Forced ventilation in a panel house. Scheme of ventilation in a panel house. Ventilation systems and their schemes

WHAT IS VENTILATION AND WHAT IS IT FOR?

HOW TO CHECK WORKABILITY?

HOW TO NOT STAY WITHOUT AIR?

A LITTLE LITTLE THING...

THE "FAMOUS" PROBLEM OF THE LAST FLOOR

THE MOST COMMON MISTAKE

WHY "SUDDENLY" THE VENTILATION STOP WORKING?

WHAT IS VENTILATION AND WHAT IS IT FOR?

According to existing norms, each dwelling (apartment) must be equipped with ventilation, which serves to remove polluted air from the non-residential premises of the apartment (kitchen, bathroom, toilet). Ventilation is the movement of air, air exchange. Every person breathes during the day, uses the stove, does laundry or washes, goes to the toilet, many smoke. All these actions contribute to air pollution in the apartment and its excessive saturation with moisture. If the ventilation is working properly, then we do not notice all this, but if its performance is impaired, then this results in big problem for those living in such an apartment, the windows on the windows begin to fog up and the condensate flows onto the window sill and wall; the corners are damp, and mold appears on the walls and ceiling; linen dries in the bathroom for 2-3 days, and when using the toilet, the smell spreads throughout the apartment. Plus, if in an apartment without ventilation there is a chest or completely Small child, then, sometimes, one or two years of being in such conditions is enough for him to develop bronchial asthma or other respiratory diseases.

In order to find out whether ventilation works or not, you do not need to be a specialist. Take a small piece of toilet paper. Open a window (window) in any room and bring a prepared piece of toilet paper to the ventilation grill in the bathroom, kitchen or toilet. If the leaf is attracted, the ventilation works. If the sheet does not rest on the grate and falls, the ventilation does not work. If the sheet is not attracted, but rather deviates from the ventilation grill, it means that you have a reverse draft and you breathe foreign odors, which means that the ventilation does not work.

HOW TO CHECK WORKABILITY?

Ventilation can be checked or measured. Measure it special device- Anemometer. This device shows how fast the air moves in the ventilation duct. Having a calculation table in hand, you can substitute the values ​​​​of the anemometer and the cross section of your ventilation grill into it and you will get a figure that will tell you how many cubic meters of air per hour (m³ / h) passes through the ventilation grill. But that's not all. When checking, there are many conditions that cannot be ignored, otherwise the measurement data will be incorrect.

According to the "Methodology for testing the air exchange of residential buildings", measurements are carried out at a temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air = 13ºС (example: +5ºС outside; +18ºС in the apartment), and at the same time, the air temperature outside should not be higher than + 5ºС.

The fact is that during the warm period of the year, ventilation works worse and nothing can be done about it, because these are the laws of physics on this planet. If ventilation is measured at more than warm temperature than +5ºС, the obtained measurement data will be incorrect. And the warmer the outside temperature is, the further the measurement data will be from the normative ones. In extreme heat, in some cases, even absolutely perfect ventilation may stop working or even work in the opposite direction (reverse draft).

To understand why this happens, we must remember what each of us heard at school in physics lessons. The lower the temperature, the greater the air density, i.e., the air is heavier. Therefore, the highest air density in winter is in frosty weather, and the lowest in summer.

Therefore, if in an apartment, for example, the temperature is +18ºС, and on the street -3ºС, then warmer (lighter) internal air through the ventilation duct will tend from the apartment to the street. As the outside temperature rises, the proportion of outside and inside air will begin to equalize, which means that the draft in the duct will begin to weaken. And, if the temperature in the apartment is, for example, + 24ºС, and the temperature outside is + 30ºС, then the cooler (heavier) internal air will simply not be able to rise up and exit through the ventilation duct into the atmosphere. It will be much easier for him to move not up, but down, that is, as if to “flow out” of the apartment.

That's why in hot weather there is a high probability that ventilation can give back draft, although in this case it cannot be considered faulty, because under these conditions, according to the laws of Nature, it could not work.

So, you can measure ventilation only if it works. But first you need to find out if it works.

As already mentioned, anyone can do this - it does not require much effort. To do this, you need a small piece of toilet paper. No need to take a sheet of newspaper, magazine or cardboard. Why?? According to existing standards, the kitchen (with an electric stove), bathroom and toilet are supposed to be: 60, 25 and 25 m³ / h, respectively. To achieve these values, a relatively low air velocity through the ventilation grill is required, and such movement can only be detected with a thin sheet of paper (it is better if it is toilet paper). In some apartments, a piece of thick, heavy paper can also attract, but this suggests that the ventilation in this apartment works so well that it exceeds the required rate. Here it is necessary to take into account one more necessary condition for checking traction. According to the same “Method of testing the air exchange of residential buildings”, when checking ventilation, in one of the rooms the window sash is slightly opened by 5–8 cm and the doors between this room and the kitchen or bathroom are opened.

We happened to be present at many commissions that met to assess the state of ventilation in various apartments and, sometimes, it was necessary to observe how a representative of the inspecting organization checked the ventilation at closed window. This is mistake!! In our country, ventilation in residential premises is forced-air and exhaust with a natural impulse, that is, not forced, not mechanical. And all air exchange rates were calculated specifically for natural ventilation. And in order for the air to go into the ventilation grill, it must come from somewhere, and, according to the norms, it must come (enter) the apartment through cracks in windows, doors and other structures. In the early 1990s, hitherto unseen plastic windows with sealed double-glazed windows and metal doors with seals. Undoubtedly, these products are not like our old wooden windows with their eternal drafts, but one problem has arisen here - new technologies have come, but the norms have remained old and, according to these norms, the air flow into the apartment is carried out through cracks and leaks, and new double-glazed windows completely eliminate these leaks . So it turns out that hermetic windows and doors create conditions in the apartment under which ventilation cannot work normally. And then feeling the lack fresh air in an apartment, people come up with another problem for themselves - they install fans.

HOW TO NOT STAY WITHOUT AIR?

Let's describe a situation that we often encountered. So let's take the usual two-room apartment("Khrushchev") with total area 53 m². This apartment has steel door with sealant and plastic windows. There are also two ventilation ducts - one for the bathroom, and the other for the kitchen and a “hood” above the stove is connected to the kitchen ventilation duct (one can say a classic situation). Now "hoods" (i.e. exhaust hood above the stove) are so powerful that at the maximum working position their capacity according to the passport is 1000 m³ / h and even more. Now imagine that in such a sealed room, the hostess decided to cook something and turned on the “hood” above the stove at full power. With a ceiling height of 2 m. 60 cm, the air volume in this apartment is only 138 m³. For the hood, by definition, it will take quite a bit of time to “swallow”, pass cubic meters of air from this apartment through itself. As a result, the “hood” begins to pump air out of the apartment and creates a vacuum, and since the windows and the door are very tight and air is not supplied for circulation through them, then there is only one place through which air can flow into the apartment - air vent from / node (!!!). In such a situation, even normally working ventilation from the / node (toilet and bathroom) will start to work in the opposite direction (reverse draft). And, since the ventilation within the attic is integrated into a common system, extraneous odors from other floors begin to enter the apartment, sometimes obscenely fetid.

