You should also regularly check the level of underground water in the courtyard of the site. So you will be aware of the efficiency with which the drainage copes with the removal of excess fluid. Thanks to timely preventive and repair measures, you will be able not only to extend the life of the drainage, but also to stop the risk of accidents.

The drainage structure should be flushed regularly. So you stop its clogging or get rid of it if it has already happened. For maximum efficiency washing, it is necessary to choose the method that will be most suitable in each individual case. There are three such methods in total.

The first one uses an ordinary hose for irrigation. It is introduced into the drainage pipeline and delivers pressurized water jets into it. They wash away deposits and blockages from the inner walls of the network.

The garden hose is flexible, and the water pressure from the domestic water supply is not too strong. Therefore, this method is used to clear minor blockages in short sections of the drainage network.

In the second washing method, a compressor is used. It is more efficient than a conventional hose. It supplies mixed air and moisture inside the drainage structure. They effectively and quickly clean the network from the inside. When using a compressor, it is possible to regulate the pressure. Therefore, this method can be used in most cases of clogging.

The third way is hydrodynamic. It uses a compressor pump and a hose with special nozzles. Water with their help is supplied inside the drains under strong pressure. Its jets cut deposits from the pipe walls. The system is then flushed under high pressure to remove residual dirt. This cleaning method is the most effective.

By choosing any of the three methods given, you will need to gain access to both sides of the drainage branch. Water jets will flow from one end, and its diversion will be provided from the other.

Conclusion

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Self-laying a drainage pipe into a ditch is quite feasible. At the same time, professionals should be entrusted with the necessary calculations and the creation of a draft drainage system.

Direct installation of the pipeline is not so difficult. The main thing at the same time is to strictly follow the installation rules, maintain the desired slope of the network, securely connect its elements and equip manholes.

It is good to build a house on a hillock, where dry sandy soil lies under a fertile layer of soil. And if you got a land plot in a lowland, where wet clay or loam lies under a layer of plant soil? How to prevent undermining and subsidence of the foundation of the house, to prevent dampness and flooding of the basement? What to do with puddles that do not descend for a long time, how to make fruit and ornamental trees, grow and preserve crops in the beds, arrange green lawn on waterlogged soil? Of course, there are special construction methods and agricultural techniques on wet soils, but they are ineffective if the land is not drained. Let's talk about drainage. What does it give, what happens, the calculation of the depth of drainage and its device.

Drainage, like any technical structure, costs money. And the price of a high-quality drainage system can be up to 5% of the cost of building a house and landscaping a site. Is it worth spending that kind of money? The answer depends on your priorities and specific site conditions.

Drainage is used to optimize soil and soil moisture on the land

Let us turn to the experience of European colleagues. Climatic features and the nature of the soils of the northern and central regions Germany are quite similar to the conditions of the Central strip of Russia. Plains located not high above sea level, a relatively large amount of precipitation, clays and loams are widespread. Prudent Germans arrange drainage everywhere, even if, at first glance, there is no particular need for this. As a result, a guaranteed dry basement is obtained and the confidence that the foundation, without any displacement, will last the maximum period that its design can provide. Practical descendants of the Teutons rightly believe that saving on the reliability of the foundation of the building can cost more. They prefer to invest once and for a long time in the comfort of their home. The question “do I need drainage”, as a rule, is not worth it.

If you want to have a guaranteed dry basement - do not forget about drainage

For the domestic developer, drainage systems are still rather exotic than perceived need. The reason for this is not only the low level of income compared to economically developed countries. We are still guided by the principles of the Khrushchev era in design and construction: "now we will save, and then maybe ...". Well, prioritization is a personal matter for everyone.

Of course, drainage is not the most urgent task in an area with low level precipitation. There is no special need for it on dry sandy soils. Even in a damp area with problematic soils and high GWL, you can live without drainage: do not build ground floor, erect easy frame house on a pile foundation. Plan the slope of the relief of the site, diverting, if possible, storm and melt water outside of it. There is little point in building drainage during construction inexpensive cottages from lightweight structures. But the more “capital” and more expensive the house, the higher the requirements for the quality of improvement, the higher the need for drainage.

