Types of roofing of industrial buildings. Roof classification: construction, types, forms, elements. Coating structures of industrial buildings with roofs made of rolled and mastic materials

2)

By floor:

mixed operation.

By number of flights:

single-span;

multi-span.

By the presence of lights:

lanterns;

lampless.

By capital:

According to the degree of durability:

1)less than 100 years old

2)less than 50 years old

3) at least 20 years

1) crane

2) craneless

Frame:

with reinforced concrete frame;

with metal.

Frameless:

1) Solid building

2) pavilion building

1) flying

2) cell

3) hall

Data for the design of industrial enterprises.

When designing an industrial building, it is necessary to take into account all the conditions for creating the required conditions for the planned technological processes. The developed project must strictly correspond to the purpose of production, take into account its technological and specific features. The issue of designing communication and engineering networks and systems is important, since the uninterrupted operation of their operation is essential for production.

Most modern industrial and industrial buildings have rectangular shape and are characterized by large spans, the height of the premises and the ability to withstand heavy loads from installed equipment. Typical span dimensions are determined by technological processes and can range from 6 to 36 meters. Industrial buildings equipped with cranes have typical spans 18, 24, 30, 36 meters. Lifting and vibration equipment has a great influence on the building, therefore, when designing the building frame, it is especially necessary to take into account the operating mode of such equipment. Crane tracks crane equipment can be of cantilever / suspension type and on independent racks. When designing building structures, all mechanical effects from the installed equipment are taken into account. In addition to issues related to production technology, when designing industrial buildings, many other parameters are taken into account: fire safety, explosion hazard of production, the degree of aggressiveness of the production environment, environmental safety, safety and comfort of production, and others. The design of the building must fully satisfy the purpose of the structure, be reliable, durable and most economical.

The main requirements for buildings and determined by:

• technological process;
• rational layout of equipment;
• sufficient strength and durability of building elements;
• profitability;
• possibility of construction industrial methods;
• creation favorable conditions building operation;
• safe and comfortable conditions people's work;
• high quality architectural and artistic solution.

Question 18

B)


Attachment to the parapet
a) operated roof; b) non-exploited roofing on a covering of steel corrugated boards;
1 - reinforced concrete slab coatings; 2 - steel corrugated board; 3 - protective layer of cement-sand mortar or asphalt concrete; 4 - main waterproofing carpet; 5 - additional waterproofing carpet; 6 - separating layer; 7 - a side from a heater; 8 - cement-sand mortar screed; 9 - waterproofing carpet made of elastomeric or thermoplastic film with mechanical fastening to corrugated board; 10 - sealant; 11 - parapet slab; 12 and 13 - protective apron; 14 - galvanized steel; 15 - combined rivet; 16 - wall panel; 17 - mechanical fastening; 18 - additional insulation; nineteen - wooden block antiseptic and antipyretic; 20 - screw; 21 - non-combustible mineral wool insulation; 22 - fence; 23 - thermal insulation.
1.1.31. With external drainage, the eaves of the roof must be reinforced with one layer of an additional waterproofing carpet with a width of at least 250 mm, made of roll material glued to the base under the roof (with roll roofs) or from one layer of mastic with one reinforcing gasket (for mastic roofs).
1.1.32. The ridge of the roof with slopes of 3.0% or more must be reinforced to a width of 150-250 mm on each side, and the valley - to a width of 500-750 mm (from the inflection line) with one layer of an additional waterproofing carpet made of rolled material glued to the base along longitudinal edges.
1.1.33. When used as a base under the roof of a prefabricated screed, fixed mechanically to the metal corrugated sheet, in the roofing project (in the project for the production of works), a roofing detail should be given with the layout of the screed elements (plates) in such a way that the fasteners fall into the upper corrugation of the corrugated board.
1.1.34. In roofs with grass cover, special funnels are used with a drainage ring to drain water and additional elements made of plastic.

The maximum distance between the water intake funnels of unused roofs should not exceed 36 m

The location of the funnels in the plan should have a single standard reference to the longitudinal staking axes, equal to 450 mm, to the transverse axes, equal to 500 mm.

Decking

For the installation of the roof, the profiled flooring must be selected very carefully, namely so that its length is not less than the length of the roof slope.

In this case, transverse joints are excluded, and, at the same time, the moisture-proof qualities of the roof increase, and the laboriousness of its manufacture decreases.

If the roof slope is longer than the corrugated board, it is convenient to install it with masonry in the direction from the bottom row to the top.

The joints of the profiled sheet along the slope should be overlapped and filled with sealant.

Between the top roofing sheet and thermal insulation, you need to leave a ventilated gap up to 40 mm high.

As a rule, sheets are laid parallel to the eaves, horizontally aligned, with an overhang of 20 - 40 mm over the eaves. Adjacent sheets are fastened with one self-tapping screw.

The fastening of the corrugated board to the elements of the wooden crate is carried out using self-tapping screws, which are installed without pre-drilling a hole.

Screws with a hex or flat head can also be used, under which a plastic washer is installed.

Fastening rules roofing sheeting the following:

1. in longitudinal joints, the fixing step of the flooring should not exceed 500 mm;

2. from the side of the wind bar, the corrugated board is attached to each purlin;

3. corrugated board is attached at the place where the wave (trapezium) fits to the crate;

4. sheets are attached to each wave (trapeze). It is allowed to fasten the flooring through a wave (trapezium) to intermediate crates.

Fastening profiled sheets with nails is not allowed due to the possible separation of profiled sheets under the influence of wind.

To save decorative properties the corrugated board should be washed annually with soapy water.

MONOPANELS - ROOFING SYSTEMS

Monopanels are one of the novelties of hard roofing, roof covering of complete complete readiness for industrial and civil construction.

The finished roofing monopanel is completed at the factory. It can be said that they begin to cover the roof in the factory. The base of the monopanel is usually a load-bearing steel galvanized profiled sheet of the H57-750-07 type (painted or unpainted), followed by a layer of vapor barrier, then thermal insulation and the main roofing - a waterproofing membrane or also metallic profile, but lighter than at the base, profile. The use of monopanels is universal, from almost flat roofs up to 45°. Laying is done end-to-end, on flat roof with a small slope, the seams are rubbed with a solution and covered with a sealant, mechanically fixed, and the seams are sealed with a hermetic tape such as "Guerlain", "Polykr". Work can be carried out at any time of the year, wetting of the insulation is excluded. At the base of the trusses, the panels are laid out along the girders, the joints are insulated with a tape sealant for vapor barrier, in order to prevent the penetration of vapors and moisture from the inside of the room. The body of the panel itself is fastened with self-tapping screws, and the attachment point is sealed additionally.

A monopanel allows you to reduce labor intensity by several times, arranging a “full pie” by mounting one sheet (monopanel).

