Types of drainage systems and drainages. Drainage of wounds and cavities. Calculation and drainage scheme

When using agricultural land, nurseries, parks and for the convenience of using territories, drainage by open channels is replaced by a closed drainage system. Drainage stands for " drainage".

Depending on the location of the drainage in relation to the aquiclude, it can be of a perfect or imperfect type.

Drainage of the perfect type laid on the aquifer. Groundwater enters the drainage from above and from the sides. In accordance with these conditions, a drainage of a perfect type should have a draining sprinkling on top and sides (Fig. 1).

Drainage of the perfect type

Imperfect drainage laid above the aquiclude. Groundwater enters the drains from all sides, so the drainage backfill must be closed on all sides (Fig. 2).

Imperfect drainage

Drains are made in the form of water-absorbing linear tubular cavities, which are placed at a certain depth with a certain slope.

Depending on the material used, drainage is:

- pottery;

- plastic;

- wooden;

- stone;

Mole and slot drainage can be arranged, which do not require additional building materials.

In agriculture, pottery and plastic drainage are most often used.

During the construction of drainage, trenches of a certain depth are laid, in which pipes are laid,

Water flows into drains, as well as into open channels, due to the pressure created by the difference in water levels in drains and ground water ah and this pressure is determined by the Rothe formula:

q= c H 2 ,

where H- head value, m; with is a coefficient depending on the type of soil and the distance between the channels.

The drainage system consists of drains for various purposes: dryer drains, collector drains, main collectors. To ensure the flow of water, drains for all purposes are arranged with a certain slope.

Pottery pipes- made from fired clay, with an internal diameter of 50, 75, 125, 150, 175, 200 and 250 mm. The length of pottery pipes is 333 mm. Tubes are either cylindrical shape, or faceted (6-8 faces). Cylindrical tubes are considered to be superior as they do not require edge adjustment when building a drainage network. Pipes in trenches are laid close to one another. Water enters the pipes through holes or gaps at the joints. The joints are sealed with filter material (glass wool or sphagnum moss). Then the drains are covered with soil excavated when the trench was torn off.

plastic tubes- made of polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene, their diameter ranges from 42 to 125 mm, the gin of these pipes is 3-6 m. The service life of pottery and plastic pipes is 50 years.

wooden drainage- from pipes of rectangular or triangular section. Rectangular ones are made from edged and unedged coniferous boards with a thickness of 15-25 mm and a width of 7-15 cm. The length of such a pipe is from 3 to 6 meters. In places where pipes exit into an open channel, they are made with a thickness of 40-50 mm . The slope of such pipes should be from 0.001 to 0.005. The length of drainage drains is not more than 250 m, the depth is 0.8-2 m. The distance between drains is 25-40 m. The service life of wooden drainage is 15-25 years (depending on the type of soil).

On device pole drainage two poles 8-10 cm thick are laid on the bottom. Transverse strips are laid on these poles every 1.5 m, and a solid flooring is laid on them, which is covered with sphagnum moss from above, and then covered with soil. Slope from 0.003 to 0.005. The depth of occurrence is 1.1–1.2 m. The service life in peat soils is 20 years.

For device fascine drainage brushwood 3-5 cm thick is used. It is tied together every 50-75 cm and fascines 15-30 cm in diameter are created, then these fascines are laid on the bottom of the trench in the amount of 1-3 pieces. From above, the fascines are covered with sphagnum moss and covered with soil. Drainage slope 0.003.

stone drainage- arrange by filling the trench with a loose laying of stone. The slope should be at least 0.005, but such drainage is too expensive, therefore, it is rarely used.

Mole and slot drainage- arrange by laying cavities in the ground at a depth of 40-70 cm, resembling mole passages.

When arranging a summer cottage or an area near a house, many create a drainage system in the soil for drainage. The drainage system will help extend the life of the house, as water and moisture will no longer accumulate in basements or cellars, and mold or fungus will not form on wooden places.

Drainage system helps extend the life of your home

Description

First of all, you need to understand what a drainage system is. This is a design for diverting water to a certain distance and its final disposal. With its design, fields for aeration or special tanks are usually installed. waste water in the future, it can be used on the farm for the necessary needs or dumped into the central sewer.

Excess water on the territory undermines the foundation, accumulates in the basement, negatively affects the growth and fruiting of some plants and crops. In addition, water mixes with dirt in the yard, which creates inconvenience for residents.

Water that does not leave for a long time can feed the foundation. With the onset of severe frosts, because of this, cracks may appear on it, which contribute to weakening the foundation of the house. As a result, it can warp and even partially collapse.

Drainage system will save the site from excess water

What is drainage for? It will save the area from excess water. Whether to install drainage systems or not can be determined by how quickly puddles dry in the local area. If after precipitation there is too much water on the site, and it stands for a long time, then this means that the groundwater is located close enough to the surface. Then mounting drainage system definitely needed.

Varieties

Types of drainage are selected specifically for a specific area. It is necessary to take into account: soil features, groundwater location, terrain features and approximate rainfall. The sewage drainage system should be included in the overall project of the house, since its installation is carried out at the stage of laying the foundation.

Drainage systems differ in the principle of the device, on this basis they are divided into surface and deep. Structures on the surface are wall-mounted, open and closed.

On your site, you can install both a surface drainage system and a deep one for the following reasons:

groundwater is close to the surface;
the site is located on a hill (slope);
clay soil that retains water.

With the simultaneous construction of a surface and deep water drainage system, it must be taken into account that the load on the drainage wells will increase significantly: either their number or volume will have to be increased. Therefore, when drawing up a project, such details must be provided.

Surface drainage system

The device of the drainage system on the surface involves the creation of special shallow channels, special gutters or trays that are laid in the ground. Channels and grooves are best closed with construction grating. It must be made from quality durable material which is able to withstand the weight of a car and a person.

When building an open drainage system, it is necessary to take into account the slope of the house

When constructing open drainage, it is necessary to take into account the slope of the house. Water should not go into the territory of neighbors or the road. The installation of a drainage system should ensure the outflow of water to specially designated places.

How does drainage work? Water from precipitation or from melting snow will flow down the surface drainage along special paths in gutter or capacity. Such drainage will not look very aesthetically pleasing on the site. In addition, it will create some inconvenience for the owners of the house.

Deep drainage system

Drainage closed type laid in dug trenches to a depth of one and a half to two meters. From above they are covered with earth. Closed drainage is divided into:

simple;
with special patches;
with pipe installation.

Simple drains

This is the simplest horizontal drainage for water diversion. Step by step technology:

Ditches are being dug around the perimeter of the square.
Then they start falling asleep natural material, which has permeable properties: sand and gravel. They are laid in layers.

Such a closed drainage has one significant disadvantage - it is impossible to monitor the condition of the drains. After time, they will not be able to effectively drain water, as they will become silted. Therefore, to increase the service life, experts recommend laying sewer pipes.

