Heating systems of a 2-storey building. Two-pipe heating system of a two-story house: wiring, balancing, choice of materials. What is the heating system

Comfortable living in a private two-story house depends entirely on the complex of communications, among which one of the main places is occupied by the heating network. Is not it? It is she who is responsible for maintaining the optimal temperature regime and the safety of the building itself. Agree, the temperature in the room is one of the main components that provide a comfortable stay.

It depends on the choice of a heat source and its correct connection whether you can maintain the temperature necessary for living. Here we will help you understand how the heating system of two storey building, and which wiring schemes are recognized as the most effective.

Here you will find information about the types of coolants, methods and features of their connection. For clarity, the material is accompanied by connection diagrams, as well as videos that will help expand knowledge about the heating systems of private houses.

Independently select the equipment necessary for assembly heating system, pretty hard. To do this, you need to have special engineering knowledge, be able to navigate in detailed calculations and installation nuances.

If you have the appropriate education or you already have experience in distributing heating in a two-story house, you can choose the option heating scheme independently by using useful information and developed skills.

Choice of thermal energy source

The heart of the heating network is a heat generator that heats the coolant up to optimal temperature and, if its technical capabilities allow, maintains the specified parameters around the clock.

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Among modern heat sources in private two-story houses, almost everything is used, sometimes 2-3 types are combined.

Possible types of heat generators:

• heating boilers;
• infrared emitters;
• stoves (Russian, Dutch, Canadian);
• fireplaces;
• solar collectors, heat pumps and other types of alternative equipment.

Heating boilers are actively used, which can be classified by type of fuel:

• liquid or solid fuel;
• gas;
• electrical.

The second and third options are more economical, and if gas or electricity is connected to the house, then they should be preferred.

Wall-mounted gas boiler with a power of 28 kW with two independent circuits, a closed combustion chamber and convenient electronic ignition - a great option for a 2- or 3-story house

If the cottage is built on a non-gasified site, it becomes the main one, and a fireplace or infrared heating is used as a backup source.

The sequence of operation of the electric boiler: the coolant is heated to the temperature set by the user, moves through the pipeline to the radiators located on two floors, is partially cooled and, under the action of the circulation pump, is again sent to the boiler (+)

The use of alternative heat generators largely depends on the climatic conditions of the region, moreover, the minimum set of relatively expensive equipment (for example, solar collectors) will pay off in at least 3 years.

The diagram shows the advantage of an infrared heating system: infrared radiation provides a comfortable temperature in the lower part of the room, with a convective heating method, on the contrary, warm air always rises to the ceiling

What is the best coolant?

The heat generated by a gas boiler or other heat generator cannot, by itself, spread throughout all rooms. For this purpose, it is necessary - a substance that freely moves through the pipes and has the necessary technical specifications.

There are technologies for using heated air, which are especially relevant in houses with a fireplace or. But, unfortunately, to ensure effective functioning, it has insufficient parameters of heat capacity, density and heat transfer.

The layout of the air heating system in a two-story residential building. The arrows indicate the movement of cold and warm air, which is provided by ventilation and air conditioning systems (+)

Unlike gaseous substances, liquid substances have an excellent ability to absorb heat, give it away and maintain a given temperature for some time. In this sense, the ideal "conductor" is ordinary water. When heated, it fills pipes and radiators, gradually giving off heat to residential premises, and circulation ensures the constancy of the process.

For houses with permanent residence systems with water as a heat carrier are optimal. In order for the heating equipment to go without repair for longer, and the pipeline not to be covered with plaque, the water is driven through filters and enriched with special additives and inhibitors.

HotPoint 65 antifreeze antifreeze is used in heating and air conditioning systems, rated for 10 heating seasons or 5 years of continuous operation

If the house is a temporary shelter or serves as a resting place on weekends, it is better to use antifreeze instead of water. This is liquid solution with a chemical composition, one of the components of which is propylene glycol or ethylene glycol.

Chemicals prevent the coolant from freezing even during the freezing of the building and constantly maintain the functionality of the network in operating mode.

Convector and radiator heating of premises

When drawing up a heating project for a two-story or three-story house, both radiators and convectors can be used as heating devices.

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Convectors have a more open design, consist of copper tubes and heat exchangers. The air enters the heat exchangers, heats up, rises, making room for a new portion of not yet heated air. The device is protected from cooling by a volume casing.

In heating schemes two-storey houses both radiators and convector heaters are used, the choice of devices is large due to the variety of designs, sizes and shapes.

Bimetallic radiators Global Style Extra sectional type are made of steel (internal structure) and aluminum (external frame), operating pressure - 35 atm

Brief description of household radiators

All types of home heating radiators can be classified according to the material from which they are made. Modern models heating appliances are made from the following metals:

Cast iron radiator for residential heating, made in retro style. metal surface covered with heat-resistant paint and painted with floral ornaments

Previously, sectional cast iron radiators were common, and they can now be found on sale. Cast iron is valued for its wear resistance and undemanding to the characteristics of the coolant, but a lot of weight is considered a minus. Weight should be taken into account if the project involves mounting the radiator on a light wall.

Sectional, that is, prefabricated, models are also made of aluminum. They are lightweight and aesthetically pleasing. appearance, but do not come into contact with copper parts and react negatively to certain types of coolants.

Royal Termo Revolution aluminum heating radiators are ideal for private systems. The special shape of the sections ensures maximum heat transfer. The cost of 1 section is 500 rubles.

Steel radiators are panel, made from pieces of sheet steel, and sectional, consisting of several modules. The first option is considered more reliable due to the simple double-sided threaded connection. Steel perfectly tolerates any heat carriers, it is lighter in weight than cast iron, but heavier than aluminum.

Any type of radiators is suitable for a two-story house; when choosing, you need to focus on the type of coolant, system installation features and interior design.

Efficiency of forced circulation schemes

The predominant part of modern heating systems can fully function only when created, that is, one in which the coolant moves inside the network due to the operation of the circulation pump.

Scheme of the heating system with a gas boiler in a 2-storey house: equipment and metering devices are installed on the ground floor (in the basement, in the basement), in a specially equipped room with good sound insulation (+)

For a forced circulation device in a building with several floors, there are some prerequisites:

• installation of a pipeline of smaller diameter, which facilitates the assembly of the wiring as a whole;
• providing zonal adjustment (along with or instead of general);
• the presence of the 2nd and higher floors does not affect the heating efficiency;
• coolant temperature decrease without changes in heat transfer parameters;
• the possibility of using inexpensive plastic pipes.

