Useful properties of mulberry. Mulberry, she is also a mulberry tree

General information

Mulberry belongs to the genus Morus L. Mulberry family (Moraceae). She also has other names: here, mulberry, tyutina, mulberry tree. The classification of mulberry is ambiguous. Scientists can not decide on the taxonomy of the genus Morus. According to one system, there are 10–12 species in it, according to another - 60–120. Such a range of opinions is due to the easy interbreeding of various species and their diversity.

Southeast Asia and Oceania is the place where the largest number of mulberry species grow (40 species or 57%). The second major center is the American continent (22 species or 21%).

Mulberries are generally recognized

red (M. rubra);
black (M. nigra).

They differ in the color of the bark, not the berries. White mulberries may have black berries, but their bark is lighter in color.

Mulberry trees are very durable. Under favorable conditions, they can live up to three hundred years or more.

Interesting! The Girey mulberry in Bakhchisarai is protected by the state. It grows in the kitchen courtyard of the Khan's palace. Its height is 9 m, girth is 5 m. Age is more than 300 years.

Kinds

White

It occurs in culture more often than other species. This tall (up to 30 m) powerful tree comes from East Asia. The crown is spreading or spherical. Shoots slightly pubescent or bare, gray color. The leaves are ovate with a sharp tip, there are three to five lobed. The tree is usually dioecious.

On male specimens, the flowers are collected in catkins up to one and a half centimeters long, on female ones - in spike-shaped inflorescences of pistillate flowers. After flowering, the perianths grow, forming seedlings - achenes.

Black

A native of Iran and Afghanistan, it is more thermophilic and photophilous than white mulberry. A tree up to fifteen meters high with a spreading crown. Can only endure mild winters Central Europe, but not ours, Russian. It is cultivated primarily for the sake of black sweet and sour fruits. In Central Asia, it occurs in the wild, its weeping form is common.

The leaves of the black mulberry are pubescent below, the fruits practically “sit” on the branches, the stigmas of the pistils are hairy. The leaves of this species are coarse, unsuitable for feeding the silkworm.

Red

Native to North America. Tree up to twenty meters high. In terms of winter and frost resistance, it is superior to white and requires the same growing conditions. It is believed that in Russia it is almost not cultivated, but, perhaps, it is simply not distinguished from other mulberries. It has juicy, sweet and sour fruits.

Biology

The mulberry is usually a dioecious plant. That is, on one tree there is only female flowers, and on the other - only men's. But there are also monoecious specimens (there are both male and female flowers on the same plant). And even in a separate inflorescence, both male and female flowers can be present. Male mulberry trees (shovkuny) do not bear fruit.

How to distinguish male plant mulberry from the female? It is impossible to do this before flowering. Heavy pruning and leaf removal can cause a tree to change sex.

To guarantee a harvest, it is necessary to plant mulberries propagated vegetatively, since it is impossible to guess whether it will produce a crop or turn out to be a barren "shovkun". Mulberry is characterized by parthenocarpy, that is, fruit set without pollination. The pollen is carried by the wind, pollinating the female flowers.

Campaign to the north

Mulberry is a very plastic culture, able to adapt to new, unusual conditions for it. There are few trees that can successfully grow and bear fruit far north of where they are habitually grown - and mulberry is one of them. The experience of its cultivation is known in central Russia, the Urals and Siberia: in Samara, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Khabarovsk Territory, Khakassia, Orenburg Region.

We have the most common white mulberry. Her homeland is China. It came to Europe in the 12th century and a hundred years ago it was a technical culture - it served as food for silkworm caterpillars.

IN middle lane White mulberry does not grow above 6 m. In cold winters, annual shoots freeze slightly, but the plant quickly recovers due to its high ability to sprout. At the end of May, simultaneously with the deployment of leaves, flowering begins. Shoot growth continues until frost. Mulberry yields annually.

When does mulberry ripen? Terms depend on the region of its growth and variety. It could be the end of May or August. But the berries do not ripen at the same time. The collection can take up to a month.

The first mulberry trees near Moscow were planted in the second half of the 17th century in Izmailovo. "Sovereign silk gardens" were arranged near the villages of Pakhrin and Alekseevskaya, where more than 15 thousand of them were "sown on ridges".

In 1706, Peter I issued a decree on laying new plantations in Kyiv and the Caucasus, where it was said that "no one under the death penalty should cut mulberry trees." By the end of the 18th century, 20 silk and 70 semi-silk factories were operating in Astrakhan using local raw materials.

In 1836, four hundred mulberries were planted on Tverskoy Boulevard, and they also grew near St. Petersburg.

In the USSR in 1930, seedlings of 33 varieties of mulberry were brought from Japan. However, they turned out to be unsuitable for the conditions of our country. There was a need for stable forms. New varieties of fodder mulberries were bred - Ukrainian 1, Ukrainian 9, Ukrainian 107, Kharkovskaya 3, Kharkovskaya 4 and Kharkovskaya 5.

In the 40s of the last century, a commission was created at the USSR Academy of Sciences to study the possibility of moving this heat-loving plant northward, but the matter was not given a move - it was 1943.

Currently, the mulberry industry is practically non-existent. Breeders do not have the task of developing new fodder varieties. The goals of mulberry breeding in Russia have changed. If earlier the maximum yield of the leaf was important, then at present the mulberry is cultivated as a fruit crop. This dioecious plant is pollinated by the wind, so breeding work with this breed has its own specific features.

Assortment

Mulberry varieties are divided into fodder, fruit (dessert) and decorative.

dessert varieties

Known on the territory of Ukraine local forms: Black-browed, Zaporozhye, Simferopol, Kherson, Polupanskaya and others. Registered in the varietal register of Ukraine varieties bred in the Donetsk Botanical Garden: Mashenka, Snow White, Merezhivo, Dina, Pivdenna nich, as well as the variety Nadiya of the Sericulture Institute. All of them have a mass of seedlings of about three grams, a length of up to 3.5 cm.