Drainage in this area is definitely needed

Type of drainage depending on the depth of its location

Depending on the depth, there are three types of soil drainage:

Open

Open drainage is a ditches for drainage. Open drainage is cheap, but due to the low profile, it is only suitable for draining rain, melt and storm (from the roof) water from the ground surface. The depth of open drainage is 5-20 cm, with a higher profile height, unreinforced soil will collapse, and it will be difficult to clean the trays. The walls of open trenches have to be constantly restored or strengthened so that they do not crumble. You can use comfortable and aesthetic, but not cheap concrete or ceramic trays, and close them with gratings at the intersections with paths and paving. Open drainage is easy to maintain in working condition.

U-shaped trays, closed from above with gratings - the best option for drainage from the paving surface and not only. Strong, durable, costly

Zasypnoy

Backfill drainage is an improved version of open drainage. The trenches are covered with well-permeable material. As a rule, crushed stone, gravel, rubble, broken brick are used. Backfill saves the site from inconvenient for movement and not always aesthetic open trenches. Also, such a solution makes it possible to increase the height of the trench profile, the depth of the backfill drainage is from 20 to 60 cm. This makes it possible to collect not only rainwater from the surface, but also to remove it from the topsoil from excess moisture accumulated after snow melting, heavy rains, due to high GWL. So that the backfill is not clogged with soil particles, the porous material is limited by geotextiles. From above, you can arrange a lawn, lay turf. You can not sprinkle the trench with clay, loam. At a relatively low cost, backfill drainage has a significant drawback: the low capacity of the water flow does not allow to fully cope with heavy downpours. Also, drains cannot be serviced without opening them.

The process of backfill drainage, designed to reduce soil moisture in the garden. The location of the drains takes into account the relief of the site

Closed

Closed drainage is a system of perforated pipes laid in the ground, placed in a layer of permeable backfill, limited by geotextiles. Drainage depth closed type technically not limited, it perfectly collects moisture from the lower layers of soil and soil. Rainwater from the surface enters underground drains through vertical wells, which must be protected from the ingress of dirt and debris. Soil moisture enters the pipes through the perforation, first soaking from the soil into the backfill. Closed drainage is the most efficient and versatile type of drainage and drainage. It is practically invisible on the surface, does not interfere with landscaping, and is aesthetically pleasing. A properly designed and built closed system needs easy maintenance, periodically (recommended in spring and autumn) remove debris from wells and, if necessary, flush pipes with a stream of water. The disadvantage of a closed system is only one - high cost.

Closed drainage during installation

How deep to drain

The answer to the question at what depth to drain depends entirely on the purpose of the system.

• To collect rainwater from paths and lawns, it makes no sense to dig deep; shallow (10-15 cm) surface trenches and trays are enough for this purpose.
• If you need to drain the topsoil for better growth of herbaceous plants and bushes, you should use a backfill or closed option, the drainage depth will be 40-60 cm.
• When the goal is to provide normal growth fruit trees in an initially too wet area, the drainage is laid in such a way that excess moisture is removed from the main part of the root system. For dwarf species, it is enough to deepen the drains by 0.6-1.2 m, the specific value depends on the characteristics of the tree variety and the agricultural technology used.
• Protection of the foundation and basement from moisture involves the use of only closed drainage system. The depth of drainage is determined by the depth of the foundation. As a rule, for strip foundation perforated pipes should be located slightly (30-50 cm) below the base of the foundation.

Wall drainage should be buried below the base of the foundation by 30-50 cm

If pipes are laid higher, to the lower part concrete structure moisture will penetrate. Place noticeably below the sole - when certain conditions can cause erosion of the foundation. In some cases, taking into account the specifics of soils and the design of the foundation, other decisions can be made, but this is a topic for a separate discussion.

The depth of the drainage is determined by its purpose.

Closed drainage, located below the soil freezing depth (GDP), will function year-round. If melt water is also diverted into a closed system buried below the GPG, it will leave already from early spring. In the case when the pipes are buried above the GPG, you will have to wait until the soil freezes completely, put up with puddles in March-April.