The disadvantages include the presence of power supply - interruptions are possible, but they can be easily avoided by using redundant UPSs. The problem of louder noise is also solved by laying a layer of soundproofing in the boiler room.

Water heating scheme with forced circulation: 1 - gas or electric boiler; 2 - riser; 3 - pipe to the expansion tank; 4 - riser for draining; 5 - upper horizontal wiring; 6 - expansion tank; 7 – circulation pump; 8 - return line

Most appropriate place tie-ins of the circulation pump where the temperature drops to a minimum, that is, immediately before the boiler, on the return line.

Natural circulation as an alternative

Now autonomous heating networks with gravitational circulation, that is, acting according to natural physical laws, can be found extremely rarely.

The principle of operation is explained by the difference in the density of cold and heated water and the presence of an additional control device - an expansion tank, which is installed in the upper part of the riser with hot water.

Scheme of the heating system in a two-story house with natural circulation: an accelerating vertical riser crosses both floors and ends in the attic, at the expansion tank, and the lower circuit is located in the basement or on the first floor (+)

A feature is the inclined arrangement of horizontal pipes (return and distributing) and the location of the boiler - it is installed at the lowest possible level. The coolant is supplied through the expansion riser, the cooled water (or antifreeze) is discharged through the return riser.

The advantages of the gravity circuit are independence from electrical power, ease of installation, no noise emitted circulation pump.

Features of a single-pipe heating system

The choice of one- or two-pipe heating does not depend on the number of storeys of the house - both types are suitable, but for buildings with 2 or more floors, the installation of a circulation pump is mandatory.

Heating with a liquid coolant (water or antifreeze) is considered the most effective, while for small one-story houses, for example, summer cottages, you can consider other options.

Principle of operation and distinguishing features

Heating radiators, according to the one-pipe scheme, are connected in series, that is, the coolant first enters one device closest to the boiler, from it through the pipeline to another, etc. The looped circuit, which is a network, is also suitable for a 2-story house, as it is conveniently located along the perimeter walls.

The simplest single-pipe heating scheme for a 2-storey building: from the supply riser, the coolant enters the heating radiators connected in series

The presence of shut-off valves can improve the use of the system. For example, it is designed to remove air "plugs" that often occur during downtime, that is, in summer period. In addition to it, various models of balancing valves, ball valves, and special regulators are used.

The forced circulation method in a single-pipe design in the event of a temporary lack of electricity can be replaced by a natural one, but this requires the installation of a membrane tank and the location of horizontal pipes at an inclination of up to 5º.

Assessment of disadvantages and advantages

The main advantage of single-pipe networks is considered to be easier project preparation and the installation itself. A minimum of pipes allows you not to focus on the complex layout of the premises, but simply lay the pipeline strictly along the perimeters of both floors. Savings on the purchase of a smaller number of elements for a single line - pipes, taps - are also appreciated.

One pipe takes up much less space than two, so it can be disguised as flooring, imperceptibly lay in doorways, that is, to carry out installation without violating the interior.

One of the main disadvantages of a single-pipe system, relevant for a house with 2 floors, is the rapid cooling of the coolant during sequential movement through radiators (+)

The disadvantages include the need to purchase a more powerful one, as a result of which the electricity fee increases. Regulate the temperature level in the design with serial connection more complicated: when the heating intensity decreases in the nearest radiator, the temperature will automatically decrease in the entire line.

Common connection options

If you decide to equip a one-pipe system, you will have to choose between two types:

• without regulation;
• with the ability to turn off individual radiators.

According to the method of management, the first option is clearly inferior to the second, its only plus is the budget cost.

Installation of a simple one-pipe system of a horizontal or vertical type is simple and reliable, however, temperature control in the network is not possible (+)

The installation of the "Leningradka" will cost a little more, since in addition to pipes it is necessary to purchase a set of stopcocks. With the help of bypasses and valves, it is possible to reduce / increase the amount of coolant supplied to the radiator.

Scheme of the Leningradka device: with the help of shutoff valves, you can temporarily turn off individual unnecessary radiators without changing the functional qualities of the entire system as a whole (+)

"Leningradka" is recognized by professional heat engineers as the best option for a one-pipe system for a 2-story residential building.

Complete set and installation of equipment

Standard equipment for system assembly:

• circulation pump;
• gas or electric boiler (power depends on the size of the house, the characteristics of the coolant, etc.);
• expansion tank;
• pipes 20 mm and 25 mm;
• adapters, gaskets, plugs;
• set of radiators;
• Mayevsky cranes.

Along with steel pipes, polymer or metal-plastic pipes can be used, the latter being preferred.

In heating circuits with closed expansion tanks, air is bled using automatic vents equipped with shut-off valves and floats, or Mayevsky taps, supplying each radiator

First, they find a suitable place for the boiler and mount it, then they assemble the pipeline leading to the radiators. In places of radiator branches, tees are fixed. The pump is embedded on the return line, next to the inlet to the boiler, and connected to the power supply.

The place of installation of an open expansion tank is the highest point of the system; a closed one can be mounted in any convenient place, for example, in a boiler room. Radiators are suspended from the walls with the help of special fasteners, equipped with plugs and taps.

Two-pipe heating system for a 2-storey house

For real comfortable conditions accommodation can only be achieved by installation. Its design allows you to regulate the temperature in individual rooms and save energy resources.

How does a two-way scheme work?

Unlike a single-pipe scheme, a two-pipe one consists of a pair of lines with different purposes: one of them supplies the coolant, the second brings it back. The radiators are not connected in series, but in parallel. One circuit, with a heated coolant, departs from the riser to the radiators of both floors, the second is mounted to the boiler outlet and is also bred to both floors.

Radiators are equipped with thermostatic valves that allow you to set a comfortable temperature. If desired, you can reduce the intensity of heating partially or completely block the flow of water into the device.

Some of the devices are fundamentally cut into the return line, for example, they are traditionally mounted in front of the boiler membrane tank pressure regulating pump, circulation pump and safety valve

In modern 2-storey houses, two-pipe structures are used, since they are much more efficient than single-pipe ones:

• reduce pressure losses;
• do not require a powerful pump;
• keep the coolant temperature the same for each radiator;
• allow the use of many different thermal devices within one system (for example, radiators, convectors and "warm floor");
• make it possible to repair and replace parts without compromising the overall functionality.