In Russia, Agrofirm Rostok, located in Belgorod region, has released a number of dessert varieties for central Russia: Smuglyanka, Black Baroness, White Honey.

Known old varieties of mulberry folk selection. This is Hartut (big berry) or Shakhtut (royal berry).

The size of black seed fruits in the variety Hartut, belonging to the black mulberry (Morus nigra), is 3–4 cm in length and 2–2.5 cm in thickness. The leaves are large, rough. Fruit juice is red, sweet, slightly sour. The sugar content is over 20%. The variety is widespread in Transcaucasia, found in the Crimea.

This is interesting! Hartut's berries do not crumble, like an ordinary mulberry tree, covering the ground under a tree, but hold firmly on a branch. They are collected by cutting with scissors.

decorative forms

Mulberry is not only fruit, but also ornamental plant. Many interesting shapes with pyramidal, weeping, spherical crown known in white mulberry. They also differ in leaves: there are large ones - up to 22 cm, concave and folded, small and notched, deeply dissected. In the golden form, young shoots and leaves are colored golden yellow.

The red mulberry also has a decorative form - felt: from below the leaves have a white felt pubescence. Mulberry trees can be used in a single planting or create dense hedges - they tolerate shearing well.

The most famous decorative or "Pendula" (Pendula).

Get cascades of falling branches by grafting onto a high trunk.

This is interesting! natural form weeping mulberry- creeping or slate. The branches of this form do not grow upward, but crawl along the ground. This is such an unusual "ground cover" tree. Raised to the height of a straight trunk, it hangs down beautifully, reaching the ground without pruning.

Spherical forms (Globosa) are found in both white and black mulberries.

There are mulberries with a narrow pyramidal crown - "Fastigiata" (Fastigiata).
"Aurea" (Aurea) - with yellow leaves;
"Laciniata" (Laciniata) - with carved;
"Macrophylla" (Morus macrophylla) - with very large ones.

Benefits and healing properties

Mulberry berries are eaten both fresh and dried, they are used to prepare bekmes, marshmallow, marmalade, jam, compotes. And, besides, - wine, vodka, liqueurs and vinegar.

Calories:

fresh mulberries - 52 kcal / 100 g;
dried berries - 325 kcal / 100 g.

Mulberry has medicinal properties. The fruits contain essential oils, organic acids, carotene, vitamins B1, B2, C, PP.

Traditional medicine in medicinal purposes uses all parts of the plant: leaves, bark, roots, and berries.

The bark of the roots helps with hypertension, cough, bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Mulberry berries are used as a diaphoretic, the juice squeezed out of them is used in the treatment of colitis and gastritis, the leaves are used as an antipyretic and in diabetes mellitus.

Fruits cleanse the blood, have anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects.

In the video you can see how large the mulberry berries are:

Mulberry is a tall (10-30 m) deciduous tree of the Mulberry family. Mulberry cultivation is practiced in many countries of the world. In the East, it is bred for the leaves that the silkworm feeds on (its pupae serve as raw materials for the production of silk). In our country, these trees are grown to produce fruits - juicy drupes of black, white or pinkish color with a thin skin and a sweet dessert taste. Despite the diversity of species and varieties of mulberry, no more than two dozen are grown in culture, a description of which will be presented in this article.

The classification of mulberry is quite extensive and ambiguous. The Mulberry genus includes about 200 plant species, only 17 of which are considered universally recognized and are cultivated in different parts of the world. The remaining species are represented by fruit, fodder and ornamental hybrids that do not have a clear classification.

From the whole variety of forms and types, three main ones are distinguished, depending on the color of the fruit: black, white and red mulberries, which, in turn, are divided into varieties.

Mulberry black and white are considered the most common. They land everywhere: in India, Afghanistan, Portugal, Spain, including in the south and in the regions of central Russia. white mulberry came to us from eastern China, where for more than 3 thousand years it has been grown as feed for the silkworm. From China, the plant migrated to Central Asia, and then to Transcaucasia. Mulberry came to Europe around the 12th century, and to Russia in the 17th century, but not in all territories the climate was suitable for its cultivation, so the culture moved to the regions of the Caucasus and the Volga region.

White mulberry, in comparison with other species, is low (13-18 m). Its crown is compact, spherical, but sometimes spreading. The trunk and main branches have a light grayish-brown color, due to which this variety was called “white”, since its fruits are not only light, but also pink, yellow, and even black. White mulberries are considered the sweetest - they contain from 12 to 23% of sugars. These trees have a very decorative appearance - multi-colored seedlings in combination with foliage of various shapes make it possible to use plants in garden and park construction.

The red mulberry comes from eastern America. The trees are low (10-15 m) with large (up to 14 cm) heart-shaped foliage and a dense voluminous crown. The bark of the trunk and large branches is brown, rough. The fruit is a purple drupe 2-3 cm long, resembling a slightly unripe blackberry in appearance. It is quite sweet (up to 11% sugar), and, in comparison with white and black berries, can be stored longer. In terms of frost resistance, red mulberry is superior to white, but it is not so common in gardens.

Black mulberry is native to Central Asia (Iran and Afghanistan). The trees of this species are tall, with a spreading crown and large ovate or heart-shaped dark green leaves. The bark of the trunk is dark, brown in color. The berry is black or dark blue, large size (2-5 cm), very juicy, sweet and sour taste. Trees are undemanding to the soil, they tolerate heat and drought well, but they are thermophilic, so there will be a big return on them in the southern regions.

Almost all types of mulberry are dioecious plants (male and female flowers are located on different trees), therefore, for pollination, it is necessary to plant two trees side by side, however, there is also a self-fertile mulberry, the pollination of which occurs mainly with the help of wind. The culture grows very quickly and is easily grafted - several varieties can grow on one tree at the same time, with different colors of seedlings. Mulberry trees are long-lived - their life expectancy can be from 150 to 500 years.

Video “Features of growing mulberries”

From the video you will learn how to grow mulberry.