In this case, the solution to the back draft problem is quite simple - open the windows while using the hood. Since you have decided to connect your life with sealed double-glazed windows and the same sealed door, you will have to come to terms with the fact that air will flow into your apartment through an open window - otherwise there is no way. Supply devices are able to compensate for the air removed through standard ventilation ducts, but providing a powerful exhaust air with air is a difficult task for them.

A LITTLE LITTLE THING...

Not a very common problem. However, if you don’t know about it, then you can look for the cause of reverse thrust for a very long time and find nothing. So, there is a reverse draft in the ventilation duct, but during the examination it turns out that the duct is absolutely clean, in the attic the horizontal junction boxes (if any) are in perfect order, and the shaft that goes to the roof is also normal and there is simply nothing to complain about. It turns out that the reason for the "return" is that the ventilation grill is installed on the "through" channel. That is, two or more apartments are connected to one channel (vertically).

For normal operation of ventilation, the ventilation duct of the apartment must begin with a “plug”, i.e., the air entering the duct through the ventilation grill must have only one way - up. In no case should there be a downward movement - either immediately at the bottom of the ventilation grill, or with a small recess, but the channel must be muffled (blocked) in its lower part. Otherwise, there is a high probability that such a channel will give reverse thrust.

For the most part, this problem is faced by people living in houses of the II-18 and I-209A series. These are 14, 12-storey one-entrance "towers". However, a similar ventilation system is used in 9-storey panel houses and in some brick houses, if the ventilation is not lined with bricks, but mounted with whole concrete panels with channels cast inside.

This system looks like this. There is a collection channel (common shaft) with a diameter of about 220-240 mm, and satellite channels with a diameter of about 130-150 mm are located on the sides of the collection channel. Typically, apartments are connected to such a ventilation system "in a run" - for example, the 1st floor to the satellite channel to the left of the shaft, the 2nd floor to the right, the 3rd floor to the left, etc. The ventilation blocks are cast at the concrete goods plant in such a way that the satellite channels (they are also upper stages) communicate with the common mine through windows every 2.5 meters. That is, the air must get from the apartment into the ventilation grill, rise along the satellite channel up to 2.5 meters, rest against the “plug” and exit through the window into the common shaft (collective channel). But that's the whole trouble, that in these houses there are NO "stubs".

Most likely, the designer provided for the so-called "universal" ventilation unit. The fact is that if ventilation blocks are cast at the factory with a division into “right” and “left” or “for even floors” and “for odd”, then confusion is inevitable during their installation and problems are guaranteed. Therefore, the ventilation unit was made universal, so that during installation the worker would put it without thinking about its geometry. And after the installation, he chose which satellite channel would be used for the “even” floors of the house, and which one for the “odd” ones, and, based on this, the installer had to install plugs into the satellite channels on the spot.

The designer's faith in the integrity of our builders, subject to technological process, is truly naive. I myself have worked at a construction site for many years and I know how our apartments are built.

The result is the following. Instead of a ventilation system with a common (transit) shaft and two satellite channels, we have three transit channels in our homes. On the lower floors, this problem is not yet so noticeable, but on the upper floors, if the ventilation grill is installed on such a transit channel, then you should not be surprised by extraneous odors in the apartment. The air flow, rising through the channel and flying past the ventilation grille, will either give a reverse draft, or will greatly impede the removal of air from the apartment. And, if you install a plug, it will cut off the lower air flow and direct it to the collection channel through the provided window. Thus, the ventilation in the apartment begins, as it were, from scratch - without experiencing any obstacles and not burdened by the struggle with other air flows, that is, as it should be.

THE "FAMOUS" PROBLEM OF THE LAST FLOOR

Sometimes, when people turned to us for help and when describing their problem, they said that they had the last floor in the house, then this was enough to establish the reason for the lack of normal ventilation without leaving the place. Then all that remained was to go out and confirm their assumptions. Believe me, this problem suffers great amount people, thousands. The fact is that for the normal operation of ventilation in an apartment, it is desirable for air to pass through the ventilation duct at least about 2 meters vertically. On any other floor, this is possible, but on the last floor such a possibility is excluded - the obstacle is attic space. There are three ways to bring ventilation from an apartment to the street. The first is that the ventilation ducts go directly to the roof in the form of a pipe head. Almost all houses were built this way until the beginning of the 20th century, and then they began to gradually move away from this method. The reason is the increase in the number of storeys of houses. This method does not interest us, because problems almost never arose with it. The second way - ventilation, reaching the attic, was covered with horizontal sealed boxes, which were connected to a shaft that went out over the roof. The third way (modern) - ventilation first enters the attic, which serves as a kind of intermediate ventilation chamber, and after that it goes outside through one common ventilation shaft.

We are interested in the second and third options. In the second case, the following happens - the air through the channels from all floors rises up to the level of the attic and breaks into a horizontal junction box mounted in the attic. In this case, the air flow hits the cover of the horizontal ventilation duct. The air flow deviates slightly towards the ventilation shaft, but if the internal section of the horizontal attic box is insufficient, then an area appears in the box high blood pressure and the air tends to find its way out into any nearest opening. There are usually two such exits (holes) - a ventilation shaft designed for this and an upper floor channel, since it is the closest and is located almost in the box at a distance of only 40-60 cm and it is easier than ever to "push" it into reverse side. If the section of the box in the attic is sufficient, but the cover is mounted too low, then the same thing happens - reverse draft - the air flow, due to the small height of the cover, does not have time to deviate towards the ventilation shaft and an impact occurs. The reflected air flow “presses through” the ventilation of the upper floor and all the smells from the lower floors come into this apartment. There are two ways to deal with this - global and local. Global - to increase the cross section of the attic horizontal junction box by changing its height by 2 - 3 times, plus the device inside the box of "cunning" devices, which we call "cuts". But, firstly, this should be done by specialists, and secondly, it is not recommended to increase the section of the duct if the same ducts are attached to the ventilation shaft on the opposite side. The local method consists in the fact that the channels of the upper floor are separated from the general air flow and are separately brought into the shaft over the duct. These individual channels are insulated so as not to disturb the temperature and humidity regime (TVR) of the attic. And that's it - the ventilation in the apartment works.