Structures with patches

When constructing such a drained structure, a drainage scheme should be used. It takes into account the possibility of a consolidated passage of people and the passage of vehicles. This do-it-yourself drainage system involves the use of trays of the following types:

with holes;
without holes.

Trays with holes collect water from the surrounding ground, and without holes - only from the surface. The technology of the drainage device with trays includes the imposition of gratings made of plastic, metal or cast iron on them.

Pipe installation

The construction of a closed-type drainage system takes place using plastic pipes. This will greatly facilitate the installation of drainage, and such a structure will last a long time. Why choose plastic pipes?

Plastic pipes are lightweight

they are light in weight, which will facilitate transportation;
such pipes can be easily cut with a conventional hacksaw;
on corrugated pipes, the load of the earth is distributed evenly over the entire length.

Drainage schemes suggest the location of drainage wells at all bends and intersections of pipes. They will not only control the water level, but also clean it of sand and debris.

Drainage mats

Modern drainage systems may include the installation of special large mats, which also serve to drain water from the site. They are made from waterproofing material and geotextiles. The advantages of such a structure:

long service life (up to 10 years);
very good culvert capacity;
mats are not affected Environment, it does not give in to deformation;
multifunctionality.

Installation of a special drainage mat is as follows:

first clear the surface and distribute the perforated material;
then the mats are rolled out, connecting them together with adhesive tape;
connect the perforated layer with drainage using a waterproof sealant;
at the end of the work, the entire structure is covered with earth.

The construction of drainage systems of this kind will not take much time and will not create any great difficulties in work.

Wall drains

Installation of a wall drainage system involves the creation of external waterproofing. Channels must be dug along the entire foundation, their depth is the same as the depth of the foundation. The installation of such a drainage system involves waterproofing the foundation wall and filling the channels with drained material, and installation pipes are also used.

Why do you need drainage along the wall of the house? It will serve to drain rainwater that usually collects on the roof. Through pipes or trenches, drainage water will flow from the trays to the water intake well.

Vertical drains

Such a system is arranged according to the type of well. For its use, nanoscale equipment is required. Water from the well is pumped out independently.

This type of drainage is commonly used in agriculture or to drain roads during their construction. Installation of vertical drainage systems is carried out using wells and trays, which are placed on a water-resistant layer, equipped with a deep pump. Drains can be located at different depths, both large and small. Experts say that this system most effectively drains the soil.

A feature of this type of sewer drainage is its constant checking. This is necessary in order to detect malfunctions in time and regularly change the filter, which consists of gravel and sand.

Properly installed drainage and drainage systems, while preserving the foundation, will help extend the life of the building. The problem of flooding the cellar or basement will be solved. Drainage sewerage will help protect the vegetation on the site and remove excess moisture. The territory of the house or summer cottage will look well-groomed and attractive, without unnecessary dirt and puddles.

Depending on the location of the drainage in relation to the aquiclude, it can be of a perfect or imperfect type.

laid on the aquifer. Groundwater enters the drainage from above and from the sides. In accordance with these conditions, a drainage of a perfect type should have a draining sprinkling on top and sides (Fig. 1).

Picture 1.

Lay above the aquiclude. Groundwater enters the drains from all sides, so the drainage backfill must be closed on all sides (Fig. 2).

Figure 2.

Initial data for the design of drainage. To draw up a drainage project, the following data and materials are required:

technical opinion on the hydrogeological conditions of construction;

a plan of the territory on a scale of 1:500 with existing and planned buildings and underground structures;

relief organization project;

floor plans and markings basements and underground buildings; plans, sections and developments of building foundations;

plans, longitudinal profiles and sections of underground channels.

In the technical report on the hydrogeological conditions of construction, the characteristics of groundwater, the geological and lithological structure of the site and physical and mechanical properties soils.

In the groundwater characteristics section, the following should be indicated:

reasons for the formation and sources of groundwater supply;

groundwater regime and marks of the appeared, established and calculated levels of groundwater, and, if necessary, the height of the zone of capillary moistening of the soil;

chemical analysis data and a conclusion on the aggressiveness of groundwater in relation to concrete and mortar.

The geological and lithological section provides a general description of the structure of the site. In the characteristics of the physical and mechanical properties of pounds, the following should be indicated:

granulometric composition of sandy soils;

filtration coefficients of sandy soils and sandy loams;

porosity and water loss coefficients;

angle of repose and soil bearing capacity.

The conclusion should be accompanied by the main geological sections and "columns" of soils from boreholes, necessary for compiling geological sections along the drainage routes.

If necessary, in difficult hydrogeological conditions for drainage projects for blocks and microdistricts, maps of the hydrogeological state of soils must be attached to the technical report.

In the case of special requirements for the drainage device, caused by the specific operating conditions of the protected premises and structures, these requirements must be stated by the customer as additional initial data for the design of drainage.

General conditions for choosing a drainage system. The drainage system is chosen depending on the nature of the protected object and hydrogeological conditions. When designing new quarters and microdistricts in territories with high level groundwater should be developed general scheme drains. The drainage scheme includes drainage systems that provide a general decrease in the level of groundwater in the territory of a quarter (microdistrict), and local drainages to protect individual structures from flooding by groundwater. Drainages that provide a general decrease in the level of groundwater include head or coastal and systematic drainage. To local drainages - ring, wall and reservoir.

Local drainage also includes drainage designed to protect individual structures:

drainage of underground channels;

pit drainage;

road drainage;

drainage of filled rivers, streams, ravines and ravines;

sloping and behind wall drainages;

drainage underground parts existing buildings.

At favorable conditions(in sandy soils, as well as in sandy interlayers with large area distribution), local drainage can simultaneously contribute to the overall lowering of the groundwater level.

In areas where groundwater occurs in sandy soils, drainage systems should be used to ensure a general decrease in the level of groundwater. In this case, local drainages are used to protect individual especially buried structures from flooding by groundwater.

In areas where groundwater occurs in clayey, loamy and other soils with low water loss and to protect underground structures, in the absence of observed groundwater, it is necessary to arrange local drainage, including “preventive” ones.

In areas with a layered structure of the aquifer, both general drainage systems and local drainage should be arranged.

General drainage systems should be arranged to drain flooded sand layers through which water enters the drained area. Local drainage must be arranged for underground structures laid in areas where the aquifer is not completely drained by the general drainage system, as well as in places where perched water may appear.

In built-up areas, during the construction of individual buildings and structures that need protection from groundwater flooding, local drainage should be arranged, taking into account their impact on neighboring existing structures.

To drain the territories flooded by the flow of groundwater with a supply area located outside this territory, head drainage should be arranged (Fig. 3).

Figure 3

It should be laid along the upper boundary of the drained area in relation to the underground flow. The drainage route is assigned taking into account the location of the building and is carried out, if possible, in places with higher elevations of the aquiclude. The head drainage should, as a rule, cross the groundwater flow along its entire width.