It is also important to ensure a uniform drainage slope towards the drain. Recommended values: 2 cm per 1 m.p. for clay soils and 3 cm per 1 r.m. for sandy.

Features of the drainage device to protect the foundation of the building

We found out how deep to dig drainage around the house: 30-50 cm below the base of the foundation. Let's briefly talk about some of the features of underground drainage. There are two main types of drainage around a building that are most common:

ring drainage

The ring system is simpler and therefore cheaper. At a distance of 1.5-3 m from the foundation along the perimeter of the building, a flexible drainage pipe is laid in a layer of permeable backfill. They arrange it freely, in a ring, not much caring about maintaining equal distances from building structures. Since the ring does not have sharp turns, intermediate wells are not needed. The recommended depth of ring-type drainage is 0.5 m below the base of the foundation. The ring system has limited effectiveness and is recommended for buildings without basements, built on clay and loamy soils.

It makes sense to lay a flexible ring drainage pipe even before the foundation is erected.

Wall drainage provides optimal removal of excess moisture from the foundation area and correct device will ensure dryness in the basement, long service life. The wall system will cost more than the ring system due to more complex installation and the need for expensive wells.

Drainage wells prevent clogging of pipes, serve for their maintenance, play the role of distribution manifolds

Drains are perforated pipes (it is more convenient to use rigid ones, but flexible ones can also be used) in a backfill layer limited by geotextiles. The same (0.5-1 m) distance from the edge of the foundation and the recommended drainage slope towards the drain (2-3 cm per 1 rn) should be observed. The minimum allowable slope for closed drainage: for a pipe 150 mm - 8 mm per 1 r.m.; for 200 mm - 7 mm per 1 r.m. The recommended drainage depth is at the highest point 30 cm below the base of the foundation, further down the slope. At each turn and after 20 m on straight sections, a well is installed for maintenance. The depth of the drainage well corresponds to the depth of the drain, its bottom is located 10-15 cm below the perforated pipe.

Combination of different types of drainage

To perform various tasks, several types of drainage can be located on the site: shallow surface and deep wall drainage, as well as a storm drain from the roof, led underground. Depending on the specific conditions of the site, it is possible and even necessary to combine various types of wastewater disposal, combining them into common system. Maybe, rational option will reduce all water flows into one common drain, unless the relief of the site dictates a different decision. However, combining drains into a common collector should not reduce drainage efficiency. So, it is not necessary to combine wall or ring drainage within the building contour with other systems. Often, developers lower the "rainfall" from the roof into drains in order to save on pipes. We consider this solution extremely unfortunate: drains designed to remove excess moisture from the soil are filled with storm water from the roof after rain, not having time to remove moisture from the soil. This not only does not contribute to the drainage of the foundation, but can also worsen its operating conditions. The best solution is to separate the drainage in a perforated pipe and the “storm drains” in a sealed solid one. They should be combined closer to the discharge point, away from home. If an underground storm sewer is not suitable for financial parameters, it is better to organize a storm drain in a superficial way, along trays or trenches.

Where to divert water from the drainage system

One of the important, and sometimes intractable tasks in the drainage system is where to dump water from the drainage system. The presence of a central storm drain along the street, to which you can connect, is a rarity and is not always available even to residents of prestigious villages. Well, if the features of the relief allow you to dump water into a nearby ditch, bring it to a slope, into a reservoir. If drainage outside the site is not possible, the GWL is low, and the soil is permeable, an absorbing well can be arranged. If the site is wet and located in a lowland, and groundwater is close to the surface, there is simply nowhere to divert water. You can try to dig a pond, excavated soil raising the ground level. But it is not a fact that this will justify itself and it is worth thinking ten times before starting construction on a problem area that cannot be drained.

Underground collector - one of the options for diverting water from the drainage system

We are only in in general terms talked about water supply. If you decide to do drainage on your own site, we recommend starting with a project. You can try to do it yourself, having studied the topic more deeply. But more reliable, especially when complex system, contact the experts.