The main disadvantage is the complexity self installation– during assembly, consultation and supervision of professionals is mandatory.

Successful solutions for a two-pipe system

There are many incarnations of various schemes, but when drawing up a project, one should start from individual requirements.

The simplest scheme for arranging a heating system in a 2-story house. It is characterized by the following items: 2 circuits for heating and DHW production, heat transfer fluid, forced circulation (+)

A number of universal schemes are suitable for providing heat to houses of various sizes and heights.

Detailed two-pipe wiring diagram for one-story house with fully equipped ground floor. The problem of thermal insulation of the floor in the basement was solved by connecting the water system "warm floor"

If you install additional equipment, such as a membrane tank, the capabilities of the heating system will expand.

A and B - two options for the wiring device, upper and lower type. Additional equipment: expansion tank, Mayevsky cranes, air line (+)

The following diagram summarizes the three most commonly used wiring diagrams.

Level 1 - dead-end wiring with parallel installation of both circuits; Level 2 - counter wiring, characterized by two-way radiator connection; 3 - collector wiring with improved balancing

Thus, two-pipe heating systems with a liquid coolant, equipped with gas or electric boiler and circulation pump. Combined systems are more efficient, the selection of heat sources depends on the number of storeys and the design of the house.

In any case, to draw up an individual scheme, we recommend consulting with heat engineers and designers.

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In order to make the heating of residential and auxiliary premises in a private two-story house, it is necessary to correctly and competently approach this matter. And the owner of the facility will have to choose the best option based on his own capabilities and the type of fuel that is available in the area where he lives.

Often preference is given water heating system, and air heating has recently become more popular. The basis should be taken typical scheme heating a two-story house, and already remodeling it to the needs of an existing facility. In this case, it will be necessary to turn to the services of specialists, since making changes to the project with your own hands is not an easy task, and attempts to do something on your own can turn into serious problems during operation in the future.

For you to understand - the heating system is a whole complex, which includes a boiler, pipelines, heating radiators, fittings, various sensors control, etc. Only the right combination of these elements and the optimal heating scheme will ensure a comfortable indoor climate, and thereby reduce the cost of heating the entire house as a whole.

Heating systems can divided into several types:

• one-pipe and two-pipe;
• from the bottom and top wiring;
• with horizontal and vertical risers;
• with dead-end and main water movement;
• with forced and natural circulation.

For heating two-story houses, the last option would be the most optimal, which will require a boiler, a collector, a pipeline, heaters and an expansion tank. The pump circulates the water. The type of fuel for the boiler does not matter - it can be coal, gas, wood or electricity. If you have a gas pipeline nearby, then ideally it would be to install a gas boiler, since this is the most economical unit.

Distribution systems for two-story houses

For heating two-story houses, one-, two-pipe and collector wiring can be used. If you choose a project with a one-pipe system, then the temperature control in the rooms will be quite challenging task, since it is impossible to block one of the radiators while the other devices are operating. She means sequential circulation coolant from device to device.

As for the two-pipe, it is more versatile and ideal for heating a private two-story house. The implementation of such a system is simple - for each device of the heating system two pipes connected- one of them is responsible for serving hot water, and the second one comes out cooled. But unlike a single-pipe system, such a scheme differs in the order of connection heating units, and therefore, in order to increase its efficiency, experts recommend installing an adjusting tank in front of each radiator.

Regardless of the size of the house, for a 2-story building there will be enough distance between the top point of the supply line and the center to ensure normal water circulation. Thus, the installation of an expansion tank will be possible not only in the attic, but also on the top floor. And the pipes themselves can be mounted under window sills or ceilings.

In addition, a two-pipe system with a circulation pump also allows you to implement a "warm" floor system, as well as connect heated towel rails on each floor and other devices of this class. But about them a little later.

This is one of the most common questions, especially for those who plan to do heating in a private house with their own hands. Let's say if your house has basement or attic, then it will be possible to make a heating system with both upper and lower piping. But there are a few points:

Approximate wiring diagram for a two-story house

Let's look at an example of a water heating scheme for a typical two-story building, where manual temperature control in each room will be provided. This system is installed using horizontal installation two pipes, and heating radiators will have a side connection.

It is desirable to use pipes made of metal-plastic because they are characterized high strength and durability. For mounting metal-plastic pipes no special skills are required, and therefore all the work can be done by hand. Among their advantages it is worth noting the following:

• resistance to corrosion;
• there are almost never blockages in polymer products;
• affordable price;
• all work is carried out using threaded and press connections, and no special soldering iron is required.

The disadvantage is only a high coefficient of thermal expansion, which in case of improper installation and operation can cause leaks.

Of course, no one forbids the use of polypropylene pipes, but in the case of them, you will need a special soldering iron and considerable endurance, since in no case should you make mistakes when soldering.

Steel pipes are practically unclaimed for organizing heating in private homes, since the material is extremely unstable to corrosion. In some cases, it may apply galvanized or stainless steel pipes, and threaded connections are used to connect them, but for such work, appropriate skills and equipment are required. If you have enough money, you can buy copper pipes that will also serve your grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

When drafting a heating project for a two-story house, you should carefully calculate the required number of adjustable, corner and connecting elements of the system, as well as mark the installation sites for plugs with taps. Similarly, the number of radiators and their sections should be determined. At the same time, do not forget about the mounting brackets for installing radiators, which can be calculated by determining its dimensions.

The diagram must contain the installation locations of the expansion tank, pump and the boiler itself. As mentioned above, you can choose any boiler, but you need to be guided by what fuel is most in demand in your area and, of course, your own capabilities. Usually in new houses already have been using gas, since solid fuels are characterized by a low level of environmental friendliness.

If the size of the boiler is small, then it can be placed right in the house, for example, in a pantry or workshop. Modern boilers can be hung directly on the wall, which saves a lot of space. It is not recommended to be installed in bedrooms or other residential areas as it may generate noise during operation. For larger boilers it is necessary to equip separate room or even an entire outbuilding near the house.