If the length of the head drainage is less than the width of the underground flow, additional drains should be installed along the lateral boundaries of the drained area in order to intercept groundwater entering from the side. When the aquiclude is shallow, the head drainage should be laid on the surface of the aquiclude (with some penetration into it) in order to completely intercept groundwater, as a drainage of a perfect type.

In cases where it is not possible to lay drainage on the aquiclude, and according to the conditions of drainage, it is required to completely intercept the flow of groundwater, a waterproof screen is arranged below the drainage, which must be lowered below the aquiclude marks.

When the aquiclude is deep, the head drainage is laid above the aquiclude, as an imperfect type of drainage. If the device of one line of the main drainage does not achieve a decrease in the level of groundwater to the specified levels, a second drainage line should be laid parallel to the head drainage. The distance between the drains is determined by calculation.

If the part of the aquifer located above the drainage consists of sandy soils with a filtration coefficient of less than 5 m / day, then the lower part of the drainage trench is covered with sand with a filtration coefficient of at least 5 m / day. (Fig. 4).

Figure 4

The height of backfilling with sand is (0.6÷0.7)H, where H is the height from the bottom of the drainage trench to the unreduced calculated groundwater level.

With a layered structure of a part of the aquifer located above the drainage, with alternating layers of sand and loam, the drainage trenches are covered with sand with a filtration coefficient of at least 5 m / day. 30 cm above the unreduced calculated groundwater level. Sand can be covered over the entire width of the trench with a vertical or inclined prism with a thickness of at least 30 cm. For a perfect type of head drainage, when the aquifer does not have clay, loamy and sandy loam layers, a sand prism can be arranged only on one side of the trench (from the side of the inflow of water) .

If the head drainage is laid in the thickness of relatively weakly permeable soils underlain by well permeable soils, a combined drainage should be arranged, consisting of a horizontal drain and vertical self-flowing wells (Fig. 5).

Figure 5

Vertical wells must communicate with their base with the permeable soils of the aquifer, and the upper part with the inner layer of horizontal drain sprinkling.

To drain the coastal areas flooded due to the backwater of the water horizon in rivers and reservoirs, coastal drainage should be arranged (Fig. 6). It is laid parallel to the shore of the reservoir and laid below the horizon by an amount determined by the calculation.

Figure 6

If necessary, head and bank drainage can be used in combination with other drainage systems.

In areas where groundwater does not have a clearly defined flow direction, and the aquifer is composed of sandy soils or has a layered structure with open sandy interlayers, systematic drainage should be arranged (Fig. 7).

Figure 7

The distance between the drainage drains of systematic drainage and the depth of their laying is determined by calculation. In urban areas, such drainage can be arranged in combination with local drainages. In this case, when designing individual drains, one should take into account the possibility of their simultaneous use as local drainage protecting individual structures and as elements of systematic drainage providing a general decrease in the groundwater level in the drained area.

When laying drains of systematic drainage in the thickness of soil with low water permeability, underlain by well-permeable soils, combined drainage should be used, consisting of horizontal drains with vertical, self-flowing wells (see Fig. 5).

In areas flooded by the flow of groundwater, the supply area of \u200b\u200bwhich also captures the drained area, head and systematic drainage should be used together.

To protect basements and subfloors, separate buildings or a group of buildings from flooding by groundwater when they are laid in aquiferous sandy soils, circular drainages should be arranged (Fig. 8). They are also laid to protect especially buried basements in new quarters and microdistricts with insufficient depth of lowering the groundwater level by the general drainage system of the territory.

Figure 8

With good water permeability of sandy soils, as well as when laying drainage on an aquiclude, a common annular drainage is arranged for a group of neighboring buildings. With a clearly expressed unilateral inflow of groundwater, drainage can be arranged in the form of an open ring, similar to the head drainage.

ring drainage it is necessary to lay below the floor of the protected structure to a depth determined by calculation. With a large width of the building or when protecting several buildings with one drainage, as well as in case of special requirements for lowering groundwater under the protected structure, the depth of the drainage is taken in accordance with the calculation, which determines the excess of the reduced groundwater level in the center of the ring drainage contour above the water level in drain. If the drainage depth is insufficient, intermediate “cut” drains should be arranged.

Ring drainage should be laid at a distance of 5 ... 8 m from the wall of the building. With a shorter distance or a large depth of drainage, it is necessary to take measures against the removal, weakening and settlement of the soil under the foundation of the building.

To protect basements and subfloors of buildings laid in clay and loamy soils from groundwater, it is necessary to arrange wall drainages(see fig. 12, 13). They must also be arranged in the absence of groundwater in the area of basements and undergrounds, arranged in clay and loamy soils.

With a layered structure of the aquifer, wall or ring drainage should be arranged to protect the basements and underfloors of buildings, depending on local conditions. If individual parts of the building are located in areas with different geological conditions, both ring and wall drainage can be used in these areas.

wall drainage laid along the contour of the building from the outside. The distance between the drainage and the building wall is determined by the width of the building foundations and the location of the drainage manholes. It, as a rule, is laid at marks not lower than the sole of the strip foundation or the base of the foundation slab. With a large depth of foundation from the level of the basement floor, wall drainage can be laid above the base of the foundation, provided that measures are taken to prevent drainage from subsidence.

The device of wall drainage using modern polymeric filter materials reduces the cost of construction by saving sand. This shell consists of a two-layer construction of a sheet of a special profile made of polymeric material (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride) and non-woven geotextile filter material, fastened together by welding or waterproof glue. To protect against groundwater flooding of basements and underground floors of buildings arranged in difficult hydrogeological conditions (in high-thickness aquifers, with a layered structure of the aquifer, if available) groundwater backwater, etc.), as well as in case of insufficient application efficiency ring or near-wall drainage, reservoir drainage should be arranged (Fig. 9).

Figure 9

In aquifers of high thickness, it is necessary to pre-calculate the possible lowering of the groundwater level in the center of the annular drainage contour. In case of insufficient lowering of the groundwater level, reservoir drainage should be applied. Such drainage is arranged with a complex structure of the aquifer with a change in its composition and permeability (in plan and section), as well as in the presence of flooded closed zones and lenses under the basement floor. To protect basements and structures when they are laid in the zone of capillary moistening of soils, in which, according to the operating conditions, the appearance of dampness is not allowed, reservoir drainage should be arranged. Formation "preventive" drainages for such premises and structures, arranged in clay and loamy soils, are also recommended to be provided in the absence of observed groundwater.

Reservoir drainages suit in combination with tubular drainages (ring and wall). To interface reservoir drainage with external tubular drainage, pipes are laid through the foundations of the building. For building undergrounds with foundations on pile grillages, formation drainage can be arranged in combination with single-line drainage laid under the building.

Reservoir drainage is arranged in the form of a layer of sand, poured along the bottom of a pit for a building or a trench for a canal. A layer of sand in the transverse direction is cut with prisms of gravel or crushed stone.

