Roofing of a one-story industrial building. Roofs of industrial buildings. Structural elements of roofing
In industrial construction, rolled roofs, corrugated asbestos-cement and aluminum sheets and sheets of corrugated fiberglass and other synthetic materials are used.
For heated buildings, the most common and economical are rolled or mastic roofs. Materials for the device roll roofing serve as roofing material, roofing felt, hydroisol, glass roofing material, glassine, pasted on bituminous or tar mastics.
Long-term practice of operating such roofs has shown that with slopes with a slope of more than 8%, they quickly lose their waterproofing properties due to the runoff of softening water. hot weather mastic. Therefore, at present, slightly sloping roofs with a slope of 1.5 ... 5% are becoming widespread. Such a slope excludes the flow of mastics, but ensures the flow of water to water inlets. The waterproofing carpet in such roofs is usually made of three-, four-layer roofing material, glued with roofing bituminous mastic.
In places where rolled roofs adjoin protruding elements and in places where expansion joints are installed in the coating, additional layers of a waterproofing carpet are laid. The carpet is led onto the protruding elements, attached to them with nails or dowels, and the joints are protected with grease or upholstered with galvanized steel.
At present, when constructing flat and sloping roofs of industrial buildings, along with rolled coatings roofing materials Roofs made of various mastics are becoming more and more widespread. In comparison with roofs made of rolled materials, they have the following advantages: their installation can be comprehensively mechanized; the complexity of applying a waterproofing layer is less; cold mastic coatings are waterproof and have the necessary mechanical strength.
Mastic roofs are made of bitumen-latex emulsion EGIK (waterproofing and roofing emulsion). This coverage suits mechanized way using a special unit consisting of a pressure tank for bitumen-latex emulsion, a pressure bottle for a coagulator, a spray gun and a set of hoses. Bitumen-latex emulsion is applied in layers. The total number of layers must correspond to the accepted thickness of the insulating layer (Fig.).
Rice. Roofing with bitumen-latex coating:
1 - bitumen-latex coating;
2 - reinforced bitumen-latex coating; 3 - technical fabric;
4 - roofing panel; 5 - insulation; 6 - floor slab
Cold coatings are often made of asbestos-cement corrugated sheets with a reinforced profile 8 mm thick. They are overlapped on steel or reinforced concrete girders and fastened to the latter, as well as to each other with galvanized hooks with nuts and washers. To prevent the formation of cracks in the sheets, due to some of their warping when moistened, the diameters of the holes in the sheets are made slightly larger than the diameter of the fastening hooks passed through them. Soft gaskets are placed under the nuts, covered with aluminum washers on top. In the ridge and cornice parts of the coating, sheets of a special profile are additionally used, covering the gaps between the waves of the roof sheets.
Over the explosive areas of industrial buildings, easily dumped roofs are arranged in the form of a flooring of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets with a hardly combustible insulation. The flooring is laid on top of reinforced concrete ribbed plates with holes in the shelf. In the event of an explosion in a production facility, the blast wave, moving evenly in all directions, throws off the weakest elements (in this case, the coating with holes in the slabs), without destroying the main load-bearing structures of the building.
Yu. M. Solovey Fundamentals of the construction business. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1989. - 429s.
Lightweight Fire Retardant Roofing Panel
full factory readiness with a polymer roof.
The modern level and terms of construction dictate the need for widespread use of light building structures in the construction of almost all types of industrial and public buildings. They are distinguished by convenience and speed of construction, minimal installation labor, increased transportability and seismic resistance.
The use of lightweight structures also implies their complete delivery and commissioning of facilities on a turnkey basis, so they are especially effective in remote and hard-to-reach areas of the country, primarily at facilities in the Far North, where they are often the only possible solution. It is important to emphasize that lightweight enclosing structures, due to the ease of dismantling, ensure the explosion safety of structures. They are promising for construction in seismically hazardous areas. Surveys showed that even during the earthquake in the city of Spitak (Armenia) in 1988, buildings with a metal frame did not collapse.
The industry for the production of light metal structures of complete delivery in our country and the CIS countries is quite developed. In Russia, more than 25 large manufacturing plants operate as basic enterprises. Thanks to the ease of manufacture load-bearing structures Numerous small and medium-sized enterprises began to specialize in their production.
With a fairly wide development of the market for light load-bearing and wall enclosing structures, industrial effective panels for building coverings are produced in limited quantities. At the same time, the combination of new construction and mass renovation of existing industrial buildings puts forward light panel structures of coatings as a priority in terms of quantitative indicators of supply and use.
Currently, there are three ways to install light metal coatings for buildings and structures:
Traditional sheet-by-pan (element-by-element) assembly of coatings using slow-burning mineral wool boards as insulation and multi-layer soft roll roofing;
Three-layer panels with metal sheathing or sheet assembly in the form of a three-layer structure with top and bottom metal sheets and;
Two-layer metal panel (mono-panel) of increased fire resistance with filling fire-retardant foam plastic of full factory readiness and polymer roof of increased durability.
Sheet assembly is the most labor-intensive and short-lived type of building cover. In addition, work on the device of such a coating is seasonal and cannot be carried out in wet and cold weather. However, this method of arranging light coatings is still the most common.
Experience in the operation of coatings from three-layer panels with metal sheathing c. large-span coatings turned out to be unsuccessful. When the snow cover melted on the buildings, the joints were depressurized due to metal deformation and leaks formed. Therefore, the leading foreign companies Partek (Finland), Hoesch and others refused to supply Russian market three-layer panels for covering buildings. In addition, metal coatings require a roof slope of at least 10%; valleys and junctions are difficult to solve in them.