Now, as for the third (modern) option for removing air. According to this principle, ventilation works in all high-rise buildings (series: P - 44, P3M, KOPE, etc.). The last floors in such houses suffer more often not from reverse thrust, but from weakened one. Instead of passing the norms of 2 meters vertically and then connecting with the general flow, the following happens on the upper floors - the air, entering the channel, passes only about 30 centimeters vertically and, without having time to gain strength and speed, dissipates. Ventilation thus does not disappear, but the air exchange in the upper apartment is greatly reduced. If the entrance and intersection doors of the attic are open (it often happens), then a strong draft arises that can “overturn” the draft in the apartments of the upper floor. To prevent this from happening, the individual channels of the upper floor must be increased. The diameter of these channels is 140 mm. It is necessary to put pipes of the same diameter on these holes, and carefully coat the joints with alabaster. Bring the pipes to a height of approximately 1 meter and tilt them slightly towards the common shaft so that the air flow rising from below, flying next to the removed pipes, picks up and draws air from the channels of the upper floor with the force of its flow.

THE MOST COMMON MISTAKE

Each of us has a kitchen in the apartment. Everyone has a stove (gas or electric) in the kitchen. And the vast majority have an exhaust "umbrella" above the stove (in the common people - "hood"). What is the delusion? That so many people consider a "hood" to be the equivalent of kitchen ventilation. Otherwise, how to explain the fact that, when installing the hood over the stove, the air duct from it is led into the kitchen vent, completely closing it?

They do this for several reasons - either they were advised by the builders who did the repairs, or from the full confidence that even so the air is perfectly removed from the kitchen. Plus, sellers of hoods claim that the power of the purchased hood should be selected taking into account the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe kitchen. Actually, this is all a delusion.

Let's try to figure out where it came from. If you carefully read the various regulatory documents for construction and operation, then a strange pattern can be traced: IN ANY document you will not find the word ... HOOD!

Note: 1) we are talking about normative documents, not reference; 2) hood - a kitchen hood (noun), and not a hood - as an action (verb).

So, if there is no such thing as an exhaust hood in the regulatory framework, then how can air exchange be normalized with its help ??? Nonsense.

Then the end users of hoods have a reasonable question: how is it that hoods exist, but words do not? And everything is very simple, there is a word and hoods, only they are, as it were, "outside the law." And this is due to the fact that ALL residential buildings (99.99%) in Russia (and former USSR) have natural ventilation, or, more correctly, ventilation with a natural impulse.

Those. air enters our apartments through leaks in windows, doors and building structures, as well as through special supply valves or ducts, and leaves through ventilation ducts located in the kitchen, bathroom, toilet.

How is this related? Let's try to explain. Any building construction or communications are calculated for certain loads. Ventilation is no exception to this list. Our channels have enough limited opportunities by throughput. AT best conditions their performance is 150 - 180 m3 / h (for comparison: modern hoods have a capacity of 600-1100 m3 / h)

Sorry if we took a lot of your time. Here we come to the confusion. The fact is that there are still norms for mechanical ventilation, which differ significantly from the norms for natural ventilation. For example, air exchange for a kitchen with natural ventilation should be 3-fold, and with mechanical ventilation - 10-12-fold. So, the sellers of hoods apply the norm (10-12 times), without thinking that the hood above the stove and the norms of mechanical ventilation are in no way connected with each other and the hood above the stove has NO RELATIONSHIP TO THE VENTILATION of the premises.

The exhaust hood is not designed to ventilate the kitchen. It is only to remove polluted air located in a small space above the stove. The hood is not able to cope with the air that has risen to the ceiling better than a conventional ventilation duct in the upper part of the room. For the hood, “reaching out” to this air is an almost impossible task. The fact is that the behavior of the air flow during suction and ejection is different. During suction, air is taken from a distance of not more than one diameter of the suction hole, and an air jet is ejected at a distance of fifteen hole diameters. That is why we vacuum the carpet not from a height of a meter, but by pressing the brush. That's why we turn the fan on ourselves in the heat front side, not the reverse. That is why the hood cannot "take" the polluted air (odors) that has risen to the ceiling.

The hood during operation removes air above the stove and nearby. This creates air movement in the room, and additional air flows are involved in the mixing process. How much is pumped out of the room, the same amount is supplied for replacement. If the hood has pumped 1000 cubic meters of air, this does not mean at all that the air in the room has been completely renewed several times. The resulting void, which Nature does not like, will be filled with air that came from anywhere - from the window, from other rooms, from cracks. But cooking odors that have risen to the ceiling are hardly involved in mixing and are difficult to remove. It is not for nothing that the instructions for the hoods say that ... "... for the purpose of maximum efficiency, the exhaust hood should be located 60 cm from the electric stove and 75 cm from the gas stove ...". "... During operation of the hood, avoid air currents - this can cause odors to spread throughout the room." If the hood were designed to ventilate the kitchen, then there would be no such recommendations in the instructions, and the exhaust “umbrella” itself would be advised to be installed at the top, instead of a chandelier.

By the way, in the instructions for the hoods there is no mention of how much room it is designed for. This has already come up with the sellers of this product. The area of ​​​​the room does NOT affect performance. And vice versa, the power of the purchased hood does not follow from the size of the room.

The main factor affecting the performance of the hood is the cross section of the ventilation ducts in our homes. The vast majority of channels in our country have a cross section of 130 x 130 mm, or a diameter of 140 mm. By attaching mechanical (forced) ventilation to such a small channel, we get a meager effect. More air than such a channel can still not let through, no matter how hard you try. Almost every manual for a ventilator or hood has a diagram showing the performance versus pressure curve, from which it is clear that the higher the pressure, the lower the performance of the hood or fan. The main factors due to which there is an increase in pressure in the channel and, as a result, a drop in productivity are: irregularities inside the channel; displacement of floor blocks; protruding solution; narrowed section; material and shape of connecting air ducts; every turn in the airflow path.

As a result, due to the influence of these factors, increased pressure will be created in the channel and at the approach to it, and, as you know, the higher the pressure, the lower the exhaust performance. This means that a POWERFUL hood “suffocates” itself. And the more powerful the hood, the more it "locks" itself.

You can connect an exhaust hood with a capacity of 1000 m3 / h, you can 1500 m3 / h, you can 5000 m3 / h (if any), but in all cases the result will be the same - you can push a little more air into the channel and that's it !!! The rest is loss!

Once, on one of the connections of the hood to the ventilation duct with a diameter of 140 mm, in the P-44 series, we specially took with us a cup anemometer for measurements. When almost everything was mounted, they asked the client for permission to experiment a little. The air duct was disconnected and a pre-prepared insert with an anemometer was installed. Extractor hood four-speed "SATA". The fan is centrifugal. The length of the duct is 3.5 meters with two turns. The air duct is plastic, with a diameter of 125 mm. The maximum productivity of the exhaust dome is 1020 m3/h. The anemometer was installed before the last turn (at the very entrance to the ventilation unit). The first speed - the anemometer showed 250 cubic meters / hour. The second speed - indications of 340 cubes/hour. The third speed - indications of 400 cubes/hour. Fourth speed - 400 cubic meters / hour. Bottom line: 1) the difference in performance between the first and fourth speeds is minimal; 2) the channel missed EVERYTHING THAT COULD, which means that the losses are simply huge; 3) the noise at the third and fourth speeds has grown, but there is no sense. And this despite the fact that the walls of the connecting air ducts and the ventilation duct are very smooth!!! Imagine what the performance loss will be if you connect the hood to a ventilation duct, which is made, say, in brickwork!!!

