Japanese grape varieties: the latest and promising hybrids. The real miracle of Japanese grape selection is the Tien Shan variety Grapes Japanese creepers

Japanese grape (lat. Vitis coignetiae)- a representative of the genus Grapes of the Grape family. Under natural conditions, it grows in Korea, Japan and Sakhalin Island. typical places- Coasts of the Sea of ​​Japan and river valleys. Other names - Kaempfer grapes or Coignet grapes.

Characteristics of culture

Japanese grapes are a powerful woody vine with a trunk reaching a length of 16-20 m and covered with dark bark. The leaves are round or ovate, dark green, three-lobed, with rounded triangular or sharp, serrated or serrated edges, up to 30 cm long. In autumn, the foliage becomes dark purple and crimson red. Japanese grapes cling to the support due to the antennae, capable of making circular movements. The flowers are small, collected in felt-pubescent short brushes, the length of which varies from 6 to 16 cm. The fruits are spherical, black-violet or black-purple, edible, have a sweet taste with tart notes, contain 2-4 seeds. Japanese grapes are frost-resistant, also characterized by rapid growth.

The subtleties of growing

Japanese grapes are demanding on growing conditions. The culture is photophilous and needs intensely lit areas, a light openwork shadow is possible. In shady areas, plants lag behind in growth and form quite small fruits. Soils for successful cultivation should be fertile, light, loose, neutral. The considered variety of grapes does not accept heavy clay, highly acidic, saline and waterlogged soils. Dislikes the culture of thickening optimal distance between plants - about 1 m. On heavy soils, drainage from sand or broken bricks with a layer of 10-15 cm is desirable.

Seedlings are planted in spring or autumn. Autumn landing is preferable. The dimensions of the planting pit are 50 * 60 cm or 50 * 50 cm. Before planting, the roots of the seedlings are dipped in clay mash, which is made up of water (9-10 l), clay (350-400 g), iron sulphate(200 g) and 12% chlorophos (200 g). The soil taken out of the pit is mixed with peat, humus and coarse sand in a ratio of 4:1:3:2. The introduction of mineral fertilizers is welcome, such a procedure will speed up the process of survival of seedlings in a new place. Although during spring planting it can be postponed until the end of summer - the beginning of autumn.

Propagate Japanese grapes seed way and vegetatively (cuttings and layering). Seeds are sown in autumn or spring. In the second case, cold stratification of seeds is required for 2-4 months. Plants obtained by sowing seeds bloom for the first time and yield only for 5-6 years, which is why this method is not popular among gardeners. The simplest and effective method- propagation by lignified cuttings. Root cuttings in a nutrient soil mixture in greenhouses, on permanent place the formed material is planted in the second year.

Care

Japanese grapes are moisture-loving, but do not tolerate waterlogging. With an excess of moisture, it is affected by rot and other dangerous diseases. Also, the culture needs loosening, weeding, fertilizing and preventive treatments against diseases and pests. For treatments, various natural infusions are ideal. To simplify care, the soil in the near-stem zone is mulched with organic material that is available, for example, peat. Feeding can be done in early spring or at the beginning of summer, that is, in June. As a top dressing, the introduction of urea (30-40 g), potassium chloride (20-30 g) and superphosphate (70-80 g) is not forbidden.

In case of stunting, they are applied to the soil organic fertilizers(rotted manure or humus) and ammonium nitrate dissolved in water (per 10 liters of water - 15 g ammonium nitrate). Active growth in Japanese grapes is observed from June to August, at which time they are very sensitive to lack of attention. They need a garter to the support and pruning. Pruning consists in shortening strong lashes by 1/3 part and trimming side shoots into two buds. Japanese grapes are thermophilic, they cannot stand cold winters, therefore they need shelter. As a heater, use spruce branches or any other nonwoven fabric, the near-stem zone is insulated with peat or fallen leaves.

Usage

Japanese grapes are grown not only for fruits widely used in cooking, but also as ornamental plant intended for vertical gardening. Plants make very attractive canopies, arches and screens. Scourges of Japanese grapes will decorate any gazebo, the facade of a country house or cottage, tree trunks and a fence. The culture is suitable for creating automnalia, because in autumn the foliage of the grapes acquires a rich crimson-red color. Grape fruits are used in the alcohol industry and traditional medicine. The tendrils and leaves are also useful, they are used to prepare infusions to combat diarrhea, vomiting and dysentery.

Beautiful and attractive oval grapes, collected in elegant bunches, weighing half a kilogram. The variety bred by Japanese breeders is called Tien Shan.

Tien Shan - the newest variety of early medium ripening

We are used to the word grapes and Far East far from each other. It is easier to imagine the vineyards of Crimea, Moldova, France and Spain. In the Far East there are hills, cold winds and wild rosemary. People there rejoice and are content with fruits and berries brought from other regions and the Black Sea region. But everything has changed since Japanese breeding scientists developed the Tien Shan variety.