Two-layer metal panels of increased fire resistance and full factory readiness do not have these shortcomings, which already bear the most durable of the existing ones - rolled polymer roofing (TU 5284-205-02494680-01).
Monopanels (Fig. 1) consist of a lower load-bearing steel galvanized profiled sheet H57-750-0.7 (0.8) or H60-845-0.7 (0.8) (GOST 24045-94), a filling that is difficult to combust (with zero flame spread index) Penrrezol foam plastic with a density of 80-100 kg / m and a top single-layer roofing with a durability of over 25 years. Usually the materials used here are Elon (TU 21-5744710-514), Elon-U (TU 38.305-8-324), Polikrom (TU 57741 001-46432362), Cromel (TU 57741 002-41993527 ), "Krovlelon" (TU951 25048396-054), etc. The latter material has a reduced flammability (belongs to the flammability group G2 according to GOST 30244).
The panels can be used in coatings, as well as walls of industrial, public and other buildings for 1-VI wind and I-V snow regions (SNiP 2.01.07-85) at an outdoor temperature of -60 - +45 ° С (SNiP 2.01.01-82 ).
The benefits of these panels include:
Increase in the overhaul life of the coating before repair by 4-5 times;
Reducing the installation time of the coating by 5-8 times;
- - the possibility of using panels in buildings up to the II degree of fire resistance inclusive;
- - the possibility of using for any roof slopes from minimal (even zero) to vertical for attic solutions;
- - ensuring high quality, reliability and durability of polymer roofing, effective design any junctions on the roof;
- - the possibility of storage and installation in all regions of the country under any weather conditions;
- - the possibility of transportation by any means of transport over long distances;
- - lower cost of the panel in comparison with foreign analogues;
- - production of panels from materials only of domestic production, certified in accordance with accepted standards. Insulation - filling foam "Penorezol" with a density of 80-100 kg / m 3 has a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.041 W / (mK) (in working condition for conditions B) and is difficult to combust (when exposed to fire does not burn and does not emit toxic gases). Monopanels with this foam plastic belong to the fire hazard class of structures K1 (15) according to GOST 30403.
It should be noted that the nomenclature of the thickness of the insulation placed over the steel profiled sheet in monopanels is 80 - 140 mm.
Drainage
- External drainage for roofs made of corrugated asbestos-cement or steel sheets- constructively conditional.
- External drainage in heat-excessive and unheated cold rooms is technologically necessary.
- In buildings that are not heated permanently or periodically - internal drainage is unacceptable.
For internal drainage (as a rule) - slopes - 2.5-10%.
With internal drainage - the location of the intake funnels, outlet pipes and risers - is assigned in accordance with the size of the coverage area and the outline of its cross section. From the riser to underground part drainage network, which can be made of concrete, asbestos-cement cast iron, plastic or ceramic pipes, depending on local conditions.
To ensure reliable water drainage to the internal drainage network. of particular importance is the design of roofing valleys. Required slope towards funnels - layer lightweight concrete change in the thickness of the forming watershed.
With the inside - parapets, with the outside - cornices.
In places of adjunction to parapets, etc. – 3 additional layers of rolled or mastic materials.
Internal drainage system: drain funnels, risers, discharge pipelines, outlets to the sewer.
The waterproofing of roofs at the places of installation of drain funnels is achieved by sticking on the flange of the funnel bowl the layers of the main waterproofing carpet reinforced with 3 mastic layers reinforced with 2 layers of fiberglass or fiberglass.
When draining through the internal drain - uniform placement of drain funnels over the roof area. The maximum distance between the funnels on each longitudinal centerline should not be >: for sloped roofs - 24m
Estimated consumption rainwater - according to the formulas of SNiP.
When determining the estimated catchment area, an additional 30% of the total area should be taken into account vertical walls adjoining the roof and rising above it.
Maximum catchment area per funnel I ≤ 700 m 2 .
600÷1200m 2 - with pitched.
900÷1800m 2 - with flat.
Binding: to the longitudinal axes -450mm,
to transverse - 500mm.
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The arrangement of the roof of industrial buildings is a rather complicated issue, therefore, its solution must be approached with all responsibility. the main problem, as a rule, consists in rather large dimensions, which greatly complicate the installation work.
For industrial buildings, practical options are chosen that are economical, because in this case there are no special conditions for the decorativeness of materials. Buying industrial premises, and find suitable option can on http://www.tdlinvest.ru/ don't skimp too much on possible repair roofs, after all, durability is also important here. At the moment, there are three most popular solutions for creating roofs for industrial facilities:
1. Bituminous materials are a very durable option, such a roof is waterproof, resistant to mechanical damage, elastic, withstands severe temperature changes and is airtight. However, they can only be used for flat roofs or roofs with a slight slope, and repairs will have to be done quite often.
2. Mastic materials- Another option for flat roof. They are more durable and wear resistant than bituminous materials. Such a roof is not afraid of ultraviolet and low temperatures. It provides good sound insulation and will last about 20 years.
3. Decking is the most popular solution for arranging sloping roofs of industrial facilities. It is very important that the sheets are distinguished by high waves, which make the roof stronger and more rigid. This material tolerates temperature fluctuations well, is light in weight, which makes installation relatively easy, and is durable (approximately 20 years).
Roof decking for industrial buildings
For the arrangement of roofs of industrial buildings, roofing corrugated board is used, which differs from ordinary profiled sheets by significantly greater rigidity and higher waves. This material is made of galvanized metal, famous for its durability. On sale you can find corrugated board with various polymer coatings, which determine its resistance to corrosion and durability.