Collector systems

For heating two-story houses, you can still use a collector system on a two-pipe basis. In this case, it is supposed to install the supply and return manifolds in special cabinets. Supply manifold will collect and distribute hot water to the radiator through pipes passing through the walls. The main advantage is the possibility of hidden installation of all systems. Also, their advantages include the fact that installation work can be done by hand even without special skills.

The heating itself can be carried out both on two floors and on one, while the boiler is installed on the first floor, and on the second - an expansion tank. Hot water pipes are mounted under window sills or ceilings, and each radiator must have its own control valve.

Each radiator is connected to collectors, i.e. the heating system will be with forced circulation of water, which will minimize the temperature difference at the inlet and outlet, and significantly simplify the system, making it more compact, which will significantly save on materials. Ball valves allow you to exclude any radiator from the system without disturbing the operation of the heating system as a whole. In fact, with a collector system, each heating circuit is independent, and, if necessary, can be equipped with its own pump, taps and automation.

"Warm floor

For rational distribution of heat when heating a 2-storey house, it is worth include in the scheme and system "warm" floor. As you know, warm air rises and cold air stays at the bottom. Accordingly, such a system will help retain warm air below, and not uselessly give it to the roof.

The installation of the system should be carried out already at overhaul, since the pipes are laid in a cement-sand screed. Of course, this can also be done afterwards, using heat-distributing aluminum plates that provide uniform heating of the floor. Accordingly, for underfloor heating on the same floor in several rooms, a collector connection is used, which was mentioned above. Among the advantages of such a system worth highlighting the following:

• rational distribution of heat;
• comfort in winter;
• low water temperature required for system operation.

Finally, it remains to add that the heating scheme must fully comply with the profile documentation, and is certified by the relevant authorities. If you are in any doubt, then it is better to entrust all the work to specialists.

AT modern conditions, when the increased level of consumer culture dictates its own conditions, heating systems (hereinafter referred to as CO) of a private house are designed not only to heat residential premises, but also to create a comfortable microclimate for living in them.

Scheme of the heating system of a two-story house

The figure shows, as an example, the heating scheme of a two-story house with gas double-circuit boiler providing hot water to radiators, heated towel rails, underfloor heating and an indirect heating boiler.

For a 2-storey building, a heating system with a water coolant is a complex hydro- and heat engineering complex, which includes:

• equipment for heating water coolant;
• pumping equipment to ensure forced circulation of the coolant;
• pipelines of the natural or forced circulation circuit;
• shut-off and control valves and fittings;
• heating devices;
• autonomous hot water supply system, including indirect heating boilers with a set of accompanying equipment;
• automation system for controlling the boiler and other elements of the CO.

CO classification

The heating complex of the "two-story building" is a very difficult project both in terms of planning and in practical implementation. The main reason lies in the need to supply the coolant to the height of the second floor, thereby creating certain loads. Installation of equipment and communications should be carried out with special care and responsibility. For the practical implementation of the project requirements with one's own hands, various CO schemes are used, the classification of which is based on a number of hallmarks. In accordance with design differences, heating systems of a 2-storey private house are conditionally divided into several types, among which the main ones are:

• CO with one-pipe and two-pipe distribution of the coolant;

Wiring is usually called the layout of heating radiators and connecting pipelines.

The correct choice of the scheme and method of connecting heating batteries with your own hands largely determines the efficiency of the heating complex, economy, aesthetics and a long period of trouble-free operation.

• With natural and forced circulation of the coolant;
• With top or bottom wiring;
• In the direction of movement of the coolant - with dead-end or passing (main) movement.

To designate the selected wiring diagram for the heating system of a private house, it is customary to indicate one indicator from each of the above type of CO.

For example, a circuit variant can be single-pipe or two-pipe, with natural or forced circulation of the water coolant, with lower or upper wiring, the coolant movement is dead-end or passing.

In addition to the listed four types of heating systems, there are also COs with vertical and horizontal risers. For a private house with one heat user, these two types of wiring are equivalent and have no obvious differences between them.

Consider the features of each of these types of heating systems in relation to two-story private houses.

Single-pipe CO

One-pipe systems are a closed circuit of one pipeline. Figuratively speaking, sectional heating batteries are “strung” on this pipeline looped from the boiler outlet to its inlet. The heat received from the boiler is transferred by the coolant sequentially from the radiator to the radiator, washing them internal surfaces. Accordingly, the liquid temperature in each subsequent radiator is lower than in the previous one.

In any single room of a two-story private house, which is geographically located closer to the heat source boiler according to the project, the temperature of the water coolant will be higher than in remote rooms.

The figure illustrates the principle of a one-pipe concept based on the supply of hot (red line from the boiler) and the removal of cooled (blue line to the boiler) coolant through one pipeline route.

The principle of operation of a single-pipe CO

When using a single-pipe heating installation scheme, there are two ways to connect heaters:

1. The pipelines of the main heating system are connected to the radiator pipes in series along the heating main line according to the “top-down” scheme:

• hot water is entered at the top point of the heat appliance (red arrow);
• the outlet of the cooling water is through the lower point (blue arrow).

This scheme is the simplest for do-it-yourself installation and the least material-intensive, it does not have additional connections and elements, but it has two huge disadvantages:

• it is not allowed to turn off a separate radiator for replacement or local repair work with a filled CO circuit;
• it is not possible to adjust the operation of the heating system of the dwelling as a whole and each device separately.

Methods for connecting single-pipe CO heating batteries

1. The pipelines of the main heating system are connected to the radiator pipes in series along the heating main line according to a scheme that practices the lower connection of hot water (red arrow) and the outlet from the lower opposite pipe (blue arrow). In everyday life, this scheme is called "Leningrad", since the widespread introduction of this method of connecting batteries began in Leningrad during the period of large-scale buildings in the post-war years.

At present, the Leningrad one-pipe circuit for circuits with natural or forced circulation has been successfully improved, having achieved from it the ability to:

• complete cut-off of the water coolant supply if local repairs are required in the area of ​​a separate radiator;
• do-it-yourself adjustments to the thermal power of the device in the local heating area.

To do this, shut-off valves were installed in the classical scheme of a single-pipe Leningrad at the inlet and outlet of the battery, redirecting the flow of hot coolant from the boiler bypassing the radiator.

Such a popular Leningradka is successfully used in a two-story and even three-story version. private building. As an example, you can specify the option of bottom connection of radiator sections with closely spaced vertical pipes.

