Drainage clay soil state of plasticity. Do-it-yourself drainage of a site on clay soils. Instructions for creating water drainage channels

When designing and building a house, it is important to take into account the characteristics of the soil. This applies to both their composition, bearing capacity, and to the presence of soil and surface water. Wet soil is more prone to heaving, which leads to foundation deformations. In addition to the groundwater directly, which comes to the foundation from the depth of the soil, the structures are also negatively affected by surface moisture that enters the soil from the atmosphere.

Water drainage systems

problem high level water on the site must be addressed comprehensively. To begin with, it is important to conduct geological surveys to determine the level of groundwater and their presence in the soil. To do this, a certain number of pits are arranged, in each of which the level of accumulated moisture is measured. These data will be required in the future for design and drainage.

In general, two types of drainage are arranged on the site:

• surface, which is a storm sewer;
• deep - to reduce the level of groundwater.

Surface drainage is a system of elements through which atmospheric water is collected in special trays and ditches and discharged to the nearest water bodies, network storm sewer or into the soil. Water is collected from the roofs through the gutters and from the very surface of the soil.

Deep drainage is also called the drainage system of the site. They are located below the ground surface and are a system of pipelines, the water from which is also discharged outside the territory. Drainage of clay soil is especially important, as this soil is not able to absorb water.

Features of clay soils

With well-structured soil, water, which appears in excess, is itself discharged from the surface and from the depth of the base. Otherwise, special measures are required. Clay bases are dangerous because surface water is unable to soak into them. In some cases, this leads to swamping of the site. This makes it difficult to use it for agricultural purposes, and also leads to the constant threat of getting wet basements and destroying foundations.

Special drainage requirements must be established in such cases:

• For heavy clay soils. Such land is subject to waterlogging for long periods of time. This is especially dangerous in regions with prolonged rainfall.
• Medium structured soils in regions with large quantity precipitation. These are light clays and loams, which in general are able to absorb some moisture.

How to properly drain clay area And what materials are used for this? Let's analyze this issue in more detail.

materials

What materials are needed for work? The main element of drainage is a pipe. For the system, perforated tubes are used, into which moisture seeps from the soil. The tubes are laid at a slope and connected to the main channel. Through which water is discharged into a well or reservoir. In general, the scheme of a deep drainage system, regardless of the scope of application (protection of the foundation, use on agricultural land to protect plants from excess moisture) consists of the following elements:

1. Water intake. For these purposes, either natural formations (rivers, lakes, canals) are used, or wells are arranged. For small areas, wells are more often used, in which water is from collectors. From the wells themselves, water seeps into the soil, if at a depth it is able to accept moisture, or is pumped out by pumps as it fills into natural reservoirs.
2. Main canal. It is laid from the highest point of the site to the lowest. All the moisture collected by the system drains through this channel. For small drainage systems, it is not used.
3. closed collectors. These are pipelines in which moisture is collected from several drainage pipes.
4. Viewing wells.
5. Drainage pipelines.

As pipes, plastic products, ceramic perforated or asbestos-cement pipes with cuts. Now the bowl is used perforated pipes made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyethylene (PE). PE pipes are more flexible, which expands their scope. Specialized drainage pipelines have factory-made perforations. For them, filtration systems made of coconut fiber or geotextiles are used.

The main advantages of plastic drainage pipelines:

• ease;
• ease of installation;
• the corrugated wall of the pipe helps protect the perforation from dirt sticking;
• application flexibility.

How to make foundation drainage on clay soil? Consider the phased implementation of such a system in a problem area.