In addition, the weight of such a structure is significantly reduced, since there is no need for battens and counter-battens. This means that the entire roof structure becomes lighter. It is also easier to transport a monopanel, the insulation and waterproofing are preserved in the configuration, protected on both sides by a profile or a membrane. The profile also ensures the fire safety of the structure.

Sometimes monopanels are made on the basis of membranes, but then their use can be attributed to soft roof. And the top layer membrane needs additional protection- gravel dressing or geotextile layer.

So, there is a monopanel up to 12.4 m long based on the Cromel polymer. As a heater in this design, the filling thermal insulation "Penorezol" is used with a layer thickness of 50, 80 and 100 mm. During installation, for sealing seams, it is used self-adhesive tape Cromel-2.

"Sandwich panels"

A variety of monopanels for prefabricated buildings, a class of multilayer structures in which the heat-insulating layer is clamped on both sides by a galvanized profile. Sandwich panels are divided into wall, roof and finishing (reconstruction and insulation of old buildings).

Each type of panel has a number of design features. Due to the specifics of our collection, let's take a deeper look at roofing panels.

According to their characteristics, sandwich panels are lightweight, durable and fire-resistant structures, which greatly facilitate the work of the roofer, performing at the same time heat, sound and waterproofing of the roof.

It is preferable to use panels on roofs with a slope of 8 °, as well as for strengthening and insulating interfloor ceilings with a span of up to 6 m.

Thermal insulation in one layer 35-250 mm thick is made of rigid polyurethane foam based on polyisocyanate with fire-resistant additives with a density of 45-60 kg/m3 (154). As you can read in the section on thermal insulation, polyurethane foam has some of the best performance heaters. The foam filling the space between the profiled sheets consists of small closed cells containing foaming gas with low thermal conductivity.

Roof sandwich panels used for roofing of buildings and structures for industrial and commercial purposes. The outer surfaces of the panel skins have a corrosion-resistant coating that is highly resistant to abrasion, acidic environments and ultraviolet radiation. The necessary additional elements are manufactured and supplied.

Application area:

For roofs industrial buildings operated in following conditions:

Non-aggressive and slightly aggressive environments (painted panels - chemical-resistant coating, weather-resistant, etc.);

Relative Humidity air - up to 60%;

Degree of fire resistance - IV;

Outside air temperature 60°С

The thickness of the insulation, taking into account the change 3;

run spacing - 3 m, panel length up to 12 t

The cell walls are impervious to liquid gases, which retains the original characteristics of the insulation for a long time.

By varying the thickness of the polyurethane foam< получаем панель необходимого назначения с х теристиками для определенной зоны примене

The enclosing planes of the sandwich-panel are 2 profiled sheets with a thickness of C 0.8 mm. The profile is made of hot-rolled or cold-rolled galvanized enameled or stainless steel.

The insulation fits snugly against the skin; that and free cavities.

Sandwich panels are produced with a protective; corrosive or waterproofing film sheets.

The sandwich panel is delivered to the customer in a complete set, full factory readiness, ready for immediate installation in all weather conditions (155).

At the ends of the panels they have a strong special lock, which makes it possible to obtain, when mounted on a monolithic structure.

Fasteners must be properly selected. sandwich panel manufacturers, the hardware of the SFS company, which produces kr? elements and develops creg technologies

SDT screws are optimal in terms of dynamic loads of temperature, wind and mechanical influences.

Typically, roofs for industrial and agricultural purposes, sports, warehouses, and refrigerators are made from sandwich panels. In addition, polyurethane foam is low-flammable, therefore, buildings made of sandwich panels belong to buildings of IV-II degrees of fire resistance.

Technical characteristics of a sandwich panel produced at the Zainsk plant of metal structures "Timer":

Width - 750 mm;

Length to order - up to 7.2 m;

Weight 1 m2 -19.4 kg;

Insulation thickness - 110 mm;

Thermal conductivity of polyurethane foam - 0.023 W / mK;

Density - 45 kg/m3.

The profile is made of steel sheet 0.5 - 0.8 mm thick, hot-dip galvanized with a layer of primer without etching and with a special coating, or stainless steel.

carrier layer- H57-750 mm.

Roof trusses

Roof trusses are divided into types:
- FPS - for coatings with pitched roof
- FPM - for coatings with a low-slope roof;
- FPN - the same, with prestressed truss racks
- FP - for coverings from slabs with a span length.

Connections depending on the slope of the roof and the placement of expansion joints

foundation beams

Columns. For the perception of vertical and horizontal loads in industrial buildings, separate supports - columns are provided. In modern industrial construction, prefabricated prefabricated reinforced concrete columns of rectangular or square section are mainly used. Prefabricated reinforced concrete columns are used for buildings with and without overhead cranes. For craneless buildings with a height of up to 10800 mm, rectangular columns of 400x400 and 500x500 mm are used for extreme columns, 400x600 and 500x600 mm for medium

a - for craneless; b - with cranes; c - two-branch columns for crane spans; 1 - column of the extreme row; 2 - the same, middle row.

For the frames of buildings equipped with overhead cranes, columns of rectangular and two-branch sections are used. They consist of two parts: over-crane and under-crane. The over-crane part - the over-column - serves to support the supporting structure of the coating. The crane runway part transfers the load to the foundation from the overhead column, as well as from the runway beams, which rest on the ledges of the column console. The extreme columns of crane spans have a one-sided ledge - a console, the middle ones - two-sided consoles.

Foundations. Reinforced concrete foundations in prefabricated or monolithic design are arranged under the columns of the building frame. They are designed, as a rule, in a stepped form (see the diagram below).

a - monolithic; b - prefabricated; 1 - concrete column; 2 - reinforced concrete column; 3 - embedding with concrete; 4 - gravy with a solution.

Foundation beams. They serve to transfer the load from the outer and inner walls of the building to the foundations of the columns. Foundation beams for external walls are carried out beyond the edges of the columns, and for internal walls they are placed between the columns along the line of their axes. The beams have a tee (see the diagram below) or a trapezoidal cross section. The length of the main beams with a column spacing of 6000 mm is 4950 mm, with a spacing of 12000 mm - 10700 mm.

a - tee section; b - trapezoidal; c - cross sections; g - supporting beams on the foundation.

The gaps between the ends of the beams and foundations are filled with concrete. Waterproofing is arranged on the upper surface of the beams. Heaving soils from under the beams are removed and sand or slag bedding is made.

Lanterns.

U-shaped. 6m long - with a span of 18m. 12m - in other cases.

Anti-aircraft: point (easier) and panel. Lantern length should be< 82м, если больше делается разрез = шагу колонн.

For the device of overhead light and aeration, special upper adjustments are accepted - Lanterns.

Lanterns and their structures, as well as coatings and wall fences, experience a complex set of different influences: power, mechanical (vibration, dynamic loads), temperature deformations, and the impact of the internal environment (chemical biological reagents). Best of all, these requirements are met by metals, less often (due to weight) - reinforced concrete.