Of course, you can use the hood as a simple fan, but in this case, you should not hope that it will provide you with full air exchange. We do not discourage the purchase of a hood in general and do not claim that this is not a necessary and useless thing. Of course it is not. The only goal that we pursue is the desire to warn the consumer against general delusion. Namely: 1) you should not take the exhaust hood in the kitchen as an equivalent of room ventilation - it has nothing to do with this; 2) when buying a hood, you can’t build on the size of the room - these are unrelated things.

WHY "SUDDENLY" THE VENTILATION STOP WORKING?

It happens. It seemed to work, worked for many years and "suddenly" stopped. Many residents tend to believe that the reason for this is the neighbors who climbed into the ventilation riser and blocked something there. Of course, there are such “craftsmen”. These "specialists" are well aware that according to electrical network current flows, poop flows through sewers, water flows through pipes, but when it comes to ventilation, logic fails them - they cannot understand that there is not a void at all that needs to be filled, there - air moves.

But it's not about them. If we immediately cut off all the cases when the neighbors really violated the ventilation and try to figure out the rest of the reasons that affected its performance, it turns out that the residents themselves create a huge number of problems with ventilation.

How does this happen? For example, let's take the most common modern scheme of natural ventilation: a) a multi-storey building, b) the ventilation of the house goes to a warm attic and consists of a collection channel (common shaft) and a satellite channel. Houses of the series are suitable for this scheme: P-44, P-3M, KOPE, P-46, P-55, P-30, P-42, P-43, some monolithic houses and many less common series.

The ventilation in these houses consists of a prefabricated channel (common shaft), which goes in transit from the ground floor to the attic. In addition, for each apartment there is an individual channel (satellite channel), which starts from the ventilation grill in the apartment, then rises one floor and, not reaching the same individual channel of the apartment above, exits through an opening into a common shaft, where the air continues to their movement to the attic and further into the street.

To make it easier to understand this scheme, imagine a full-flowing river with small streams flowing into it. This is the considered ventilation scheme. The river is a prefabricated mine; streams flowing into it are satellite channels.

As tributaries feed a full-flowing river, so satellite channels fill the prefabricated mine with air. If you start blocking the tributaries, the river will become shallow and dry up. If air does not escape from the satellite channels, then the speed and volume of air in the collection shaft will decrease significantly. Since the ventilation system of a house is a chain of interrelated and interdependent links, a violation of one of the links leads to changes in the entire chain, which ultimately turns into problems for the entire ventilation system of the riser, entrance, and sometimes the house.

You can trace all the stages of violation of the ventilation system.

An ordinary 17-storey panel house, of which there are plenty all the time. The ventilation scheme used in these houses is perhaps the best that a person has come up with for residential high-rise buildings. This ventilation system is able to work even in extreme heat. Although, by definition, it should not work in the summer. In hot weather, according to all conditions and rules, ventilation must stop or tip over (reverse draft). But this does not happen in these houses, because the ventilation duct, which is the prefabricated shaft, has a height of about 50 meters. And due to such a difference in height, and hence the difference in pressure difference between the lower and top points, there is a fairly strong air flow (draught). The "warm attic" is the reinforcing factor here. And this bundle is not able to "interrupt" even strong heat. BUT ... only if the conditions necessary for it to work are created for this ventilation system.

One entrance of any multi-entrance building with warm attic is a closed and isolated system. Ventilation of any apartment of this entrance is an integral part of this system. That is, the ventilation of each apartment depends on the other apartments in the entrance and, conversely, each apartment affects all other apartments.

The influence of one apartment on its riser or the entire entrance is insignificant and is not able to change the “balance of power”. But this is if one apartment. What if there are several? If there are five, or ten, or twenty, or half. What if more than half? That is, if there are apartments that do not participate in the system (fall out of it), then this system loses its strength, weakens. There is a certain critical point after which it fails. That is, the sum of all air flows entering the attic is not enough to push this air out of the attic into the atmosphere. Because the common exhaust shaft going from the attic to the roof (to the street) is quite impressive in size. And this abyss "wants to eat", i.e. its dimensions are designed for the passage of a certain volume of air, which it does not receive. There is a saying: “You can’t warm the sea with an awl.” This is just our case. As a result, the speed and density of the air flow in such a mine is reduced and the thrust overturns. More "heavy" in winter cold air drops, and the outgoing warm air flow ("awl") is too small for large sizes mines ("sea").

A reasonable question arises: “Why does the volume of air emitted through the ventilation shaft into the atmosphere decrease? What is the reason?".

The answer can be obtained on the example of the smallest link in the overall ventilation system - on the example of the ventilation of a single apartment.

The apartment has two ventilation ducts. One works for the kitchen, the other for the bathroom (bathroom + toilet). Two channels 24 hours a day remove air from the apartment to the ventilation. The remote dirty, humid, exhaust air must be replaced by another air - outside, fresh, enriched with oxygen. i.e. INFLOW. Thanks to this circulation, this constant replacement (inflow), the apartment is supported normal conditions for living.

Only the inflow of outside air can be considered normal, full-fledged inflow. The air that comes from landing through the cracks in front door or, who came from the next room (apartment), in terms of quality, nothing better than that air that is already in the apartment. It is just as dirty, damp, it has already been smoked, puffed with toilet freshener and saturated with the “aromas” of the kitchen. It's like in the old joke about the concentration camp: “Today there will be a change of linen. The first barrack changes with the second.”

Previously, the flow to the apartment was mainly carried out through cracks and leaks in our old, terrible, crooked, leaky windows. When replacing these shameful windows with new sealed double-glazed windows, the previous order of air circulation is violated. New windows are very tight, there are practically no gaps in them, which means that the inflow of outside air through them is almost zero. Temporary opening of vents and sashes is self-deception. Ventilation works constantly, which means that the need for inflow is also constant.

Has anyone tried to suck the air out of plastic bottle?? Correctly. It's impossible. What if you make a hole in the bottle? Then you can pump air out of the bottle indefinitely. The hole is the inflow. A bottle is an apartment with sealed double-glazed windows. When the windows are closed, ventilation cannot work normally. Under these conditions, only two things can happen to her:

a) one of the ventilation channels of the apartment (a stronger channel) will start pulling the other channel. That is, the second, weaker channel will begin to function as an inflow, which was ruined by the installation of new windows;

b) both ventilation channels will work as before, and the missing inflow will be compensated through the gaps between other apartments. That is, they will suck into the apartment exactly the same exhaust air that is removed, only with other people's smells.