Profiled sheets are characterized by environmental friendliness and fire resistance, in addition, they are produced in various color solutions. Although external aesthetics is not as important for industrial buildings as for civil buildings, such an abundance color options allows you to greatly ennoble the appearance of the same warehouse or hangar.
One of the main advantages of roofing corrugated board is its light weight, which makes the installation process much easier. The profiled sheet roof has a high bearing capacity and a long service life. With proper installation, profiled sheet roofing will provide high tightness and will not require special maintenance or care during operation. The corrugated board is perfect for covering roof structures of a simple configuration.
Of course, corrugated board has its drawbacks, among which it is especially worth noting low sound insulation, the likelihood of leaks and the possibility of metal corrosion in places devoid of a protective layer. It is the materials listed above that are most often used to create roofs over industrial buildings, although other options are possible.
REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF ATTIC TYPE COATINGS
The technical condition of the coating to a decisive extent determines the mode of operation of the building as a whole. Therefore, in the process of reconstruction, it is advisable to perform not just repair of the coating, but also the implementation of a number of thoughtful and reasonable measures that are aimed at increasing its reliability. One of...(Reconstruction of buildings, structures and urban development)
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Study of the thermoradiation regime of the premises of industrial buildings
In some industries, the main production processes associated with the processing of materials are accompanied by high-temperature thermal radiation. Workshops with a heat load of 50 W/m3 or more are called hot. Particularly high heat loads in hot shops in steel plants,...(Inspection and testing of structures of buildings and structures)
PRODUCTION BUILDINGS FOR PRINTING ENTERPRISES
The main structural elements of industrial buildings and their purpose The main elements of buildings are: foundations, walls, columns, interfloor ceilings, stairs, doors, window openings with filling and skylights, coverings and roofs. Separate elements of the building are shown in fig. 5.1. Foundation -...(Design of printing production)
LECTURE PLAN
External drainage from the coating.
Internal drainage from coatings.
Floor requirements.
Effects on floors.
Structural elements of floors.
Types of floors.
Roofs of industrial buildings.
Methods for draining rain and melt water from the coating.
Floors of industrial buildings.
1. Roofs of industrial buildings
As previously noted, the roofs of industrial buildings operate in difficult operating conditions. In addition to the effects of the external and internal environment, the strength and water tightness of the roof are affected by uneven settlement of the building, temperature deformations, shrinkage of reinforced concrete flooring, vibration, and others.
The material and design of the roof is prescribed mainly depending on the slope of the coating and the type of impact. By type of materials, roofs are divided into rolled, mastic, asbestos-cement and metal.
Roll roofs are one of the most common in domestic and foreign construction practice. They are made of roofing felt, roofing felt, hydroisol and polymer films.
Roofs made of roofing material, roofing felt and hydroisol are arranged in four layers with slopes up to 2.5% and three-layer - with slopes from 2.5 to 10%. Two-layer roofs are recommended for slopes from 15 to 25% and only on heat-resistant mastics. For sticking roofing material, roofing felt and hydroisol, hot and cold mastics with different heat resistance are used. Hot tar, bitumen and bitumen-rubber mastics in a waterproofing carpet are applied in layers of at least 2 mm, and cold bitumen and bitumen-latex-cookersalt - at least 1 mm. To increase the service life of rolled roofs, they are made low-slope (1.5-2.5%) and covered with a protective layer of gravel embedded in hot mastic.
Amendment No. 2 to DBN V.2.6-14-97 “Structures of buildings and structures. Coatings of Buildings and Structures” Gosstroy of Ukraine has legally prohibited the use of traditional cardboard-based roofing felts with a covering mass of oxidized bitumen (such as RCP, RKB, etc.) in the design and installation of roofing carpets and prescribed the use of modern rolled roofing bitumen-polymer materials on non-rotting bases with a coating mass of modified bitumen.
Roll roofs are among the labor-intensive structures. In order to mechanize work on their device, welded roofing materials are used, glued by heating a thickened cover layer or plasticizing them with a solvent. Another means of reducing labor intensity roofing works and consumption of materials is the reduction in the number of layers of rolled carpet. These requirements are better met by polymer and bitumen-polymer rolled roofing materials from domestic ones, these are butylcor, bitulizol, hydrobutyl and armohydrobutyl. These materials allow you to arrange reliable roofs from a single layer.
Abroad, instead of sticking films to the base, they use the free laying method. So in the ASP this method is used to perform up to 50% of all single-layer roofs. From sheets produced with a width of 15 m and a thickness of 1.1 and 1.5 mm, cards with an area of up to 900 m 2 are pre-glued. After laying them, they are loaded with a layer of gravel 40-50 mm thick or fastened with screws with special washers.
Mastic roofs have high-rise waterproofing properties, are resistant to atmospheric and mechanical influences. They are made from hot bitumen or rubber-bitumen mastics or water-based bitumen emulsions. The operational qualities of mastic roofs are significantly increased when they are reinforced with fiberglass, fiberglass, chopped fiberglass and when a protective layer is made of fine gravel.
The number of layers of mastic and reinforcing pads is from two to four, depending on the slope of the roof.
Mastic roofs are performed using liquid polymer-based compounds (silicol, thiokol, etc.). such roofs are arranged on a massive concrete base; a reinforcing fabric is laid dry on it and a liquid polymer composition is applied. To protect against abrasion, the polymer layer is dyed after vulcanization.
Table 8.1 shows the physical and technical properties of some materials recommended for waterproofing carpet.