Drainage device start with a project

Video: drainage rules

Not everyone is destined to become the owner of a personal plot on a flat, open and at the same time dry area. Areas with a high level of groundwater, with the threat of flooding are not very convenient for development, but not a reason for grief. Device drainage ditch or a whole groundwater drainage system will help get rid of this problem.

Drainage ditch around the house

Drainage is the process of draining the soil in swampy areas, removing excess water from the soil. Another so-called system of pipes, trenches, wells, mounted for these purposes. Why is it needed?

Drainage systems are smart engineering solution, which allows you to get rid of the problem of groundwater on personal plot. Usually, the territories of horticultural cooperatives and settlements with individual buildings are protected from flooding by a drainage ditch in which a pipe is laid, with the possibility of diverting the collected water to a lower place.

It is quite possible to build protective structures in the country with your own hands, but this must be done before the start of improvement. Drainage ditch, pipe, well, drainage - these elements create a drainage system on the site.

Installation of a well for drainage on the site

To strengthen them, you will need a large amount of earthwork, both with your own hands, and, possibly, with the use of special equipment.

Types of drainage at their summer cottage

The water drainage system in the country is a network of interconnected pipes and channels, which are designed in such a way as to collect and remove excess water from buildings, the yard, the garden in the most convenient way and thereby strengthen these objects. If the drainage is done correctly, then surface water will in no way harm the foundation, the possibility of mold and fungi will disappear.

Before starting landscaping work on the site, it is necessary to determine the degree of flooding threat, your capabilities and choose the drainage system that is necessary and most suitable for this case.

Open or surface drainage

The simplest system for do-it-yourself work.

Construction of an open drainage ditch made of granite cobblestones

Large-scale earthworks are not required here, there are enough ditches dug across the territory into which a storm pipe drains its water, rain streams and excess irrigation flow down.

Deep drainage system

More difficult option, which is needed in a site with a high level of groundwater, located in the lowlands, and will also not be superfluous in clay and loamy areas. The basis of such drainage is a drain - a pipe that is laid in a trench at a certain depth. The trench leads to a sump or a larger diameter sewer pipe.

vertical drainage

This structure is in the form of several wells located around the building. The water collected in them is pumped out by a pump. In order to make such a drainage system, engineering calculations and project preparation are needed.

Scheme for the installation of vertical drainage wells

Radiation system

A complex type of hydro-reclamation structures. Consists of pipes and wells. It is built mainly in large areas or on an industrial site.

Open drain device

The easiest option for drainage in the country is open drainage systems. They are divided into two types: point and linear. Point ones are storm water inlets that are fixed in places where it ends.

Such storm water inlets are usually equipped with grates for collecting debris. The linear variant of open drainage is represented by a drainage ditch.

The simplest drainage systems are easy to make with your own hands. The art of creation engineering communications owned by the ancient Romans. A variant of Roman drainage is used in some farms to this day. Ancient engineers came up with the idea of ​​reinforcing drains with bundles of thick rods that prevented shedding.

Option for an open drainage ditch

It is easy to make such a simple strengthening with your own hands, a pipe is not needed here, and it can last for 15 years.
Stages of creating a drainage trench on the site:

If the site has a high level of groundwater, then such conditions can harm garden plantings and foundations. As a result of this, the building may give uneven settlement, the walls will change the geometry, as will the doors, windows and roof. Constant moisture in the base material of the walls can cause the formation of fungus, which leads to a deterioration in the health of those living in the house.

The need for a drainage system

If you know that groundwater is too close to the surface at the site, then you need to take care of the drainage system. It allows you to remove excess moisture from the perimeter of the site, while the health of your loved ones is preserved, and the plants in the garden, as well as the foundation of the house, do not suffer. In order to perform, it is necessary to become more familiar with the technology of work and ensure the slope of the pipe in accordance with sanitary norms and rules.

Pipe slope

Previously, plastic products were not produced. They were replaced with ceramic, asbestos-cement or steel pipes. For a complete drainage system, it was necessary to manually make holes. Such work could not be called easy, in addition, the holes clogged with soil over time, which nullified all efforts to set up the system.