So it turns out that: in one case, instead of two normally working channels of the apartment, we have only one working channel. This means that the volume of air removed from one apartment has decreased by at least half (!!!). In the second case, the channels seem to fill the prefabricated shaft with air, but this is air inside the house, not outside. This means that the channels do not work for the apartment in which they are located and the air circulation in this apartment is disturbed.

Now go outside, look at any house, select any riser of apartments and count how many old windows are left along the entire vertical, and how much plastic ones cost. Those with plastic can be excluded from the general ventilation system of the entrance. This is ballast. Without an inflow, these apartments hang like weights on the legs of the ventilation system. And if in summer or winter (less often in winter) a reverse draft “suddenly” comes out of your ventilation ducts, then you can safely say “thank you very much” to these neighbors. They tried very hard.

Main conclusion.

You can not thoughtlessly install sealed double-glazed windows. These windows are not on their own. They are part of the ventilation system. It is up to you whether the ventilation will work or not. Decided to install sealed double-glazed windows?? Organize a CONSTANT INFLOW!!!.

Ventilation of residential buildings is one of the key points in providing a comfortable air environment for people. Poor air circulation in the home can not only adversely affect the health of the occupants, but also require waste on additional exhaust systems. Operating air ducts are also one of the main points for ensuring fire safety. In this article, we will explain how ventilation works in apartment building and what activities can increase the effectiveness of its work.

Purpose of general house ventilation

The air in a residential apartment is always subject to pollution. Smoke from cooking, fumes from the bathroom, unpleasant odors and dust - all this ends up in the air and creates unfavorable conditions for people's lives. Stale air can even lead to the development of diseases - asthma and allergies. That is why every apartment building must be equipped common system ventilation.

Functions of ventilation in a residential area:

• infiltrate clean air to apartments;
• together with the exhaust air, remove dust and other impurities harmful to health;
• regulate humidity in residential and utility rooms.

Most of the urban population of our country lives in panel houses built back in Soviet time, others are moving to new buildings. Ensuring ventilation of residential buildings is a mandatory requirement in the construction of houses. However, the level of ventilation in multi-apartment residential buildings remains quite low. It is customary to save on air duct systems during construction.

At the moment, you can find the following types of ventilation in residential buildings:

• with natural inflow and exhaust;
• with forced air movement through ventilation installations.

In modern elite-class houses, heating and ventilation systems correspond to the latest standards and are created using special equipment and materials. For ventilation of multi-storey residential buildings of panel type, natural air exchange is used. The same applies to brick residential buildings of the Soviet era, as well as modern budget-class buildings. Air must enter through the holes between the doors and the floor, as well as special valves on the plastic windows.

Ventilation in panel house works as follows. Air is discharged upwards through vertical ventilation shafts, thanks to natural draft. It is pulled outside the house through a pipe located on the roof or attic. When air enters the apartment through open windows or doors, he rushes to those located in the kitchen and bathroom - where cleansing from smoke and moisture is most needed. Thus, stagnant air is discharged into the pipe, and clean air enters the room through the windows.

If you stop the flow of fresh air, ventilation will not work efficiently. Residents of apartments in apartment buildings often forget about the natural ventilation of the premises when they install additional exhaust systems. Here is the list common mistakes during repairs that stop air circulation:

• installation of deaf double-glazed windows made of metal-plastic;
• eliminating the gap between door leaf and floors when replacing interior doors;
• mounting axial fans in the toilet (affects the ventilation of neighboring apartments).

When decorating living rooms, it is worth remembering to create natural ways for ventilation. You can install plastic windows with special valves that will automatically supply air from the street.

Interior doors should be selected in size so that they do not stand close to the floor. When installing additional fans, you can also configure them for supply.

Ventilation schemes for residential buildings

Depending on the construction plans, ventilation can be completely different design. In this section, we will try to figure out how ventilation is arranged in a panel house on the diagrams and talk about the degree of effectiveness of one or another type of its implementation.

The most successful ventilation scheme in a panel house is individual, when each apartment has a separate channel with access to the roof.

In this case, the ventilation shafts are not interconnected, it improves, and polluted air from neighboring apartments does not enter the house. Another variation of such a ventilation scheme in Khrushchev is that from each apartment, separate channels lead to the roof, where they are connected into a single pipe that brings air masses to the street.

Unfortunately, quite often the simplest, but inefficient method of ventilation is used, in which air from all apartments enters a single large shaft - just like ventilation is arranged in Khrushchev. This allows you to save space and costs during the construction of the building, but it has a lot of unpleasant consequences:

• the ingress of dust and unpleasant odors from other apartments - residents of the upper floors are especially susceptible to this, where the air rises naturally;
• rapid contamination of the common ventilation pipe;
• lack of sound insulation.

There are several other ways to remove air through ventilation shafts - with horizontal channels in the attic and the outlet of the pipe to the attic without a chimney. In the first case, horizontal air ducts reduce air draft, and in the second case, the attic is polluted due to the lack of outlet to the street. The ventilation scheme in Khrushchev and other Soviet-style buildings, although budgetary, is inconvenient for residents.

Schematic diagrams of some natural ventilation systems of residential buildings: (a) - without prefabricated ducts; (b) - with vertical collection channels; (c) - with horizontal collection channels in the attic; (d) - with a warm attic

Fortunately there is modern system ventilation, which automatically draws and supplies air. Its design includes a fan that pumps air into the mine. It is usually located in the basement of the building. On the roof of the house is exhaust ventilation the same power, which with force removes polluted air masses from the duct. This is the simplest ventilation scheme in an apartment building. It can also be arranged with the use of energy-saving equipment - recuperators. The task of the heat exchanger is to take heat (or cold) from the exhaust air and transfer it to the supply air.

Ventilation shafts, as a rule, come from the basement high-rise building, additionally providing its protection against dampness and fumes. Basement ventilation is provided by natural draft, and in modern houses air supply units are also installed here. To remove raw air from the basement, common ventilation shafts are used, which exit through openings on each floor and in each apartment.

Airing the basement, the place where the natural ventilation system begins, is one of the main conditions for its proper operation. To do this, holes are made in the basement walls through which fresh air enters the basement. It not only reduces humidity at the base of the house, but also creates traction in the common house mine.

The shape of the holes can be simple - round or square. They must be located at a sufficient distance above the ground so that water and dirt from the street do not get inside. Optimal Distance from the ground - at least 20 cm. The holes should be placed evenly around the perimeter of the basement, if there are several rooms in it - it is necessary to arrange several air ducts in each. The vents must not be closed, otherwise the whole principle of the ventilation of an apartment building will be violated. From penetration into the basement of animals, the holes are covered with a metal mesh.

Calculation of apartment ventilation

Natural or artificial ventilation of a residential building is calculated by specialists during the construction of the building, and the residents of the building receive apartments with a ventilation system “by default”. It will not work to change the scheme of the ventilation system in Khrushchev, this will require serious intervention in the structure of the building. However, with the help of various devices, you can improve the air circulation in your apartment. For this it is necessary.