Modern modernized Leningrad schemes with a lower connection of heating equipment

Two-pipe CO

In two-pipe circulation circuits, hot water is supplied from the boiler and the cooled coolant is returned to the boiler through two independent pipelines, called, respectively, supply and return. Unlike a single-pipe Leningrad, heating two-pipe systems are able to supply radiators on both floors of a private two-story building with a coolant of the same temperature, which favorably affects the microclimate of the dwelling.

The figure below shows a diagram of the movement of the water coolant through the heating devices on both floors:

• red line - hot water circuit;
• the blue line is the circuit with cooled water coming out of the radiators.

Scheme of the movement of the coolant in a two-pipe CO of a two-story house

The following factors are considered to be the most weighty arguments in favor of a two-pipe system in front of Leningrad:

• uniform heating of rooms on both floors of a private house;
• the ability to adjust the temperature range in each room in automatic mode, coordinating the work of CO with the heating boiler.

Types of circulation in CO

Unlike multi-apartment residential buildings, in which the centralized supply of hot coolant limits apartment residents in choosing a heating system (almost all residents have Leningrad with forced fluid supply), owners of private two-story buildings have the right to independently determine the type of installation with their own hands CO with a natural type of circulation or forced heat transfer option. Consider distinctive features each of the types of supply in relation to two-story buildings.

Natural

The principle of operation of this system is based on the process of displacing hot water with colder water due to the difference in liquid densities at different heating temperatures.

For this reason, often heating circuits with a natural induction of heat movement are also called gravitational or gravity systems.

Scheme of the gravity flow of the water coolant when heating a two-story building

The following features are typical for the circulation circuit on the gravitational induction of the water coolant:

• low speed of movement of water mass along the heating main;
• the need to use pipes of large diameters (D at least one to one and a half inches);
• strict adherence to the necessary slopes of horizontal sections during installation with your own hands;
• to ensure all the slopes, the boiler often has to be sunk in a special recess.

The gravitational scheme is morally obsolete to some extent. Modern trends in the modernization of heating systems in private buildings are not applicable to it:

• polymer pipes are not installed in gravity circuits, since there is a possibility of their melting when water boils in the pipeline at high loads on the boiler;
• there is no possibility of adjusting the local section of the heating main or a separate heater;
• the impossibility of turning off a separate radiator without disrupting the operation of the entire CO.

All these shortcomings are covered by one huge plus, thanks to which gravity systems are still mounted. This important factor is the energy independence of heating, that is, the ability to heat a house without electricity in areas with power outages.

Forced

In these systems, the movement of the coolant occurs due to the injection of excess pressure by the circulation pump.

Scheme of the movement of the coolant in the pressurized CO in a two-story building

Compared to gravity circuits, forced circulation in two-story houses has several advantages:

• higher speed of movement of liquid in pipes;
• small diameters of the flow section of pipes of the heating main;
• the possibility of laying pipes in a convenient way for installation;
• the possibility of implementing any project to automate the control of the microclimate in the home;
• simple adjustment of system parameters.

In two-story buildings of an old building with a previously installed gravity system, it is allowed to install a pump as part of the modernization, which will make it possible to realize the main advantages of pressure systems.

Type of piping

The upper wiring of the heating main sends the hot coolant directly from the boiler to the attic. From there, hot water is distributed to the radiators of both floors. In the case of lower wiring, hot water from the boiler will be directed to the heating risers from below, that is, from basement. Both types of supply are operable for one-pipe and two-pipe circuits, although top-feed options are more acceptable for two-pipe CO.

Dead-end and passing schemes

The figure below shows the diagrams of both options for heating systems. According to the dead-end scheme, the hot coolant (red line) enters the radiator and leaves it on one side, while inside the radiator the water flow moves to a certain dead-end point, turns around, changes its route to the opposite direction and exits the radiator with a changed motion vector (blue line ).

Schemes of movement of the coolant in heating systems

With a passing wiring diagram, the flow of cooled water (blue line) exits the radiator from the opposite side than it gets there in a hot state (red line).

Video about CO schemes

What schemes of heating systems exist and which one is better to choose for a home can be found in this video.

In step with the improvement of the designs of heating technology, the development of the heating systems themselves is also marching. Not so long ago, Leningrad or the “Tikhelman loop” was considered a progress in the installation of plumbing, now a new trend in the field of heating private buildings has been mastered by domestic builders. We are talking about collector heating systems serving the internal heating network of a residential building. House owners strive to automate the maintenance of thermal communications and appliances as much as possible, so heating systems will continue to develop.

In contact with

The heating project for a private cottage is created on the basis of thermal and hydraulic calculations. During the development process, many important decisions must be made, taking into account a large number of factors. One of the most important among them is the configuration and interior layout building, in particular, its number of storeys. Obviously, the heating system of a two-story house is more complex and demanding than that which is implemented in single-level buildings.

What is special about heating two floors

1. Important nuance is the height of the house. The heating device is located on the ground floor, sometimes at the lowest point of the system. Always (even if a wall-mounted boiler is used) there is a vertical supply section, which in some cases can have a significant length. The problem is the need to lift the coolant to the second floor, overcoming gravity.
2. Large area / cubic capacity. Two-story houses, as a rule, are larger than single-level ones, in terms of the total internal volume, for sure. Therefore, it is more difficult to heat them, since much more heat must be generated and distributed. The heating systems of two-story houses are more material-intensive and branched, more coolant will circulate here, more powerful heat generators and heating devices will be used.
3. Isolation of premises. A large area to be heated in a residential building almost always implies the presence of a large number of partitions and separate rooms. In a multi-level building, the space is also divided by an interfloor overlap, which interferes with the natural transfer of heat (even though the heated air tends to rise up). That is, it is quite difficult to distribute thermal energy in all corners of such a cottage, especially to make heating various premises uniform.

The second floor needs separate heating appliances

What type of heating to choose

Heat carrier and method of heat transportation

For large buildings with many rooms and the presence of an interfloor overlap, the most rational decision is an water heating. Often this is the only option for houses with a complex configuration. Water or antifreeze circulates through pipes looped into closed circuits and gives off the heat received in the boiler through radiators, registers or heaters. It can also be a water heated floor system that complements the main radiator heating, or is the only source of heating.