The prisms must have a height of at least 20 cm. The distance between the prisms is 6...12 m (depending on hydrogeological conditions). Prisms are laid, as a rule, in the middle between the transverse foundations of the building.

Formation drainage must be protected from clogging during construction. When laying floors and bases in a wet way (using monolithic concrete and cement mortars) it is necessary to close the reservoir drainage with insulating material (glassine, etc.).

With a large influx of water or for especially critical structures, reservoir drainage can be two-layer over the entire area with a bottom layer of sand and an upper layer of gravel or crushed stone. With a small width of the protected structure and limited water inflow, in particular under underground channels, reservoir drainage can be arranged from a single layer of sand or crushed stone.

The thickness of reservoir drainage under buildings must be at least 30 cm, and under channels - at least 15 cm, and if there are special requirements, it is determined by calculation. Reservoir drainage should go beyond the outer walls of the structure, and, if necessary, fall off along the slope of the pit (trench).

Reservoir drainage must be connected to tubular drainage ring, wall or accompanying.

With a large area of the underground room, additional tubular drains should be laid under the floor of the room.

To protect the channels of the heating network and collectors of underground structures from flooding by groundwater, when laying them in aquifers, it is necessary to arrange linear accompanying drainages. They should be arranged in clay and loamy soils.

Accompanying drainage should be laid 0.3...0.7 m below the base of the canal. It should be laid on one side of the channel at a distance of 0.7 ... 1.0 m from the outer edge. A distance of 0.7 m is required to accommodate manholes.

When arranging through channels, drainage can be laid under the channel along its axis. In this case, special manholes with hatches embedded in the bottom of the channel should be arranged on the drainage.

In the case of laying the canal base on clay and loamy soils, as well as on sandy soils with a filtration coefficient of less than 5 m/day, it is necessary to arrange reservoir drainage under the canal base in the form of a continuous sandy layer.

Formation drainage should be connected to the drainage backfill of the associated tubular drainage.

When arranging channels in clay and loamy soils, in soils of a layered structure, as well as in sandy soils with a filtration coefficient of less than 5 m / day, vertical or inclined sand prisms with a filtration coefficient of at least 5 m / day must be backfilled on both sides of the channel. day

Sand prisms are designed to receive water flowing from the sides and are arranged similarly to sand prisms of hungry and wall drainage.

Drainage: pits and underground parts of basements are arranged depending on local hydrogeological conditions and accepted building designs.

deepening the drainage below the level of the structure of buried rooms and pits;

general decrease in drainage (allowed only in sandy soils);

division of the general drainage into separate parts with independent outlets;

arrangement of additional local drainages.

When draining individual pits and underground spaces, it is necessary to prevent the removal of soil from under the foundations of the building.

When installing circular drainages, the foundations of the building can be laid slightly higher than the drainage. The excess of the foundations of the building above the drainage and the distance of the drainage from the building must be checked taking into account the angle of internal friction of the soil according to the formula

where l min - the smallest distance from the axis of the drain to the wall of the building, m; b - broadening of the foundation of the building, m; B - width of the drainage trench, m; H is the depth of the drain, m; h - depth of foundation, m; φ - angle of internal friction of the soil.

When laying drainage below the foundation of buildings in order to prevent subsidence and weakening of soils, special attention should be paid to correct selection and the arrangement of drainage sprinkles, on the quality of sealing seams and holes in wells, as well as on measures that exclude the removal of soil when digging drainage trenches.

With a large amount of lowering of the ground water horizon under the foundations (existing and being designed), the settlement of the soil should be calculated. When arranging drops on the drainage within the zone of influence of the lower drain, the measures listed above should also be provided. Drop wells should be arranged with careful sealing of all seams and openings. Local drainages for individual pits are recommended to be performed according to the type of reservoir drainage.

In some cases, the required lowering of the groundwater level can be achieved by a system of general drainage of the territory (head and systematic drainage).

Drainages can be laid together with drains (Fig. 10). When backfilling rivers, streams, scrap and ravines, which are natural drainage of groundwater, in addition to collectors for drainage surface water groundwater drainage must be provided. The drains must be connected to the aquifer on both sides of the drain collector. With a large influx of groundwater, as well as when laying the collector on clays and loams, two drains are laid, placing them on both sides of the drain. With a small influx of groundwater and the location of the drain in sandy soils, one drain can be laid, placing it on the side of a larger inflow of water. If, at the same time, sandy soils have a filtration coefficient of less than 5 m / day, reservoir drainage should be arranged under the base of the drain in the form of a continuous layer or separate prisms.

Figure 10.

When wedging out the aquifer on the slopes and in the slopes, it is necessary to arrange intercepting drainages. They are laid at a depth no less than the freezing depth, and are arranged according to the type of head drainage.

When the aquifers are not clearly expressed and groundwater wedges out over the entire slope area, special slope drainages are arranged.

When constructing retaining walls in places where groundwater is wedged out, wall drainage is arranged. It is a continuous backfill of filter material laid behind the wall. With a short length, wall drainage can be laid without a pipe. With a considerable length, it is recommended to arrange a tubular drainage with a draining sprinkling.

To catch the springs that wedged out on the slope, capping wells are arranged.

Sloping and wall drainages and cap wells must have secured water outlets.

To protect existing basements and underfloors of buildings, the type of drainage is chosen on a case-by-case basis, guided by local conditions. In sandy soils, ring and head drainages are arranged. In clayey and loamy soils with deep foundations, near-wall drainages are arranged, provided that such a solution is allowed by the design of the foundations and walls of the building.

Reservoir drainage is used when a second floor can be installed in the basement at higher elevations. In this case, a layer of filtering material (coarse-grained sand with prisms of gravel or crushed stone) is poured between the old and new floors and connected to the external tubular drainage, as in conventional reservoir drainages.

When designing and constructing drainages for existing buildings, measures should be taken to prevent the removal and subsidence of soils.

The opening of the drainage trench in these cases should be carried out in short sections with immediate laying of the drainage and backfilling of the trench.

Drainage route. The routes of the ring, wall and associated drainages are determined by reference to the protected structure. The routes of the head and systematic drainages are established in accordance with the hydrogeological conditions and building conditions.

When laying drainage below the base of the foundations of neighboring structures and networks, the distances between them must be checked taking into account the angle of repose of the soil from the edge of the base of the foundation of the structure (or network) to the edge of the drainage trench.

The depth of the drainage should not be less than the depth of soil freezing. The depth of the head, ring and systematic drainages is determined hydraulic calculation and deepening of protected buildings and structures. The depth of the wall and associated drainages is determined in accordance with the depth of the protected structures.

Inspection wells should be installed in places where the route turns and changes in slopes, on drops, as well as between these points at large distances.

In straight drainage sections, the normal distance between manholes is 40 m. The largest distance between manholes for drainage is 50 m.