Drainage device on clay soil

Before starting work, it is necessary to carry out some calculations and select the scheme and materials used. For small areas, this can be done on your own:

1. First of all, the relief and slopes are determined. To do this, it is necessary to study the topographic plan or take measurements using a level. It is important to determine the highest and lowest points on the surface of the site.
2. A main canal is being laid on the site plan. It is located from the very top point to the bottom. If the section is without a slope, then the channel is traced arbitrarily. In this case, it is important to arrange the slope artificially.
3. Drainage pipelines are laid in such a way that the distance between them is no more than 10 meters, and they flow down a slope into the main canal.
4. Determine where to collect water. To do this, use natural and artificial ditches outside the site or arrange other elements. For example, reservoirs. It could be decorative pond. Also often used prefabricated wells. In this case, the water from them is pumped by drainage pumps. There is also the option that at the bottom of the well there will be sandy soil, which is able to absorb accumulated moisture.

After preparation and planning, they begin to drain the site on clay soils do it yourself:

1. Perform excavation. To do this, dig trenches for main and drainage pipelines. The depth of the trench is selected depending on the lower level of the foundation. On average, they are located at a depth of 1-1.5 m. If a house with a basement is planned, then the drainage pipes must be buried below the level of the basement floor. The width of the trench is 0.3-0.4 m. Do not forget about the slope. In addition to the main channel, it is also necessary for the main drainage pipes at the rate of 1 cm of slope per 1 m of the channel or pipeline.
2. In places of wells, pits are dug for the dimensions of the products.
3. The bottom of the trench is lined with geotextile.
4. Crushed stone (10-20 cm) is poured onto the geotextile.
5. Next, the pipelines are located directly.
6. If necessary, drainage pumps and pipelines from them outside the site are installed in the wells.
7. After laying, do not immediately fill the system with soil. It needs to be checked. To do this, wait for precipitation or use water from a hose. The flow of water through all pipelines should be checked. If necessary, change the slope or lay additional pipes between the designed ones.

After checking the trenches fall asleep. The system is ready to use! Do not forget about the regular maintenance and cleaning of drainage wells, storm water inlets and channels. The system is designed to work for many years.

A constant problem for some owners of private houses is the flooding of the adjacent land plot ground water. The special composition of the soil leads to this complication. If a large proportion of the soil is clay, then the earth tends to erode. To avoid the described problem, it is required to organize a drainage system on clay soil.

Drainage on the soil, which mainly consists of clay, is superficial, deep or reservoir. Although in some cases, in order to increase the efficiency of drainage on eroded soil, it makes sense to organize a combined system.

The creation of surface drainage is resorted to when the territory of the site has a pronounced slope in one direction. As a result, the water runs off on its own along the channels made in the ground and goes to a certain zone. Ways to remove excess moisture are organized in the upper layer of the earth.

It is customary to lay a surface drainage system in places devoid of irregularities: at the paths, next to the walls of the building, along the perimeter of green lawns and near recreation areas. Drainage elements in these areas should be gutters made of plastic or concrete, which carry water to drainage wells. The function of the last links of the system is to accumulate or utilize excess moisture.

Grooves to create surface drainage are made shallow

Deep drainage is a network of channels and pipes built into them, located at a depth of 1 meter and directing water to wells. Diversion trench width excess water- about 50 cm.

trench for deep drainage cover with waterproofing material, and a layer of gravel is poured on the bottom

Between channels in soil with high sediment content rock it is supposed to leave no more than 11 meters of free space. At what distance from each other to lay pipes drainage system, depends on the type of soil and the depth of the excavated trenches.

Table: distance between drains depending on their depth

The reservoir network of drainage channels is considered a subspecies of the deep drainage system, since it is organized at great depths. The need to create reservoir drainage arises when the foundation of a building, which stands on a damp clay site, is flooded.

The channels of the reservoir drainage system are laid directly under the foundation, deeper than its lowest point. The system includes a crushed stone embankment, the task of which is to direct water into pipes placed around the perimeter.

Seam denage pipes are laid in a ditch under the foundation below the depth of its laying

The device of a drainage network in the soil with clay

Only thanks to the construction of the drainage system, clay soil can be dried and made fertile in almost a year. The fact that the land really needs a drainage network can be verified by conducting a test. It consists in digging a hole 50-60 cm deep in the ground and filling it with water. A signal of the need for arrangement at the site of the drainage system is the poor permeability of the soil, that is, the presence of any amount of water in the created depression for a long time.