White varieties

As you know, white mulberries can have different colors of fruit, but in order to make it easier for a simple layman to figure out which variety of berries have exactly a light color, a list of the most basic white-fruited varieties is offered:

White honey. A very popular hybrid of domestic selection in amateur gardening, obtained by free pollination of the best samples of white mulberry. A medium-sized tree, the crown is dense, pyramidal. Seed fruit - elongated white drupes 3 cm long with a sweet honey taste. Fruiting is regular, the yield is high. The trees are frost-resistant (withstand up to -30 ° C), after frost they quickly recover. The berries are very tender, so they are transported and stored poorly.
White tenderness. Frost-resistant variety with high productivity. Fruiting begins in early June and lasts for 2 months. Seedlings of pure white color, long, sweet in taste, but in rainy weather the taste worsens (becomes neutral).
Mulberry pink Smolensk. New early (beginning of July) variety for home gardening. The plant is unpretentious, frost-resistant, begins to bear fruit in the first year of planting. Seed fruit - small (2-3 cm), pinkish or red, very sweet. Due to the special shape of the leaves and multi-colored seedlings, the culture is often used as decorative element garden.
Fruit-1. Early ripe (June) variety with white fruit, which in rainy weather have the characteristic of turning pink. The berries are large (3 cm), sweet taste with slight sourness. The yield is high, the fruiting period is long. The berries are juicy, but quite dense, can be transported.
Ukrainian-107. Mid-season (July) hybrid with light pink, large (2.5-3 cm) seedlings. The taste is dessert, sweet, the fruits are transportable. The resistance of trees to frost and disease is high. Fruiting is plentiful, begins from 3 years. The yield from an adult tree is 15-17 kg.
Merezhevo. A hybrid obtained by grafting white mulberry. Mid-season (first decade of July), fruiting lasts 1 month. Infructescences are pinkish-creamy, large in size, cloyingly sweet in taste, easily fall off the tree, and are not stored for a long time.

black varieties

And here everything is ambiguous - many varieties with dark (black berries) belong to white mulberry, but in order to avoid confusion, this section will present varieties whose seedlings have a characteristic black color description:

Large varieties

Varieties are considered large-fruited, giving seedlings of at least 4-5 cm. These include:

Decorative varieties

Of all the numerous varieties and varieties of mulberries, most are ornamental species that have long been successfully grown by gardeners for use in landscape design. White mulberry served as the basis for breeding most ornamental varieties - it is its varieties that are distinguished by a variety of leaf shapes and colors, and an original crown.

Ornamental mulberry can be used in a single planting, or to create hedges. It tolerates pruning, haircuts, and is resistant to weather conditions.

These trees have many unusual and spectacular forms that are widely used to decorate landscape space:

Used to decorate rooms remontant variety is a dwarf, very compact mulberry that can be grown in a pot or container. You can also decorate the garden with universal varieties that are highly decorative, and at the same time give very tasty berries. These include: Smolensk pink, which has already been mentioned, or Red felt - a beautiful tree with reddish top and bottom white leaves and delicious purple seedlings. This solution is most suitable for a small private garden, as it allows not only to enjoy the amazing taste of berries, but also to divide or decorate the landscape space.

Mulberry (mulberry tree, here, mulberry, tyutina) is a culture that became famous for the famous Chinese silk produced in ancient times from its fibers, as well as delicious fruits which are widely used in cooking. Long years distribution among gardeners of the mulberry tree was limited by the apparent complexity of cultivation and care.

History of cultivation

Mulberry tree originally grown in China, India and Japan, but processed only in China. The culture was valued for its fibers, from which the famous Chinese silk was subsequently created.

According to legend, a certain Xi Lungchi, the Chinese empress, was the first to see the silk fibers that entangled silkworm caterpillars. Having unwound them, the royal person made an outfit for herself.

The birthplace of mulberry is the broad-leaved forests of China

In Russia, the first mulberry plantation appeared under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the father of Peter I. The initiative was continued by his son: Peter I banned the felling of the mulberry tree and purposefully created mulberry plantations. At present, the mulberry tree is also grown for the silk industry, but summer cottages it is planted for delicious medicinal berries.

Mulberry is not only tasty, but also a healthy berry

Male and female mulberries

Mulberry is a culture whose representatives can be both monoecious and dioecious. Dioecious species are represented by male and female plants, and to obtain a crop, both specimens must be present on the site.

Female mulberry inflorescences are dense "earrings"

How to distinguish a male plant from a female:

Fruiting. This method of determination implies a long wait for fruiting (4–5 years), which is one of its disadvantages. The fruits are tied only on females. Of course, the method is unreliable, because the female plant may lack pollen to set fruit.
The structure of inflorescences. The method is much more reliable, but requires minimal botanical knowledge or observation. Female inflorescences are spike-shaped "earrings", where each flower contains a two-snouted pistil and a perianth of four leaves. Male inflorescences are slightly drooping and more friable.

The inflorescences of the male mulberry specimen are loose, slightly drooping

On bisexual plants you can see both male and female inflorescences.

In order to speed up the process of recognizing the "sex" of mulberries, it is recommended to purchase three-year-old seedlings that already had the first offspring.

Content of mulberry with other plants

The mulberry tree "tolerates" the neighborhood only with relatives. Thus, only other species or varieties can be planted next to the mulberry in order to prevent the oppression of other plants.

Some gardeners claim that mulberries are incompatible with walnuts and Manchurian nuts, but get along well with grapes.

Types and varieties of mulberry

The most famous types of mulberry are black, white and red.

The tree originally grew in the territories of Iran and Afghanistan. The height of the plant reaches 15 m, the crown is spreading. The leaves are broadly ovate, asymmetrical, up to 20 cm long, up to 15 cm wide. The upper side of the leaf is rough, on the lower side there is a slight felt pubescence. Fruits are black, sweet-sour, glossy, up to 3 cm in length. This species is drought-resistant, but has a high thermophilicity, unlike white or red mulberry.