Roofs of industrial buildings operate in harsh operating conditions. In addition to the impacts of the external and internal environment, the strength and durability of the roof is affected by the uneven settlement of the building, temperature deformations, shrinkage of reinforced concrete flooring, vibration, etc. As a building envelope, the roof is affected by different temperatures. As a rule, the temperature of its lower surface is close to the room temperature, and the temperature outer surface varies in a very wide range: from -50 o C in winter to +100 o C on a sunny summer day. At the same time, the roof must reliably protect interior cold in winter and hot in summer.
Therefore, the choice of material and construction of the roof is a crucial design stage in the reconstruction of industrial buildings.
In domestic and foreign practice, soft roofs are most widely used.
In industrial buildings, combined coatings are usually used. standard design, which are economically unacceptable for use due to the top location of the waterproofing carpet.
As a waterproofing roll material in flat roofs, not so long ago, roofing felt was considered the most affordable and cheapest. As practice has shown, the physical and mechanical properties of the roofing material do not at all correspond to Russian climatic conditions, its heat resistance does not exceed plus 70 ° C. In addition, ultraviolet radiation and ozone activate the aging processes of the roofing material, lead to coking and cracking of the surface of the material. Under the influence of moisture that enters through cracks, the cardboard base of the roofing material is destroyed, as a result of which, after 3-5 years, instead of a protective coating, a water-soaked mixture of bitumen and cellulose is formed.
As a result, delaminations, swellings, cracks and holes are formed on the rolled roof, which require repair or complete replacement of the roofing.
Roof repair is one of the most important problems in building reconstruction /82/.
Minor defects are eliminated by cutting the rolled carpet, opening and clearing the damaged areas to the places of high-quality adhesion of the glued layers or to the base, drying the damaged area and gluing an additional two-layer waterproofing layer on hot bituminous or cold insulating mastic with an overlap of up to 100-150 mm on undamaged sections of the roof. Patches on the repair areas before the sticker are covered with mastic over the entire surface.
Depressions and depressions up to 15 mm deep are eliminated by cutting out the entire deformed area, repairing the screed and gluing 2-3 layers waterproofing material on insulating mastic with an overlap of up to 100 mm on undamaged sections of the roof, followed by smearing around the perimeter with mastic.
The materials used for the repair and the materials of the roof being repaired must be compatible in chemical composition.
Complete replacement roofing roll coating produced with a loss of strength or water permeability of the waterproofing carpet, as well as with significant delamination of the roofing. When changing the roofing, measures are taken to prevent moisture insulator.
In the event that it is necessary to replace the insulation, it is disassembled, the screed is inspected and, if necessary, it is restored or replaced with a new one. The vapor barrier that has become unusable is replaced with a film one, which is laid freely or glued on mastic.
The disassembled insulation is sorted for suitability for reuse and dried to the standards established by SNiP. Required thickness the insulating layer is determined by thermotechnical calculation. After laying the insulation on the surface of the insulating layer, a leveling screed is arranged, and then a rolled carpet is glued or a mastic roof is arranged.
Before sticking the rolled carpet, it is necessary to prime the leveling screed using a pneumatic installation, which consists of a heating tank and a spray gun. For the primer, bitumen dissolved in gasoline or kerosene is used, as well as bitumen-polymer or polymer compounds that increase the adhesion strength of waterproofing materials to the base. The type of primer depends on the waterproofing material used.
At present, new high-quality insulating roll materials have been developed and are being used, made of a durable non-rotting base such as fiberglass, fiberglass or polyester impregnated with high-quality modified bitumen binder ( rubitex, petroflex, bipol, bikrost, bikroelast, linocrom, ecoflex, mostoplast, various types of technoelast, uniflex and others modern materials given in the works of Yu.N. Domozhilova and others /27/ and A.N. Shikhov and D.A. Shikhov /111/.
New materials withstand temperature extremes, are biostability, high strength and resistance to atmospheric phenomena.
For the manufacture of these materials, bitumen is modified with SBS polymers (styrene-butadiene-styrene elastomers) or IPP (isotactic polypropylene), which significantly increases its elasticity and heat resistance (up to 85-120 ° C), and also increases the durability of insulating materials based on it (up to 20-30 years). These materials withstand temperature extremes, are biostability, high strength and resistance to atmospheric phenomena.
A sufficiently large thickness of new waterproofing materials (from 3 mm or more) can significantly reduce the layering of the roof compared to roofing felt, as well as significantly increase the safety of work, since gluing these materials is carried out using a propane burner by melting the lower surface of the material and pressing it tightly to the base (Fig. 4.15).
With the gas-melted method of sticker Welded roll materials use propane-butane three-torch burners and a liquefied propane-butane mixture, which, when burned, forms a stable flame and heats up the bitumen-polymer layer of the deposited material, which liquefies and acquires adhesive properties. First, the end of the rolled material is glued to the prepared base for a length of 0.5 m, after which the roll is loaded into a rolling roller and glued along the melting of the cover layer to the base surface heated to a temperature of 120 ° C and rolled with a roller weighing 80-100 kg. When sticking with the melting method, it is necessary to ensure that the heat from the burner is evenly distributed over the width of the roll.