If there is water in a dug hole long time and does not go away, so you need to make a drainage system

When creating drainage in an area with a high content of clay, attention is paid to such aspects as:

• the cost of organizing a network of drainage channels;
• the area of ​​the flood zone;
• the degree of soil moisture by precipitation, melt and groundwater.

Having considered these conditions for arranging drainage, they decide which method of laying channels to choose - superficial (cheaper) or buried (complicated and expensive). Owners do the best land plots who guessed to combine both options for the drainage system. This approach to draining the soil allows you to achieve better results.

The drainage system is created using geotextile fabric and perforated ceramic, asbestos-cement or PVC pipes. The grooves for removing excess moisture from the soil are first loosened and filled with sand. After that, pipes are laid in them, covered with rubble, and then covered with geofabric and another layer of sand. The earth is laid on top of the entire system.

The protective layer of gravel is wrapped with geotextile to protect it from silting.

Scheme of drainage on clay soil

The drainage system, created independently, is a network of lines communicating with each other, laid in an area where excessive soil moisture is observed. Excess water from the soil can flow out through pipes with an internal diameter of 100 to 988 mm. Products that bring excess moisture, wrapped in filter cloth and covered with rubble so that debris does not get into them.

At the points where the pipes connect or go the other way, inspection wells are mounted, which facilitate the cleaning of the system and provide an opportunity to monitor its operation. The collected water is transferred to a special well at a distance of 40 meters from the site, a ravine or a reservoir. Sometimes pipes that draw excess moisture from clay soil are led into a concrete ring, which is covered with a lid to prevent debris from entering it.

Instructions for creating water drainage channels

Before starting work on organizing the drainage system, you need to stock up on the following inventory:

• bayonet and shovel;
• garden cart (to bring materials and take out the waste soil);
• hacksaw (for cutting pipes).

From the materials you will need:

• geotextile matter;
• polymer pipes with perforation;
• crushed stone;
• sand.

To lay a network of channels in clay soil, the following actions are taken:

1. A drawing of the drainage system is made on paper.

   

   The drawing shows a scheme for laying drains and the location of wells, inspection hatches and other elements of the system

2. Marking out the land. Drainage pipes must not be laid closer than 50 cm from the fence of the territory and 1 m from the foundation.
3. In the ground under a natural slope, ditches are dug 1 meter deep.

   

   Trenches should be dug at a slight slope towards the storage collector or gutter.

4. Sand is poured into the ditches with a layer of 10–15 cm, and crushed stone is placed on top of it.
5. Pipes wrapped with geotextile fabric are laid on the sand and gravel layer, connecting them with each other with tees and crosses.

   

   Drains are wrapped with a layer of geotextile to protect drainage holes from clogging with particles of wet clay.

6. They test the network of channels, waiting for rainy weather or specially watering the territory with water from a hose, and assess the rate of outflow of water (slow removal of excess moisture is a sign of a lack of side trenches).
7. The laid pipes are covered with sand and covered with a layer of previously excavated earth, forming in the center (in case of soil subsidence) a small hillock, which will disappear over time.

   

   From above, the ditch is covered with previously removed earth, leaving a small mound on the surface to compensate for soil subsidence in the future.

8. Pipes are brought to a reservoir or a well created from concrete rings or large plastic containers.

In the future, the drainage system is supposed to be monitored - to clean the channels and pump out water from the main well.

Video: do-it-yourself drainage system

If the drainage system is properly organized in the clay area, then there is nothing to worry about. From now on, clay in the composition of the soil will not interfere with growing plants in the garden and will allow you to keep adjoining territory clean.