Important! Theoretically, it is possible to organize heating in all rooms using electric underfloor heating, but the economic feasibility of such an approach will be questionable, and it is not always technically possible to allocate enough power for this.

It is possible to use air as a heat carrier in multi-level cottages, but for its transportation it is necessary to create an extensive system of channels with blowing fans, through which it will be possible to heat distant rooms, as well as rooms on the second floor.

Fuel and heat generator

If you do not build two separate heating devices for the first and second floors, then ordinary brick and metal ovens on wood (as well as fireplaces) are unlikely to fit. The fact is that the air is heated from the hot walls of these devices, followed by the convection movement of air masses in the room. In this case, only the room where the unit is directly installed is normally heated, while other rooms remain cold, not to mention the second level.

Important! Factory models of fireplaces with branch pipes for connecting channels are produced air heating. In houses with a small cubic capacity attic floor quite successfully used brick ovens and fireplaces, in which heat exchangers of the radiator heating water circuit are integrated.

The scheme of the water heating system of a two-story house will most likely be built around a floor or wall-mounted boiler. True, one should not forget about the alternative in the form of heat pumps, solar collectors, etc. Fuel can be anything from gas, diesel fuel and electricity to coal, wood for pyrolysis and granulated pellets.

The best place for a solid fuel (pellet heat generator in the image) boiler is the basement

Do I need a circulation pump

Usually, developers are interested in whether it will be possible to create enough space in a two-story house. effective system with natural circulation, so as not to depend on the power supply. Can. But due to the elevation difference, this is even more difficult to do than in one-story house. Since all sections of pipelines should be located with a slope of 3 to 5 degrees, the boiler is located at the lowest (sometimes in the basement) point of the system, and the accelerating collector is somewhere under the ceiling of the second floor (or in the attic). Therefore, the height of the supply pipe that comes out of the boiler will be at least 5-6 meters, and you need to try so that the water does not boil in it, and the system “goes”. Particularly careful hydraulic calculations and very fine balancing of heating with chokes.

Along with the possible autonomy, which is certainly priceless, the gravitational heating system of a two-story house will cause a lot of inconvenience. Among them:

• Enlarged pipe section.
• Obligatory shutter speed slopes.
• A large difference in the temperature of the outgoing and returned coolant (many boilers do not like this).
• Difficulty in controlling the temperature in different rooms.
• Evaporation of the coolant through an open expansion tank (it is necessary to monitor the level of the coolant and periodically add water, it is not advisable to use antifreeze).
• Underestimated performance of the system (the total area of ​​​​heated premises can be at most 120 m2).

Forced circulation with pumping equipment allows more rational use of heat, more flexibility in the way of laying pipelines and the choice of devices / components. And this means that the developer has the opportunity to create practical and efficient heating structures that will not spoil the interior.

Option for organizing natural circulation with top wiring and vertical risers

Placing an accelerating collector in the attic will help make the gravity system more attractive.

Features of piping

The wiring and installation of the heating system of a two-story house can be carried out according to any of the known schemes. From whether the coolant moves after leaving the boiler above the radiators, or first falls below the heaters, allocate:

• upper (an example is a system with natural circulation);
• bottom wiring.

According to the presence of risers to which heating devices are connected on the first and second floors, or main highways located parallel to the floors, the wiring is classified as:

• vertical
• horizontal.

Depending on a number of factors, the type of system is chosen:

• one-pipe,
• two-pipe,
• collector.

Collector scheme

The radiant heating system of a two-story house is also called a collector. Its essence is that each heater is powered independently of others, so balancing such heating is the easiest. Pipes for connection are led along the floor or inside the ceiling from the collector assembly (a cabinet in the niche of the wall where the collector itself, shut-off and control equipment, sometimes automation and its own circulation pump are located).

From the collector on the second floor, separate power beams with supply and return flow depart to each radiator

Beam wiring diagram for a two-level house

In two-level houses, each floor has its own collector, so we get a two-circuit heating system, where both branches are autonomous. This is a horizontal lower wiring, while the circulation of the coolant can only be forced.

Single pipe heating

The rather popular Leningrad heating system of a two-story house is different in that the radiators are connected in series, and there is no separate pipe for collecting the return (the coolant from the radiator again enters the supply pipeline). If you feed the radiators of both floors in series, then the last heaters in the circuit may turn out to be quite cold. To heat the upper floor, the main line is divided into two parallel circuits. One of them rises to the second level, and after supplying all the radiators there, it goes down and connects to a pipe running along the first floor. At the beginning of each circuit, taps are installed that allow you to regulate the flow (read heat transfer) or completely block a separate floor.

This is a horizontal, top or bottom wiring. A single-pipe circuit can operate both with the use of pumps and in natural circulation mode. The advantages of this design include the fact that almost half as many pipes are required. Main disadvantage- the complexity of balancing the system, because a colder coolant enters each subsequent radiator.

Important! In order to be able to regulate the temperature on each heater, they are installed by means of a bypass parallel to the main line and supplied with separate fittings.

Two-pipe heating

In two-story houses, two-pipe horizontal system heating is considered a classic of the genre, although vertical wiring using risers is also used. In this case, bends from the supply line (supply) are pulled to the radiators, and pipes are also connected through which the coolant that has given off energy enters a separate line (return).

Such a system is somewhat more expensive than a single-pipe one, but it is considered more efficient and much more practical, as it makes it easy to set the required temperature in any room on any floor. Neither the complex layout nor the large size of the house will become an obstacle, as long as the heat generator is suitable in terms of power.

Now we can draw several conclusions. For heating an average two-story house, a two-pipe water heating system with forced circulation is best suited. Will show itself well collector circuit. AT small houses you can apply single-pipe wiring and try to design a structure with natural circulation of the coolant. In any case, at least for the calculations it is better to invite specialists.

Video: heating scheme in a two-story house

The topic of this article is a diagram of a two-pipe heating system for a two-story house and its practical implementation. The reader and I will have to figure out how to wire the heating and connect the heating devices, how to achieve uniform heating of all batteries, which pipes and radiators to purchase for the installation of the heating system. Let's get started.

Why two-pipe

Why should the heating scheme be exactly two-pipe?

Because, compared with a simpler single-pipe Leningrad, it allows you to achieve more uniform heating of the batteries. With a long single-pipe circuit, the temperature difference between the supply and return will inevitably become noticeable and will force you to increase the size of the radiators, which is unprofitable and not always applicable from the point of view of room design.