If you are not satisfied with the ventilation in the apartment, you can install additional hoods in the kitchen and fans on the grates in the bathroom. In this case, you should remember the basic rule - the amount of air drawn out should not exceed the amount entering the apartment. In this case, the ventilation systems will work as efficiently as possible. Some models of hoods and fans can work on the flow of air - they should be installed if the room is not sufficiently ventilated through windows and doors.

Particular attention should be paid to the power of exhaust devices, for small apartments a capacity of 50 to 100 m³ of air per hour will suffice. To determine exactly what load for the device will be optimal, you can measure the number air masses in the room. To do this, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe apartment is summed up and multiplied by three. The resulting volumes of air must completely pass through the fans within an hour.

You can organize additional air flow with the help of air conditioners, hoods and fans. In combination, these devices will perform the main tasks of ventilation of premises:

• the hood in the kitchen will clean the room from unpleasant odors, grease and smoke, filling it with clean air;
• fan in the bathroom - to remove moist air;
• air conditioning - cool and dehumidify the air in the room.

These devices will ensure good circulation of air masses in different rooms and regulate their cleanliness - in the bathroom and kitchen they are simply irreplaceable.

Quantity supply air may exceed the amount withdrawn by 15-20%, but not vice versa.

home ventilation maintenance

Often, due to clogging of the air duct or outlet grate, ventilation does not work. you can independently within your apartment by removing the grate and cleaning the pipe walls with a brush, broom or vacuum cleaner. Particular attention must be paid to the mesh that closes the entrance to the mine - it works like a filter on which all impurities remain.

Complete is carried out by a special service at the request of residents.

First, a diagnosis of the performance of the exhaust channels is carried out and a work plan is drawn up. To check the cleanliness of the mines, a video camera on a cable is often used - it allows you to determine the places where dirt accumulates and the places where the pipe is deformed.

After that, the cleaning of the duct begins. Professionals use weights, pneumatic brushes, weighted brushes and other tools. Ordinary residents should not engage in such work - this can harm the integrity of the pipe.

Natural ventilation in a high-rise building is not very efficient compared to mechanical ventilation, but it requires less cleaning. A team of specialists should be called every few years if there are obvious signs of air duct contamination. Automatic systems ventilation systems experience heavy loads and require more thorough cleaning. These systems are often maintained by the companies that install them.

Monitoring the performance and increasing the efficiency of home ventilation is one of the key points in creating a healthy microclimate in your home. By taking a number of measures to improve the ventilation of your home, you will save yourself from dust, unpleasant odors, kitchen or bathroom products in the air.

Among those families that live in typical city apartments, there are probably no those who would not want to increase usable area rooms, especially the traditionally cramped and irrationally planned kitchen.

Today, there are many ways to solve the problem of tightness - from expanding the kitchen through adjacent rooms: a corridor, a pantry, to combining a kitchen and adjoining room into the living room. Much less common are redevelopments of the kitchen or the addition of a kitchen, balcony or loggia to the premises.

All these types of redevelopment can be carried out only after appropriate approval of the changes , which guarantees the safety of living in your apartment and in the apartments of your neighbors. But some apartment owners increase the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe kitchen by redevelopment with the dismantling of the ventilation duct, which strictly prohibited by current building codes.

Advantages of removing the ventilation duct and ventilation duct:

Of course, partial or complete dismantling of the ventilation duct can provide certain advantages, because in addition to the fact that you can put a refrigerator, a small wardrobe, install shelves in the resulting niche in the wall, the empty space resulting from the redevelopment of the ventilation duct can become part of the interior, and the kitchen get some flair.

But practice shows that redevelopment of the ventilation box and for all its advantages, it has unpleasant consequences that outweigh all the benefits. If you are going to dismantle the ventilation duct, then you should know that the Housing Inspectorate will not agree on such actions. Dismantling ventilation riser deprives your neighbors of air flow, and the ventilation duct is part of the common house property, and it will not work to turn a blind eye to this while living in an apartment building.

Redesign of the ventilation duct. P why can't arrange?

Some ventilation systems are built using self-supporting blocks. Simply put, a ventilation shaft consists of many sections stacked on top of each other. It is easy to imagine what can happen if such a block is "pulled out", say, on the fifth floor - the entire shaft from the sixth and above will be deprived of support and hang on the walls, and the apartments below the fifth will be left without fresh air.

It would seem logical to get around this ban on the ground floor, because there are no neighbors below, and the box can be fixed right under the ceiling, but this is also forbidden, since the ventilation shaft is a common house property, and not part of your apartment. For the same reason, it is strictly forbidden to interfere with the layout of the ventilation system fences.

Ventilation duct in an apartment building, photo:

Sometimes unfortunate builders do not remove the entire box in the kitchen, but part of it, hoping that it will continue to function. It should be said right away that even if the size of the ventilation duct makes you think about reducing its area, partial dismantling is also a violation, and is explained by its design. It consists of one large (common) channel and two smaller supply channels.

Photo of the redevelopment of the ventilation duct in the kitchen with violations:

Through small channels, the air rises to a height of three meters from the level of air entering the exhaust windows, which are usually located in the corner of the kitchen and toilet, and only then enters the common channel. By reducing the section in the exhaust shaft, you create an area of ​​​​high pressure that will not allow air to pass from the lower apartments above. Neighbors below will be very grateful for the collective smell from the entire entrance to their housing, because "the exhaust air will go exactly to them.

If you are just planning to buy an apartment, then when choosing a suitable home, you should also pay attention to the presence of illegal redevelopments, and especially the redevelopment of ventilation, since you will not be able to coordinate such work in the future “backdating”, and you will have to eliminate everything without permission at your own expense changes made.

• It is quite simple to identify illegally carried out redevelopment when checking - all unauthorized changes are marked with red lines on the floor plan of the BTI.
• The same scheme applies if the redevelopment of the ventilation duct in the kitchenyou did it yourself.

​ Registration certificate of the apartment with marked illegal redevelopment:

Penalties and penalties for redevelopment of a ventilation duct or ventilation duct

After it becomes known about the unauthorized redevelopment (and sooner or later it will happen), you will be obliged to pay an administrative fine in the amount of 2500 rubles, and then you will either have to, or at your own expense, eliminate all the consequences of illegal redevelopment and restore damaged common house property.

In general, an apartment with an illegal redevelopment loses many advantages compared to an apartment without redevelopment or housing where the redevelopment was legalized in a timely manner. For example, such an apartment cannot participate in real estate transactions, since it is not legally "clean". In many situations, in order to eliminate this shortcoming, it is necessary to legitimize the redevelopment retroactively.