If you got a building plot, the research of which showed that groundwater lies very high to the ground surface, this does not mean that construction is canceled or hindered. You just have to increase the construction estimate for the arrangement of drainage and storm systems that will drain melt, rain and groundwater from the foundation of the house, ensuring the dryness of the structure and the duration of its operation. Do-it-yourself drainage of the site on clay soils is more difficult, since clay does not absorb water well and passes water, but for this there is a drainage system. On the other hand, clay soil keeps groundwater from penetrating into the upper soil layers from below, and you just have to protect the building from moisture entering the soil from above - from rain and snow.

Purpose of drainage

It is recommended to equip the drainage of the site on clay soils immediately after acquiring land for development or development, and the first step to ensuring the safety of your home is geological and geodetic surveys, on the basis of which the project is drawn up. But if you have at least the slightest experience in construction, such studies can be carried out independently, based on information from neighbors and on your own observations. It is necessary to dig a pit with a depth of at least 1.5 meters (the average depth of soil freezing), and visually establish its composition from the soil section. Depending on the predominance of one or another type of soil, a individual scheme drainage.

Waters close to the surface of the ground are dangerous in spring and autumn, as they are fed by atmospheric precipitation, which quickly replenishes underground rivers. The weaker the soil, the faster the groundwater will be replenished by rain and melt waters. Therefore, the need for drainage of the site depends on the depth of groundwater, and at a water level below the base of the base by 0.5 m, water must be drained. The depth of the drainage pipes is 0.25-0.3 meters below the groundwater level.

Surface waters (perch water) manifest themselves if the site contains clay and loamy soil layers that practically do not let water through. In clay areas, immediately after rain, large puddles appear that do not go into the soil for a long time, and this is the first sign of a large layer of clay in the soil. The cure in this case is drainage and storm system, which will immediately drain rain or melt water from the surface of the site.

To completely protect the house from surface water, in addition to drainage and storm water, a layered backfilling foundations with clay soil, with each layer being rammed separately. A blind area wider than the backfill layer is also required.

Cost-Effective Solutions and Drainage Options

How and how to drain a site on clay soil? These are, first of all, such events:

1. Construction of a waterproofed blind area;
2. Arrangement of storm sewers;
3. Digging of upland ditches is a recess in the ground on the upland side of the site in order to divert rain and melt water;
4. Protection of the foundation from moisture with waterproofing materials.

Drainage can be made general or local. The local drainage system is intended only for draining the basement and foundation, the general drainage drains the entire area or its main part, which is at risk of waterlogging.

Existing site drainage schemes:

1. The ring diagram is closed loop from pipes around a residential building or site. The pipes are laid below the groundwater level by 0.25-0.35 m. The scheme is rather complicated and expensive, therefore it is used in exceptional cases;
2. Wall drainage is used to drain the foundation walls, and is mounted 1.5-2.5 m from the building. Pipe laying depth - 10 cm below the basement waterproofing level;
3. Systematic drainage includes an extensive network of channels for water drainage;
4. The radial drainage scheme is a whole system of drainage pipes and drainage channels combined into one design. It is mainly equipped to protect against floods and flooding of the site;
5. Reservoir drainage protects against perched water, and is mounted together with wall drainage to protect the slab. Such a scheme is several layers of non-metallic materials plus a layer of waterproofing, on which a reinforced slab foundation is built.

Installation options for drainage systems

1. Mounting closed type. Excess water enters the drains and further - into the storage tank;
2. Open installation. Drainage trapezoidal channels are not closed from above, gutters are installed in them to collect water. To prevent debris from entering the gutters, they are covered with bars;
3. Backfill installation is used for drainage on soils containing loams and in areas with viscous clay. Drains are laid in trenches and backfilled.

Drainage pipes (drains) are metal or plastic pipes with perforations Ø 1.5-5 mm for the passage of water that accumulates in clay or other soil. So that the holes are not clogged with earth and debris, the pipes are wrapped with filter materials. Clay soils are the most difficult to filter, therefore, in such areas, drains turn into 3-4 layers of filters.

The diameter of the drains is up to 100-150 mm. At each turn, an audit should be arranged - a special well for collecting garbage and pumping water. All collected water is sent to a common water collector or a nearby body of water.