A multi-section battery is a dubious decoration for a living room.

Note that a single pipe system is cheaper to install (simply because of the shorter total fill length) and more fault tolerant. As long as there is a pressure difference at the ends of the filling, stopping the circulation in it is impossible in principle.

One-pipe Leningradka is a leader in fault tolerance.

Device

All schemes of a two-pipe heating system of a two-story house have one common feature: they have separate supply and return fillings. Spills are interconnected by jumpers with heating devices installed in their gap.

Top and bottom pouring

Depending on the location of the bottling of the supply, schemes with lower and upper bottling are distinguished.

• In the first case, both the supply and return lines of the circuit are located in the basement and are connected by paired risers. Those, in turn, are interconnected by jumpers located in the rooms of the upper floor or in the attic;

Move jumpers to cold attic is not a good idea. When the circuit stops in cold weather, the water hangs in the risers, and the pipes in the attic are stuck with ice within an hour after the heating is turned off.

• In the second case, the supply is routed through the attic, and the return line through the basement. Such a scheme greatly simplifies the discharge and start-up of the system: when resetting, it is enough to open the relief valve on the expansion tank located at the top filling point of the supply, and all the water hanging in the pipes will drain down; at startup, air is not bled on every jumper between, but only on the notorious vent in the expansion tank.

In my opinion, exactly top filling is the most convenient in terms of operation. In my memory, in houses with an upper supply location, there have never been serious accidents associated with defrosting heating, while in houses with a lower filling, radiators and eyeliners in the porches had to be warmed up every winter.

Gravitational and forced

A two-pipe heating system in a two-story private house can be implemented with forced circulation of the coolant (a circulation pump is used for this) or with natural circulation, due to the difference in the density of the hot and cold coolant.

Forced circulation schemes are beneficial in that:

• Provide great speed coolant movement and, accordingly, more uniform and faster heating of radiators;
• Allows you to get by with a smaller diameter of fillings.

Their main drawback is energy dependence: The pump requires 24/7 power. If the problem of short-term blackouts can be solved by installing an uninterruptible power supply, then a power outage lasting several days will leave your home without heat.

Systems with natural circulation are completely non-volatile.

How is such a heating system arranged?

• The boiler (usually solid fuel) is lowered as low as possible - into the basement or pit. The radiators are mounted above the boiler heat exchanger. The height difference between them, in fact, will provide circulation;

• Immediately after the boiler, an accelerating pipe is mounted - a vertical bottling section that rises to the ceiling of the second floor or to the attic. Through it, the water heated in the boiler rises to the upper point of the circuit, from where it moves along the spills by gravity, due to its own gravity. Hence, by the way, the name of such a system is “gravitational”.
• Immediately after the accelerating pipe, an open expansion tank is mounted, which at the same time performs the function of a safety valve and a filling funnel for filling the circuit with water. If the coolant boils, the steam will leave the filling through the tank lid. Through it, you can always add water to replace the discharged or evaporated;

• Both fillings - supply and return - are mounted with a slight constant slope in the direction of the coolant;
• The inner diameter of fillings is made as large as possible (not less than DN32, more often DN40 - DN50). The large diameter compensates for the minimum hydraulic head created by the temperature difference.

The hydraulic resistance decreases with an increase in the internal section of the pipe. The thicker the spills and eyeliners, the faster the water circulates in them.

How it works?

1. The hot water heated by the boiler, due to the reduced density, is displaced to the upper point of the circuit by colder and denser masses of the coolant;
2. From there, it continues to move along the sloping bottling, gradually giving off heat to the air in the rooms through the heating devices;
3. The coolant that has given up heat returns to the boiler and is involved in a repeated circulation cycle.

The obvious disadvantages of the gravitational heating system are a large inertia, a significant temperature difference between the first and last batteries in the direction of water movement, and high costs for the installation of bottlings.

Where interruptions in power supply are of a periodic nature, the installation of combined heating systems is practiced. Actually, they are a classic gravity circuit with a circulation pump embedded in parallel with the filling. Between the tie-ins of the pump, a ball valve is mounted check valve.

This scheme works like this:

• When the pump is on water is coming through his cuts. Due to the excess pressure at the outlet of the pump, the check valve is closed;
• When the pump is turned off, the valve opens and the water continues to slowly circulate with natural impulse.

I emphasize: in such schemes only ball valves are used. A spring check valve requires a significant pressure drop to open. Even if it opens (which is unlikely), a significant part of the hydraulic head will be lost on it.

Convection and floor

The classic scheme of heating with wall or floor radiators is called convection: the heat is distributed by the ascending streams of heated air from the heaters. Unfortunately, the mixing of air with these streams is not effective enough: the temperature under the ceiling is always several degrees higher than at floor level.

Since the inhabitants of the house, as a rule, are not in the habit of spending their leisure time on the ceiling, stronger heating of the upper part of the volume of the room has only one consequence - an increase in heat loss through the ceiling and roof.

Warm floorhas no such disadvantage.. The pipes laid in the screed or under the finished flooring heat the room as much as possible exactly at the floor level, which makes it possible to achieve a comfortable temperature distribution at minimal cost.

Can the floor be combined with a two-pipe system? If all the heating of the house is done with low-temperature underfloor heating, then only the area between the boiler and the collectors will be two-pipe. Further wiring will be collector (beam).

You see, underfloor heating has a limit on the maximum length of the circuit (100-120 meters), so home heating usually consists of several circuits connected in parallel.

If a warm floor is connected in parallel with high-temperature heating by radiators, it needs a temperature matching unit with a temperature sensor, a three-way or two-way valve and its own circulation pump.

The pump drives the coolant inside the low-temperature part of the circuit; the valve opens and lets a new portion of hot water into the pipes of the warm floor only when it cools to a certain temperature.

Balancing

What is balancing and why is it needed?

To explain this, I need to clarify a couple more concepts.

• The dead-end heating system of a private house is a circuit in which, when the coolant passes from the supply to the return thread, the direction of its movement changes to the opposite. Dead-end circuits are used if wiring in a closed ring interferes with panoramic window, high opening or other obstacle;

• A passing system (it is also a Tichelman loop) means that water moves in the same direction both in the supply and in the return.