What is it, a grape from Japan

Amazing breeders from Japan! They managed to achieve a fabulous result and bring out a variety that is completely new in its characteristics. High-yielding and large-fruited, early term maturation. In China and Japan, the harvest ripens by the beginning of autumn, in the southern regions of Russia - not earlier than mid-September. The variety is new, undergoes acclimatization and is being studied for behavioral characteristics in the country's climate, so not much is known about it. Only what is indicated by the description of the characteristics by the Japanese and Chinese, who have been growing vine Tien Shan.

This variety:

1. Well transfers transportation;
2. It is characterized by increased keeping quality;
3. Seedless;
4. Grapes suitable for consumption fresh;
5. The berries are large, sweet, the aroma is delicate with unobtrusive lemon and honey notes.

Description

There is too little information about Japanese grapes, so growers collect knowledge bit by bit, based on their own experience and the experience of colleagues. Grapes of Japanese selection are in demand and attention not only among amateurs, but also among professionals; farmers and tenants grow them on their plots. The bush is vigorous with very large beautiful clusters of pale green, almost white, weighing 1-3 kg. Berries are not subject to pea.

Huge berries are filled with an unobtrusive sweet and at the same time refreshing content with lemon and honey notes.

To increase the weight of a bunch of Tien Shan grapes and increase the berries, the Japanese also resort to other agronomic tricks:

• Thinning bunches;
• "Relief" of the bushes from the harvest (conscious rejection of some bunches, to get larger berries);
• Large molds;
• High culture and agricultural technology of cultivation.

Tien Shan is grown on the territory of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, average weight berries reach 20 g, when grown in Japan, the weight of the berry is 30-45 g. The berries are slightly elongated and similar in shape to an egg, without seeds. The pulp is juicy, tasty, fragrant, the skin is thin, not perceptible, very sweet, it does not separate from the pulp. The taste is harmonious, refreshing, with a good ratio of sugar content and acidity. The variety is seedless.

Flowers bisexual. Clusters are conical or cylindrical, weighing 1.5-3 kg, medium density, presentation. The stalks are strong, light green in color, long. With sunny side with a shy blush. The taste is pleasant, delicate, harmonious. Dark green leaves are medium dissected, rounded. Ripened shoot brown-burgundy. In the conditions of Japan and China is different high yield. The Japanese consider the variety to be the best and largest in the world.

The weight of the bunch is achieved through the use of growth stimulants. First of all, the Japanese like to use gibberellin, which affects or has little effect on the growth of grape roots, but causes an acceleration in cell reproduction due to an increase in size. Significantly increases the growth of plants and the weight of the bunch with berries. Thanks to its use, the Japanese obtained seeds without seeds, the rapid development of buds and the ripening of fruits. Scientists have proven that the earlier you start using gibberellic acid 2-3 weeks before flowering, the stronger and more beautiful the bunch of grapes will be.

Gibberellin - growth stimulant in the vineyard

Young variety. In the conditions of the Commonwealth countries, it is zoned recently. Description of the habitat and fruiting - Japan, China, the Far East. Obtained by crossing Bejagan and Rosalio Bianco. From his parents, Tian Shan inherited a pleasant sweet taste and nice shape berries, strong growth. In Japan, the variety began to be bred in 2008, in the Crimea, Russia, Moldova and Ukraine, the variety is propagated and bred in the usual areas of viticulture. The survival rate of the variety is good, but there may be problems with yield and pollination. Suitable for eating from the second half of September.

Growing Features

1. Does not tolerate frequent rains;
2. Painfully reacts to high humidity;
3. Not resistant to major grape diseases;
4. Prefers areas with a warm climate;
5. Frost resistance up to minus 23 degrees;
6. Fertility depends on the fertility of the land;
7. Requires shelter for the winter;
8. In the conditions of Russia and Ukraine, it has not yet been possible to obtain large yields.

A mandatory procedure that almost all growers face is the shelter of bushes for the winter.

Tien Shan Care

Excellent taste qualities attract not only humans, but also pests, grapes on our territory are loved by wasps, although the description of the variety by the Japanese and Chinese denies this fact (perhaps due to the pesticides used). The growers who grow the variety constantly use special covering bags in which they put the bunches.

Birds also like to eat sweet grapes, so winegrowers save the harvest by covering the bushes with a special wire mesh which is detrimental to birds. They, wanting to taste the fruits, get entangled in the cells of the grid and, not being able to get out, die. Therefore, no matter how sorry the berries are, you should also think about the birds, which are natural defenders of gardens and fields from pests.

Birds carry the berries of the plant, and contribute to its reproduction.

Deliver big problems winegrowers and grape leafworm, or weevil, felt mite. Therefore, for the purpose of prevention, it is recommended to treat seedlings and bushes, as well as young shoots, with insecticidal solutions: Talstar, Atellik, Omayt or drugs such as Tokution, Tsimbush, Ekamet.