Fig.4.15. Installations for the mechanized sticker of the built-up rolled materials
a) with plasticization of the adhesive layer by heating: 1-roller; 2- roll of welded roofing material; 3- burner for liquid or gaseous fuel; 4- container for fuel; 5- direction of movement; b) with plasticization of the adhesive layer with a solvent: 1- a tank with a solution; 2- rollers wetting the adhesive layer; 3- roll of welded roofing material; 4- skating rink; 5- installation frame; 6- parking lock
Sticker of roofing materials with plasticization of the adhesive layer with a solvent(Figure 4.15, b) is carried out by applying a solvent (toluene, gasoline, kerosene, white spirit, etc.) to the surface of the rolled material. The solvent is applied as it is pasted by gravity through the spreader. The solvent supply is regulated by a special valve. The final rolling, smoothing and rubbing of the glued panel occurs 6-15 minutes after gluing.
At present, as a meltdown of waterproofing roofing materials, roof installations infrared radiation, which create uniform heating of the glued sheets over the entire width without areas of overheating and underheating. For the production of work, a special roofing machine is used, which mechanizes the process of heating, laying and rolling a new layer of material (Fig. 5.82). The rolling of rolled materials is carried out during the production of roofing works, which ensures high quality works. In the roofing machine, the emitter (2) generates infrared radiation, which heats up the surface of the base (6) and the cover layer of the material (3). During the movement of the machine, a molten mass of bituminous mastic is formed in the form of a roller (4), which fills all the cavities when gluing the waterproofing carpet and the base, and the melt exit along the edges of the roll seals the seams and makes it possible to judge the quality of the gluing. The roller (1) creates the required pressure for gluing the waterproofing material, which ensures the quality of work on the installation of the roofing carpet.
Rice. 5.82. Roofing machine (a) and the process of fusing a waterproofing carpet (b):
1 - stitching shaft; 2- infrared emitter; 3 - cover layer of waterproofing material; 4 - molten mass of bituminous mastic in the form of a roller; 5 - body roofing machine; 6 - heated base surface
The use of built-up technology provides the possibility of laying a rolled roof all year round.
With the development of a rolled deposited SBS-modified bitumen-polymer material (Uniflek "VENT"), intended for the manufacture of the lower layer, it became possible to install a "breathing" roofing carpet (Fig. 5.83).
Rice. 5.83. Scheme for removing water vapor from under the roof
material - Uniflek "VENT"
When such a material is welded under the new roof carpet, channels are formed that ensure the distribution of steam formed under the roof and reduce the likelihood of swelling of the roof carpet. Water vapor is removed through parapet outlets or wind vanes (Fig. 5.84).
Rice. 5.84. Device for removing water vapor through parapet outlets (a)
and weathervanes (b)
Water vapor is discharged through the weather vanes, which enter the insulation in the winter period from the internal volume of the room due to the pressure difference between the internal and external air. This technology has proven itself in the reconstruction of existing rolled roofs, when an additional layer of insulation is required.
During the reconstruction of rolled roofs with internal drains it is recommended that instead of the old weir funnels protruding from the roof plane, weir funnels be installed in the roof plane (Fig. 5.85).
At the same time, a new spillway funnel is installed in place of the old one in a layer cement-sand screed, on top of which a layer of SBS-modified bitumen-polymer roll material (Uniflec "VENT") is laid. Then, two layers of waterproofing from Technoelast (lower layer of the EPP brand and upper layer of the EKP brand) are fused onto the layer of rolled material (Uniflec "VENT").
Rice. 5.85. Scheme of installation of a spillway funnel in the plane of the roof
This combination of roofing materials ensures the distribution of steam generated under the waterproofing roof and reduces the likelihood of blistering of the roofing mat, which is especially important in areas where weirs are exposed to water.
Considerable attention during the reconstruction of the rolled roof should be given to the junction with pipes, which should protrude at least 500 mm from the roof surface. To seal the roof, conical seals are put on the pipes at their installation sites, which, with the help of a sealant and a crimp clamp, fit snugly against the pipe. A variant of the device for adjoining the roof to the pipe is shown in Fig. 4.19.
Rice. 4.19. The device for adjoining the rolled roof to the pipe: 1- reinforced concrete slab coatings; 2- vapor barrier; 3- insulation;
4- cement strainer; 5 - the lower layer of the roof (uniflex VENT)
6 - an additional layer of roof laid with a topping down; 7- pipe seal; 8- crimp collar; 9- sealant
During reconstruction flat coverings in addition to rolled materials, glass-reinforced mastic roofings and non-rolled cold mastic roofings are used, the use of which allows for complex mechanization of work, reducing material costs and Money 2-6 times in comparison with the device of rolled roofs.
For rolling roofs use perchlorovinyl polymer compositions, as well as emulsion bitumen or bitumen-polymer mastics. These include: polyurethane-bitumen mastic "Thiobit", 2-component cold polymer mastic "Biturel", bitumen-rubber mastic "Rebaks" and "Venta", chlorsulfo-polyethylene mastic "Krovelit", etc. These mastics retain elasticity in the temperature range from minus 50 to plus 100 0 C and have a tensile strength of more than 3.5 MPa.
Rollless roofing mastic coating consists of ground, waterproofing and protective layers with a total thickness of 10-15 mm. Cold mastics can be applied to wet substrates that must be strong and non-deformable. When making mastic roofs, special attention should be paid to the device expansion joints, the distance between which is determined by calculation.
New roofing waterproofing materials include polymer roll membranes which are made from EPDM (ethylene propylene rubber), TPO (thermoplastic olefins) or PVC
(polyvinyl chloride). They are distinguished by high reliability and durability and do not lose their elasticity down to a temperature of -50 ° C. The service life of the membranes is more than 30 years.
Some membranes have a 1 mm artificial felt backing and an adhesive edge along the length, with which the membranes are glued together. The felt backing allows air to pass through and ensures the removal of condensate from the insulating layer of the roof, and also protects the coating from damage during operation. The presence of an adhesive edge on the membranes makes gluing seams an extremely simple operation and creates a strong and durable connection.