Black mulberry berries are large, dark-colored

Varieties of black mulberry

Most popular varieties black mulberry are considered the following:

Repair - dwarf form mulberries, which can be grown in containers;
Shelly No. 150 - large-fruited mulberry, fruits 5.5 cm long. Leaves can reach 50 cm in length and are used in floristry;
Royal is a medium-sized variety, the fruits of which reach 3 cm. It tolerates shaping well. It is highly resistant to pests and diseases;
The Black Prince is a large-fruited form, berries from 4–5 cm in length. The variety is notable for its high frost resistance;
Black Pearl is a self-fertile, large-fruited variety (berries up to 5.5 cm). The first fruits ripen already in June, but are poorly preserved on the branches, quickly falling off;
Plodovaya-4 is a compact (up to 5 m) large-fruited variety. Differs in long fruiting;
Hope - the variety is notable for its rapid fruiting (in the 2nd year of cultivation), as well as abundant yields.

A tree native to China, 13 to 18 m high, with a dense spherical crown. The bark on young shoots is gray-green or red-brown. The leaves are varied both in shape and size. The fruits of white mulberry are considered the sweetest. The color of the fruit can be yellowish-cream, pinkish, black. The name of the species was due to the light bark. White mulberry is resistant to adverse conditions (for example, it grows well in the city), frost resistance, and also undemanding care.

The species got its name for the light bark, and the fruits of the white mulberry can be colored yellowish, delicate pink or almost black.

Varieties of white mulberry

White mulberry is represented by the largest assortment, since it was brought from Asia earlier than red and black mulberries. Decorative varieties of white mulberry:

Weeping - undersized form (up to 5 m), the crown consists of thin drooping branches;
Pyramidal - characterized by a narrow pyramidal crown up to 8 m tall and lobed leaves;
Spherical - a low standard form, the crown of which is spherical, dense;
Spoon-shaped - the form develops in the form of a multi-stemmed tree up to 5 m high, the fruits of which ripen early. Received the name for the folded leaves bent along the median vein;
Large-leaved - mulberry leaves, together with the petiole, reach 22 cm in length;
Dissected - undersized form, the leaves of which are divided into lobes, some are slightly concave;
Golden - young leaves and shoots have a characteristic golden sheen;
Tatar - slow-growing undersized mulberry with increased winter hardiness and multi-lobed small leaves.

Fruit varieties of white mulberry:

White honey - a tall tree, white fruits, up to 3 cm long;
Smuglyanka - the variety is distinguished by high frost resistance, as well as a plentiful harvest, black fruits 3.5 cm long;
White tenderness is a high-yielding variety, seed fruits have a light color, fruit length is 5 cm;
Luganochka - a high-yielding variety, cream-colored fruits up to 5.5 cm long;
Black Baroness - an early ripe variety with sweet fruits, the length of which reaches 3.5 cm. It is highly resistant to low negative temperatures;
Staromoskovskaya - mulberry with a spherical crown shape and almost black berries;
Ukrainian-6 is an early ripe high-yielding variety, the fruits of which are black in color from 4 cm or more in length.

The plant was imported from North America. The species is characterized by high drought resistance, cold resistance and low requirements for growing conditions. The height of the red mulberry reaches 10–20 m, the crown is spherical in shape, the bark has a brownish tint. Leaves up to 12 cm long, ovate with a pointed tip, slightly rough to the touch. The underside of the leaf is covered with light felt pubescence. The fruits are dark red (almost black), very juicy, up to 3 cm, taste sweet and sour, outwardly resemble blackberries.

It is extremely rare that red mulberry is represented by monoecious specimens that do not require a pair of the opposite sex for fruiting.

The fruits of the red mulberry are painted in maroon, almost black.

Varieties of red mulberry

Popular varieties of red mulberry are:

Vladimirskaya is a self-fertile variety, it can be grown in the form of a bush due to the active formation of lateral shoots in the lower part of the trunk. When the central conductor is cut, it grows in the form of a weeping form;
Felt - a decorative form, the leaves of which are covered with strong felt pubescence on the underside.

Planting mulberries

Like any other fruit crop, mulberry can be planted in spring (in April) before the plant leaves its dormant state or in autumn (in September - October) before the start of frost.

Requirements for the planting site of mulberry:

Well lit place.
Wind protection.
Moderately moist soil with a neutral reaction.
Depth ground water- not less than 1.5 m.

landing pit for young tree prepared at least 2 weeks before the expected planting date. Average dimensions: 0.5x0.5x0.5 m. If spring planting is expected, it is recommended to prepare planting pits in the fall, filling them with a fertile mixture.

If necessary, fertilize the soil (a mixture of 5–7 kg of rotted manure and 100 g of superphosphate per seedling) dimensions landing pit increase . Fertilizers at the bottom of the pit are covered with a layer of soil to protect the roots from damage. In heavy soils prone to waterlogging, it is recommended to pour drainage from broken brick or rubble.

When planting, in order to increase the frost resistance of the mulberry tree, it is recommended to slightly deepen the root collar into the ground.

Before planting, a support is dug into the hole so that the plant can be tied up. After 2 weeks, the seedling is placed in a hole, carefully distributing the roots over the entire area of the seat. Gradually falling asleep young plant lightly shaken so that voids do not form in the soil. After the entire pit is backfilled and compacted, trunk circle pour a couple of buckets of water and mulch the soil to prevent it from drying out.

Culture transplant

On the issue of transplanting mulberries, gardeners disagree: someone says that the plant does not tolerate transplantation, while others, on the contrary, argue that the culture is extremely unpretentious. The timing of the transplant is also controversial.

In any case, it is desirable to replant as young trees as possible. The tree is dug up with a clod of earth, trying to keep most of the large roots. A transplant to a new place is carried out both in the spring before the start of sap flow, and in the fall 2–3 weeks before frost, so that the tree has time to take root.

