Optimum residential heating system. Hygienic requirements for living quarters. Estimated geographic latitude, degree north latitude

To the cold winter period to provide the necessary conditions for living in a residential building, a system is needed that would help maintain the desired temperature regime. The heating system is the most successful engineering solution this problem. The heating system will help maintain comfortable conditions in the house throughout the entire cold period, but you should know what heating systems are in modern times.

Heating systems may vary depending on different criteria. There are such basic types of heating systems as: air heating, electric heating, water heating, water heated floors, and others. Undoubtedly important issue is the choice of the type of heating system for your home. The classification of heating systems includes many types. Consider the main ones, as well as compare the types of fuel for heating.

Water heating

Among the entire classification of heating systems, water heating is the most popular. Technical advantages such heating were identified as a result of many years of practice.

Undoubtedly, when asked what types of heating are, it is water heating that first comes to mind. Water heating has such advantages as:

Not very high surface temperature of various devices and pipes;
Provides the same temperature in all rooms;
Saves fuel;
Increased operating time;
Silent operation;
Ease of maintenance and repair.

The main component of the water heating system is the boiler. Such a device is necessary in order to heat water. Water is the heat carrier in this type of heating. She circulates through the pipes closed type, and then the heat is transferred to various heating components, and the entire room is already heated from them.

Most simple option is the circulation of the natural type. This circulation is achieved due to the fact that different pressures are observed in the circuit. However, such circulation can also be forced. For such circulation, water heating options must be equipped with one or more pumps.

After the coolant passes through the entire heating circuit, it is completely cooled and returned back to the boiler. Here it heats up again and thus allows the heaters to release heat again.

Classification of water heating systems

The water type of heating may differ according to criteria such as:

water circulation method;
the location of the distributing type highways;
design features of the risers and the scheme by which all heating devices are connected.

The most popular is the heating system, where the circulation of water occurs through a pump. Heating with the circulation of water of a natural plan has recently been used extremely rarely.

In a pump heating system, heating of the coolant can also take place due to the hot water boiler, or thermal water, which comes from the CHP. In a heating system, water can be heated even by means of steam.

A direct-flow connection is used when a water supply with a very high temperature is acceptable in the system. Such a system will not cost so much, metal consumption will be somewhat less.

The disadvantage of direct-flow connection is the dependence thermal regime from the "impersonal" temperature of the coolant in the supply heat pipe of the external type.

air heating

Such types of heating of various premises are considered one of the oldest. For the first time such a system was used before our era. To date, such a heating system has become widespread - both in public buildings and in production.

Hot air is also popular for heating buildings. With recirculation, this air can be fed into the room where it mixes with the indoor air and thus cools the air to room temperature and heats it up again.

Air heating can be local, if the building does not have a central supply ventilation, or if the incoming amount of air is less than necessary.

In air heating systems, air is heated by heaters. The primary heater for such components is hot steam or water. In order to warm the air in the room, you can use other devices for heating or any heat source.

Local air heating

When asked what kind of heating is, local heating is often equated only with production premises. Devices local heating are used for such rooms that are used only during certain periods, in rooms of an auxiliary nature, in rooms that communicate with external air flows.

The main devices of the local heating system are the fan and the heater. For air heating, devices and devices such as: air-heating devices, thermal fans or heat guns. Such devices work on the principle of air recirculation.

Central air heating is done in rooms of any plan, if the building has a central ventilation system. These types of heating systems can be organized according to three different schemes: with direct-flow recirculation, with partial or full recirculation. Full air recirculation can be used mainly during non-working hours for on-duty types of heating, or in order to heat the room before the start of the working day.

However, heating according to this scheme can take place if it does not contradict any fire safety rules or basic hygiene requirements. For such heating scheme a supply ventilation system should be used, but the air will not be taken from the street, but from those rooms that are heated. In the central air heating system, such constructive types heating appliances such as: radiators, fan, filters, air ducts and other appliances.

air curtains

Cold air can enter in large numbers from the street, if the front doors are opened too often in the house. If nothing is done to limit the amount of cold air that enters the room, or not to heat it, it can adversely affect temperature regime, which must comply with the norm. To prevent this problem, you can open doorway create an air curtain.

At the entrances of buildings of a residential or office plan, you can install a low-rise air-thermal curtain.

To limit the amount of incoming cold air from outside the building takes place due to a constructive change in the entrance to the room.

Recently air-thermal curtains of compact type are becoming more and more popular. The most effective curtains are curtains of a "shaving" type. Such curtains create a jet air barrier that will protect an open doorway from the penetration of cold air currents. As a comparison of types of heating shows, such a curtain can reduce heat loss by almost half.

Electric heating

Heating of the room takes place due to the distribution of air passing through dashboard without heating it up front side. This will completely protect against various burns and prevent any fire.

With electric convectors, you can heat any type of room, even if you have only one source of energy, such as electricity.

These types of building heating systems do not require high costs for installation or repair, in addition, they can provide maximum comfort. An electric convector can simply be placed in a certain place and connected to the mains supply. When choosing a heating system, you can pay attention to this type - quite effective.

Operating principle

Cold air, which is located in the lower part of the building, passes through the heating element of the convector. Then its volume increases and it goes up through the outlet gratings. The heating effect also takes place due to additional heat radiation from the front side of the electric convector panel.

The level of comfort and efficiency of such a heating system is achieved due to the fact that electric convectors use electronic system which helps maintain a certain temperature. You just need to set the required temperature indicator and the sensor, which is installed in the lower area of the panel, will begin to determine the temperature of the air that enters the room after a specified period of time. The sensor will send a signal to the thermostat, which in turn will turn on or off the heating element. Through such a system to maintain certain temperature, which will make it possible to connect electric convectors in different rooms in order to heat the whole building.