Significant Prevention

In defense against harmful organisms, description of means of prevention, is of great importance:

• location of the vineyard sunny place, moderately ventilated);
• variety selection according to technical specifications and susceptibility to disease;
• choose seedlings for planting free from diseases and pests;
• correct identification of the pest;
• appropriate agricultural practices of cultivation;
• weed control;
• moderate application of nitrogen fertilizers;
• destruction of the so-called sources of infection;
• application of procedures using chemical pesticides recommended for vines.

The description of the Tien Shan grape shows that this is a mysterious variety for the Russian grower, in the conditions of its cultivation, there is still a lot of agricultural cultivation unsolved mysteries and secrets. But the efforts to cultivate and care for this amazing vine with unusual berries lemon-honey hue is worth it to get fruits that are able to amaze with their presentation and taste not only the consumer, but also the grower who grew it.

Information about grape varieties from Japanese selection is very insufficient, and growers have to collect such data literally bit by bit. Meanwhile, Japanese varieties grapes are quite in demand and popular not only among amateurs, but also among professional winegrowers.

Selection features

Isabella grape varieties are extremely popular in Japan. Despite the fact that the berry of isabelle varieties is distinguished not only by its small size, but also by its very mediocre taste, Japanese breeders managed to obtain high-quality table isabelle varieties. They compare favorably with large berries with a pleasant delicate taste and a complete absence of sliminess.

Popular Japanese grape varieties

The main emphasis in the process of breeding work was placed on unpretentiousness, increased resistance to disease and high winter hardiness, which made it possible to obtain high-quality isabelle grapevine hybrids at the output.

No. p / p	Variety name	Description	winter hardiness	Disease and pest resistance
1	マニキュアフィンガ "Finger Manicure"	Manicure Finger is a table grape. Obtained by crossing "Unicorn No.2" and "Baladi". Vigorous, with bisexual flowering, cylindrical clusters weighing up to 1.5 kg. The berries are very large, elongated and slightly curved, with dense, but fleshy, harmonious in taste pulp.	Frost resistance is low, shelter of the vine is required for the winter.	Below average resistance to fungal diseases.
2	ゴルビー "Gorby"	Average term of maturing. The weight of the bunch is 620 g. The berries are about 20 g, red in color with a crunchy type of pulp. Taste qualities- pronounced, harmonious. Bushes vigorous.	Frost resistance - 23°C below zero.	A test is being carried out.
3	ゴールドフィンガー "Gold Finger"	Early maturity. Vigorous plant, bisexual flowers. Clusters of conical shape, large, weighing up to 1.2 kg. transportable variety. The berries are oval in shape, up to 18 g, burgundy-chocolate color, harmonious pronounced taste, with dense and crispy pulp. High yielding.	Increased frost resistance.	High resistance to mildew, oidium, gray rot.
4	オリエンタルスター "Star of the East"	Orientalstar is a mid-ripening table grape with a very vigorous plant. The bunch is large - up to 720 g. The berries are large, oblong, weighing 14 g, purple-red color.	Winter hardiness - -21 ° С.	Test in progress
5	"Tian Shan"	The newest variety grapes with super large yellowish-green berries weighing 45 g. Early-medium ripening and strong growth.	Characteristics are being studied.	Osami is not damaged. Characteristics are being studied.
6	シャインマスカット "Shane Muscat"	Shine Muscat - table form, early-medium ripening. Berries are yellow, large, up to 15 g. A promising variety.	A test is being carried out.	High disease resistance.
7	サニードルチェ "Sun slices"	Sunny dolce is a table grape of early-medium ripening. The clusters are large, the berries are bright red, oblong in shape, weighing 12 g.	Winter hardiness - -20 ° С.	Responds favorably to gibberellin treatments.
8	"Highbury"	High Bailey - table grapes with large berries weighing 18 g of purple coloration. The sugar content is more than 19. Taste with a slight nutmeg tint. Transportability and keeping quality are excellent.	A test is being carried out.	A test is being carried out.
9	ブラックビート "Black Strike"	Table grapes are very early ripening. The berries are oval, large, weighing 18 g, black-violet color. The pulp is fleshy and juicy. Acidity is reduced. Aftertaste - tropical fruits. Clusters are large, weighing 600 g, the strength of growth is significant.	Winter hardiness - -20 ° С.	Characteristics are being studied.

Rules for planting Japanese grapes

Growing grapes from Japanese selection is not difficult for experienced growers. Planting vines is carried out in accordance with the following technology:

• grapes should be planted in the spring, after drying and warming up the soil on the site. For the northern region optimal time presented in May, on the territory southern regions earlier planting of seedlings is allowed;
• one- or two-year-old grape seedlings with a well-developed and absolutely healthy root system, as well as mature shoots, are subject to planting;
• before planting, the main roots must be shortened to 15 cm in length. All diseased or frozen roots during the winter should be cut out completely. After pruning, the root system should be lowered into a mash;
• pruning is also subject to escape. Only four high-quality and well-ripened buds should be left on the lower part of the shoot;
• the planting pit should be at least 80-100 cm wide. The depth of the planting pit is calculated depending on the thickness and size of the root system of the grape seedling;
• the bottom of the pit should be provided with a high-quality drainage layer from a mixture of gravel and sand. Then the drainage is covered with fertile soil, in the middle of which a small mound for the seedling should be made.