At the turns of the drainage at the ledges of buildings and at the chambers on the channels, the installation of manholes is not necessary, provided that the distance from the turn to the nearest manhole is not more than 20 m. one turn.

The release of water from drains is carried out into drains, reservoirs and ravines in accordance with special requirements. If it is not possible to drain water from the drainage by gravity, it is necessary to provide a pumping station (installation) for pumping drainage water, operating in automatic mode.

When designing a drainage, one should consider the option of laying it together with a drain (see Fig. 10). With a sufficient depth of the drain, the drainage should be located above the drain in the same vertical plane with the release of drainage water into each manhole of the drain. The clear distance between the pipes of the drainage and the drain must be at least 5 cm.

Asbestos-cement pipes should be used for drainage (Fig. 11). The exception is drainage laid in groundwater, which is aggressive to concrete and mortars based on Portland cement. In this case, plastic pipes should be used for drainage.

Figure 11. a - drilled; b - sawn 1SD

The allowable maximum backfill depth to the top of the pipe drain depends on the design soil resistance, pipe material, pipe laying method (natural or artificial) and trench backfilling, among other factors.

Water intake holes in pipes should be arranged by drilling water intake holes with a diameter of 4 ... 7 mm or in the form of cuts 3 ... 5 mm wide. The length of the cut should be equal to half the diameter of the pipe. Holes are arranged on both sides of the pipe in a checkerboard pattern. The distance between the holes on one side is 50 cm.

When laying pipes, it is necessary to ensure that the holes are on the side of the pipe, the top and bottom of the pipe must be solid.

Asbestos-cement pipes are connected with couplings.

When using polyvinyl chloride pipes (PVC), water inlets are made in the same way as on asbestos-cement pipes. Corrugated drainage pipe made of polyethylene (HDPE) is produced with ready-made water inlets.

Drainage structures and drainage filters. Drainage sprinkling, in accordance with the composition of the drained soils, is arranged as single-layer or two-layer.

When the drainage is located in gravelly, large and medium-sized sands (with an average particle diameter of 0.3 ... 0.4 mm and larger), single-layer gravel or crushed stone sprinkles are arranged. When the drainage is located in medium-sized sands with an average particle diameter of less than 0.3 ... 0.4 mm, as well as in fine and silty sands, sandy loams and with a layered structure of the aquifer, two-layer sprinkles are arranged. The inner layer of the sprinkling is made of crushed stone, and the outer layer is made of sand.

Materials for drainage fillings must meet the requirements for materials for hydraulic structures. Gravel is used for the inner layer of drainage sprinkles, and in its absence, crushed stone of igneous rocks(granite, syenite, gabbro, liparite, basalt, diabase, etc.) or especially strong varieties of sedimentary rocks (siliceous limestones and well-cemented non-weathered sandstones). Sands, which are the product of weathering of igneous rocks, are used for the outer layer of gravel.

Materials for drainage sprinkles should be clean and not contain more than 3...5% by weight of particles with a diameter of less than 0.1 mm. The selection of the composition of drainage sprinkles is carried out according to special schedules, depending on the type of filter and the composition of the drained soils.

Drainage should be laid in drained trenches. In sandy soils, dewatering with wellpoints is used. When laying drainage on an aquiclude, dewatering with a construction drainage device, freezing or chemical fixation of soils is used.

Drainage pipes of an imperfect type are laid on the lower layers of the draining backfill, which, in turn, are laid directly on the bottom of the trench. For drainages of a perfect type, the base (the bottom of the trench) is reinforced with crushed stone rammed into the ground, and the pipes are laid on layers of sand 5 cm thick. In weak soils with insufficient bearing capacity, the drainage should be laid on an artificial base.

Drainage fills can have a rectangular or trapezoidal shape in cross section. Sprinkling of a rectangular shape is arranged with the help of inventory shields. Sprinkling of trapezoidal shape is poured without shields with slopes 1:1.

Instead of a drainage device from pipes with a gravel-crushed stone filter for preventive drainage, pipe filters made of porous concrete or other material can be used. The area and conditions for the use of pipe filters are determined by special instructions.

On fig. Figures 12 and 13 show examples of wall drainage solutions using the Dreniz drainage shell and drainage on pile foundation with backfilling of sinuses with sand.

Figure 12.

Figure 13.

When laying drainage in sandy soils with a filtration coefficient of less than 5 m / day, as well as in soils of a layered structure, part of the trench above the drainage is covered with sand. The filled sand prism must have a filtration coefficient of at least 5 m/day.

A trench developed in sandy soils is covered with sand at least 15 cm above the top of the draining sprinkling, and in layered soils - 30 cm above the groundwater level.

Filter wells. With a heterogeneous structure of the aquifer, when a horizontal drain passes in the upper less permeable layer, and a more permeable layer is located below, a combined drainage is arranged, consisting of a horizontal drain and vertical self-flowing filter wells.

The penetration of vertical filter wells can be done hydraulically (by immersion with the help of washing) or by drilling. In these cases, filter wells are structurally arranged similarly to tubular vertical drainage wells. The mouth (upper end of the tubular well) is located below the general non-lowered groundwater level and is embedded in the bottom of the drainage manhole. The mark of the mouth of the tubular well should be 15 cm higher than the mark of the horizontal drain tray. At a shallow depth, filter wells can be installed open way. For this purpose, wells are opened from the bottom of the horizontal drainage trench, in which pipes (asbestos-cement or plastic) are installed vertically, filled with gravel or crushed stone. The space between the vertical pipe and the ground is filled with coarse sand. The lower end of the vertical pipe enters a layer of gravel or crushed stone at the bottom of the well. The upper end of the pipe is mated with the inner layer of the horizontal drain.

Pumping stations (installations) for pumping out drainage water. The depth of the underground part of buildings and structures in the drained area does not always allow drainage water to be directed by gravity into the storm sewer. In this case, a drainage device is required. pumping stations. Their design should be guided by the following:

the installation of stand-alone pumping stations (installations), as a rule, is not economically feasible, since the costs of their construction and operation will be much higher than those built into basements;

pumping units for drainage systems should be located in nearby buildings.

With a feasibility study, it is possible to install one pumping station for pumping drainage water from several buildings. If the buildings belong to different owners, in order to resolve this issue, it is necessary to obtain an appropriate document on equity participation in the construction and operation of a common pumping station, drawn up in the prescribed manner.

When deciding on the placement of pumping stations for pumping drainage water, the priority is to comply with the permissible levels of noise and vibration of suction units and pipelines in residential apartments and public buildings. Pumping units should not be placed under residential apartments, children's or group rooms of kindergartens and nurseries, classes of secondary schools, hospital premises, work rooms administrative buildings, audiences educational institutions and other similar premises.

In projects, it is necessary to make appropriate noise and vibration calculations that determine the choice of technical measures that ensure compliance with the requirements for permissible noise and vibration levels in residential and public buildings in accordance with MGSN 2.04-97 and manuals for them.