Drainage pipes are sold in ready-made, but they can be easily prepared for work in the system and on their own, even from plastic bottles. So economical homemade system easily withstand operation for 40-50 years. Pipes are built up simply: the neck of the next bottle is put on a bottle with a cut off bottom, and so on until the required length is obtained. In addition, the composite bottle pipe can be easily bent in any direction and at any angle. Just like industrial products, homemade pipes wrapped in several layers of filter materials. On sloping sections, pipes are laid with the same slope as the surface of the construction site.

There is also another way to use plastic bottles - they are placed in the ground tightly to each other with closed lids to form indoor drainage ny channel, which will serve as an air cushion in the ditch. The bottom of the ditch is protected by a cushion of sand. It is recommended to make several such pipes lying next to each other. In order for the system to work, the bottles are covered with geotextiles on all sides, and water will pass through the gaps between the bottles.

Also at self-manufacturing drain can be used conventional sewer pipes from plastic, making holes Ø 2-3 mm in them, or making cuts 15-20 cm long with a grinder, which is much faster.

So that after cutting or drilling the pipe does not lose mechanical strength, cuts need to be made a certain amount per 1 m 2, or rather, they need to be done at a distance of 30-50 cm from each other with a cut width of not more than 5 mm. If the holes are drilled with a drill, then the distance between them should be at least 10 cm, the diameter of the holes should not exceed 5 mm. The main thing is not how to make holes or cuts, but that large pieces of soil, crushed stone or other backfill do not fall into the holes.

Be sure to observe the slope of the drains so that the water flows by gravity into the sump. The slope must be at least 2 mm per 1 meter running pipe, maximum - 5 mm. If drains are mounted locally and in a small area, then their slope is in the range of 1-3 cm per 1 running meter.

It is allowed to change the slope angle if:

1. There is a need to divert a large volume of water without replacing pipes with larger diameter products - the slope angle is increased;
2. To avoid backwater when installing drains below the groundwater level, the slope of the system is reduced.

A trench for drains is dug with an approximate observance of the slope, which is specified and implemented by backfilling river sand large faction. Layer sand cushion- an average of 50-100 mm, so that it can be distributed along the bottom to comply with the slope. The sand is then moistened and compacted.

The sand cushion is covered with geotextile, which should also cover the walls of the trench. Crushed stone or gravel is laid on top with a layer of 150-300 mm (on loamy soils - up to 250 mm, on sand - up to 150 mm). The size of crushed stone grains depends on the diameter of the holes in the drains, or vice versa - depending on the fraction of crushed stone used, the diameter of the holes is selected: for Ø 1.5 mm, crushed stone with a particle size of 6-8 mm is used, for larger diameter holes, larger crushed stone is used.

A drain is laid on the crushed stone, several layers of gravel or the same crushed stone are poured on it, the backfill is rammed, and the edges of the geotextile are wrapped on the crushed stone with an overlap of 200-250 mm. So that the geotextile does not turn around, it is sprinkled with sand, with a layer of up to 30 cm. The last layer is the previously excavated soil.

The installation of the drainage system begins from the lowest section, and a collector is immediately equipped in the same section. This scheme works for any level of groundwater. Draining into a receiving tank, water can bring debris and dirt with it, which forms a blockage, which is cleaned in this collector. To facilitate cleaning and eliminate blockages, side pits are made with a layer of crushed stone at the bottom.

How to drain a site on clay soil updated: February 26, 2018 by: zoomfund

Flooding of a site with groundwater and meltwater can be a real disaster for its owner. Precipitation can also contribute to the violation of the soil structure. It is especially bad for the owners of land consisting mainly of clay or loam, since clay greatly retains water, hardly passing it through itself. In these cases, the only salvation may be a properly constructed drainage. For such soil, it has its own characteristics. Therefore, we will consider how to make drainage of the site with your own hands on clay soils.