The act of inspection of the ventilation duct, photo:

Therefore, avoid any work that may affect the ventilation system. However, it is worth noting that in some typical ventilation is located in non-obvious places (for example, in load-bearing walls in or). And it is not possible to arrange openings in these walls to unite the premises.

In the houses of the old fund, the location of various ventilation shafts is completely unexpected. They can be located inside brick walls, and this fact sometimes becomes an unpleasant surprise when openings are unauthorized. Such openings will definitely not be saved: they will have to be laid with the restoration of ventilation.

Dismantling an unused ventilation duct in an old house, photo:

Redevelopment of the ventilation duct in the old house. Dismantling of unused ventilation ducts

However, older houses often have chimneys or non-functioning ventilation ducts. In principle, they can be affected, but only with the consent of 73% of the residents, since this is common house property.

This applies to such changes in the layout of the apartment as, for example, moving or expanding the doorway in the partition, installing or dismantling the partition, redevelopment with the organization of the dressing room - most of these works can be agreed upon after they have been completed. But despite the fact that the Housing Inspectorate often goes to meet those who have carried out unauthorized redevelopment in their apartment and often draws up work already completed,all this does not apply to the illegal alteration of the ventilation duct in the toilet, kitchen or other places.

The list of redevelopments, which also cannot be agreed upon after they have been carried out, includes works that violate the stability of building structures, for example, redevelopments affecting bearing walls at home. Changes in the layout, which obviously worsen the living conditions in your apartment, are also considered prohibited and you will not be able to agree on them "backdating".

You should not arbitrarily carry out work if, as a result, access to existing risers is difficult - the housing inspection will oblige you to return everything to its previous state, before redevelopment.

Thus, when deciding to redevelop the kitchen, if you want to increase the useful area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe kitchen, then you should first of all take care of the legality of your future transformations. In order for changes in the layout to comply with current building and sanitary standards and not violate the law, before starting work, a project for the upcoming redevelopment should be developed in an organization with SRO approval, and then a written permission to redevelop the premises should be obtained.

An example of a ventilation duct device in non-residential premises, a photo:

Examples of failures when coordinating the dismantling of ventilation ducts:

So, to sum up all of the above:

It is impossible to dismantle a ventilation duct or a ventilation duct in an apartment building, and especially a multi-storey building for several reasons:

• House ventilation duct works only in assembled, and by reducing its volume you will worsen the living conditions of your neighbors for the sake of increasing free space in the kitchen
• The ventilation duct belongs to the common property and cannot be dismantled without the consent of your neighbors in the apartment building.
• Restoration of the dismantled ventilation duct will fall on your shoulders, even if you did not produce it, but received it "by inheritance"
• The price of a mistake is quite high, and when redeveloping the kitchen with the dismantling of the ventilation duct, you will have to restore the duct itself, the ventilation duct, and also pay a fine.
• As a rule, it is possible to increase the useful area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe kitchen without resorting to such drastic measures - it is enough to competently develop a project for changing the configuration of the apartment.
• In a private house, unlike a multi-storey one, redevelopment of a ventilation duct for an exhaust hood is much easier.
• The redevelopment of the kitchen with the dismantling of the ventilation duct is, in principle, inconsistent in an apartment building.
• Such redevelopments are quite easily detected during surveys, for example, when checked by an inspector of the Housing Inspectorate.

Our company will help both with the development of the project and with its approval. Thanks to our experience and all the necessary approvals, we guarantee the full legality of the proposed changes.

High-quality ventilation of residential premises plays where big role for a comfortable stay than used Construction Materials or embedded technical advances. A properly implemented ventilation scheme in a modern panel house has a direct impact on the well-being of a person and his general well-being.

That is why the best minds of the state worked on the development of all types of ventilation systems that meet current standards and state standards.

Project development requirements

During the design of ventilation, engineers need to consider not only the efficiency of the system, but also take into account the exclusion of the spread of fire through air system in the event of a fire, the penetration of a large amount of cold air into the room in the winter season. To ensure such criteria, builders use automated protective valves and fire-resistant materials during the arrangement of ventilation systems.

In panel houses, the movement of air masses is carried out along the highways in a natural way, that is, due to the difference in wind pressure and ambient temperature.

When developing a ventilation project, it is necessary to take into account:

1. Floors of the building.
2. The level of external pollution.
3. External noise level.
4. building category.

Modern ventilation schemes

The most common ventilation systems for residential buildings in the post-Soviet era were based on supply and exhaust ventilation, the principle of which is the penetration of fresh air through windows and doors, and the exit is ventilation ducts. Such channels are often located in the sanitary rooms, in the kitchen and are structurally interconnected by a single shaft.

In houses with a small number of storeys, ventilation shafts are combined in the attic into a single large collector. In modern skyscrapers, architects recommend using an accelerating satellite shaft, which is connected to the main highway through the floor. An exception in such a line is the last two floors, the ventilation shafts of which are led directly to the outside without being connected to a common riser.

Depending on the preferred scheme of air exchange, ventilation is based on: mixing and displacing the principle of air replacement.

The use of the principle of air exchange ventilation with air mixing is carried out in rooms with installed airtight vapor barrier, concrete and brick buildings. The implementation of the work of supply and exhaust ventilation in this case is carried out at the expense of ventilation windows small size, gaps in the doors and window frames are also included in the calculations.

Due to the high local velocity of air masses, fresh and stale air are effectively mixed and removed from the room. Thus, it can be seen that the removal of absolutely all harmful impurities from the room is impossible, since in any room there are zones with almost zero airflow velocity. Only the correct and well-thought-out organization of the ventilation system can achieve the desired effect.

With the installation of sealed windows and doors in the room, the efficiency of the supply and exhaust ventilation is reduced. Since in pursuit of preserving precious heat for apartments, residents forget about the need for regular ventilation of the premises. In this case, an imperceptible increase in the humidity of the room air occurs.

It should be noted that the warm and humid microclimate of the apartment is an excellent condition for the emergence and growth of fungi, mold and is unpleasant, harmful to the human body.

Thanks to the special devices of the regulated system with a natural influx of air masses through the supply valves, it is possible not only to ensure the required level of air exchange, but also to reduce the penetrating noise into the room.

The arrangement of a mechanical hood, as well as a supply and exhaust ventilation system of the space, makes it possible to normalize the air-thermal regime for the room.

Such an implementation of the system operation leads to a radical reduction in the cost of heat generation. Extract air heat recovery can be ensured by maintaining an optimal indoor climate with low energy consumption.

The solution in the situation that has arisen is the arrangement of an adjustable or mechanical system with supply valves, which are able to establish the necessary air exchange without infringing on heat, sound insulation of an enclosed space.

Types of ventilation systems

1. Natural ventilation. Air is removed due to the draft arising in specially equipped ventilation ducts, the difference in ambient temperatures, and supply air.
2. Combined ventilation. Such ventilation can be built according to 2 principles: forced removal and natural inflow of fresh air, mechanical injection of the inlet air flow and natural removal.
3. Forced ventilation. The inflow and removal of air in the room occurs due to technical equipment.