The flow rates of drainage water sent to the pumping station should be determined specifically for each facility. As a rule, two pumping units should be provided, of which one is redundant. When justified, it is allowed to install a larger number of pumps. At limited area premises for the location of the pumping station, it is most advisable to use submersible pumps.

The drainage pumping station must have a special room necessary to accommodate the receiving tank, pumping units and other equipment. Only personnel servicing the equipment should have access to the pumping station. The operation of pumping stations should be provided in automatic mode.

When using agricultural land, nurseries, parks and for the convenience of using territories, drainage by open channels is replaced by a closed drainage system. Drain means “ drainage“.

Depending on the location of the drainage in relation to the aquiclude, it can be of a perfect or imperfect type.

Drainage of the perfect type

Imperfect drainage laid above the aquiclude. Groundwater enters the drains from all sides, so the drainage backfill must be closed on all sides (Fig. 2).

Imperfect drainage

Drains are made in the form of water-absorbing linear tubular cavities, which are placed at a certain depth with a certain slope.

Depending on the material used, drainage is:

Mole and slot drainage can be arranged, which do not require additional building materials.

In agriculture, pottery and plastic drainage are most often used.

During the construction of drainage, trenches of a certain depth are laid, in which pipes are laid,

Water in drains, as well as in open channels, enters due to the pressure created by the difference in water levels in drains and groundwater, and this pressure is determined by the Rothe formula:

where H– pressure value, m, with is a coefficient depending on the type of soil and the distance between the channels.

The drainage system consists of for various purposes: dryer drains, collector drains, main collectors. To ensure the flow of water, drains for all purposes are arranged with a certain slope.

Pottery pipes- made from fired clay, with an internal diameter of 50, 75, 125, 150, 175, 200 and 250 mm. The length of pottery pipes is 333 mm. Tubes are either cylindrical or faceted (6-8 faces). Cylindrical tubes are considered to be superior as they do not require edge adjustment when building a drainage network. Pipes in trenches are laid close to one another. Water enters the pipes through holes or gaps at the joints. The joints are sealed with filter material (glass wool or sphagnum moss). Then the drains are covered with soil excavated when the trench was torn off.

plastic tubes- made of polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene, their diameter ranges from 42 to 125 mm, the length of these tubes is 3-6 m. The service life of pottery and plastic pipes 50 years.

stone drainage- arrange by filling the trench with a loose laying of stone. The slope should be at least 0.005, but such drainage is too expensive, therefore, it is rarely used.

Mole and slot drainage- arrange by laying cavities in the ground at a depth of 40-70 cm, resembling mole passages.

Types of drainage
Types of drainage When using agricultural land, nurseries, parks and for the convenience of using territories, drainage by open channels is replaced by a closed drainage system. Drainage

Types and types of drainage - device features

A high level of groundwater, including seasonal, is a serious problem that can cause significant damage to the foundation of a building. Most often, to eliminate the influence of excess moisture on the structural elements of the building, different kinds drainage, which can not only reduce the level of groundwater, but also completely eliminate this factor.

The technical complexity of the device of the drainage system depends on its effectiveness and cost. Getting a working drainage by investing a little money, most likely, will not work.

Types of drainage systems

All drainage systems can be classified according to various criteria, so according to the principle of placement they can be divided into:

Surface drainage
underground drainage

Underground drainage, in turn, is divided into ring and reservoir. Drainage can be provided with backfill materials or special technical devices, a type of perforated drainage pipes.

If it is impossible to mount a gravity drainage system, it is necessary to use drainage-type pumps, such equipment is known in the industry as slurry pumps. They allow you to pump liquid containing foreign particles up to 10 mm in size.

Surface drainage

The main task of such a system is to remove water that has fallen in the form of precipitation. With a significant deepening of the drainage ditches, such a system can also be used to drain surface groundwater.

For surface drainage, it is enough to dig a trench around the building, it is usually covered with special gratings that allow it to receive a stream of water.

Usually the depth of the drainage ditch does not exceed 1 meter with a width of up to 50 cm, larger structures are difficult to maintain in good condition for technical reasons.

The main disadvantage of the surface drainage system is that the trench is located in a layer of unstable soil; additional means must be used to prevent the walls of the ditch from crumbling. Previously, this was done using a reinforcing mesh, today geotextiles are increasingly used for this purpose. The upper part of the device is usually concreted, which makes it possible to install decorative grilles.

When choosing this option, it should be remembered that these types of drainage systems can only partially solve the problems of groundwater, and in small volumes. The disadvantages also include the need for constant cleaning of facilities .

Ring underground drainage

The most popular way to deal with surface groundwater, allows you to protect the foundation of the building from their impact.

There are several types of ring drainage devices.

In the past, drainage was most often done in deeper trenches filled with material that was capable of draining the incoming water. For this purpose, they used the battle of bricks, crushed stone and others. similar materials that are not eroded by water. The layer of this material was covered with coarse-grained sand, which has good filtration properties.

But such a drainage scheme cannot work effectively. long time, after 1-2 years it usually clogs up. Indeed, with the flow of groundwater, a significant number of various soil inclusions enter the system, and it ceases to fulfill its functions. Moreover, flushing such a system is almost impossible.

The laying of pipes through which groundwater is drained significantly increases the efficiency of drainage.

Previously used for these purposes:

ordinary metal pipes, who sawed into two parts or drilled a whole network of holes in them,
asbestos-cement and ceramic structures that have not been subject to corrosion.

But these types of drainage also silted up very quickly.

Therefore, the most efficient system ring drainage today is a system using perforated pipes made of polymer materials, with additional protection by geotextile acting as a filter.

We will talk about the rules for the device of such a system below.

Ring drainage using perforated pipes and geotextiles

Ring drainage device

For effective drainage using modern similar modern materials several requirements must be met.

Drainage ditches are dug around the house, the depth of which should be 0.5 m greater than the depth of the foundation.

Considering that the slope of the drainage pipes should be 2 cm by 1 meter, immediately plan where the water will be discharged. To do this, it is advisable to draw up a plan for the drainage system of the site, indicating the elevations of the soil. Focusing on them, and determine the optimal reset point.

Best to collect drainage water into two wells mounted in opposite corners of the building.

When using a scheme with one well, it will be necessary to significantly deepen the drainage pipes to maintain the slope.

The base of the ditch is carefully compacted, do not forget to observe the slope. drainage trench covered with geotextiles in such a way that they can wrap the entire drainage layer.

A layer of crushed stone is arranged on the geotextile, preferably granite, it is less susceptible to erosion by water. A layer of 20-40 mm is quite enough. We lay drainage pipes on it. It is best to use perforated corrugated plastic pipes, they are more rigid and able to withstand ground pressure.

These types of drainage systems, using corrugated pipes, it is advisable to apply if it is planned to operate the site above the drainage system with increased loads.