Plants suffer from an excess of moisture in the first place. Their roots do not receive the amount of oxygen necessary for development. The result is deplorable - the plants wither at first, and then completely disappear. Moreover, this also applies to cultivated plants, and to lawn grasses. Even in cases where the clay is covered from above with a layer fertile soil, water withdrawal will be difficult.

The comfort of work on the site is also important, because in the absence of a drain, even a little rain can turn clay soil into a swamp. It will be impossible to work on such land for several days.

When the water does not leave for a long time, there is a risk of flooding the foundation and freezing it when cold weather sets in. Even more good waterproofing sometimes it is not able to protect the foundation from destruction, since it itself can be destroyed by frozen moisture.

We conclude: drainage of the site from groundwater is simply necessary. And if it has not been done yet, then you should not postpone its construction.

Preparation for the construction of the drainage system

Before choosing the type of drainage system, you should analyze your site.

Attention is drawn to the following points:

• Soil structure. In our case, clay is considered, which is not able to quickly pass water;
• Source of high moisture. This may be frequent precipitation or groundwater lying close to the surface;
• The type of drainage is selected or several types are combined;
• A plan is drawn up for the location of drainage trenches, revision and catchment wells. The plan indicates the depth of the drains, the dimensions of all elements of the system, their slope relative to the soil surface. The plan will allow you to quickly find the location of all elements of the system.

After such preparation, they begin to build the drainage of the site with their own hands on clay soils. Consider what kind of drainage happens, and which one better fit in relation to the clay area.

Types of drainage systems

Drainage in a clayey area can be surface, deep or reservoir. Sometimes it is advisable to combine several of these types to achieve the greatest drainage efficiency.

Surface drainage

If the site has even a slight natural slope, this creates additional advantages for surface drainage. Water flows by itself through the channels laid on the site to the designated place. Such channels are located on the surface of the soil, slightly deepening them into the ground. Surface drainage a plot on clay soils can be laid on almost any level ground: along paths, around buildings, along the perimeter of lawns, near recreation areas and in other places.

Reservoir drainage

This type of drainage is created even before the construction of the foundation begins. The soil deepens below its location by at least 20 cm. The soil layer is also removed wider than the place where the foundation passes. Crushed stone is poured at the bottom of the pit with a layer of 20 cm, and drainage pipes are located around the perimeter. All moisture penetrating under the foundation is collected in pipes, from where it is discharged through separately laid pipelines to the drainage wells.

Tip: The depth of the reservoir drainage should exceed the depth of the clay soil. In this case, drainage will be most effective.

This type of drainage is quite laborious, therefore it is used less often, although it is useful for clay soils.

Maintenance of the drainage system consists only in cleaning it and pumping water from the collector well. If everything is done correctly, then no clay on the site can overshadow your mood and destroy the plants you grow.

Drainage suburban area it is better to entrust the experts, however, if this is not possible, then you can try to figure it out on your own. First of all, it is necessary to analyze the types of drainage and the various schemes for its device, as well as its purpose. Drainage is simply necessary because this system protects the house and yard from excess moisture. If installed incorrectly, the effect may be reversed. This will lead to flooding and washing out of the soil.

In this article, we will tell you how to properly drain the site with your own hands on peat and clay soils, as well as show diagrams, photos and video instructions for draining the site.

Kinds

Drainage system for the house To properly drain the site, you need to disassemble its types and understand the features of each.

Drainage happens:

• superficial;
• deep.

Surface drainage can be easily done on your own, without the involvement of craftsmen. This is a relatively easy job.

Deep drainage is best done at the stage of building a house.

The building also needs protection. It often happens that the flow of groundwater penetrates into underground premises. Water can flood the cellar, garage, underground parking or recreation room. It all depends on what is below the surface of the earth.

Surface

Surface drainage

Surface drainage of the site is carried out using various storm water inlets and trays. This type of drainage got its name because the entire system is located on the surface. Trays can successfully cope with rainwater flows, as well as moisture that forms as a result of melting snow.