Video: mulberry transplant

Mulberry breeding methods

The mulberry tree reproduces both by seeds and vegetatively, that is, by lignified or green cuttings, root offspring, grafting, layering.

seed method of reproduction

Harvest berries in the second half of October current year pulp is cleared. Soak for 1–2 hours in a growth stimulant solution (for example, Zircon).

Small mulberry seeds must be thoroughly cleaned of pulp

With the proposed spring planting, the seeds must be stratified within 1–2 months - for this, the seeds are placed in the freezer. If for some reason stratification has not been carried out, the seeds must be kept in a day before sowing. ice water, and after the same amount - in water at a temperature of 50ºC.

Sowing seeds:

The beds prepared in a sunny place are shed with a fertilizer solution for fruit and berry crops.
Seeds are sown to a depth of 3-5 cm.
The bed is watered and covered with a layer of mulch. At autumn planting increase the mulch layer to prevent the seeds from freezing.
All care for mulberry seedlings consists in timely watering and top dressing, weeding the ridge from weeds.
By autumn, when the shoots are strong enough, they are planted at a distance of 3–5 m or in their permanent places.

On the 5-6th year, the seedlings enter the fruiting period.

Plants grown from seeds most often do not inherit all the characteristics of the mother liquor

One of the disadvantages of seed propagation is that seedlings may not completely or not inherit the traits at all. mother plant, which is why such specimens are most often used as a stock.

Vegetative propagation methods

Reproduction by plant parts has more high efficiency and allows you to save all the signs of the initial plant in the daughter plant.

Reproduction by cuttings

Propagation by cuttings is a laborious process. It requires the creation of a comfortable environment in greenhouses: the installation of fogging installations. In addition, only self-rooted mulberry specimens can be propagated in this way. Mulberry grown from cuttings completely inherits the characteristics of the mother plant.

Green cuttings. During the period of intensive growth (June-July), cuttings 15–20 cm long with 2–3 buds are cut. It is recommended to leave 2-3 leaves on the handle, cutting them in half. in a greenhouse with high humidity cuttings are planted in fertile soil at an angle of 45º, deepening by 3 cm. Landing in open ground is carried out next spring when the seedlings acquire a branched root system and get stronger.
Lignified cuttings are cut in the same period as the green ones. The order of their cultivation and planting is also preserved. The main difference from green cuttings is a longer rooting process.

Reproduction offspring

Many plants have the ability to form root shoots if the main trunk is damaged - this process allows the plant to avoid death. A strong root offspring of mulberry will allow you to grow a new specimen to replace the deceased. Excess root offspring can be cut and removed, or, dug out along with the root system and shortened by 1/3, planted as seedlings. Mulberry trees propagated in this way inherit the characteristics of a mother liquor.

Graft

In general, mulberries can be grafted in all available ways, but copulation is considered the simplest and most successful - grafting on a cut with a cutting. The copulation procedure itself is of two types:

Mulberry Care

The key to a strong plant and a bountiful harvest is not only the correct planting or grafting technique, but also proper care.

Watering and fertilizing

Mulberries need to be watered from early spring until July, in especially dry weather, after which watering ends. In a rainy spring, the mulberry tree is not watered, because the culture does not tolerate waterlogging of the soil. In the spring, the plant is fed mainly with nitrogen fertilizers, and in the summer - with potash and phosphate fertilizers.

pruning

Mulberry, like any other plant, is cut only during dormancy: full or partial. Pruning is the least painless - in April-early May, until the buds have blossomed and active sap flow has begun. During this period, rejuvenating and shaping pruning is carried out. Sanitary pruning is carried out in the fall, after the end of the growing season, when the air temperature has dropped below -10ºC. Then remove all damaged or diseased branches that need to be burned.

Each type of mulberry has its own characteristics, so pruning must be approached individually. So, in decorative mulberry, it is necessary to constantly maintain a given shape, and in a weeping variety, regularly thin out the crown and shorten the shoots.

Video: mulberry pruning

Pests and diseases of mulberry

Mulberries are quite resistant to various types of diseases and pests, but improper care, pruning, and harsh winters can weaken the plant, making it vulnerable.

Prevention of infection

In order to protect the mulberry in the next season from insects and diseases, it is recommended to carry out preventive treatments with fungicides and insecticides of the plant and the soil under it. The procedure is carried out before bud break in the spring (in April) and after the end of the growing season (in October). A 3% solution of Bordeaux liquid or Nitrafen is used. In the spring, you can use a 7% urea solution, which will not only destroy pests that have overwintered in bark cracks and fallen leaves, but also act as a nitrogen fertilizer needed during this period.

Diseases and control measures

The most common types of diseases are:

powdery mildew- a disease of fungal origin. Outwardly, it appears on the leaves and shoots in the form of a whitish coating. The spread of the disease is facilitated by wet weather and a too dense crown. As a preventive measure, it is recommended to remove fallen leaves and cut out the affected branches in the fall. A sick plant is treated with a solution of colloidal sulfur, Fundazol or Bordeaux liquid;
Brown leaf spot (cylindrosporiosis) is a fungal disease that manifests itself on the leaves in the form of purple-red spots with a lighter border, the affected leaves gradually dry out and fall off. When the first signs appear, the plant is treated with Silit in accordance with the instructions, re-treatment is carried out after 2 weeks. In autumn, it is necessary to collect and destroy all affected leaves;
bacteriosis manifests itself in the form of irregularly shaped spots on young leaves and shoots of mulberries, which subsequently turn black, curl and fall off. Streaks of gum appear on the deforming shoots. For treatment, the drug Phytoflavin is used, which is not always effective. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out preventive treatments for mulberries;
tinder fungus affects only weakened, damaged plants, destroying their wood. The body of the fungus, together with a piece of wood, is cut out and destroyed, and the remaining wound is treated with a 5% solution of copper sulfate, after which the place is smeared with a mixture of clay, lime and mullein (1: 1: 2). As a preventive measure, it is recommended to treat and cover up damage to the trunk in a timely manner.