Flashlight classification:

By appointment:

a) light - intended only for lighting inner space workshops.

b) aeration - intended only for ventilation.

c) light-aeration.

According to the cross-sectional profile:

A) rectangular

B) trapezoidal

B) triangular

D) M-shaped

D) shed

E) Anti-aircraft

Designs of lantern devices: lantern trusses or frames and plywood panels.

Enclosing structures of lanterns: coatings, side elements, glazing.

Rigidity connections - are arranged according to lantern devices according to the principle of a truss connection device.

Clerestory.

Skylights made of plexiglass are made in a point (dome) and extended version. They allow you to evenly and actively illuminate the premises located under them with natural light. Translucent domes are installed over the holes in the roof slabs; vaults - above the hole formed by the passage of the slab. Lanterns consist of a steel cup of trapezoidal section, installed above the hole in the cover; wooden support frame, wound into upper part glass, and translucent fencing in the form of two-layer domes or vaults. The thermal insulation properties of the coating are preserved due to the sealed air gap located between the plexiglass shells. Steel cups are installed on sealing gaskets and welded with embedded elements or elements adjusted to the plates. They are painted with enamel, white on the inside. The wooden support frame is made from antiseptic wood. She presses the ruberoid carpet to the top of the glass. The joint is covered with a galvanized steel apron. The translucent organic glass elements rest on a wooden support frame through sealing gaskets made of profiled rubber. They are screwed to the frame with screws. The heads of the screws for protection against corrosion are installed in a washer covered with a cap. Drilling holes for screws is done after gluing washers. The joints of the elements of the vault are sealed with profiled gaskets made of frost-resistant rubber and covered with curved plexiglass linings.

The concept of industrial buildings. Classification of industrial buildings by purpose.

Industrial buildings are designed to accommodate production. By appointment, they are divided according to the branches of production where they are used.

Industrial buildings consist of individual buildings designed to carry out the production process.

Structural elements of an industrial building:

pavement structure, consisting of the bearing part (beams and trusses) and the enclosing part (slabs or pavement elements);

crane beams installed on the console of the columns (if the building crane type)

lanterns providing additional daylight and ventilation;

vertical barriers (walls, windows, partitions, doors);

special connections (horizontal and vertical), providing spatial rigidity of the building.

Classification of industrial buildings by purpose:

production (mechanical assembly, repair);

energy (CHP, transformer substations);

transport and storage facilities (warehouses, garages);

auxiliary (administration premises).

2) Classification of industrial buildings

By floor:

one-story (heavy industry);

multi-storey buildings (light industry);

mixed operation.

By number of flights:

single-span;

multi-span.

By the presence of lights:

lanterns;

lampless.

By capital:

1st class (maximum requirements)

5th grade (minimum requirements)

According to the degree of durability:

1)less than 100 years old

2)less than 50 years old

3) at least 20 years

According to the availability of lifting and transport equipment:

1) crane

2) craneless

According to the material of the main load-bearing structures:

Frame:

with reinforced concrete frame;

with metal.

Frameless:

with brick walls and reinforced concrete covering;

metal or wooden structures;

According to the space-planning decision:

1) Solid building

2) pavilion building

Depending on the location of the internal supports:

1) flying

The main purpose of the roof is to protect the building from above from atmospheric precipitation, as well as from temperature fluctuations, solar radiation and wind. The shape of the roof is divided into pitched and flat. The shape of the roof must match the architecture of the building and its configuration.

Depending on the regime of temperature and humidity of the upper building envelope, roofs are divided into ventilated and non-ventilated.

By purpose, exploited and non-exploited roofs are distinguished.

Pitched roofs are divided into attic and non-attic. Attic roofs, in turn, are made with a cold or warm attic. And barren roofs are cold, which are located above unheated rooms and warm - above heated ones.

Gable or gable has two planes that rest on the walls, and they must be located on the same level. The triangular parts of the side walls between the slopes are usually called gables or gables.

A shed roof should be supported by its supporting structure (rafters, truss, etc.) on the walls, but already at different levels.

A hipped roof is one that has four triangular slopes, and their tops converge at one point.

A hip or four-slope roof comes from the connection of two trapezoid-shaped slopes and two triangular ones, which are called hips.

A semi-hip or gable roof has cut tops in the form of triangles.

The gable roof of an industrial building has a smaller slope of the slopes and their greater width and length, in contrast to the gable roof of a residential building.

In addition to these types, there are also vaulted roofs, folded, domed, multi-gabled, spire-shaped, etc.

A roof with an internal drain is very common in modern industrial and residential construction.

Mansard roofs are made in cases where attic space is planned to be used for housing or for official purposes.

Flat roofs should have a slope of up to 2.5%. They are organized in the form of platforms, they can be used for solariums, cafes and other needs. Although flat roofs are much more expensive than pitched roofs, the savings in operating costs outweigh this disadvantage.

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Roof classification. The main purpose of the roof is to protect the building from above from atmospheric influences (rain, snow, fluctuations in outdoor temperature, solar radiation and wind). The penetration of water and cold into the building, as well as overheating of the roofs by the sun's rays, lead to their destruction.

The shape of the roof is divided into pitched and flat. The shape of the roof is determined by the architecture of the building and its plan configuration.

According to the design of the roof, attic and non-attic roofs are distinguished.

Depending on the temperature and humidity conditions of the upper building envelope, non-attic (combined) roofs are divided into non-ventilated and ventilated.

By purpose, exploited (tanning beds, sports grounds, cafes, etc.) and non-exploited roofs are distinguished.

Pitched roofs are attic and non-attic.

Attic roofs are made with a cold or warm attic. Non-attic roofs can be cold (over unheated buildings) and warm (over heated buildings). Atticless roofs are arranged both in residential and public, and in industrial buildings for industrial and agricultural purposes. In industrial buildings, light-aeration lamps are often arranged on the coatings.

A shed roof (Fig. 1, a) rests with a slope on the outer walls located at different levels.

Rice. 1. Roof shapes:
a - single-slope, b - gable, c - hipped, d - hip (four-slope), d - half-hip, e - gable with a lantern, g - vaulted, h - folded, and - domed, k - cross vault, l - gable, m - spire-shaped, n - spherical shell, o - from oblique surfaces, n - with an internal drain, p - flat, operated

A gable roof (Fig. 1, b) consists of two planes resting on walls located on the same level. The triangular parts of the end walls between the slopes are called tongs.

The hip roof (Fig. 1, c) has four triangular slopes, the tops of which converge at one point.

The hip (four-pitched) roof (Fig. 1, d) is formed from the connection of two trapezoidal slopes and two triangular end slopes, called hips.

The semi-hipped (gable) roof (Fig. 1, e) has cut tops above the end walls in the form of triangles (hips).