The established seedling should be covered with soil and watered abundantly. For proper growth the vine must be fixed on the support pole.

How to care for Japanese grapes

The rules of care and the main activities carried out with grapes from Japanese selection can be considered standard:

• implementation abundant watering during dry seasons with insufficient rainfall;
• pruning, which, depending on the strength of the growth of the bush, can be either long or short;
• the introduction of organic matter, as well as mineral and complex fertilizers in accordance with the scheme of recommended dressings;
• carrying out preventive spraying in order to protect the vineyard from damage by the most common diseases;
• soil mulching and sheltering vines with insufficient frost resistance for the winter period.

On vaccinated grape bushes it is required to remove the roots that form on the scion at the junction with the stock.

for productivity and quality characteristics bunches of grapes, a significant impact is exerted by the performance of pinching fruit-bearing shoots. Such work consists in the timely removal of initial stage flowering of the upper part of the shoots in the area of ​​the fourth or fifth leaf of the last brush.

Reviews of growers

Most gardeners are just starting to cultivate grape varieties exotic for our latitudes from Japanese selection. The variety is popular with growers "Sunny Dolce" which captivates gardeners with dense jelly, marmalade pulp, as well as excellent taste indicators with a harmonious aftertaste of exotic fruits and the aroma of green apples.

According to gardeners, the result of PPP treatment is a high percentage of large seedless berries.

Winegrowers also experience special love for the variety "Manicure Finger", received from the parent pair "Baladi" and "Unicorn". The grape was selected at the Japanese Grape Research Institute more than twenty years ago, but only in last years growers have become actively interested in this variety. The coefficient of fruitfulness of the variety varies from 1.30 to 1.50. In addition, gardeners note the complex resistance of the variety to major diseases.

However, it is recommended to carry out a couple of preventive sprays against anthracnose and white rot. Starting yield when cultivated in southern regions our country growers receive in the second year after planting seedlings. In addition to external attractiveness, the variety is characterized by high economic efficiency.

Choosing a grape variety (video)

An important advantage of most Japanese grape varieties is the largest size and juiciness of the berries. The Japanese learned not only to work with growth regulators as efficiently as possible and made this process standard for their agricultural technology, but also managed to select a significant number of truly non-standard and attractive hybrids that have excellent consumer qualities and high economic efficiency, which is of increasing interest to Russian gardeners.

Name: comes from "vitilis" - climbing.

Description: has about 70 species, distributed mostly in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere. In the southern regions of the European part of Russia, in the Caucasus, in the Crimea and in the Far East, 5 species naturally grow.

Grape variety "Yangi Er"
Photo Vinyarsky Dmitry

Creepers climbing with the help of twisting stem tendrils, located opposite to simple, deeply palmately lobed leaves. The flowers are bisexual, or dioecious (then the plants are dioecious), small, fragrant, collected in racemose inflorescences. Fruit - juicy edible berry. Widely used for vertical gardening on mesh supports.

The first mention of cultivation in botanical garden Petersburg, species of the genus Vitis occurs in 1824, but probably refers to plants of protected ground. The testing of species in the open field began with V. amurensis Rupr., brought by K. I. Maksimovich from the Amur region and initially in 1857-1862. grown in greenhouses. Since 1858, it has been tested in the open field in parallel with the closed ground, and since then it has been constantly growing in the park (1858-2005).

In the second half of the XIX century. 4 more species were tested, but all after or while growing them in greenhouses: V. vulpina L. (= V. cordifolict Michx.) (?1824, 1858, 1892-1898, 1945-1967, to 1980-?, 2002), V. riparia Michx. (?1824, 1869-1898, before 1940-1962, 1973-2005), V.thunbergii Siebold et Zucc. (1865-1913, 1959-1963), V.labrusca L. (1879, 1951-1967, 1978-2002). All these species in the St. Petersburg climate are not winter-hardy enough, often freeze heavily, but recover.

Grape variety "Shatilova №6"
Photo Vinyarsky Dmitry

The main experiments on growing species of the genus in the open ground took place in the 20th century, especially in the second half, when A. G. Golovach tried to restore pre-existing species in the collection and test new ones. In total, 15 species passed through the nurseries of the Garden during this period, of which 12 appeared in the collection for the first time: V. coignetiae Pulliat et Planch. (1912-?1941, 1948-1972, 1980, 1989-2002), V. palmata Vahl. (= V.ru-bra Michx.) (before 1941-1980), V. davidii(Carriere) Foex (1949-1966), V. acerifolia Raf. (= V. longii Prince) (1951-1963), V. arizonica Engelm. (1954-1968) V. berlandieri planch. (1954-1962) V. x doaniana Muns. (V. candicans x V. vulpina?) (1954-1968), V. piazezkii Max. (1954-1968) V. wilsonae Veitch (1954-1968) V.monticola Buckl. (1956-1963) V. candicans Engelm, et Gray (1957-1987). Since 1947, several of the most winter-hardy varieties V. vinifera L. Until 1992, the park kept (without shelter for the winter) "Northern White", "Seedling Malengra", "Buy-Tour".