Photo gallery: mulberry diseases

Mulberry pests

The most common insects are:

white American butterfly - the greatest harm is caused by caterpillars of greenish-brown color with black spots and yellow stripes along the body. Insects quickly eat leaves, and also form spider nests that must be cut and burned. It is recommended to treat the crown with Chlorophos, and install trapping belts on the trunk;
mulberry moth - pest caterpillars populate the crown during the period of bud swelling, subsequently feed on leaves. In the spring, it is required to treat plants with Chlorophos as a preventive measure;
spider mite - small insect, the main sign of settlement of which is the thinnest web that entangles the shoots. The tick feeds on the cell sap of the leaves, which gradually dry out, darken and fall off. As a pest control measure, acaricidal preparations are used (for example, Kleschevit, Aktellik);

Features of growing mulberry in the regions

Mulberries can be grown everywhere, but in cold regions special attention should be paid to them, especially in preparation for winter.

In outskirts of Moscow. In the Moscow region, the culture has taken root due to its frost resistance - mulberry can withstand temperatures as low as -30ºC. However, in a snowless winter, the mulberry tree can die already at a temperature of -7ºС. Due to insufficient duration daylight hours mulberry in the Moscow region has two growing seasons: spring and autumn. Here, one of the survival tools of the plant is the ability to form cork tissue between the mature and unripe part of the shoot. Therefore, in the fall, in addition to leaf fall, near Moscow mulberry, you can notice the reset of shoots.
In Siberia. Experienced gardeners V. Shalamova and G. Kazanin argue in their writings that it is possible to grow mulberries in the harsh conditions of Siberia. However, increasing the frost resistance of the southern culture is a long and laborious process.
In Ukraine. Here you can often find, in addition to white and black mulberries, red, satin and multi-stemmed mulberries. Mulberry is planted in Ukraine both in spring and in autumn - the culture shows excellent survival rate in local conditions.
In Belarus. Mulberry actively grows in the conditions of Belarus: as in the south Brest region and in more northern regions.

Seed propagation in the garden strawberry familiar to us, unfortunately, leads to the appearance of less productive plants and weaker bushes. But another type of these sweet berries - alpine strawberries, can be successfully grown from seeds. Let's learn about the main advantages and disadvantages of this crop, consider the main varieties and features of agricultural technology. The information presented in this article will help you decide whether it is worth giving her a place in the berry.

Often, at the sight of a beautiful flower, we instinctively bend over to smell its fragrance. All fragrant flowers can be divided into two large groups: nocturnal (pollinated by night butterflies) and diurnal, whose pollinators are mainly bees. Both groups of plants are important for the grower and designer, because we often walk in the garden during the day and relax in our favorite corners with the onset of the evening. We are never put off by the fragrance of our favorite fragrant flowers.

Pumpkin is considered by many gardeners to be the queen of the beds. And not only because of its size, variety of shapes and colors, but also for its excellent taste, useful qualities and a rich harvest. Pumpkin contains a large amount of carotene, iron, various vitamins and minerals. Thanks to the possibility of long-term storage, this vegetable supports our health. all year round. If you decide to plant a pumpkin on your site, you will be interested to know how to get the largest possible harvest.

Scotch eggs are amazing! Try to cook this dish at home, there is nothing difficult to prepare. Scotch eggs are hard-boiled eggs wrapped in chopped meat breaded in flour, egg and breadcrumbs and deep fried. For frying, you need a frying pan with a high rim, and if you have a deep fryer, then it's just great - even less hassle. You will also need deep-frying oil so as not to smoke the kitchen. Choose farm eggs for this recipe.

One of the most amazing large-flowered tub cubanola Dominican fully justifies the status of a tropical miracle. Heat-loving, slow-growing, with huge and in many ways unique bells of flowers, cubanola is a fragrant star with a difficult character. She demands special conditions content in the rooms. But for those who are looking for exclusive plants for their interior, the best (and more chocolatey) candidate for the role of indoor giant cannot be found.

Chickpea Curry with Meat is a hearty hot dish for lunch or dinner inspired by Indian cuisine. This curry is quick to prepare, but requires pre-preparation. Chickpeas must first be soaked in plenty of cold water for several hours, preferably overnight, the water can be changed several times. It is also better to leave the meat in the marinade overnight so that it turns out juicy and tender. Then you should boil the chickpeas until tender and then cook the curry according to the recipe.

Rhubarb can not be found on everyone garden plot. It's a pity. This plant is a storehouse of vitamins and can be widely used in cooking. What is not prepared from rhubarb: soups and cabbage soup, salads, delicious jams, kvass, compotes and juices, candied fruit and marmalade, and even wine. But that's not all! A large green or red rosette of plant leaves, reminiscent of burdock, acts as a beautiful backdrop for annuals. Not surprisingly, rhubarb can also be seen in flower beds.

Today, experiments with non-banal combinations and non-standard colors in the garden are in trend. For example, plants with black inflorescences have become very fashionable. All black flowers are original and specific, and it is important for them to be able to select suitable partners and location. Therefore, this article will not only introduce you to the range of plants with slate-black inflorescences, but also teach you the intricacies of using such mystical plants in garden design.

3 delicious sandwiches - cucumber sandwich, chicken sandwich, cabbage and meat sandwich - a great idea for a quick snack or for a picnic in nature. Only fresh vegetables, juicy chicken and cream cheese and a little spice. There is no onion in these sandwiches, if you wish, you can add an onion marinated in balsamic vinegar to any of the sandwiches, this will not spoil the taste. Having quickly prepared snacks, it remains to collect a picnic basket and go to the nearest green lawn.

Depending on the variety group, the age of seedlings suitable for planting in open ground is: for early tomatoes - 45-50 days, for medium ripening - 55-60 and late dates- not less than 70 days. When planting tomato seedlings in more than young age the period of its adaptation to new conditions is significantly extended. But success in obtaining a high-quality crop of tomatoes also depends on the careful implementation of the basic rules for planting seedlings in open ground.