Surface drainage is of two types: point and linear.

It cannot be said that one type of drainage is better than the other. Often both varieties are used together for greater effectiveness. All devices in the system require regular cleaning or they stop functioning properly. Good organized drain works great and does the job.

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Point drainage

With a point layout, the trays are installed, first of all, under the sewers of the house. Otherwise, water will constantly fall on the foundation and on the site.

Improper layout will lead to the penetration of moisture into underground rooms.

Trays must be installed so that they are underground. From them it is necessary to lay pipes to the sewer. From above the tray is covered with a lattice. It is both protective and decorative element simultaneously. To clean the tray, you only need to lift the grate and remove debris from the container.

Linear

Linear drainage system

The linear system has been known for a very long time. It has also been used in Ancient Egypt and Babylon. Today, only the materials used have changed, but the principle of operation has remained the same.

Linear type drainage For drainage, plastic or reinforced concrete trays. They are equipped with a grate on top that covers the gutter. The system has garbage collectors that make it easier to take care of the trays.

Installation of such systems is necessary in cases where:

• it is necessary to protect the foundation from rainwater;
• there is a risk of soil erosion;
• there is a need to remove moisture from sheds, garages and other structures located in the lowlands;
• for protection of paths on garden and seasonal dachas.

Installing a water drain will not be a difficult procedure even for a beginner. Its structure is very clear.

Deep

Diagram of a deep drainage device

Drainage trenchesDeep drainage garden plot is a very complicated procedure. However, if you have skills in construction work, then the problem can be solved.

Usually, both types of drainage are installed on the plots: both deep and surface. Such a drainage network will provide absolute protection from moisture.

Before arranging a buried system, it is necessary to determine in which direction the water flows during showers. This indicator is one of the most important.

If you make a mistake with the level of bias, then you can harm yourself with your own work.

You can find out the direction of the flow of water without exploring the area. To do this, it is enough to wait for the first downpour and see where the flows are directed.

Laying of drainage pipesTrenches break out on the site. Their scheme resembles a Christmas tree.

Filling up the trenchTrenches are covered with rubble and small stones. This will allow moisture to easily enter the pipes. The drainage device on the site must be carried out in accordance with all the rules, so every little thing must be taken into account.

The complexity of arranging the drainage system is that in each case its design is individual.

The general drainage scheme is simple: a receiving well, drains and a collector that removes excess moisture.

Calculation and design always depend on the characteristics of each particular site. You can not take and install the same system for everyone. Somewhere required additional funds drainage, and somewhere the simplest device will do. As a last resort, you can turn to maps to determine the nature of your site.
Drainage scheme

Even with the data from the maps, you should not neglect the additional practical verification of the slope. If it is not possible to achieve the desired flow direction in some places, you can try to fix it with the help of embankments. However, such a procedure is also not carried out without preliminary calculations. A number of problems can be solved with drainage pump. This is forced system drainage, which is used in cases where it is impossible to create a natural one, or it is required additional device water outlet.

On clay soils

On clay soils

Not all types of soils are well water-permeable. These include clay. Clay soil is characterized by an excess of moisture. Because of this, it does not enter the roots right amount oxygen. As a result, the plants die. Dense turf also leads to oxygen starvation of plants.

If you want to do landscape design on a clay site, then before its implementation you will need to make a drainage system. Thanks to her, the site can be processed immediately after the snow melts.

Laying in clay soil

When arranging a drainage system small area, in the design process it is not necessary to make a calculation. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the parameters of the drainage system regarding drains:

• bias;
• location according to the plan;
• depth of occurrence;
• distance between rows;
• arrangement of the mouth part and manholes.

The natural relief of a site with a slope is best used when constructing a drainage system.

Use of relief

Use of relief

With slope easier to work than with a flat one. This is due to at least a decrease in labor costs. All you need is to correctly combine open and closed drainage. The features of drainage systems and methods for their installation will be discussed later in the article.