Total thickness polymer membranes is 2.5 mm with a membrane thickness of 1.5 mm. Polymeric membranes are laid, as a rule, in one layer. Covering with polymeric membranes provides a high speed of installation, regardless of the configuration of the roof and weather conditions.
For cases where special reliability and an absolute guarantee for roof waterproofing are required, a two-layer polyethylene membrane with a layer of bentonite clay is used. Bentonite clay in a closed space does not let water through even under pressure. The polyethylene membrane provides strength to the system and prevents erosion of the bentonite.
Roofing membranes have a flammability group G1, which allows them to be used on roofs without restrictions on the area without fire cuts. The membranes can be made in any color, which allows to satisfy almost any architectural design.
When laying polymer membranes, mechanical or ballast fastening to the insulating layer is used, as shown in Fig. 5.86.
Rice. 5.86. Mounting polymer waterproofing membranes with mechanical (a) or ballast (b) fastening
Mechanical fastening is carried out using special fasteners (telescopic dowels, self-tapping screws, galvanized metal washers and other fasteners), the length of which is chosen in such a way that there is a gap between the lower end of the fastening and the base structure for rebounding the compressed thermal insulation material(Fig.5.87).
Rice. 5.87. Fastener options for waterproofing membranes
The use of telescopic dowels prevents membrane rupture during vertical deformations of the roofing.
for welding roofing membranes apply automatic welders"Liester Varimat" (220 V-4000 W or 380 V-5000 W), which can regulate the temperature (Fig. 5.88).
Rice. 5.88. Automatic welding machines "Liester Varimat"
With ballast fastening (Fig. 5.86, b) first, a loosely laid coating of a polymer membrane along the perimeter of the roof is glued onto a strip of polymer mastic 100 mm wide, and then loaded with a layer of gravel mixture, which protects the roof from mechanical damage, exposure to snow, wind and sun during operation.
The main advantages of polymer membranes are:
Durability, reliability and high maintainability;
Possibility of carrying out roofing work all year round;
Fast, convenient and economical installation; - frost resistance, high technical and fire-prevention characteristics;
Wear resistance, water resistance with a high degree of vapor permeability;
Resistant to weathering and bacteria;
Low weight of the membrane (1.6 kg/m2).
In recent years, elastic waterproofing coatings have been used for the installation and restoration of rolled roofs. , made from a modified water-based bitumen-polymer emulsion (liquid rubber)(Fig.5.89). When repairing old soft roofs can be applied without removing the worn waterproofing mat. The layer thickness is 2 mm and corresponds to a 4-layer roofing felt. The technology makes it possible to perform waterproofing works with an area of up to 1000 m 2 in one shift. The main advantage of such waterproofing is the absence of seams and joints to perform work on surfaces of any slopes with numerous adjunctions.
Rice. 5.89. Application of seamless waterproofing based on " liquid rubber»
. Fast-curing one- and two-component systems in the process of cold application to the protected surface immediately acquire the properties of high-quality seamless waterproofing, resistant to ultraviolet radiation and sudden changes in temperature. The material has high elasticity and adhesion to concrete and metal surfaces, is designed for rapid spraying, and is characterized by the simplicity of junctions to vertical surfaces. Can be applied on damp substrate. The coating technique is simple. The base element from an aqueous emulsion of bitumen with the addition of a polymer is mixed with a second component from an aqueous solution of calcium chloride, which accelerates the hardening of the main component. The compositions are applied through a spraying device in the form of a two-channel rod, mixing at the outlet, and harden after 5-20 seconds, turning into a seamless rubber membrane. The thickness of the waterproofing coating of 2 mm corresponds to a roofing felt roof of 4 layers.
In heated industrial premises, insulated combined coatings are used. Properly selected thermal insulation increases the thermal resistance of the coating, which reduces heating costs by reducing heat loss.
Due to the fact that insulated combined coatings are built according to old thermal engineering standards and do not meet modern requirements for the thermal protection of buildings, therefore, the problem of increasing the level of thermal protection of these buildings is especially acute, since real losses of thermal energy through these structures are usually 2-4 times exceed the established standards.
In order to establish the required additional thickness of the insulating layer, it is necessary to carry out a heat engineering calculation in accordance with the requirements of SP 50.1330. 2012 Updated edition of SNiP 23-02-03 " Thermal protection buildings."
Currently, a variety of heat-insulating materials based on glass wool, mineral wool, expanded polystyrene (primarily extruded), polyurethane foam, etc. are used for roof insulation.
It is important that plate heat-insulating products can be used in the form of two insulating layers different densities. Upper layer, due to the vertical direction of the fibers, has a high resistance to mechanical stress. He's on long sides The boards have tongue-and-groove edges and a top surface lined with fiberglass, which is an excellent basis for a waterproofing carpet. The dimensions of the upper and lower layers of the heat-insulating material are different, which eliminates the possibility of through seams in the insulating layer. For additional ventilation, slabs with ventilation grooves can be used as the top layer, which, when laid, should be directed to the edge of the roof (Fig. 5.90).
Rice. 5.90. Laying the top layer of thermal insulation boards with ventilation grooves
Modern thermal insulation boards are used both in new and in additional insulation already existing roofs when laying them on the old waterproofing. Due to the specific properties of the material, mechanical stresses and thermal deformations old design roofs are not transferred to a new thermal insulation layer. In addition, the new thermal insulation layer covers all the unevenness of the old waterproofing layer.