Unpretentious plants of the "second plan" sansevieria do not seem boring to those who appreciate minimalism. They are better than other indoor decorative foliage stars for collections that require minimum care. The stable decorative effect and extreme endurance of only one type of sansevieria are also combined with compactness and very fast growth - Khan's rosette sansevieria. The squat rosettes of their stiff leaves create striking clusters and patterns.

One of the brightest months garden calendar pleasantly surprises with the balance of the distribution of favorable and unsuccessful days for working with plants according to lunar calendar. Gardening and gardening in June can be done throughout the month, while the unfavorable periods are very short and still allow you to do useful work. There will be their optimal days and for crops with plantings, and for pruning, and for a reservoir, and even for construction work.

Meat with mushrooms in a pan is an inexpensive hot dish that is suitable for a regular lunch and for a festive menu. Pork will cook quickly, veal and chicken too, so this meat is preferable for the recipe. Mushrooms - fresh champignons, in my opinion, the best choice for homemade stew. Forest gold - mushrooms, boletus and other goodies are best harvested for the winter. Boiled rice or mashed potatoes are ideal as a side dish.

I love ornamental shrubs, especially unpretentious and with an interesting, non-trivial foliage color. I have different Japanese spireas, Thunberg barberries, black elderberry ... And there is one special shrub that I will talk about in this article - the viburnum vesicle. To make my dream of a low maintenance garden come true, it's probably the perfect fit. At the same time, it is able to diversify the picture in the garden very much, moreover, from spring to autumn.

Grow in the garden. These are apple trees, pears, cherries, plums and cherries. However, the mulberry tree is quite rare in it. But in the recent past, it was very popular and affordable. The older generation of gardeners can tell a lot about useful plant which has now become exotic.

Varieties

An amazing long-liver comes from China. It has long been grown as a fodder crop. The leaves of the tree served as food for the silkworm - the producer of raw materials for the manufacture of a unique fabric. Gardeners grow the mulberry tree, which belongs to the genus Morus, not for silk production, but as an ornamental and fruit crop. The genus consists of twenty-four species. Of these, white and black mulberries are fruitful, the distinguishing characteristic of which is the color of the bark of an adult plant. Many gardeners mistakenly believed that mulberry trees are distinguished by the color of the berries. However, this is not at all the case.

White mulberry has a light bark color. But the berries can be white, cream, pink, purple or completely black. The numerous genus Morus is represented by dioecious and rarely monoecious trees. Most of them are heat-loving plants that can be grown in southern regions. Only white mulberry in the middle lane does not freeze slightly, grows well and bears fruit.

Description

Not every fruit plant boasts of its durability. Within two hundred or even three hundred years, a mulberry tree will give birth, without changing its qualities over time. A spreading tree reaches a height of twenty to thirty-five meters. Often it is formed in the form of a two- or three-meter bush. The bark is light. The spherical crown is densely covered with oval foliage.

The spike-shaped inflorescences of the mulberry tree are small. They are light green in color. Dioecious or rarely wind-pollinated. The fruits of the drupe are formed in the form of small infructescences. They have a pleasant sweet taste. Depending on the variety, the berries can be colored in various colors. White mulberry ripens from May to July. It bears fruit in the fifth year after planting. The yield is high. The berry picking period is somewhat extended due to unfriendly ripening. They are non-transportable and poorly stored, consumed immediately after removal.

This mulberry tree is winter-hardy and drought-resistant. These qualities characterize the plant as quite hardy and unpretentious. It is suitable for areas with any type of soil. In addition to these advantages, the mulberry tree is medicinal plant. The fruits are high in vitamins. In addition, they contain flavonoid, morin, carotene, fatty acids, iron salts. Not only berries have medicinal properties. The bark and leaves of the tree are also used for medicinal purposes.

Mulberry varieties

White mulberry can act as a fodder, fruit and ornamental crop. They are represented various varieties with individual properties.

So, among the fruitful varieties, white honey mulberry is quite attractive. It is characterized by relative frost resistance and unpretentiousness, resistance to diseases. A tall deciduous tree with a wide crown. Simple oval leaves are painted in light green color. Inflorescences spike-shaped. Juicy fruits are white.

Taste qualities good ones. Long harvesting begins at the end of June. Uneven fruit ripening lasts until early August. Fresh berries are stored for no more than six hours. They practically do not tolerate transportation.

White mulberry variety Baroness is deciduous. Dense, well leafy crown has a spherical shape. Flowers are dioecious. They have a light color and form a spike-shaped inflorescence. Large berries, 3.5 cm in size and 1.5 cm in diameter, are densely colored black. Fragrant complex drupe has a sweet pleasant taste. Unlike the previous variety, the fruits are relatively transportable. The shelf life is twelve hours. The variety is high yielding.

The berry picking period is June-July. This mulberry tree is an unpretentious plant with high frost-resistant performance. Mulberry winters well.

Mulberry Smuglyanka is a tall sprawling tree that has a pyramidal crown. Large fruits reach three centimeters. Black berries are very juicy. Taste qualities are excellent. Slightly sour taste does not spoil the berries. This variety is less winter-hardy than Baroness. In winter, the branches may freeze slightly. An unpretentious plant has a high yield. Fruit ripening occurs at the beginning of July.

Except fruit species, there are more than four hundred decorative forms. Mulberry varieties differ in the shape and color of the crown and foliage. These are spectacular plants that are used in landscape design. Beautiful tree and shrub compositions, alleys and which include mulberry trees. Their openwork crown goes well with evergreens.

Weeping white mulberry

A low-growing tree or shrub reaches a height and width of up to three meters. It has a very decorative appearance. The elongated branches of the mulberry tree hang down. This form is indispensable in landscape design and will decorate any garden.

dark green big leaves, whose length can be from eight to twenty centimeters, are heart-shaped. IN autumn period they turn yellow. The flowering period is May-June. Mulberry bears few fruits. They are edible and have a pleasant sweet taste.