Presented for sale today different pipes in a large assortment. It is best to purchase corrugated, made of plastic. They already have pre-drilled holes. In order for them not to become clogged with soil and not to silt, it is necessary to use low-density geotextiles, which are quite cheap.

However, it is important not only to choose the right materials, but also to ensure the slope of the drainage pipe. It should be directed to a place where water is collected, such as a well. The laying technology of the system provides for the installation of several drainage layers, they are located at the bottom of the trench and consist of sand and gravel. However, to begin with, the bottom and walls must be covered with geotextiles, only then sand is added, and after that - from crushed stone.

What values ​​should be followed

The slope must be maintained within 3 ° throughout one branch of the drainage system. Sometimes the wiring diagram looks like a Christmas tree. At the same time, perforated pipes should be connected to the main drainage pipe according to the type of branches that extend from the tree trunk.

They are located 50 m from each other. They should be at the bends of the drainage system or changes in the slope of the pipes. It is important to remember that if the slope was not provided, then the water will not be able to drain by gravity into the storm sewer or drainage well.

If you are engaged in the construction of a closed system, then the trench is located in the ground with a recess ranging from 70 to 150 cm. The width of the pit can be 25-40 cm. The slope should be directed towards a natural or artificial water intake. It is provided taking into account sanitary norms and rules.

For each running meter the slope value should be 3 cm if you have to work in clay soil. When there are sandy soils on the territory, the slope is 3 cm per linear meter. The slope is provided by a gravel pad on which the drains are located. The latter are corrugated perforated pipes. They are wrapped in geotextile, which will protect the system from soil and debris.

After laying the pipe, the slope must be checked again. To do this, you can use a regular cord that is pulled along the piping system. When carrying out work, SNiP must be observed. The slope of the drainage pipe per 1 meter according to them is 3 cm.

SNiP

When designing, it is necessary to give preference to the drainage of water by gravity. Forced pumping requires additional justification. The use of vertical drainage and its water intake is provided for in soil with high water permeability. Open-type trenches and drainage channels are arranged in cases where it is necessary to drain a large area. Their use is also possible for protection against flooding of ground communications.

If you study the SNiP, the slope of the drainage pipe per 1 meter should be approximately 3 cm. But as a pipe material, you can use not only the above options, but also reinforced concrete products, as well as pipes with a filter made of porous polymer concrete and ordinary concrete. In non-aggressive soils, reinforced concrete, concrete, and asbestos-cement pipes are used.

Having studied SNiP 2.06.15-85, you can understand that the depth of the drainage from the pipe filters is determined by the load. The size and number of water intake holes on the surface of reinforced concrete, concrete and asbestos-cement products should be determined taking into account the culvert capacity and drainage flow.

What you need to know about the diameter of the drains

The minimum slope of the drainage pipe can be 0.5 cm per linear meter. The maximum value was mentioned above. As for the diameter, the most common and recommended type of pipe is a corrugated single-layer product of 100 or 110 mm. Such a pipe is enough to drain water from a medium-sized house.

When providing a drainage pipe slope of 110 mm, you must take into account the depth of soil freezing, the level of groundwater and the topography of the site. Quite often, drains are located around the perimeter of the house. The lower the water permeability of the soil, the greater the slope should be. This applies to clay soils.

For reference

Separate plots flexible pipe should not sag, otherwise water will stagnate in these areas. What slope should be at the drainage pipe, you now know. However, it is important to know more about the features of the technology. For example, on bends, the pipe is usually laid in an even semicircle. Bends close to a right angle should be avoided, as they may interfere with the flow of water.

Pipe installation: preparatory work

Before starting pipe laying, it is necessary to draw up a site plan and create a project. The latter will determine the location, depth and length of the trench, and will also allow you to understand where inspection and drainage wells should be located. It is important to take into account even at this stage, according to what technology water will be discharged, it can be a water collection tank or storm sewer.