The gable roof of an industrial building with a longitudinal lantern (Fig. 1, e) differs from the gable roof of a residential building by a smaller slope of the slopes and a greater width and length.

A vaulted roof (Fig. 1, g) in cross section can be outlined by an arc of a circle or another geometric curve.

A folded roof (Fig. 1, h) is formed from the connection of individual trapezoidal elements - folds.

The domed roof (Fig. 1, i) is a half-ball in shape with a continuous support along the ring on a cylindrical wall.

The cross vault (Fig. 1, j) consists of four closed arched vaults.

A multi-gable roof (Fig. 1, l) is formed from the connection of the slopes of the planes. The ends of the walls under the gable planes are called tongs.

The spire-shaped roof (Fig. 1, l) consists of several steeply dipping triangular slopes, closed to the top.

The spherical shell (Fig. 1, l) is similar in outline to a dome, but rests on the base at separate points. The space between the supports is usually arranged translucent.

The roof of oblique surfaces (Fig. 1, o) consists of several gentle planes resting on the walls.

A roof with an internal drain (Fig. 1, p) is widespread in modern industrial and civil construction.

Flat roofs (Fig. 1, p) have a slope of up to 2.5%. They are arranged in the form of playgrounds and used for dispensaries, open cafes and other purposes. Although flat roofs are more expensive than pitched roofs, the savings in operating costs make up for this disadvantage. Recently, new roof structures made of reinforced concrete prefabricated panels have become widespread.

Roof structures. The main structural elements of roofs include load-bearing structures, vapor barrier, thermal insulation and roofing.

Bearing structures perceive the load from their own weight, snow mass, wind pressure and transfer these loads to the walls or individual supports. The load-bearing structures are prefabricated reinforced concrete panels, complex prefabricated roof panels (with heat and waterproofing layers or only with a waterproofing layer), monolithic reinforced concrete, steel profiled decking, wooden rafters and trusses, asbestos-cement slabs.

Vapor barrier is arranged from rolled bituminous, polymeric film or coating materials.

Thermal insulation is arranged from lightweight concrete, bitumen-perlite, expanded clay, mineral wool, perlitoplast concrete, perlitobitumen, perlite-phospho-gel plates, etc.

The roof is made of rolled, mastic and piece (tiles, asbestos-cement slabs, steel and wooden decking) materials.

Roofs made of prefabricated reinforced concrete panels are non-exploited and exploited, non-attic (Fig. 2, a) and attic (Fig. 2, b).

Rice. 2. Prefabricated reinforced concrete non-attic (a) and attic (b) roofs:
1 - roofing carpet, 2 - lightweight concrete panel, 3 - water intake funnel, 4 - mineral wool insert, 5 - roofing material strip, 6 - triangular support element, 7 - supporting frieze panel, 8 - fencing, 9 - reinforced concrete roofing panel, 10 - flashing plate, 11 - reinforced concrete drainage tray, 12 - bearing beam for the tray, 13 - insulated floor panel of the upper floor

Precast concrete roofs suit six types:

1. attic with waterproofing with mastic or paint compositions (rollless roofing);
2. attic with a roof made of rolled materials;
3. non-attic from single-layer panels made of lightweight or cellular concrete;
4. non-attic of multi-layer complex panels, consisting of two reinforced concrete panels, between which an effective heat-insulating material is laid;
5. bare with load-bearing panels made of heavy concrete; on which slabs of effective insulating materials are laid;
6. non-attic building execution of a multilayer structure with backfill insulation and a coupler under a roof from rolled materials.

In accordance with the Instructions for the Design of Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Roofs of Residential and Public Buildings (VSN 35-77) Gosgrazhdanstroy adopted the following definitions for all roofs.

Attic - a volume limited by a covering, frieze walls and an attic floor.

Covering - the upper enclosing structure, which simultaneously performs load-bearing, waterproofing, and with non-attic (combined) roofs and with warm attics, also heat-insulating functions.

Roof - the top element of the coating, made of waterproof materials and protecting the building from atmospheric precipitation.

Protective layer - a roofing element that protects the waterproofing carpet from mechanical damage, direct exposure to solar radiation.

Otter - a furrow under a ledge formed by an overlap of masonry or a protruding board.

Attic roofs suit with a cold or warm attic.

Rice. 3. Structural elements of the coating:
1 - crossbar of the frame (beams, trusses), 2 - bearing element of the coating, 3 - vapor barrier, 4 - insulation, 5 - screed, 6 - roof, 7 - protective layer

Non-attic (combined) roofs perform the functions of load-bearing and enclosing structures of the upper floor of buildings. The construction of a non-attic roof consists of the following elements (Fig. 3):

• supporting structure 2, which must meet necessary conditions strength, stiffness and fracture resistance during installation and in operating conditions;
• vapor barrier layer 3, which prevents the penetration of water vapor from the premises into the thickness of the roof structure (arrange if necessary);
• heat-insulating layer 4, providing the required resistance to heat transfer;
• roofing carpet 6, which is arranged on a base of cement or asphalt screeds 5 or on the surface of composite panels.

Rollless roofs of residential buildings with more than five floors are arranged with an internal drainage system (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Construction of industrial rollless reinforced concrete roof for large-panel residential buildings:
a - roof plan, b - longitudinal section; 1 - roofing panel, 2 - reinforced concrete flashing: 3 - ventilation shaft, 4 - unified three-sided panel of the drainage channel, 5 - funnel trays, 6 - emergency overflow device, 7 - support element, 8 - anchor element of the fascia panel, 9 - fascia panel

A non-ventilated non-attic roof consists of a row of reinforced concrete slabs 2 laid in the coating (see Fig. 3).

The ventilated non-attic roof is a covering of lightweight box-shaped panels - asbestos-cement slabs. At the same time, supply and exhaust air vents are provided in the design of the plates for ventilation of the internal cavity.

Complex panels of coatings of increased factory readiness (Fig. 5) combine load-bearing, steam and heat-insulating functions. They consist of two-layer slabs, the lower layer (bearing base) of which is made of heavy reinforced concrete, the upper one is made of cellular concrete or expanded clay concrete, foam plastic, fibrolite. Complex panels can be of various designs. As a bearing base, a precast prestressed slab is sometimes used.

Rice. 5. The design of a complex panel of coatings of increased factory readiness:
1 - roofing carpet, 2 - screed. 3 - thermal insulation, 4 - vapor barrier, 5 - carrier plate

The roofing material of the RPP brand serves as a vapor barrier. The use of complex panels of coatings of increased factory readiness makes it possible to exclude, under construction conditions, operations for the installation of steam and heat insulation, cement-sand screed, base priming and waterproofing layers.

Roofs from monolithic reinforced concrete are carried out mainly in buildings with increased seismic resistance, as well as those subject to large dynamic loads.