According to V. I. Lipsky and K. K. Meissner (1913/1915), V. amurensis and V. thunbergii were introduced into the culture of the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden, about which E. Regel wrote: “They were introduced by K.I. Maksimovich and distributed by the Botanical Garden to all European gardens" (1873: 89).

mountain grapes- Vitis monticola Homeland - North America. Liana up to 10 m high. Shoots are long, thin, hairy in youth, with antennae. Leaves of various shapes are ovate, rounded, reniform, with shallow lobes, serrated along the edge, dark green above, shiny, grayish green below, reaching 10 cm in length. In youth, they have a thin cobweb pubescence. The flowers are rather inconspicuous, appearing in June. To obtain fruits, it is necessary to have specimens with staminate and pistillate flowers, since the plants are dioecious. The fruits are collected in short and wide, highly branched clusters. Sweet berries have a dark color of varying intensity. Ripen in September. In culture since the end of the 19th century. Suitable only for southern regions due to low winter hardiness.

maple-leaved grapes- Vitis acerifolia Raf. Homeland - North America. Grows in river valleys, on sandy banks. Branchy, low, low climbing vine. Shoots are hairy or gray tomentose with short tendrils. The leaves are broadly ovate, 7-12 cm long, shallowly three-lobed, with a wide notch at the base, pubescent along the veins below. Inflorescences 3-7 cm long, on short stalks. The flowers are small yellowish. Blooms in June. The fruits are large - up to 8-12 mm, black with a bloom, with a thin skin, sweetish, ripen in September. In culture since 1830. Grown from St. Petersburg to the south. In GBS since 1982, 1 sample was grown from seeds obtained from the culture. In 3 years, the length of the shoots is 1.8 m, in 6 years 4.8 m. Vegetation is from late April to mid-October. Grows fast. Doesn't bloom. Winter hardiness is low.

Grapes Coignet, or Japanese- Vitis cognetiae planch. The range of the East Asian continental-island type: Russia (Sakhalin - south and Moneron; Kuriles - Kunashir, Shikotan, Yuri, Zeleny, Iturup), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku), Korea Peninsula. Sakhalin-Smoking-Japanese endem. In the flora of reserves is not specified. Grows in coastal shrubs. Light-loving mesophyte. In SakhKNII since 1963, it has grown well on alpine slide. Doesn't bear fruit. In GBS since 1960 (from Sakhalin), in the shade it grows oppressively. Very effective, frost-resistant, powerful liana with large, heart-shaped rounded leaves (up to 30 cm in diameter), with 3-5 weakly pronounced lobes, dark green above, grayish or reddish-pubescent below, with a rarely finely serrated edge. Floral brushes are short. Fruits up to 0.8 cm, black with a bluish bloom, edible only after freezing. It grows very quickly, giving an increase of up to 4.5 m per season, frost-resistant. It is used in all types of vertical gardening, especially for decorating tall buildings. Its large lobed leaves turn bright crimson in autumn. In GBS since 1965, 3 samples (4 copies) from the gardens of Stockholm and Nogent-on-Vernison (France). In 8 years, the length of the shoots is 2.5 m. The plant grows from 17.V±5 to 17.X±9 for 153 days. Doesn't bloom. Winter hardiness is low. Rooted 100% cuttings when treated with a 0.01% IMC solution. AT middle lane undecorative. Grape wine from the fruit is used as a tonic. Juice from the antennae is used for dysentery and hemoptysis, infusion from the antennae - for gout, from the leaves - for diarrhea, vomiting, hemoptysis. Infusion of dry leaves - with frostbite (externally). Syrups and jams are prepared from ripe fruits. The tendrils, young stems and petioles are eaten as vegetables. Ropes can be made from the bark (Ishiyama, 1936). Known in culture (Wolf, 1915; Bailey, 1947; Shulgina, 1955; Dictionary of Gardening, 1956; Wyman, 1971). Cultivated since 1875 (Render, 1949). It grows in St. Petersburg, the Baltic states, Ukraine, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Tashkent ( woody plants GBS, 1975). Photo Kravchenko Kirill