Cleaning the ventilation in the apartment

If for any reason there is a suspicion of a violation of the quality of the ventilation system, then a specialist should be called. It should be noted that residents multi-storey buildings do not have the right to independently carry out the installation of engineering communications. If ventilation and air conditioning do not work at all, all that the tenants of the apartment can do is remove the ventilation grill and clean the surrounding area with a vacuum cleaner, removing dust and debris.

It so happens that exhaust system is in working order, but unpleasant odors and misted windows are still present. This phenomenon is often present in rooms where infrequent ventilation is carried out and additional equipment of the ventilation system is not installed, which is required in relation to the norms.

As a rule, systems such as supply valves are installed in the gaps behind the radiators. Such an installation makes it possible to warm the air before it directly enters the room. The diameter of the valves is often in the range of 6-10 cm.

Today, there are many varieties of valves, which differ among themselves in the presence of filters, temperature control systems, types and methods of closing the plug, and so on.

The quality of indoor air plays a decisive role in human health. For this reason, each multi-storey or private project calculated individually by specialists, decisive questions regarding the ventilation system and its implementation.

The phrase "struggle for the quality of life" is perceived by most of us as a synonym for the concept of "striving for material prosperity." Meanwhile, air quality in a residential area is much more important than “status” interior elements, branded clothing or designer furniture. After all, a long-term and systematic impact of low-quality (not corresponding acceptable standards) air can cause a deterioration in well-being, a decrease in efficiency and, alas, a deterioration in health. Permissible and optimal norms air mobility, its temperature, humidity are not in vain spelled out in technical regulations and codes of practice. According to the requirements of GOSTs, taking into account all the parameters of the room, a ventilation scheme is being developed in a panel house, a brick high-rise building, or any other apartment building. To ensure the necessary air exchange (removal of polluted air and fresh air inflow), a ventilation system is calculated and designed. Let us consider in more detail how a ventilation system can be implemented in an apartment building.

In addition to drawings for the placement of air ducts, air distributors, ventilation ducts and other elements of the ventilation system, detailing of nodes is being developed ventilation equipment, power consumption and overall dimensions are calculated. The ventilation device in a panel house, as well as in a brick house, should be thoughtful and effective, because in addition to ensuring air exchange, it is also important to keep heat in the home in winter period. In addition, properly equipped ventilation can prevent the spread of fire in the event of a fire. emergency, this is facilitated by the use of fire-resistant materials during installation, the installation of automatic protective valves.

Features of the choice of ventilation system

The choice of ventilation system is made for a specific building, taking into account the number of storeys, the category of the building, the estimated level of traffic noise, and the degree of air pollution. The organization of air movement through ventilation ducts, carried out in a natural way (due to temperature and wind pressure drops) is recommended for premises located inside blocks, with a traffic noise level of not more than 50 dBA. Systems with forced induction of exhaust or inflow are installed to ensure comfortable conditions in buildings where the traffic noise level at the facades exceeds 50 dBA.

Scheme of ventilation duct distribution in a multi-storey building using a common main shaft, into which air enters from accelerating satellite ducts

Types of ventilation systems used in residential apartments

• ventilation, carried out by the natural removal of air with the help of draft arising in the ventilation ducts due to the temperature difference and the influx of external air through the vents and windows;
• combined system with forced removal and natural air intake or, conversely, with mechanical intake of fresh air and natural removal;
• fully mechanical both the removal of exhaust and the injection of fresh air.

Air supply and exhaust in various ventilation systems

The intake of fresh air into the room is carried out in different ways, it depends on the ventilation system used. If the supply air is not heated, it must be supplied to the upper zone to ensure the best mixing with the heated room air. In systems where supply air is heated heating appliances, outside air enters above or behind the appliances to ensure its heating. In systems with a decentralized flow, where the air is heated using built-in heaters in the supply units, the air is supplied in the upper or lower zone of the room. Air is supplied to residential premises (children's room, office, bedroom and common room).
The discharge of exhaust air, regardless of the type of ventilation system, should be carried out from the upper zone of kitchens, bathrooms and other auxiliary premises. Ventilation grilles should be located at a height of 2 m (or higher) from the floor level.

Scheme of ventilation duct wiring with air removal through separate ventilation ducts

The ventilation scheme in an apartment building should be carried out with mandatory zoning for cleanliness, the flow of polluted air from auxiliary premises to residential premises must be excluded.
It is advisable to combine exhaust ventilation shafts individual rooms into blocks. Air exchange systems with natural induction of air inlet and outlet are best done separately (excluding vertical or horizontal collection ducts). Ventilation in a multi-storey building can be arranged with the connection of ventilation ducts of different floors to a common (prefabricated) channel.

Scheme of a natural ventilation system with air removal through satellite channels communicating with the main channel through one floor

Accession to the prefabricated shaft of satellite channels must be made through one or more floors. The exhaust ducts of the two upper floors should not be connected to the collection duct; a separate outlet is more appropriate.

Depending on the scheme of air exchange organization, ventilation with mixing and ventilation with air displacement are distinguished. Air exchange with mixing is typical for rooms with airtight vapor barrier, concrete and brick buildings with airtight walls. Both supply and exhaust ventilation is carried out with the help of small ventilation windows, door slots and window openings are also taken into account.

Due to the high local air velocity, fresh and polluted air are effectively mixed and removed. Thus, it is impossible to remove all harmful impurities, because there are always zones in the room with almost zero air velocity. Only proper organization ventilation system can achieve the desired effect.

Wiring diagram of ventilation ducts with connection to the prefabricated ventilation duct through two floors

Most often in Russia, the supply and exhaust ventilation system was used before. It is carried out due to natural draft, which occurs due to the temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor air. The popularity of the device of the system, in which the source of supply air is the gaps in the window frames and open vents, is explained by the low cost of the device and simplicity. In addition, ventilation with natural inflow practically did not need additional maintenance.

Today, due to the tightness of modern windows, natural ventilation in an apartment building is ineffective. Only a few of us in the cold season want to lose precious heat to ensure the necessary air flow. However, even depressurization of the apartment (by opening the window) brings only additional discomfort from increased noise levels (from the street), heat loss, but still does not provide the necessary air flow for effective work ventilation. Humidity rises imperceptibly, in a warm, humid microclimate of an apartment with stale air, excellent conditions are created for the growth of fungi and mold, which is unpleasant and harmful to health.

The device of an adjustable system with a natural inflow through the supply valves not only provides the necessary level of air exchange, but also reduces the noise penetrating into the apartment. The device of a mechanical exhaust (as well as a mechanical supply and exhaust) ventilation system can achieve the normalization of the air-thermal regime of apartments, which will make it possible to significantly reduce the cost of heat generation. Air recovery (exhaust air heat recovery) can achieve optimal microclimate at low energy costs.