Roofs made of steel profiled decking are widely used in industrial construction. The cover panel (Fig. 6, a) is made of load-bearing profiled decking and complex polystyrene foam or fiberglass and mineral wool boards increased rigidity. Galvanized steel profiles are used as load-bearing flooring for panels (Fig. 6, b). The seams between the panels are sealed with inserts (Fig. 6, c).

Rice. 6. Structure of galvanized steel profile coating panel:
a - coating panel, b - galvanized profiles, c - concrete insert into the corrugations along the edges of the steel roofing; 1 - roofing carpet, 2 - thermal insulation, 3 - vapor barrier, 4 - profiled flooring

Coating panels based on a metal profiled sheet of increased prefabrication are widespread. In such panels, called metal two-layer panels (sometimes monopanels), polyurethane or phenolic foam is used as a heater, which is foamed between sheet metal and a layer of rolled waterproofing material.

The rafters are divided into two types according to the structure: on-layer, resting with their ends and middle part (at one or several points) on the walls of the building, and hanging, resting only with their ends on the walls of the building (without intermediate supports).

According to the material, wooden and reinforced concrete rafters are distinguished. Wooden rafters are used as load-bearing structures in the construction of temporary buildings, agricultural buildings, in the construction of wooden or brick buildings in rural areas. Reinforced concrete rafters are used in the construction of buildings with large spans (industrial buildings).

Rafters (Fig. 7, a) are arranged when the distance between the supports (span) does not exceed 6.5 m. With one additional support, the width covered by the layered rafters can be increased to 10 ... 12 m, and with two supports - up to 15 m. The lower ends rafter legs 3 are supported in wooden chopped or block-beamed buildings on the upper crowns, in wooden frame buildings - on the upper trim, in stone buildings - on support bars 1 (Mauerlats). The location of the rafters depends on the size of the contour of the building in the plan and the presence of internal supports in it in the form of walls or columns.

Rice. 7. Layered (a) and hanging (b) wooden rafters:
1 - Mauerlat, 2 - filly, 3 - rafter leg, 4 - beam for supporting the diagonal leg, 5 - sprigs, 6 - diagonal leg, 7 - run, 8 - stand, 9 - headstock, 10 - brace, 11 - puff, 12 - support bar, 13 - sub-beam, 14 - overlay

Hanging rafters (Fig. 7, b) are two rafter legs 3, connected from below by a puff 11, which perceives the thrust. To reduce the deflection of the rafter legs for spans up to 8 m, a crossbar is cut parallel to the puff (between the puff and the top of the rafters), and for spans of more than 8 m, a headstock 9 is installed. staples, bolts and nails.

Farms are used in industrial construction at distances between walls and supports of 12 ... 36 m.

The truss consists of lower and upper chords and a grid of struts and braces enclosed between them.

Vapor barrier, performed under thermal insulation on load-bearing structures, protects the insulation from moisture penetrating water vapor from the room. Vapor barrier can be painted or glued in one or two layers, depending on the degree of humidity in the room.

Hot bitumen mastic or cold asphalt or bitumen-cooker-salt mastic is used as a paint vapor barrier.

For gluing vapor barrier, roll materials are used - roofing felt or glassine, glued on hot bitumen, cold bitumen or bitumen-cookersalt mastics.

Thermal insulation serves to protect the building from cold and overheating by the sun. Thermal insulation can be monolithic, prefabricated and made of bulk materials.

Monolithic thermal insulation is made from lightweight concrete mixtures, such as perlite concrete, expanded clay concrete, bitumen-perlite.

Prefabricated thermal insulation is made from prefabricated slabs. Such slabs are produced from lightweight cellular concrete mixtures, foams based on polyurethane foam, expanded polystyrene, mineral wool rigid and semi-rigid slabs, perlite concrete, etc.

Thermal insulation from bulk materials is made of expanded clay, shungizite, perlite, vermiculite, etc. Such thermal insulation is used in the absence of prefabricated heaters, as well as in prefabricated complex panels.

The roof is designed to remove atmospheric precipitation (rain, snow), as well as to protect the underlying premises from sharp fluctuations in the outside air, wind and sunlight.

In civil buildings, pitched roofs are arranged - attic and non-attic. The word "roof" is more inherent in civil buildings and where it performs a protective function. When combining the enclosing and bearing functions, the roof can be called a coating.

The shapes of the pitched roofs depend on the configuration and architectural features building. Coverings are single-pitched, gable, four-pitched (hip), tent, attic (Fig. 2.21.)

Figure 2.21 Various forms roofs. a - general view in section; b - four-slope; in - gable; g - tent; d - mansard; w-single-sided.

Coated called a set of structural elements that complete the building and protect it from the external environment. The inclined planes of the coatings, which divert atmospheric water, form slopes. There are the following types of coatings:

• - according to the magnitude of the slope: pitched, having a slope of more than 10 °; flat slope less than 10°;
• - according to the constructive solution: attic, semi-passage (with an attic height of 1-1.2 m), with a micro attic, non-attic (combined);
• - according to operating conditions:
• - roof-terraces designed to accommodate sports grounds, solariums, gardens, etc.;
• - roofs - "baths" filled with water in the summer and thereby reducing overheating of the premises of the upper floors;
• - non-exploited, arranged in most civil buildings.

Building coverings must meet the requirements of:

• - water resistance and weather resistance;
• - strength and stability;
• - durability, fire resistance;
• - industrialism;
• - economy.

By constructive device flat covers are: unatticed, with semi walk-through attics and attic(Fig.2.22, 2.23). The latter have an increased cost, however, the attic (technical floor) is used to accommodate ventilation shafts, engineering communications and to monitor the condition of the coating. For safe operation on flat surfaces, fences are arranged.

Exploited roof terraces arrange, as a rule, over barren roofs with roll waterproofing. The floor of the roof-terrace has a horizontal surface, and the roof has a slope of up to 25%. The floor of exploited roofs serves as a protective layer for waterproofing. It is made of stone or reinforced concrete (sometimes lined with ceramic tiles) slabs, freely laid on reinforced concrete pads, installed on the roof on asphalt lighthouses or on a layer of quartz sand with a thickness of at least 30 mm. For waterproofing terrace roofs, the most durable roll materials (hydroizol, etc.) are used, and the number of insulation layers is assigned one more than with non-exploited roofs. A continuous 2 mm layer of hot mastic is applied over the surface of the rolled carpet. Bituminous mastics are antiseptic with herbicides that prevent the germination of plants from seeds and spores accidentally brought onto the roof. Coatings can be insulated and cold.
Coatings of industrial buildings are arranged both flat and pitched with a slope of 5 to 30%. Flat covers can be refrigerated in summer time for this they are filled with water by 50-100 mm.

Drainage of combined coatings can be:

• - disorganized- with free discharge of water along the roof overhang; it is used as the cheapest in buildings up to three floors, but leads to moistening of the walls, the formation of frost and icicles on the eaves;
• - outdoor organized- with a slope of the roof towards the outer walls and with a system of gutters and downpipes;
• - internal organized- with a slope of the roof towards the water intake funnels with risers that divert water into the storm sewer.