Grape labruska-Vitis labrusca L. Well known in landscaping c. Amur can be successfully replaced by no less decorative and frost-resistant c. Labruska from North America. It is the ancestor of most of the American cultivars grapes - variety Isabella (Isabella) or a hybrid of V. forest with V. cultural, widespread along the Black Sea coast (Krasnodar Territory, Abkhazia), in Lenkoran, found in Ukraine. Due to its unpretentiousness, relative frost resistance (tolerates temperatures down to -20 ° C), intensive growth and beautiful foliage, it is of interest for vertical gardening in the southern regions of Russia. In a culture in Kaliningrad, Kyiv, Kharkov - bears fruit, in St. Petersburg and Estonia it is slightly damaged by frost, but grows easily; grows poorly in dry areas. A number of other varieties of V. labruska grow well in the northern regions of viticulture, including its winter-hardy hybrids bred by I. V. Michurin with V. Amur. Labruska is often used as a decorative, powerful vine with dense, beautiful foliage. It is a powerful liana with a woody stem, which in nature can reach 20 cm in diameter, rising high along the support and capable of forming dense thickets, as well as a powerful liana spreading along the ground. Blooms in July. The shoots are cylindrical, attached to the support by well-developed tendrils. Young shoots are densely pubescent. The leaves sit on long petioles, ovate or rounded up to 17 cm, entire, and sometimes lobed, have a wide notch at the base, serrated along the edge, dense, wrinkled above, dull, dark green. Young leaves below with white or grayish flaky pubescence, which eventually becomes reddish. The plant is dioecious. Flowers are dioecious. Pistillate flowers are collected in dense dense inflorescences up to 5-8 cm long, staminate - form looser inflorescences. The fruits are collected in small clusters containing up to 20 black-purple, reddish-brown, pink or yellow-green berries. Berries up to 2 cm in diameter, have a spherical or elliptical shape, covered with a wax coating, the flesh is sweetish. Ripen in September. It grows well on light loose sandy and sandy loamy fertile soils with moderate moisture, prefers slightly shaded places. Needs support. Winter hardiness is high, suitable for areas of the black earth belt and areas located to the south. Seeds need stratification at 0 - 3 °C for 4 - 7 months. After stratification, it is recommended to soak the seeds for 12 hours in solutions of gibberellic acid and oil growth substance. In culture since 1656.

forest grapes-Vitis silvestris gmel. Distributed in Moldova, Crimea, the Caucasus, in Central Asia, as well as in Central and Southern Europe, Northern Iran. Available in the reserves of the Caucasus, Crimea, Central Asia. It grows in valleys and gorges in deciduous forests. Shade-tolerant mesophyte. Deciduous vine up to 20 m long, creeping along the ground in the absence of support. The bark on old trunks peels off in ribbons; annual shoots are sometimes slightly ribbed, biennial ~ smooth. Leaves are round-ovate, up to 9 cm, almost entire or shallowly 3-5-lobed, with a wide notch at the base. The flowers are yellow-green, fragrant, small, in paniculate inflorescences. The fruits are black, spherical berries with a bluish bloom. In GBS since 1952, 2 samples (5 copies) were grown from seeds obtained from the natural conditions of Kopet-Dag and reproductions of GBS. Liana, at 18 years old, length 3.0 m. Does not bloom. Winter hardiness is low. When treated with a 0.05% IMC solution, 33% of the cuttings take root. In the middle lane it is not very decorative. Not recommended for landscaping. Differs in drought and cold resistance, is not affected by pests and diseases. It is used in decorative gardening for vertical gardening in the southern regions of Russia. More cold- and drought-resistant than V. cultivated, resistant to phylloxera and fungal diseases, easily crosses with cultivated grape varieties. Berries are used in marinades, seasonings for food and in winemaking. In culture in Zhytomyr, Penza, Turkmenistan.

Fox grapes-- Vitis vulpina L. grows in shady places, along the river valleys of North America. Powerful high-climbing vine with well-developed bifid tendrils, with the help of which it rises to great heights. Leaves are broadly ovate up to 15 cm, shiny, entire, rarely slightly three-lobed, with a narrow notch at the base. very fragrant, small flowers collected in multi-flowered panicles. The berries are spherical up to 1 cm in diameter, black, with a slight bluish bloom and thick skin, in cylindrical clusters up to 25 cm long. For better germination, seeds require stratification. Embedding depth 1.5 cm. It is frost-resistant, maintains decrease in temperature to -28 °C. Avoid soils containing lime. It is used as an ornamental plant for vertical gardening and as a rootstock for cultivars to increase their immunity. In a culture in Lithuania it freezes slightly, but it blooms and bears fruit, in St. Petersburg and Estonia it partially freezes over. Often grown in Ukraine.