If you know the slope of the drainage pipe, then in the project you must indicate the level of groundwater occurrence, as well as the type of soil on the site and the soil freezing line. Before you need to prepare a trench. It should be 50 cm wider than the pipe diameter. If the freezing line is small enough, then the worker can fit in such a trench. With an impressive freezing depth, it will be more convenient to dig a hole when the space allows you to turn around there with a shovel. The main thing in this case is to observe the slope from the house to the drainage wells or the place of water collection.

Work methodology

The slope of the drainage pipe must be ensured at the stage of excavation. Next, you need to prepare a pillow of sand and gravel, laying it on the bottom of the trench. However, to begin with, the bottom and walls must be covered with geofabric, then sand is added, the next layer will be crushed stone. A perforated pipe is laid on it, which is filled in the reverse order - crushed stone, sand, geotextile and selected soil. Inspection wells will be needed to clear blockages and in order to monitor the water level in the system. If water is to be drained into an open reservoir or storm sewer, check valves must be provided at the ends of the pipes.

How to avoid mistakes

Even if the slope of the drain pipe has been observed correctly, the system may work intermittently. Sometimes this leads to a violation of the technology or the sequence of work. If at first you poured crushed stone, and then sand, then the result may be clogging of the holes in the pipe. If the dumping was not done at all, then this can also lead to problems.

If you do not provide a slope, then water cannot flow by gravity into a storm sewer or well. Even if the work was carried out correctly, and the drainage system works flawlessly, it must be remembered that such a device requires periodic maintenance and inspection. These manipulations consist in measuring the water level in the wells, cleaning the system of accumulated dirt and debris. Once the drain pipes have been installed, the system should be inspected four times a year.

When performing earthworks, it must be remembered that the moat should expand from above. To prevent freezing of the system at low temperatures, it is necessary to lay pipes below the soil freezing line. For the correct operation of the system, it is not enough to ensure the correct slope of the drainage pipe. It will also be necessary to make a blind area from the foundation to the drainage under a slight slope. This will allow rainwater to enter the catchment.

After that, 15 cm of sand is poured into the ditch, crushed stone is laid on top, its layer will be approximately 20 cm. Pipes are laid on the base, which can be wrapped in construction interlining. It has good water permeability. When the slope of the pipe between the septic tank and the drainage well has been arranged, it is necessary to think about what material to use as a filter. It could also be coconut fibre. For loam and sandy loam, non-woven or which serves as a filter is usually used. On sandy soils great option will become fiberglass.

You should not be afraid to increase the cost of the work by laying the biomaterial between the layers of crushed stone and sand. This will eliminate silting and make maintenance of the system less frequent. In addition, this approach helps to extend the operating time.

Installation of drainage pipes is necessarily accompanied by trimming products. To do this, use the Parts are interconnected by special couplings. To increase the strength, you can use a welding machine.

Conclusion

Drainage is used today in agricultural technology and construction. With the help of a special system of channels, wells and drainage wells, as well as pipes and other devices, can be removed from the surface of the soil and underground space excess water. At the same time, it is important not only to choose the right materials, but also to ensure the slope of the drainage pipes. In general, such a system is needed if the territory is marked elevated level ground water. But if the building is being built with basement, then you can’t do without a drainage system at all.

Often, groundwater and storm water have a destructive effect on the foundation of a building. There have been cases where moisture in in large numbers accumulated in upper parts soil, which led to flooding of the basement or basement, dampness and deformation of the walls, the appearance of fungus on them. An effective way to protect the foundation from such unpleasant consequences is to lay a drainage pipe.

Reasons for installing a drainage system

If the pipes are located along the perimeter of the land allotment, then a reliable drainage system can be built. It is known that a serious danger to the foundation of private housing is ground and flood water, as well as precipitation that has fallen in excess of the monthly norm.

Most often, the laying of drainage pipes is carried out before the construction of the house begins. But it happens that after the completion of construction work, there are serious grounds for waterproofing the foundation. Here then at special conditions you can do the preparation of drainage.

Consider the situation when pipes are installed at the beginning of construction, but for specific reasons:

• high level of groundwater placement - less than one and a half meters to the surface of the earth;
• the gentle slope of the terrain, contributing to the regular accumulation of moisture;
• the presence of clay and loamy soil with low culvert characteristics;
• the building is located in an area in which, according to statistics, the level of monthly precipitation is exceeded.