Clay soil is dense and heavy, so to improve the drainage properties, the soil should be carefully loosened. In the process of laying drains, it is necessary to bypass the places intended for the passage of a car.

On peat soils

On peat soils

In peatlands, the level of groundwater is usually high. Because of this, these types of soils are practically not used for growing plants. in peatlands root system plants simply rot.

Draining peatlands allows you to lower the groundwater level to 2-2.5 m. You do not need to do this if your site has already been drained. This can be easily determined. Drainage was carried out on the site if there are no stagnations of melt water on it, and the level of groundwater during the flood does not exceed 1.5 m.

This is found only in low-lying peatlands or land cultivated by someone. Most often, on peat bogs, one can observe a picture when water is close, and in spring it does not even soak into the ground in places. The only exception is the hot summer, when the groundwater level is greatly reduced, as a result of which the peat dries up and needs to be watered. The roots of perennials suffer greatly during the thaw period in winter or spring. In such a situation, over time, the death of plants is inevitable.

Excess water in the ground

Not everything is so sad. Peatlands can be dried. What can be done for this? If the water is at a level of 0.8-1.2 m, then its excess can be completely removed from the site, for example, by planting birch or viburnum bushes in the northwestern side of the site or beyond. The fact is that birches actively collect moisture at a distance of 30 m from themselves. So, you will drain the site, while not shading it with these trees.

If the water is closer, then you will have to make a quality drainage system. To do this, break the site into sectors. Wherein drainage ditches fit into the slope of the place to collect water. Dig a sewer well or make an artificial reservoir in the lower corner of the site. All excess water from the peat area will drain into it. If you decide to make a water collector in the form of a well, then the accumulated water during the summer drought can be used for irrigation.

Plant moisture-loving fruit/ornamental crops around the pond.

Two ditches should run along the edges of the land, transverse ditches should be provided for high-quality drainage of the peat bog. For example, for 6 acres, it is enough to make 1-2 transverse ditches. At the same time, the depth of the ditch should reach about 40-50 cm. When digging a trench, dump upper layer soil on the edges of the beds, which will be equipped later.

Wetland drainage pipe

If you are building an open drain, then the ditches can be closed with a grate or bridged over them. But for safety reasons, and for greater ease of movement around the site, it is better to make a closed drainage system. The principle of its installation will be described below.

It is impossible for water to accumulate on even a small piece of land - melt or rain. If you find such accumulations, then make mounds of soil and sand, as well as fertile soil, in such places. The sleeves of the drainage system must converge to the well / pond.

In peatlands, plants should be grown in raised beds. If in the summer the peat dries out due to the heat, then it will need to be watered regularly and abundantly.

In cases where the groundwater level cannot be lowered to the level of 2 m, fruit trees it will need to be planted on artificial hills having a height of 30-50 cm. At the same time, as the tree grows, the diameter of the mound will have to be increased.

Arrangement errors

The main mistakes of the drainage system

The most common mistake in arranging a drainage system is that it is installed without proper design. When installing drainage pipes and systems, it is necessary, first of all, to understand the situation. In this case, it is necessary to analyze the site itself and the nature of groundwater.

For example, water very often affects the foundation. To protect it, you need to design a drainage system when building a house. In this case, an additional basement will be required, which will serve as a barrier to groundwater. If the design was done incorrectly, then the situation can only become more complicated. ground water will enter the basement and affect the foundation. In difficult cases, you will have to contact specialists.

Video

The following video will also help you understand the features of drainage:

Scheme

These diagrams will help you plan the drainage of the site according to the requirements:

Drainage and storm sewer

Closed drainage scheme

Scheme of nodes of the drainage system

Scheme of laying storm drains and drainage system

Surface drainage scheme

Scheme of drainage wells

Scheme drainage trench cutaway

Diagram of a closed-type drainage system

Drainage scheme

Drainage and drainage scheme

wall drainage

Removal of excess water from the site

Drainage of a site with a slope

Drainage drawing