The pipe is also covered with a layer of crushed stone, if possible, the height of the backfill can be increased to 50 cm, but it should not be less than 30 cm.

This whole system is closed with the edges of the geotextile, carefully fastened. Geotextiles prevent clogging of the drainage system with alluvial soil. Despite its small thickness, this material has excellent strength, does not decompose under the influence of water, even aggressive. It is for these reasons that it is used to protect drainage structures.

A layer of sand is poured over the drainage, which will improve the water flow to the system. The upper part of the trench is covered with ordinary soil.

Drainage collection

As already mentioned, special wells are used to collect wastewater from the system. With the help of drainage pumps, water from the wells can be supplied to the garden for irrigation. The device of the drainage pump allows it to pump wastewater with various mechanical impurities, while their size can reach up to 30 mm.

For installation in drainage wells, we recommend that you use submersible models of drainage pumps. When installing the simplest control automation, you can get an autonomously operating system capable of pumping wastewater from a drainage well without human intervention.

The use of various types of drainage systems allows not only to protect the structures of the house from groundwater, they are also arranged to drain wetlands. In this case, the drainage scheme must be carefully thought out and worked out, which only a specialist can do.

Types and types of drainage - device features
Drainage system and its main types. Types of drainage, a plan for their arrangement, the use of pumps - all this and much more in our article

Most owners of private houses and summer cottages interested in the types of drainage. Drainage systems are widely ramified networks of channels interconnected with each other, passing around or along the building. They protect from negative impact surface and ground waters of the building, and if necessary - the entire area on which it is located, removing excess moisture outside the drained area. Such a solution allows you to drain the water that accumulates on the site, which is especially important in winter, when moisture expands in volume due to low temperatures.

The most suitable type of drainage system should be chosen at the planning stage in order to allow the building to last longer without visible damage. What's more, a well-designed drainage system will make it easier for plants to grow on the site by always providing them with enough water.

Types of drainage systems

When choosing the most suitable type of drainage for your project, you should first understand their classification. According to the type of placement, the types of drainage systems differ in:

The former are also called open and the latter are called closed. The essence of the surface system lies in the simplicity of its construction: small ditches are made on the surface, delivering water to the desired point. The main disadvantages of this system are wear and tear and not very aesthetic. appearance.

Underground drainage is a system of pipes that runs underground. It does not spoil the appearance of the site and lasts longer, but the construction of such a system costs a lot of effort and expense. There are also other options, such as horizontal and vertical drains. They are used less often than the ones given earlier, but there are times when they are needed. Let us dwell in more detail on open and closed drainages.

Open drainage system

The open (surface) option involves the removal of water from the surface of the site and the roofs of buildings.

The storm flow is diverted from the territory of the site, thus preserving the foundation, basements and other underground structures from damage. For the device of such drainage, it is enough to dig a trench around the building, subsequently it will be she who will receive water flows. Usually the system is covered with gratings to give it a more aesthetic appearance. surface system divided into the following types of drainage:

The linear type requires considerable effort during construction, since the construction of channels takes place taking into account the slope of the site and the walls of buildings. Particular attention is paid to garage entrances, especially if they are below ground level. Such drainage is done with the help of channels that are dug in the ground. So that the soil is not eroded by water flows, the inner surface of the channels is poured with concrete.

Spot drainage is used to collect water at drain points, the channels are closed decorative grilles. In addition to improving the appearance of the system, this prevents large debris from entering the system, which can reduce the effectiveness of the drainage. Water is most often drained into the nearest lake or river.

As mentioned earlier, this system is quite simple to implement and does not require professional knowledge and skills during the construction. The biggest difficulty in building drainage devices It consists in observing the slope of the conduits so that the water itself flows into the selected drain point.

closed drainage system

A deep (closed) drainage system is used when necessary, for example, when the site is located in a lowland or on soil of a clay structure. This type of drainage is also called tubular, since pipes are installed in trenches that have open areas collecting water.

The construction of such systems is enough difficult process. First of all, trenches are dug 40 cm wide more than the diameter of the pipes used. The depth depends on the level of groundwater. The bottom of the trench is covered with a layer of sand, a layer of rubble is laid on it. The thickness of the permeable layers, therefore, should be equal to 20 cm. Pipes are laid on top of the rubble, which should be wrapped with geotextile fabric.

Thus, sand will not get inside the pipes, clogging them. Further, a layer of sand and gravel is poured over the pipe, the system is completely covered with soil, on which the turf is laid. It must be borne in mind that the pipes must be installed with a slight slope towards the point of collection of water. Inspection wells should be installed at pipe bends.

Horizontal and vertical systems

In some cases, open and closed types of drainage are not suitable for drainage devices. Then other types of drainage are used: horizontal and vertical.

The horizontal type of drainage on the site includes both the construction of ditches and trays, and the construction of backfill structures. Typically, a similar system is used in private areas, but is also used in urban construction. The main task of horizontal drainage is to preserve the foundation, but it also copes with moisture in basements. Thus, the annular type of horizontal drainage is based on a decrease in the level of soil water. To achieve this, the pipes are laid within 6-8 meters from the walls of the protected structures at a depth of 50 cm below the floor of the building.

Drainage vertical type It is mainly used to drain water from a well. This is achieved by using pumps connected to pipes. After pumping out water, depression funnels form near the wells. As long as the water flow enters them, the surrounding area is protected from water. This type of drainage allows you to effectively remove moisture from the deep layers of the soil, thereby significantly lowering the level of groundwater in the district.

The drainage system on the site outside the city is an indispensable element, since the sewerage and water supply here are often autonomous. Well, what type of drainage devices to choose depends on individual capabilities and preferences.

What are the types of drainage
Most owners of private houses and summer cottages are interested in the types of drainage. Drainage systems are widely ramified networks of channels interconnected with each other, passing around or along the building.

What are the types of drains?

Designing a groundwater drainage system for a foundation is a top priority for most homeowners. There are various types of drainage, the design of each of them is used in construction to achieve certain goals.

Types by depth

Drainage is a system for draining groundwater or branching it around the site using special water pipes (drains). He performs many necessary functions ranging from basement protection and carrier system foundation from flooding, and ending with the provision of normal natural watering of plants.

According to the depth of occurrence, there are such types of sewer drainage:

Surface,
Underground.

Surface distinguished by the simplicity of their design. On the site, the use of these systems is necessary for the removal of atmospheric water, for example, after rain. Their main advantage is that the drains are easily visible and, if necessary, cleaned. They may be closed and open type. Closed equipped with a protective grid that prevents leaves or dirt from entering the drainage. open often decorated as a pond, giving zest to landscape design. As a standard, the depth of surface drains rarely exceeds 100 centimeters, but if necessary, they can be slightly deepened to control the flow of perched water.

Photo - surface open view

Underground often has a more complex structure. It is used to divert water from basements or irrigate land on a site that is located on a hill. Due to the fact that the depth of occurrence can be in the range from 1.5 meters to 3, they are used to drain deep groundwater.