Also big role plays the depth of construction of other structures on adjoining territory. If there is a buried foundation next to the main building, then groundwater will not be able to leave freely and constantly accumulate under the house, increasing the risk of flooding. As a barrier to natural circulation wastewater protrudes asphalt and blind areas of concrete on the site. In such a case, it would be correct to connect the storm waste to the central system.

Installing a drainage pipe eliminates the damage caused to the foundation from the accumulation of moisture in the ground around the dwelling and the change in the level of sewage.

Varieties of drainage schemes

There are such options for their preparation:

• open (surface);
• closed (deep).

The first type - open is necessary when removing excess fluid that has accumulated in the soil from precipitation. Such a drainage system is represented by trenches and ditches.

The second one is designed to remove groundwater and protect the foundation of the building from destruction. For this purpose, a drainage pipe is laid in a ditch of a specific depth. Moreover, the tubular product must be perforated.

Arrangement of a closed system

Before proceeding with this time-consuming procedure, it is necessary to prepare and purchase bulk building materials:

• Crushed stone of medium / coarse fraction, which is needed to obtain a stable layer that prevents dirt and bulk soil fragments from entering the system. This material also protects corrugated pipe from high blood pressure layer of earth.
• River sand creating a filtration cushion.

In addition to bulk substances, useful:

• Drainage pipes that form the drainage system itself. Depending on the intricacy of the project, the diameter and number of pipe products are selected. Recently, PVC products have become popular.
• Drainage pumps providing mechanical drainage. They are used when the site is seriously damaged due to flooding by underground runoff. See also: "".
• Durable geotextile that protects the pipe from the ground and has filtering properties. When laying drainage pipes with geotextiles, its varieties are used: dornite and interlining.
• Couplings fixing pipes.

In order to regularly clean the drainage system, inspection wells are installed around the perimeter, and collector wells are used to collect liquid.

How to choose drainage pipes

Before you install a drainage pipe, you need to decide on the products for work.

It is important to take into account such nuances:

1. In preparing the drainage system, use perforated pipes.
2. Properly determine the required number of holes and their diameter for the exit of liquid and air exchange. Priority in the overall arrangement of the drainage system is the material of the pipes. See also: "".

Today, the market for building materials is replete with pipe products from:

• ceramics;
• asbestos cement;
• polymers.

In the arrangement of the drainage system, drainage pipes made of polymers have reached the peak of popularity.

Their advantageous use in comparison with other types lies in the presence of excellent technical characteristics:

• excellent strength;
• duration of application - up to 70 years;
• resistance to silting;
• ease and, accordingly, simplification of the installation and transportation process;
• resistance to aggression of the chemical environment and corrosion processes;
• self-cleaning capabilities due to the smoothness of the pipe surface;
• in advantageous combination: quality-price;
• ease of maintenance, because thanks to the geotextile filter included in the pipe kit, the drainage system does not need to be flushed.

According to the dimensions, drainage pipes are classified into small and large:

• up to 150 mm - for a system with a small bandwidth;
• up to 300 mm - with increased load.

If the drainage scheme has a branched view, then it is better to use tubular products of small (for branches) and large diameter (for the central branch of the system).

Plastic drainage pipes

All polymer products that are used for the installation of drainage systems are made of polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene.

In addition, they are:

• One-/two-layer, the number of layers is entered in proportion to the density of the soil.
• Flexible/rigid. The former have found application in complex branched schemes around the site, the latter in simple drainage projects.
• With filter shell / without it. Most often, drainage pipes have a series of holes along their entire length. If they are not there, then, using a drill and a thin drill, you can make holes yourself.
• Corrugated/smooth. On the building materials market, you can buy pipes with a filter coating on the surface - geofabric. If it is absent, then textile wrapping around the perimeter of the pipe can be done independently, using improvised material to secure it − thin wire or rope. See also: "".

Pipe laying project

Work on the installation of the drainage system starts with a preliminary drawing up of a plan-scheme for its placement in a specific area. In this case, the type of soil and the height of groundwater must be taken into account. Most often, a branched scheme is used with the installation of manholes at the joints.