Figure 2.22 Schematic diagrams(sections and structures) of non-attic roofs: a - diagram of a non-attic roof with a free spillway; b - diagram of a non-attic roof with an organized external drainage system; c - scheme of a barren roof with internal drains; d, e - constructions of non-attic non-ventilated roofs; e - constructions of non-attic ventilated roofs; g - general view of the combined coating; 1 - protective layer; 2 - roll carpet; 3 - coupler; 4 - base; 5 - insulation; 6 - bearing combined structure; 7- self-supporting insulation; 8- ventilated air; 9 - vapor barrier; 10 - supporting structure; 11 - plaster or grout

Figure 2.23 Attic roofs 1- cornice overhang; 2- wall gutter; 3- valley or groove; 4 - comb; 5 - skate; 6 - rib; 7 - ordinary strip; 8 - dormer window; 9 - tray; 10 - water intake funnel; 11- downpipe; 12- firewall.

Access to the combined flat roofs is carried out through special superstructures located above the stairwells and having marching stairs for lifting and quick evacuation from the pavement.

Asbestos cement roof

Asbestos-cement roofs are durable, fire resistant, light weight. Asbestos cement sheets laid on a crate of bars with a section of 50x50 mm and fastened with special nails or screws. Asbestos-cement tiles are laid with an overlap.

Metal roof

Metal roofs- steel (sheet and galvanized steel), laid on the crate (Fig. 2.24). They have a small mass, but require a large consumption of metal.

It should be noted that in reinforced concrete: non-attic roofs: high humidity insulation leads to the appearance of swelling in rolled roofs. Moreover, intensive formation of swelling occurs in the summer, when from exposure solar heat steam is released from the wet insulation, the excess pressure of the vapor-air mixture leads to local separation of the roof from the base.

Among the constructive measures that prevent the formation of blisters is the gluing of the lower layer of the roof to the base at certain points through the perforations of the roofing material with a diameter of 20 mm with a step between their centers of 100x100 mm. Such roofs are called "breathing" or with diffusion layers. The non-glued cavity formed between the roofing carpet and the base of the coating communicates with the outside air through the slots left in the cornices, parapets, etc. The surfaces of reinforced concrete slabs or cement-sand screeds and grouts, not covered with primed bituminous compounds, serve as the basis for such roofs. The base must be dry and thoroughly cleaned from construction debris and dust.

Figure 2.24 Device metal roofing: 1 - drain funnel; 2 - gutter; 3 - crutches; 4 - hook; 5 - layered gutters; 6 - standing fold; 7 - sheet steel; 8 - crate; 9 - rafter legs; 10 - Mauerlat.

Steel profiled leaves RANNILA are galvanized steel sheets 0.5 mm thick, coated on both sides with chemical paints in bright colors that protect steel from mechanical stress. The width of the sheets is 800-1200 mm, the maximum length is 10 m. The base is a crate of 40x100 mm bars, with a step of 200-300 mm, a slope of 25° to 40°.

metal tile WECKMAN– profiled sheets are made of sheet steel, hot-dip galvanized on both sides, coated with plastic on the outside, and primed and protective painted on the inside. The length of the sheets is equal to the length of the roof slope, the maximum is 6.5 m, the width is 1000-1200 mm, the sheet thickness is 0.5 mm, the wave height is 42, 47, 58 mm. Lathing step 350-400 mm, slope from 20° to 40°.

Traditional roofs for flat coverings- This roll roofing materials- roofing material and glassine, which are construction cardboard impregnated with bitumen and glued on bituminous mastic. Based on them, a built-up roofing material was created. 2 or 4 layers of roofing material glued together with bituminous mastic; glued to the surface of the screed by melting the deposited layer with a gas burner (Fig. 2.25.).

Rolled roofing and waterproofing welded materials of the third generation, such as isoelast, kineplast, novoplast, rubitex they are based on fiberglass, glass-elast, stekloizol, fiberglass, polyester, etc. with a double-sided application of a bitumen-mineral binder. The top layer can be sprinkled with vermiculite, colored granite chips on the front side and polymer film with reverse side preventing sticking; glued to the base with a gas burner. - Roll width 800-1000 mm, length 10-15 m.

Figure 2.25 Soft roofing felt: 1 - rafter leg; 2 - crate; 3 - oblique boardwalk; 4 - glassine on nails; 5 - roofing material on the bridge; 6 - roof board

Tiled roof device

Tiled roof device. Clay and cement tile roofs are fire resistant, durable and require little maintenance and repair. The slope of the tiled roof is usually taken to be 50% (grooved 20-33%) Under the roof, a crate of 5x5 cm is usually arranged. The tiles are laid in horizontal rows, starting from the bottom, above the eaves. tiles hooking it to the crate. After that, laying is carried out sequentially row by row.

Table 2.4 Technical and economic characteristics of some types of roofs of residential buildings (per 1m 2)

The design of the roof and the choice of roofing material is determined at the design stage and depends on the design of the facade of the building and the roofing technology. The choice of the type of roof, materials for its installation, its design, slope depends on climatic conditions, operation, architectural requirements, the degree of capitalization of the building.

Roof - the upper enclosing structure of the building, which performs load-bearing, waterproofing and, with non-attic (combined) roofs and warm attics, heat-insulating functions.

Roof - the upper element of the roof (covering), which protects buildings from all types of atmospheric influences.

The roof of the building consists of the following elements: inclined planes called slopes (1), which are based on rafters (2) and lathing (3). The lower ends of the rafter legs rest on the Mauerlat (4). The intersection of the slopes forms inclined (12) and horizontal ribs. The horizontal ribs are called the ridge (5). The intersection of the slopes, forming the incoming corners, create valleys and grooves (6). The edges of the roof over the walls of a building are called cornice overhangs(7) (located horizontally, protruding beyond the contour of the outer walls) or gable overhangs(11) (located obliquely). Water flows down the slopes to the wall gutters (8) and is discharged through the water intake funnels (9) into drainpipes(10) and further into the storm sewer.

1) Cornice plank; 2) Lathing board; 3) Falling beam of the counter-lattice; 4) waterproofing film; 5) Rafter leg; 6) Skate; 7) Sheets of metal tiles; 8) Sealer ridge; 9) Cap of the ridge; 10) Wind bar; 11) Drain pipe; 12) Pipe holder; 13) Drainage chute; 14) Chute holder; 15) Snow barrier; 16) Upper valley; 17) Lower valley; 18) Wall profile.