Design classification

Both surface and underground drainage can have a different design. Surface ones are of this type:

Most modern homes have linear drains They are the most efficient in their work. In them, drains help to divert flood waters from the foundation, trees, utility rooms through earth channels. These channels can go into the septic tank or remove excess liquid just outside the site.

Point or local ones are easier to create. They are located only in the low-lying points of the site, so they do not require high costs funds and forces for the arrangement. They are not the usual drains, but rather separately installed wells, which can be open and closed. In addition, many experts recommend creating artificial recesses along retaining walls, external sewers and water pipes, etc.

Types of underground systems:

vertical,
horizontal,
Combined.

vertical are considered the most complex of all the types described. They represent complex structure, in which vertical shafts are installed as storm drains. From them, water enters the main line, from where it is discharged into the septic tank.

Photo - scheme of the vertical

Horizontal drainage- This simple system, similar to the surface, but set at a higher depth. It can be backfilled, closed with paths or equipped with special pipes with holes. All of these types are often used to create natural drainage of the earth.

Installation of different types

Depending on the quantity and needs, you can use different ways system installation. If surface drainage is most often installed simply along the perimeter of the building, then underground drainage has a wider range of applications. By installation, deep drainage happens:

Annular necessary for draining basements and foundations. It does not approach the walls of the building, but allows you to control the amount of precipitation (both melt and rainwater). It is most convenient to use it on sandy soil or loam, where no special efforts are required for melioration. It got its name due to its special design. All drains are closed into a single system - a ring without the use of septic wells. Excess moisture itself with the help of holes in the pipes goes into the deeper layers of the earth.

Photo - subspecies of the ring

wall necessary to protect roads, houses, plants, etc., which are located on clay soil. It is located almost under the perimeters of the building or other structure being drained and provides maximum efficiency with relative simplicity of design. Depending on the type of building and site, it is allowed to combine ring and wall drainages. With their help, water is collected and partially transported through holes in drains to the deep layers of the earth, the remaining moisture accumulates in wells installed at a certain distance from the walls.

Photo - classic wall

If installation is required plumbing system, which will prevent any penetration of moisture into the basement or house in the conditions of the aquifer, then it is used reservoir drainage. This is the most complex system of them all. This type of system can be called an artificial pond, which is installed at the lowest point of the site. Its walls are reinforced with clay, gravel or sand, they are similar to the main drains, which are branched throughout the site. The collected moisture can be used for irrigation or other technical needs.

Photo - reservoir view

Without special automation, i.e. "by eye" it is very difficult to determine which type of drainage is needed. Before starting the installation of any system, it is imperative to consult with surveyors in your region.

What are the types of drains?
What are the types of drains? Classification by depth and structure. Installation features. Photo, video.

Lecture No. 11

Plan:

1. The concept of drainage.

2. Types of drains.

3. Types of drainage.

4. Drainage of the pleural cavity.

5. Drainage of the abdominal cavity.

6. Drainage of the bladder.

7. Drainage of tubular bones and joints.

8. Drainage care.

Drainage- a therapeutic method, which consists in removing the contents from wounds, abscesses, the contents of hollow organs, natural or pathological body cavities. Full drainage, provides sufficient outflow of wound exudate, creates best conditions for the speedy rejection of dead tissues and the transition of the healing process to the regeneration phase. There are practically no contraindications to drainage. The process of purulent surgical and antibiotic therapy revealed another advantage of drainage - the possibility of a targeted fight against wound infection.

To ensure good drainage, it has the character of drainage, the choice is optimal for each case, the method of drainage, the position of the drainage in the wound, the use of certain medications for washing the wound (according to the sensitivity of the microflora), the proper maintenance of the drainage system in compliance with the rules of asepsis.

Drainage is carried out using drains. Drainages are divided into gauze, flat rubber, tubular and mixed.

Gauze drains- these are tampons and turundas, which are prepared from hygroscopic gauze. With their help, tamponade of the wound is carried out. Tamponade of wounds is tight and loose.

Tight tamponade it is used to stop bleeding from small vessels with dry or moistened in solutions (3% hydrogen peroxide, 5% aminocaproic acid, thrombin) gauze turundas. Such a turunda is left in the wound from 5 minutes to 2 hours. With insufficient growth of granular tissue in the wound, a tight tamponade according to Vishnevsky with ointment is performed. In this case, the turunda is left in the wound for 5-8 days.

Loose tamponade used to clean a contaminated or purulent wound with non-collapsing edges. Gauze drains are introduced loosely into the wound so as not to interfere with the outflow of the discharge. In this case, it is better to introduce tampons moistened with antiseptic solutions. Gauze retains its drainage function only for 6-8 hours, then it becomes saturated with wound discharge and prevents outflow. Therefore, with loose tamponade, gauze drains should be changed 1-2 times a day.

Flat rubber drains- made from glove rubber by cutting out cavities various lengths and width. They contribute to the passive outflow of contents from a shallow wound.

To improve the outflow, a napkin moistened with an antiseptic is applied on top of the drainage. Change of such drainages is carried out daily.

Tubular drains prepared from rubber, latex, PVC, silicone tubes with a diameter of 0.5 to 2.0 cm. The tubular drainage along the spiral side surfaces has holes no larger than the diameter of the tube itself.

There are single, double, double-lumen, multi-lumen drains. They drain the contents from deep wounds and body cavities, it is possible to wash the wound or cavity with antiseptic solutions. Such drainages are removed from wounds for 5-8 days.

Microirrigator- this is a tubular drainage, the diameter of which is from 0.5 to 2 mm without additional holes on the side surface of the tube. It is used for the introduction of drugs into the body cavity.

Mixed drains- These are rubber-gauze drainages. Such drains have suction properties due to a gauze napkin and outflow of liquid through a rubber flat drainage. They are called "cigar drains" - cut off from rubber glove a finger with several holes and loosely inserted inside with a strip of gauze or layers of gauze napkins and rubber strips of drainage. Mixed drainages are used only in shallow wounds.

Closed drainage- this is a tubular drainage, the free end of which is tied with a silk thread or pinched with a clamp. It is used to introduce medicines or removing the contents of the wound and cavity with a syringe. To closed drains include microirrigators, drainage from the pleural cavity.

open drainage- this is a tubular drainage, the free end of which is covered with a gauze cloth or immersed in a sterile vessel with an antiseptic solution.

Drainage is carried out using rubber, glass or plastic tubes of various sizes and diameters, rubber (glove) graduates, specially made plastic strips, gauze swabs inserted into the wound or drained cavity, soft probes, catheters.

Extremely important element physical antiseptic is drainage. This method is used in the treatment of all types of wounds, after most operations on the chest and abdomen, and is based on the principles of capillarity and communicating vessels.

There are three main types of drainage: passive, active and flow-flushing.

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