The Tichelman loop is actually several parallel circuits of the same length and the same hydraulic resistance. The temperature of the batteries in such a heating system will always be approximately the same.

Tichelman's loop - several parallel contours of the same length.

With a dead-end system, everything is much more complicated. Jumpers between the supply and return bottlings with radiators on them are several circuits of different lengths and, accordingly, with different hydraulic resistance.

As you might guess, the difference in hydraulic resistance will affect the rate of circulation of the coolant through the batteries near and far from the boiler. The main volume of water will move along a short path; distant devices will be noticeably colder, and in very coldy they can even be defrosted. There were precedents in my memory, and more than once.

To solve this problem, the patency of the connections of the radiators closest to the boiler is artificially limited by throttling. For this purpose, chokes are used that allow you to make adjustments with your own hands, or thermal heads that regulate the patency in automatic mode and maintain the set temperature.

The temperature of the batteries after adjusting the throttles changes within half an hour - an hour. Manual balancing of a sufficiently large circuit can take up to two days.

materials

Radiators

In general, for an autonomous heating system, aluminum sectional batteries will be the best choice. With maximum (up to 200-210 watts per section) heat transfer, they are attracted by a very affordable price of the section (from 250 rubles).

Here is the formula for calculating the heat demand of a house: Q=V*Dt*k/860.

In it:

• Q-power in kW;
• V-volume of all heated premises in cubic meters;
• Dt - temperature difference inside and outside the house;
• k - coefficient determined by the quality of insulation of the house.

Two variables need comments.

Dt is calculated as the difference between the temperature corresponding sanitary standards(20 degrees for regions with the temperature of the coldest five-day period of winter up to -31C and 22 for colder areas) and the temperature of the coldest five-day period.

Winter temperatures for some Russian cities. The value we need is in the first column.

The value of k can be taken from the following table:

Say, for a two-story house measuring 6x12 meters and 7 meters high, located in Sevastopol (the temperature of the coldest five-day period is -11), without external insulation and with single-chamber double-glazed windows, the need for heat will be: 6 * 12 * 7 * (+20 - -11) * 1.5 / 860 = 18 kW.

With a thermal power of 18 kW and a section power declared by the manufacturer of 200 watts, their total number will be 18000/200 = 90 (for example, 9 radiators with 10 sections each).

Please note that the manufacturer's data is only valid for a temperature delta between the coolant and the room at 70C (say, 90/20). Heat transfer decreases in proportion to the temperature difference and at 60/25 will be only 100 watts per section.

Pipes

For heating wiring in a private house, you can safely use all types of high-temperature (with the declared operating temperature 90C) plastic and metal-plastic pipes. I have aluminum-reinforced polypropylene installed at home; with the same success it was possible to choose metal-plastic on press fittings.

The fact is that the heating parameters in an autonomous circuit with a minimum sanity of its owner are controlled and absolutely stable:

• The coolant temperature is usually kept in the range of 50-75 degrees;
• The pressure in a closed system does not exceed 2.5 kgf/cm2.

Stability of pressure in a closed circuit with temperature fluctuations is ensured by a properly selected volume of the expansion tank. Usually it is taken equal to approximately 10% of the volume of the coolant in the circuit. Its amount is easiest to measure by filling the heating system with water and draining it into any measuring container.

And since all the parameters are predictable and stable, is it worth overpaying for reliability that simply will not be in demand?

For heating, you should not use only metal-plastic on compression fittings with union nuts. The instruction is due to the fact that it is very sensitive to the slightest assembly errors (in particular, to the displacement of the rubber sealing rings on the fitting) and often starts to leak at the joints after several heating and cooling cycles.

Using metal-polymer pipes with compression fittings for heating is not a good idea.

What should be diameter of connections to batteries and fillings?

The filling diameter depends on the way circulation is stimulated. I have already given the parameters for the gravitational system; for a circuit with forced circulation, the filling diameter is determined by the thermal load on it. Here are the data for the average coolant speed of 0.7 m/s (at this speed there are no hydraulic noises yet):

In practice, with a house area of ​​​​up to 200 meters, a polypropylene pipe with a diameter of 25 mm is bought for bottling, for connecting radiators - with a diameter of 20 mm.

Don't forget that conditional passage, approximately equal to the inner diameter, only metal pipes are marked. For plastic it is indicated outside diameter and wall thickness. You can calculate the inner section of the pipe by subtracting twice the wall thickness from the outer diameter.

Boiler piping

In a closed system with forced circulation, it includes:

• Expansion tank;
• Circulation pump;
• Safety group - pressure gauge, safety valve and automatic air vent.

In addition, all radiators located above the filling are equipped with Mayevsky taps or automatic air vents. On staples higher pouring, the same air vents are placed, and on the brackets located below bottling - vents for complete drainage of pipes.

Some types of boilers boast a safety group, a pump and an expansion tank installed inside the body. Before you go shopping, do not be too lazy to study the description of the device.

Connecting radiators

For sectional radiators, three connection methods are possible:

1. Unilateral lateral;
2. Double-sided bottom;
3. Diagonal.

Which one to choose?

The answer depends on two factors:

• Number of battery sections;
• Its location relative to the filling and / or riser.

With a small length of the heater (up to 7-10 sections) and stand-up wiring, the side connection will be optimal. The difference in diameter between the radiator collectors and the vertical channels inside the section will ensure its uniform heating along the entire length.

If the number of sections is more than 10 and the heater is connected to a riser or a filling located above it, our choice is a diagonal connection. It will warm up all sections, regardless of their number.

With a long battery length and its location over bottlings more practical would be a two-way bottom connection.

Here are its benefits:

• The radiator will start heating immediately after the circuit is started, even without air bleeding. Airlock will be displaced by excess pressure into the upper manifold and will not interfere with circulation through the lower one. In this case, the sections will be heated over the entire height due to their own thermal conductivity;
• In an open heating circuit, periodic renewal of the coolant will contribute to the gradual silting of the batteries and a drop in their heat transfer. However, the continuous circulation of water through the lower collector will not allow silt to collect in it: the battery will not need to be flushed in principle. To flush the bottling, it is enough to bypass the circuit for discharge once every two or three years.

Conclusion

So, we got acquainted with the varieties of two-pipe systems and the features of their installation in a private house. For additional information, dear reader, you can study by watching the video in this article. I look forward to your additions and comments. Good luck, comrades!