Roof classification

Depending on the slope of the slopes, the roofs are pitched (more than 10%) and flat (up to 2.5%). In individual housing construction, as a rule, pitched and sloping roofs are used. AT flat roofs possible formation of stagnant water on the roof and, as a result, the appearance of leaks in these places. The advantage of flat roofs is the possibility of using them for various purposes. According to the constructive solution, roofs can be attic (separate) and non-attic (combined). Attic roofs are insulated or cold. In non-attic (combined) roofs, the load-bearing elements serve as the ceiling of the upper floor of the building. Non-attic roofs are ventilated, partially ventilated and non-ventilated. According to the operating conditions, roofs are exploited and non-exploited. The type of roof is mainly determined by its geometric shape and roofing material. Depending on the shape of the roof, they can be single-slope, gable, three-, four-slope, multi-slope (Fig. 2).

shed roof (Fig. 2, a) with its plane (slope) rests on load-bearing walls having different height. This roof is most suitable for the construction of outbuildings.

Gable roof (Fig. 2, b, c) consists of two planes-slopes, based on load-bearing walls of the same height. The space between the slopes, which has a triangular shape, is called tongs or gables. A variation of the gable roof is the attic.
If the roof consists of four triangular slopes converging at one upper point, then it is called tent (Fig. 2d).

A roof formed by two trapezoidal slopes and two end triangular is called hip four-slope (Fig. 2, e). There are also gable hip ( half hip ) when the pediments are cut off (Fig. 2, f).

Gable roof of an industrial building with a longitudinal lantern (Fig. 2, g) differs from the gable roof of a residential building by a smaller slope of the slopes and a greater width and length.

vaulted roof (Fig. 2, h) in cross section it can be outlined by an arc of a circle or another geometric curve.

folded roof (Fig. 2, i) is formed from the connection of individual trapezoidal elements - folds.

domed roof (Fig. 2, j) in outline is a half ball with a continuous support on a cylindrical wall.

Multi-gable roof (Fig. 2, l) is formed from the connection of the slopes of the planes. It is arranged on houses with a complex polygonal shape of the plan. Such roofs are large quantity valleys ( inner corner) and ribs (protruding corners that form the intersection of roof slopes), which requires high qualifications when performing roofing work.

Cross vault represents four closed arched vaults (Fig. 2, k).

spherical shell (Fig. 2, o) in outline it is a vault, resting at several points on the base. The space between the supports is usually used for translucent lamps.

spire roof (Fig. 2, n) consists of several steep triangles-slopes, connecting at the top.

Roof from oblique surfaces (Fig. 2, p) consists of several gentle planes, based on load-bearing walls, standing at different levels.

Flat roof (Fig. 2, p) rests on load-bearing walls that have the same height. Flat roofs are most widely used in both civil and industrial construction. Unlike pitched roofs, on flat roofs they are not used as roofing pieces and sheet materials. Here, materials are needed that allow the installation of a continuous carpet (bituminous, bitumen-polymer and polymer materials, as well as mastics). This carpet must be elastic enough to perceive thermal and mechanical deformations of the roof base. The surface of the thermal insulation is used as the base, load-bearing plates, screeds.

In individual construction, as a rule, roofs are used, shown in fig. 2, a, b, c, d, e, f. The intersections of the roof slopes form dihedral angles. If they are turned downwards, they are called grooves, or valleys, if upwards, then ribs. The upper rib, located horizontally, is called the ridge, and the lower part of the slope is called the overhang.

To remove rain and melt water, external drainpipes are installed, through which water is discharged to a certain place and leaves the site through drainage ditches into street ditches. The magnitude of the slope of the slope and the durability of the roof depend on the material of the roof, as well as on climatic conditions (table).

Pitched attic roofs must be used in conditions good condition roofs, load-bearing structures of roofs, normal temperature and humidity conditions in attic spaces and timely repair of the coating.

I - attic; II - attic floor; III - supporting structure; IV - roof; 1 - constant loads (dead weight); 2 - live loads (snow, operational loads); 3 - wind (pressure); 4 - wind (suction); 5 - impact of ambient temperatures; 6 - atmospheric moisture (precipitation, air humidity); 7 - chemically aggressive substances contained in the air; 8 - solar radiation; 9 - moisture contained in the air attic space.

Pitched roof slopes and their durability

Roof material slope Service life, year Asbestos cement flat sheets, tiles 1:2 40-50 Corrugated asbestos cement sheets 1:3 40-50 Clay tile 1:1 - 1:2 60 and over Roof sheet steel black 1:3,5 20-25 Roof sheet steel galvanized 1:3,5 30-40 Roll materials two-layer, on mastic 1:7 5-8 Ruberoid on glassine 1:2 3-5 wooden shingles 1:1,25 5-10

1 - frame crossbar (beams, trusses); 2 - bearing element of the coating; 3 - vapor barrier; 4 - insulation; 5 - coupler; 6 - roof; 7 - protective layer.

a-g - for shed roofs; d, e - for gable roofs; g - plan for the device of rafters; 1 - rafter leg; 2 - rack; 3 - brace; 4 - rafter beam; 5 - crossbar; 6 - spacer; 7 - top run; 8 - bed; 9 - diagonal leg; 10 - short rafter leg.

a - truss spans of 6 m or more; b - the same, 12 m; 1 - crossbar; 2 - sleeper; 3 - brace; 4 - block; 5 - beams; 6 - puff; 7 - grandmother; 8 - brace.

1 - puff; 2 - pendant, or headstock; 3 - rafter leg; 4 - suspended attic floor; 5 - brace; 6 - emergency bolt; 7 - nails; 8 - roofing; 9 - two overlays; 10 - bolts; 11 - bolt dowels.

a, b - non-ventilated; in - ventilated; 1 - protective layer; 2 - roll carpet; 3 - coupler; 4 - thermal insulation; 5 - vapor barrier; 6 - ventilated channel; 7 - supporting structure; 8 - finishing layer.

Roof construction

Attic pitched roofs. The pitched attic roof consists of load-bearing structures and a roof. Between such a roof and the attic floor there is an attic used to accommodate ventilation ducts(boxes), piping, etc. With significant slopes, attic spaces are often used for built-in premises. The height of the attic in the lowest places, for example, at the outer walls, should be at least 0.4 m to allow periodic inspection of the structures. Into the attic in winter attic floors heat and moisture penetrate from the premises of the upper floor. The warmer the attic and the more thermally conductive the roofing material, the more condensation (hoarfrost) is formed. When the outside temperature rises, the condensate melts, causing rotting wooden structures and corrosion metal elements. Humidification of the attic can also occur as a result of the penetration of moist air from the stairwells, and therefore the density of the porch of doors and hatches leading to the attic is of great importance. A very important and effective measure against moistening the attic space is its ventilation. To do this, arrange ventilation holes under the eaves (supply holes) and in the ridge ( exhaust vents), as well as dormer windows. The bearing part consists of rafters, trusses, purlins, panels and other elements. The supporting structures of pitched roofs can be made of reinforced concrete, steel, wood in the form of rafters, building trusses and large panels. The choice of roof structure depends on the size of spans to be covered, the slope of the roof, as well as the requirements for durability, fire resistance and thermal properties (Fig. 3).