On roofs of a standard design, heat-insulating boards are laid below the waterproofing layer, which takes on all mechanical and climatic influences, being at risk of damage, as a result of which they quickly fail. In order to protect the waterproofing layer and increase the durability of the combined coating of industrial buildings, it is advisable to use the technology of inversion roofing when reconstructing the roof.
According to the concept of inverted roofing heat-insulating plates are placed on top of the waterproofing layer and covered with a ballast layer. This roof construction is safe and durable, as the waterproofing layer is protected from impact. external temperatures and ultraviolet radiation; it is not subjected to mechanical stress and the service life of such a roof is more than 50 years (Fig. 5.91, a).
Rice. 5.91. Installation of an inverted roof (a) and an additional insulating layer in existing coatings:
1 - surcharge layer of gravel; 2 - protective layer of geotextile; 3 - insulation; 4 - waterproofing carpet made of bitumen-polymer roll materials; 5 - slope-forming layer of lightweight concrete; 6 - reinforced concrete floor slab; 7-new roofing carpet; 8- new layer of insulation; 9 - existing roofing carpet; 10- cement-sand screed; 11- existing thermal insulation
Laying an additional layer of insulation boards is carried out directly on the old roof (Fig. 5.91, b), which makes it possible to avoid labor intensive processes removal of the old waterproofing carpet and repair of the screed. Newly installed rigid mineral wool boards with fiberglass embedded in the top surface (eg URSA XPS) form the ideal base for a new roof waterproofing coating, which is bonded to the additional layer of insulation by welding.
In case of application as an additional heat-insulating layer extruded polystyrene foam instead of gluing a waterproofing carpet, you can use a surcharge layer of crushed stone.
In recent years, when reconstructing the roof, they use metal seam roof /72/ providing complete reliability and tightness. For its manufacture, thin-walled galvanized steel with a thickness of 0.55-0.65 mm is used with a protective coating of polyurethane mastic (Fig. 5.92, a).
Galvanized steel comes in the form of rolls and with the help of a special electromechanical seaming tool directly on the roof turns into a panel picture. Roofing paintings are fastened with the help of clamps, which are hidden under the seam and do not require holes in the roof itself (Fig. 5.92, b).
There are folded joints recumbent and standing, single and double. The lateral long edges of the steel strips, running along the slope of the folded roof, are connected with standing folds, and the horizontal ones with recumbent ones.
Fig.5.92. Roofing from galvanized sheet (a) and fastening
roofing cards using clamps (b)
Roofing pictures are made from rolled metal, which can be used as galvanized steel with a polymer coating, copper, aluminum, aluzinc, zinc-titanium and other metal alloys, which can be of any length, which allows you to completely get rid of transverse seams (a single panel map for the entire slope). In the case of a long slope, floating clamps are used to take into account the temperature deformations of the metal.
Mounting metal roofing made from the installation of load-bearing roof racks. Racks are made of single or paired bent profiles with a C-shaped section 100-150 mm high and installed in increments of 2.5-3.0 m. anchor bolts 150-200 mm long.
The height of the racks is taken depending on the required thickness of the insulation layer and the gap of 30-50 mm, provided for natural ventilation of the space between the roof and the surface of the insulation.
Bowstrings made of paired bent profiles of channel section 100 mm high made of steel 0.8-1.0 mm thick are attached to the racks, which are placed along the roof slope in increments of 1.0-1.5 m. -shaped section with a height of 40 mm with a pitch of 300-500 mm, except for sections 1.0 m wide along the roof perimeter, where the pitch is reduced to 250 mm, since in these sections the design load from wind suction is doubled in accordance with the standards.
Roofing sheets are interconnected along the longitudinal edges with the help of a folding machine, which forms a double fold at the junction, while fixing the clamps in it. Such a joint ensures complete watertightness of the connection of sheets without sealing material with a roof slope of at least 7%. With smaller slopes, a sealant is introduced into the longitudinal joints of the sheets in the form of a paste or mastic.
In construction practice, examples are known when the length of the roof slopes made using this technology reached 108 m without transverse joints.
The main thing that distinguishes a roof made of metal is its durability, which for a roof made of copper is more than 100 years, of aluminum and its alloys - at least 80 years, and of galvanized steel with a polymer coating - at least 50 years.
When reconstructing industrial buildings, for additional illumination of the internal space, instead of traditional skylights, honeycomb polycarbonate systems are used, for example, lock systems of the ACRYSET type (Fig. 5.93).
. 
Rice. 5.93. Mounting options for the polycarbonate system "AKRYSET" (a) and details
mounts (b-d):
1-polycarbonate plastic cover; 2- docking profile; 3- rubber seal;
4-plastic lining; 5- support from aluminum profile
The cellular polycarbonate system "ACRISET" consists of a supporting aluminum profile and rubber seals made of heat and light resistant rubber, allowing fastening polycarbonate with a thickness of 6 to 23 mm.
Polycarbonate panels measuring 1500 x 6000 and 3000 x 6000 mm are installed through plastic linings on aluminum profile supports and closed with plastic polycarbonate covers at the joints
Another type of horizontal translucent structures is the locking polycarbonate system. , consisting of panels in the form of trays 600 mm wide, 12000 mm long and a U-shaped locking connecting element (Fig. 5.94).
Rice. 5.94. Castle polycarbonate system:
1 polycarbonate tray panel; 2- U-shaped lock; 3- fixing anchor;
4- metal run; 5- end cap; 6- screws
The locking system is mounted on metal girders using stainless steel anchors. AT assembled the coating is a single membrane that does not have through holes.