In addition, there are spherical, dissected-leaved, Tatar and golden forms of white mulberry. Each of them has its own advantages and is widely used for single or group plantings.

Landing

Often summer residents do not dare to plant mulberry trees, since space is limited in a small area. "Is my garden suitable for trendy exotics?" - such a question arises among gardeners when choosing one or another variety of a long-lived giant.

Growing mulberry provides several ways to form a plant that will limit the height. A tall, powerful spreading tree requires a larger feeding area. Mulberry is planted according to the scheme 5 x 6 m. When the height of the mulberry tree is limited and grown in the form of a bush, the scheme is different and is 2 x 3 m. White mulberry is unpretentious. It grows equally well in unfavorable urban conditions, and in suburban summer cottages. Well-lit should be a corner of the garden in which mulberries will grow. Planting and caring for mulberry trees comply with generally accepted rules for fruit trees. Seedlings are planted in early spring. The seat must be such as not to damage the better rooting a mixture of humus and sand is added to the hole. Water thoroughly and cover the planting hole with soil. Around the stem of the seedling, the soil is mulched with peat. In autumn, planting is carried out one and a half months before the onset of frost.

Agricultural technology

Care consists in removing weeds, loosening the soil and regular watering. It is especially important to monitor newly planted plants. Not allowed in the presence of weeds that are detrimental to plants. Regular weeding and mulching with humus or peat will contribute to their normal and rapid growth. During the summer season, organic and mineral fertilizers are applied. This agricultural technique is very important for the normal development of mulberry and obtaining good harvests. Fertilization is carried out during bud break. One square meter requires fifty grams of nitrophoska. After fertilization, the soil is heavily watered. In early July, stop watering. During this period, feeding should also not be carried out. Enhanced nutrition will promote the growth of young shoots, which will freeze in winter.

pruning

So that the tree does not grow tall and looks well-groomed, its crown is formed, limiting growth to three meters. In addition, last year's young growths in winter may freeze slightly. They need to be removed. Mulberry pruning has no individual characteristics. Sanitary and anti-aging techniques are carried out, which are performed following generally accepted recommendations for the Mulberry tree tolerates a haircut. This reception should be regular. Crown thinning is carried out annually. In this case, diseased, damaged and weak branches are subject to removal. Also cut crossed shoots.

Obtaining seed material

White mulberry ripens in summer. Ripe fruits are suitable for seeds. After harvesting, some of the berries are left in the sun. They are slightly overripe. Then for a few days they are placed in a container.

Juicy fruits should turn sour. Then they are ground in water. Full-weight seeds sink to the bottom of the container. This mass is rubbed through a fine sieve. The resulting seeds are dried. They must be used throughout the year. They quickly lose their viability.

seed propagation

There are several ways to obtain young plants. Maybe seed propagation. This method begins with stratification. Seeds are kept at a temperature of zero or five degrees for a month. Pre-prepare the greenhouse. In early April, mulberry will be sown in it. Reproduction in this way allows you to have forty-centimeter seedlings already in the autumn.

Vaccinations on frost-resistant rootstock

In order to preserve the maternal characteristics of a particular variety, grafting will be more effective. This method is more complicated. It requires careful selection of material for reproduction. Quite often, winter mulberry grafting is used. Young plants are used as rootstock. frost-resistant varieties mulberries grown from seeds. They are dug up and stored in wet sawdust. Storage temperature should be zero degrees. Scions are also stored in wet sawdust. After vaccination planting material placed in boxes and kept at a temperature of twenty-five degrees. After that, they are stored in wet sawdust at zero temperature until spring.

Mulberry grafting in the spring is performed on last year's stocks. This event falls on the period before bud break. Used cuttings cut in autumn. They are stored all winter in wet sawdust at zero temperature.

Can be grafted in the summer. To do this, use the blanks of the current year.

Reproduction by green cuttings

Planting material is harvested in the second decade of June. Green shoots are suitable, the length of which is at least fifteen centimeters. They are cut from non-lignified branches. The blanks are processed by removing the lower leaves and shortening the upper ones by half. Before rooting, the cuttings are kept for six hours in an aqueous solution of heteroauxin.

Or they are placed in a mixture of sand and peat, which is moistened with this solution. Green cuttings are rooted in closed ground. The main condition is high humidity air. To create a greenhouse effect, cover with plastic wrap.

Diseases and pests

Like any culture, white mulberry is susceptible to infection. It can be affected by diseases such as bacteriosis, powdery mildew and root rot.

In the spring, preventive spraying of the tree with special preparations is carried out.

There are also many pests in the mulberry tree. Khrushchi, medvedka, mulberry barbel, wireworm and spider mite damage various parts of the plant. To combat them, mechanical and chemical methods. In the autumn period, fallen leaves must be removed and burned.

Features of harvesting

White mulberry is characterized by an extended period of fruiting. Berries ripen unevenly. On the one hand, this is good. A longer period of mulberry will delight ripe juicy fruits. However, ripe fruits should be removed in a timely manner. Almost all varieties of white mulberry are poorly stored. They are non-transportable. If the harvest is delayed, the berries fall off, which leads to their spoilage. After removal, the fruits are immediately processed or consumed fresh.

Useful properties of white mulberry

The medicinal properties of mulberry have been known for a long time. Eating fresh berries improves general condition person. White mulberry contributes to the normalization of work nervous system. It is included in diets for weight loss. Low-calorie berry perfectly normalizes metabolism. In addition, the plant cleanses the intestines and promotes the removal of toxins. Mulberries are most often consumed fresh. It is also subjected to culinary processing. It is suitable for preparations for the future. You can make juices, syrups, jams and marmalades. Wines and liqueurs have an exquisite taste. It is also dried. In this form, it is used instead of sugar. White mulberry is indispensable in cosmetology. It is included in various masks for hair, face and body.

However, with all the advantages, one should not forget about individual features organism. Like any drug, the use of mulberry has contraindications. Overuse can be harmful. Berries are not recommended for diabetics. For them, dried mulberry leaves will be more useful.

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