The most widespread are layered and hanging rafters.

Rafters (Fig. 4) consist of rafter legs, struts and racks. They rest with the lower ends of the rafter legs on the under-rafter bars - Mauerlats, and the upper ends on a horizontal beam, called the upper ridge run. The role of the Mauerlats is to create a convenient support for the lower ends of the rafters. The top run is supported by uprights mounted on internal supports. The distance between the posts carrying the ridge runs is taken equal to 3 - 5 m.

To increase the longitudinal rigidity of the rafter structures, longitudinal struts are placed at each rack. If the building has two rows of internal supports in the form of longitudinal main walls or pillars, columns and other elements, then two longitudinal runs are laid. Rafters are used in buildings with intermediate supports and spans up to 16 m in size.

Recently, prefabricated wooden layered rafters, prefabricated at the factory, have become widespread. A set of such rafters consists of separate structural elements and has an abbreviated name - rafter shield, truss truss. Perhaps such a device of layered rafters made of precast concrete. Roof trusses are used in the construction of roofs for buildings of considerable width that do not have internal supports. The construction truss consists of two rafter legs connected by a puff, which perceive the horizontal component of the forces transmitted to the support (thrust). With truss spans of 6 m or more, a crossbar is cut in, and with a span of up to 12 m, a headstock and struts are installed, which increase rigidity and reduce the deflection of the rafter legs (Fig. 5).

Roof trusses for low-rise civil and rural construction are made of beams and boards. Sometimes elements that perceive tensile forces in the lower belt or racks are made of steel. Such farms are called metal-wood. With four-slope or more complex forms roofs, diagonal slanted rafter legs are introduced, forming slopes of a triangular shape in plan, the so-called hips.

Laminated rafters are made of beams, boards and logs (see Fig. 4). The pitch of the rafters is taken depending on the material from which they are made, the type of roof and the section of the elements of the crate. In the manufacture of rafters from beams with a thickness of 180 - 200 mm, they are placed after 1.5 - 2 m, and from plates and boards - after 1 - 1.5 m. In buildings of considerable width, when the length of the rafter legs reaches 8 m, it is necessary to arrange intermediate reliance on internal walls. Beds are laid along these walls, racks and struts are installed on them, and then a run is installed on which the rafter legs rest.

At the intersection of the roof slopes, the rafters are made of diagonal and short rafter legs (see race 4, g). To protect the roof from being blown away by the wind, part of the rafter legs is tied to crutches driven into the outer walls with wire twists. All rafter interfaces are fixed with nails, bolts, staples. Reinforced concrete layer systems consist of reinforced concrete panels supported at the top on a ridge reinforced concrete run, and at the bottom on the outer walls of the building. The ridge run is supported by poles installed every 4 - 6 m. large panels reinforced concrete is used for single-pitched and gable roofs. Shed roofs arrange on ribbed panels measuring 6.4x1.2 m, laid with a slope of 5%, gable roofs- with a slope of 7 - 8%.

At present, complex multicomponent binders can be used for the manufacture of reinforced concrete foundations. Before laying the roof on the panels, a cement or asphalt screed is arranged. In the absence of intermediate supports in small spans of buildings up to 12 m, hanging rafters are used (Fig. 6). They are made from the same materials as the layered rafters, i.e. from beams, boards and logs. Hanging rafters consist of rafter legs and puffs. The upper ends of the rafter legs are connected with a slotted spike, and the lower ends are cut into a puff with a frontal notch and fastened with bolts.

Rough roofs. Non-attic roofs are divided into non-ventilated, partially ventilated and ventilated with outside air. Non-ventilated roofs are used in cases where the accumulation of moisture in the coating during operation is excluded. Such coatings can be made with thermal insulation combined with the supporting structure. The main elements of the combined roof are flooring, insulation, vapor barrier and roofing (Fig. 7).

The flooring is made of large-sized reinforced concrete slabs. different kind. A vapor barrier layer in the form of one or two layers of roofing material or glassine on the mastic is provided to protect the thermal insulation from moisture from water vapor penetrating from the side interior spaces. As a heater, slab and loose thermal insulation materials. A leveling layer (screed) of cement mortar is made on top of the thermal insulation. The roof is laid on the screed. It is made of rolled roofing materials in several layers. Stick them on cold or hot mastic. To protect the waterproofing carpet from damage, a protective layer is made in the form of mounds of sand or fine gravel embedded in upper layer mastic, or a layer of roofing material.

Non-ventilated roofs mounted from solid or multi-layer panels. Such panels manufactured in the factory are sealed with a sticker on the upper surface of the waterproofing carpet, and on the bottom and along the contour of the panel - by applying a layer of paint vapor barrier. Partially ventilated roofs have pores or channels in the panel material located in the upper thickness of the panel. Ventilated roofs have continuous air gaps that dry the coating in winter and protect it from overheating by the sun's rays in summer. The height of the air gap is 200 - 240 mm. Combined roof structure consists of several layers of materials (see Fig. 7):

• a load-bearing element, for example, a reinforced concrete slab, which is trimmed from below to the ceiling of the upper floor;
• vapor barrier from one or two layers of roofing material on mastic;
• insulation - slabs of cellular concrete or filling of expanded clay, slag and similar highly porous materials;
• roofing from rolled material, made of roofing material, roofing felt, etc.;
• a protective layer made of fine gravel or sifted slag embedded in the bitumen paint layer.

With a non-ventilated roof, a cement screed is arranged along the insulation. If the roof is not ventilated, the insulation screed is made of cement mortar. The roof fencing consists of struts and struts and looks like a vertical steel grating. Racks and struts have limbs at the bottom - paws with which they rest on the roof. The fences are fastened with capercaillie, driven into the roof sheathing through holes in the legs of the racks and struts. Parapets are arranged in the form of a solid stone wall with holes at the locations of drainpipes.

Regulatory requirements for modern roofs contained in in large numbers documents, and some of these documents are already obsolete, but, nevertheless, have not been canceled. Design should be carried out taking into account the instructions and restrictions of the current standards:

• SNiP 2.08.01-89, 1995 "Residential buildings";
• SNiP 2.08.02-89 "Public buildings and structures";
• SNiP 2.09.04-87 "Administrative and domestic buildings";
• SNiP 31-03-2001 "Industrial buildings" instead of SNiP 2.09.02-85*
• It is put into effect from January 1, 2002 by the decision of the Gosstroy of Russia dated March 19, 2001 N20;
• SNiP II-26-76 "Roofs" ( new edition of this SNiP was developed in 1999, but has not yet been introduced);
• SNiP II-3-79*, 1996 "Construction heat engineering";
• SNiP 3.04.01-87 "Insulating and finishing coatings";
• SNiP 21-01-97 " Fire safety buildings and structures".