5.6.34. Repair and reconstruction of floors
The floors of industrial buildings must meet the following requirements: have high mechanical strength, even and smooth surface, non-slip, little wear and dust, be silent, have high chemical resistance and fire resistance, be waterproof, do not conduct electricity, be easy to repair and be industrial.
When repairing the floors of industrial buildings, it is necessary to pay attention to the search for coatings with higher performance characteristics or special technical properties(anti-slip, with sound-absorbing base, with antistatic properties, etc.).
Repair of cement, concrete and mosaic floors usually consists of partial or complete resurfacing.
In recent years, device technology has been developed high-strength dust-forming cement and concrete floors, which can be used in the repair of conventional cement and concrete floors. A feature of their device is the application of cement mortar or concrete mix a special compactor in the form of a powder and grinding it during the setting of the mortar or concrete. As a result, a floor is created, the strength of the surface layer of which increases two or more times.
Currently finding applications that do not require special care, floors based on polymer or cement-polymer compositions.
Polymer concrete and plast concrete floors applied to concrete or reinforced concrete bases, previously cleaned, dust-free and primed with a solution of polyvinyl acetate dispersion.
Polymer concrete mixture prepared from portlancement, plasticized polyvinyl acetate dispersion, sand, crushed stone, pigment and water. After laying the polymer concrete coating after 3 hours, cover with burlap or roll material and moisturize for 3 days.
For the manufacture of cement-polymer floors used dry cement-polymer compositions, which created in the factory and delivered to customers in bags. Preparation for the application of cement-polymer compositions consists in cleaning the surface of the base, dedusting it and priming it with an aqueous solution of latex or polyvinyl acetate emulsions. A cement-polymer composition is applied to a fresh primer with a layer thickness of 4-10 mm. When installing floors, the polymer composition is laid on beacons. The thickness of the laid layer is 6-10 mm. The surface of the floor during laying is smoothed until a smooth, uniform surface is obtained. To obtain a non-slip surface, the freshly laid coating is rolled and sprinkled with dry quartz sand. Complete polymerization of the coating occurs after 24-48 hours, after which it can be used. At correct operation polymer floors can be used for 15 years or more.
In crowded places, as well as getting on them chemical reagents or mechanical impact best to use epoxy (plaso-concrete) floors.
Plast concrete floors contain epoxy resin, aggregate (sand, marshalite or stone chips), plasticizer (dibutyl phthalate), solvent (acetone) and hardener (polyethylene polyamine). Well-dried sand and epoxy resin with a plasticizer are heated to 60 0 C, thoroughly mixed and cooled to 20-30 0 C. Then a hardener is introduced into the resulting mixture with constant stirring. The prepared mixture is applied with a layer of 2-15 mm on the base surface, primed with epoxy resin, strongly diluted with acetone.
Self-leveling floors- these are universal self-leveling systems with different colors with a coating thickness of 0.5-1 mm or 1.5-3 mm. For their manufacture, composite compositions are used, which consist of two components - the main and hardening. The main component is a viscous-liquid mass of a given color, which is obtained by introducing nitro enamels or finely ground pigments into the polymer composition. Self-leveling floors are applied to the prepared concrete surface, which is coated with a special primer - a primer. Then the first layer of the polymer composition is applied, which is a two-component composition mixed in a certain proportion with quartz sand. After 12 hours, another layer of self-leveling self-leveling floor is applied, which hides the roughness of the first layer and is a kind of fixer. Next applied finishing layer bulk floor. In the manufacture of a polymer floor, there are no joints and seams, which is important for maintaining cleanliness in the room (Fig. 5.95).
Fig.5.95. Appearance self leveling screed
If it is necessary to obtain an elastic floor surface, it is better to use a polyurethane coating, and in the manufacture of wear-resistant and high-strength surfaces, epoxy compounds are used. A very important feature of self-leveling floors is the absence of sparks from hitting them. metal objects Therefore, they are used in explosive industries.
Currently, for the repair of floors of industrial buildings, polymer coatings:
Water-dispersed based on epoxy resins;
Based on polyurethane resins.
Polymeric floor coverings /47/ have high chemical resistance, hygiene, aesthetic qualities and ease of application and low maintenance costs. Polymer floors have a fairly high elasticity. They withstand strong thermal loads associated with the passage of boiling water.
Epoxy resin floors are arranged on the cleaned surface of an existing cement or concrete floor, on which an epoxy primer is applied by the “painting” method using a velor or polyamide roller. Can be applied to freshly laid concrete. They have a thickness of 1.5-2.0 mm and have high mechanical strength and chemical resistance. They are self-leveling coatings, provide leveling of the surface microrelief and protection of the base from wear. The self-levelling epoxy coating is applied by hand, spreading with a spatula and then rolling with a spiked roller.
Coatings based on polyurethane resins have effective resistance to abrasive wear, high resistance to dynamic and vibration loads, the ability to bridge cracks in a concrete base up to 0.7 mm.
High-strength polymer coatings reinforced with quartz sand 2-3.5 mm thick, resistant to harsh operating conditions (vehicle spikes, drawing on the surface various items etc.). The durability of the coating is 12-15 years. Floors have maximum resistance to the entire spectrum of damaging effects on the floor. Withstand the movement of heavy equipment and cargo (Fig. 5.96).
Rice. 5.96. Epoxy floor composition
1 - epoxy coating; 2 - quartz sand; 3 - epoxy primer; 4 - existing cement floor; 5 - concrete screed; 6- concrete preparation; 7 - base soil
Service life with intensive wear up to 30 years. When using colored quartz sand, they have a decorative surface.
The main operations for applying polymeric