Common grape-Vitis vinifera L. Widespread in culture since ancient times and has great amount cultural varieties. The origin of this species is not exactly known. Liana up to 20 m, with 3-5-lobed, heart-shaped leaves up to 15 cm in diameter; with large inflorescences of fragrant, inconspicuous flowers. The fruits are berries, black with a bluish bloom. Grape ordinary photophilous. In the conditions of the Moscow region, it can freeze slightly, even with shelter, so it is better to use it for landscaping the southern regions of Russia. Prefers fertile soil. Requires support, designed for vertical gardening. Seeds need stratification at 0 - 10 °C (optimum 5 °C) for 3 - 7 months. They germinate better with weekly heating at 30 ° C for 3 hours 2 times a day. In the Black Muscat varieties, stratification can be replaced by washing in water for 12 days (with 72% sprouted). O6treatment with gibberellic acid (100 - 2000 mg/l) of seeds of Black Muscat, Bangalore and Tokai varieties reduces and replaces cold stratification. For pre-scarified seeds, gibberellic acid is applied at a lower concentration. Embedding depth 1.5 - 2 cm. Has two decorative forms: purple(f. purpurea) - with light red when blooming, later purple leaves; split-leaved(f. apiifolia) - with very showy, dissected leaves. The main species and its forms are used for vertical gardening in areas of varietal grape cultivation. "Purpurea". In early summer, the leaves of this deciduous vine are bright purple and fluffy, then darken, become rich wine-purple. In autumn they turn into dark purple. They are medium in size and rounded with three or five coarsely serrated petals. Violet black fruits appear in early or mid-autumn, but almost never ripen in the Moscow region.Interesting for its decorative effect.This plant looks spectacular when grown with shrubs that have silver foliage. Photos EDSR.

coastal grapes,or fragrant- Vitis riparia Michx. Eastern and southeastern regions of North America. It grows in moist thickets of shrubs, along the banks of rivers. Photo Skorodumova Tatiana It differs from other species in powerful growth (rises to a height of 25 m), broadly ovate, mostly 3-lobed, bright green leaves, coarsely serrated along the edge. Flowers in large inflorescences up to 18 cm long. The fruits are purple-black, with a thick bluish bloom, inedible, up to 0.8 cm in diameter. Seeds at room temperature can be stored up to 1 year without loss of viability. Seeds need to be stratified at 1-10°C (optimum 5°C) for 4 months. It is better to germinate stratified seeds after pre-heating for a week at 30 ° C for 3 hours 2 times a day. Embedding depth up to 1.2 - 1.5 cm. In GBS since 1951, 3 samples (11 copies) were grown from seeds obtained from the culture. At 17 years old, height 5.4 m. Vegetation from the first decade of May to the end of October. The growth rate is average. Blooms from the end of June to the end of the first decade of July, about 2 weeks. The fruits ripen annually, in September. Winter hardiness is low. Seed viability 80%, germination rate 10%. Rooted summer cuttings. It is undemanding to the soil, drought-resistant, has a form with edible, early ripening fruits - (f. praecox). One of the best ornamental grapes with beautiful bright green leaves, fragrant flowers, the halls of which resemble the smell of mignonette, for which it received its second name. There are several hybrid varieties. In culture since 1656. Used for vertical gardening. Photo on the right Vinyarsky Dmitry

rocky grapes-Vitis rupestris Scheele Eastern and southeastern regions of North America. It grows on hills, on the slopes of mountains, on sandy shores. Weakly climbing vine up to 2 m high with red-violet shoots. A few antennae are poorly developed and easily fall off or are completely absent. The leaves are rounded, sometimes three-lobed, young pubescent, folded in half along the main vein. Mature leaves on both sides are bare, thin, smooth, shiny. The plant is dioecious. Blooms from late June to mid-July. The fruits ripen in September. The berries are spherical, 6-14 mm in diameter, black-purple or violet, with a thin skin, pleasant taste. We do not have varieties, the natural form is cultivated. In GBS since 1963, 1 sample (8 copies) was grown from seeds obtained from the culture. At 8 years, the length of the shoots is 4.5 m. Vegetation is from the first half of May to the second half of October. Doesn't bloom. Winter hardiness is high (winters under the snow). Grows well in full sun or partial shade. Fertile, light, non-calcareous soils are preferred. Drought-resistant, does not tolerate stagnant water. Relatively winter-hardy. It is better to remove young plants from the support for the winter so that they are covered with snow. When wintering under snow, it practically does not freeze, in snowless winters it can freeze slightly. On wet soils, it is easily affected by root mold. Tolerates long droughts. Easily grows together with vaccinations. Well cuttings. Seeds need stratification. Embedding depth 1 - 1.2 cm. Single and group landings on lawns, alone and in combination with other shrubs. large leaves beautifully contrast with conifers. Can be displayed as a rare plant. The berries are small, but they are used as food as ordinary grapes.

Location: photophilous, require fertile soils.

Landing: two or three years old are planted in autumn or spring. The size of the planting pit is 50 x 50 x 60 cm. The distance between plants is 1 m. Before planting, seedlings should be dipped in a mash composed of 10 liters of water, 0.4 kg of clay, 0.2 kg of 12% chlorophos and 0.2 kg iron sulfate. The soil mixture consists of humus, peat and sand, taken in a ratio of 3:1:2. The reaction of the soil is neutral or slightly acidic. Mandatory drainage of broken bricks and sand with a layer of 15-20 cm.