Depending on the type of soil, the distance between the branches is selected. Yes, for clay soil it will be 10 m, loamy -20 m, sandy -45 m.

Self-assembly

Laying drainage pipes with your own hands begins with specifying the installation site.

Accommodation can be done in two ways:

1. "Wall" drainage system, which is installed around the perimeter of the foundation private building and protects it from moisture ingress.
2. Drainage along the perimeter of the entire adjacent territory, which allows you to protect the basement of the building, and all utility structures, and green spaces.

The sequence of installation work:

1. Mark the area where the drainage ditches will be located. With the help of a laser rangefinder, starting actions can be greatly facilitated. At the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to the accumulated excess water after rain, which clearly demonstrate the difficulties of water exchange due to the increased density of the soil or existing barriers. See also: "".
2. Prepare drainage trench taking into account size differences. Deepening will be needed for a quick and unhindered outflow of water. In the process of work, you can use a watering hose. Having drawn some water into the trench, you can see how easily the liquid leaves the recess along the entire length of the trench.
3. Before installing the drainage pipe with your own hands, you need to carefully tamp the bottom of the trench. Then lay the filter material, the ends of which must necessarily go beyond the boundaries of the ditch. From above, river sand and crushed stone of various fractions are poured, but in a certain sequence: large, and then medium. The thickness of the rubble should not exceed 20 cm.
4. Using a pipe cutter or electric jigsaw, cut the drainage according to the parameters of the scheme. Carry out the laying of pipe products and connect the joints with fittings. To secure the connection, preheat the connecting sections.
5. Then wrap the pipes with geotextile, tightly fasten the joints with a thin wire or rope. It is necessary to understand in advance how to lay a drainage pipe in geotextiles, as this is one of the crucial moments of installation work. The excellent throughput of this material allows you to adsorb the liquid coming out of the perforation. And also geofabric protects the perforations of the pipe from contamination.
6. Drainage must be laid at an angle, connecting the ends of the pipe and manholes. The latter can be used in two types: sealed, when in the future the water will be used for technical needs, and absorbing - the collected liquid will return back to the ground. The slope of drainage products is directly related to their diameter, and the larger the size, the less slope is needed.
7. To complete installation work it is necessary to dump rubble and sand. Next, wrap the structure with the filter material lying on top and cover it with a layer of earth. Here are the main stages of the procedure - how to lay the drainage pipe with your own hands.

Operation of the drainage system

When arranging a drainage system, you need to think through everything to the smallest detail, install it qualitatively, and follow the basic rules of operation. Thus, the life of the drainage system will be significantly extended.

As a preventive measure, a mandatory inspection of the technical condition of drainage and wells will be required - approximately once every 4 years. Measurement of the liquid level in the manholes should be performed every 2 years.

Even a slight deviation of this parameter from the norm indicates:

• violation of the integrity of the tubular product;
• dense clogging;
• deposits of silt on the surface of products;
• partial deformation of the pipeline due to the movement of the soil.

Such problems can be prevented by inspecting the drainage system in a timely manner and cleaning it of various debris.

Possible errors when installing drainage

The quality of installation and the efficiency of the drainage system are interrelated. Any flaws during operation can disable the system, which will lead to the repair of the site or a complete reinstallation of the drainage system. Therefore, we will supplement the current topic: installation of a drainage pipe: how to lay it correctly.

The most common installation errors:

• the pipeline system was chosen without taking into account the condition of the soil;
• the angle of inclination is changed or missing;
• at the initial stages, it was not planned to drain water from wells;
• there is no geotextile or filter material;
• pipes are soldered in bad faith;
• the technical process for arranging the system was not observed - the installation was carried out without dumping sand / crushed stone;
• no perforation.

Knowing how to properly lay the drainage pipe, taking into account the peculiarities of the location of the site, the condition of the soil; having prepared a laying plan and following the installation instructions step by step, you can achieve a high-quality drainage system. And this means that the basement and basement of your building will be reliably protected from the negative effects of wastewater.