"Lydia"
Photo Utkina Maria

Care: Top dressing. In June, 40 g of urea, 80 g of superphosphate and 30 g of potassium chloride diluted in 10 liters of water are given. Organics are added under weakened plants or foliar top dressing is done: 15 g of urea or ammonium nitrate is dissolved in 10 liters of water. Watering. All types of grapes love moisture. With deep roots that penetrate the soil to 4 - 5 m, they tolerate drought. long time. However, it is better to water once a month for 8 - 10 liters under each plant. If it rains regularly, then watering is not required. Loosening and mulching. Preferably immediately after landing trunk circles mulch with peat or earth with a layer of 5-7 cm. Loosening is carried out when weeding weeds. Pruning. From June to August, creepers actively grow, they are tied to a support and form a crown. Lateral branches are cut into two or three buds, strong lashes - by 1 /3 length. Preparing for winter. For the winter, it is recommended to remove the vines from the support and insulate them with spruce branches, peat, and leaves. You can add to the roots of dry loose earth with a layer of up to 10 cm.

Diseases and pests: A big drawback of Amur grapes and its varieties is instability against the root form of phylloxera, incomplete resistance to its leaf form, and significant mildew susceptibility. At the same time, it is resistant to oidium. Other species are less susceptible to diseases and pests.

Reproduction: seeds, cuttings and layering. Seeds are sown in autumn or spring after 2-4 months of stratification. Blossom for 5-6 years. But it is even easier to propagate grapes with winter cuttings. Two years later, rooted cuttings are planted in open ground.

Usage: wild grapes lives long. It will make beautiful green arches, screens, trellises, awnings. He will wind the pergola, hozblok and even trunks large trees, will decorate the facade of the garden house. Lush luxurious carved foliage turns scarlet in autumn.

Cultural grapes (lat. Vitis vinifera) - a species of perennial shrub vines from the genus Grapes of the Grape family. Distributed in culture since ancient times and has a huge number of cultivars. The origin of this species is not exactly known. Liana up to 20 m, with 3-5-lobed, heart-shaped...

- a powerful liana, quickly growing up to 8 m in length, also comes from the Far Eastern taiga.
It is believed that Amur grapes are edible. But this, of course, is not the case. Its harvest is very sparse clusters of blue, rarely hanging small berries, with a huge stone inside, very sour, about which they say "pluck out your eye." Therefore, for edible purposes, such grapes should not be planted. Although at one time Michurin worked a lot on it and even created several cultivars more or less suitable for consumption, such as Baitur, Russian Concorde, Northern Black, Northern Blue. But it is almost impossible to eat them fresh. Can make wine Bad quality or liqueur, or fruit drink, while ruining a lot of sugar.
But decorative qualities Amur grapes are beyond praise. An exceptionally beautiful plant, with very large (25-30 cm in diameter) unusual wrinkled 3-5-lobed leaves. Due to the unevenness of the leaf blade, light is reflected from it in different ways, and therefore each leaf appears to be colored in various shades of green. In late summer, the leaves become extraordinarily colorful as they turn carmine red, crimson, brown, golden, orange, purplish purple tones, and among them sparse brushes of dark-colored berries hang down. You just can't take your eyes off it, it's so beautiful. This vine is frost-resistant, but since it continues to grow all summer, in winter, young shoots that have not had time to ripen freeze slightly. This has little effect on its decorative effect due to the fact that it has a high shoot-forming ability and in the spring it quickly begins to overgrow with young shoots, which, with strong spring frosts, can also freeze slightly. But then the next ones will grow. The worst thing that can happen is the freezing of flower buds, but you plant it not for the sake of the berries, but for the sake of its colorful leaves, and therefore this loss is not so significant. Amur grapes quickly wrap around gazebos, verandas, balconies, open terraces, braiding everything that it can cling to with its antennae. At favorable conditions, especially in partial shade, its annual growth reaches 2 m. An exceptionally elegant and fast growing liana. After autumn frosts in November it will fade away. You will remove it from the support and simply lay it on the ground. Or cut shorter, peeling off all the remnants from the support and throwing them over the left part. If the vine is old enough, then it can not be removed from the supports, all frozen and shrunken parts will have to be cut out in March, since the vine cannot be cut after the start of sap flow (in April) until the end of the growing season (in November).
Like all creepers, Amur grapes need slightly acidic soil with great content leaf humus and regular watering in summer. Do not remove fallen leaves from under it.
It reproduces well by root offspring, cuttings and layering, as well as by sowing freshly harvested seeds. If you buy seeds in a store, then keep in mind that they should first be stimulated in a pink solution of potassium permanganate, and even better - in a solution of Energen or Epina-Extra. Suitable and "Zircon" or "Novosil". And then stratify the seeds in wet sand in the refrigerator for at least 2 months. In the spring, you can sow them directly into the open ground in school.

Japanese grape (Kuanye)

Grapes Coignet, or Japanese
Prefers full sun or semi-shade in well-drained neutral to alkaline soil. Relatively hardy, hibernates on supports. Most decorative in autumn. Height up to 15 m, width up to 5 m. Vigorous woody deciduous liana. Spectacular heart-shaped leaves, reaching 30 cm in length, literally blaze in autumn. Blue-black small berries of this grape are inedible. Grow it near sheltered, sunny brick walls.