Which system is better

Of course, the question of which heating system is better is impractical, since one or another system is effective in certain conditions. Comparison of heating systems should be made, taking into account all their pros and cons, focusing on the installation conditions and their own capabilities.

Having considered what heating systems exist, we can draw certain conclusions for ourselves. But in general, the best option would be to consult with professionals.

Creation effective system heating of large buildings differs significantly from similar autonomous schemes of cottages. The difference lies in the complexity of the distribution and control of the coolant parameters. Therefore, you should take a responsible approach to the choice of the heating system for buildings: types, types, calculations, surveys. All these nuances are taken into account at the design stage of the structure.

Requirements for heating residential and administrative buildings

It should be immediately noted that the heating project for the administrative building must be carried out by the relevant bureau. Specialists evaluate the parameters of the future building and according to the requirements normative documents choose the optimal heating scheme.

Regardless of the chosen types of heating systems for buildings, they are subject to stringent requirements. They are based on ensuring the safety of the functioning of heat supply, as well as the efficiency of the system:

Sanitary and hygienic. These include uniform temperature distribution in all areas of the house. To do this, pre-calculation of heat for heating the building;
Construction. The operation of heating appliances should not be impaired due to the peculiarities structural elements buildings both inside and outside it;
Mounting. When choosing technological schemes of the installation, it is recommended to choose unified units that can be quickly replaced with similar ones in case of failure;
Operational. Maximum automation of heat supply operation. This is the primary task along with the heat engineering calculation of the heating of the building.

In practice, proven design schemes are used, the choice of which depends on the type of heating. This is the determining factor for all subsequent stages of work on arranging the heating of an administrative or residential building.

When commissioning a new house, tenants have the right to demand copies of all technical documentation, including the heating system.

Types of building heating systems

How to choose the right type of heat supply for a building? First of all, the type of energy carrier is taken into account. Based on this, you can plan the next stages of design.

There are certain types of building heating systems that differ in both the principle of operation and performance. The most common is water heating, as it has unique qualities and can be adapted relatively easily to any type of building. Having calculated the amount of heat for heating a building, you can select the following types of heat supply:

Autonomous water. It is characterized by high inertia of air heating. However, along with this is the most popular type building heating systems due to the wide variety of components and low maintenance costs;
Central water. In this case, water is optimal type coolant for its transportation over long distances - from the boiler house to consumers;
Air. Recently, it has been used as common system climate control in homes. It is one of the most expensive, which affects the inspection of the heating system of the building;
Electrical. Despite the low cost of the initial purchase of equipment, electric heating is the most expensive to maintain. If it is installed, it is necessary to calculate the heating according to the volume of the building as accurately as possible in order to reduce the planned costs.

What is recommended to choose as a heat supply for a house - electric, water or air heating? First of all, you need to calculate the thermal energy for heating the building and other types of design work. Based on the data obtained, the optimal heating scheme is selected.

For a private house The best way heat supply - installation gas equipment in conjunction with a water heating system.

Types of heat supply calculation for buildings

At the first stage, it is necessary to calculate the thermal energy for heating the building. The essence of these calculations is to determine the heat losses of the house, the selection of equipment power and the thermal mode of heating.

To correctly perform these calculations, you should know the parameters of the building, take into account climatic features region. Before the advent of specialized software systems, all calculations of the amount of heat for heating a building were performed manually. In this case, there was a high probability of error. Now, using modern calculation methods, the following characteristics can be obtained for drawing up a heating project for an administrative building:

Optimum load on heat supply depending on external factors- outdoor temperature and the required degree of air heating in each room of the house;
Proper selection of components for heating equipment, minimizing the cost of its purchase;
Possibility to upgrade the heating system in the future. Reconstruction of the heating system of the building is carried out only after the agreement of the old and new schemes.

When making a heating project for an administrative or residential building, you need to be guided by a certain calculation algorithm.

The characteristics of the heat supply system must comply with current regulations. Their list can be obtained from the state architectural organization.

Calculation of heat losses of buildings

The determining indicator of the heating system is the optimal amount of energy produced. It is also determined by the heat losses in the building. Those. in fact, the work of heat supply is designed to compensate for this phenomenon and maintain the temperature at a comfortable level.

For the correct calculation of heat for heating the building, it is necessary to know the material of manufacture of the outer walls. It is through them that most of the losses occur. The main characteristic is the coefficient of thermal conductivity building materials- the amount of energy passing through 1 m² of wall.

The technology for calculating thermal energy for heating a building consists of the following steps:

Determination of the material of manufacture and the coefficient of thermal conductivity.
Knowing the wall thickness, the heat transfer resistance can be calculated. This is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity.
Then several heating modes are selected. This is the difference between the temperature in the supply and return pipes.
Dividing the resulting value by the heat transfer resistance, we get the heat loss per 1 m² of the wall.

For such a technique, you need to know that the wall consists not only of bricks or reinforced concrete blocks. When calculating the power of the heating boiler and the heat loss of the building, thermal insulation and other materials must be taken into account. The total coefficient of TV transmission resistance of the wall should not be less than the normalized one.

Only after that you can start calculating the power of heating devices.

It is recommended to add a correction factor of 1.1 to all the data obtained for calculating the heating by volume of the building.

Calculation of the power of equipment for heating buildings

To calculate the optimal heat supply capacity, you should first decide on its type. Most often, difficulties arise in the calculation of water heating. For the correct calculation of the power of the heating boiler and heat losses in the house, not only its area, but also its volume is taken into account.

The simplest option is to accept the ratio that 41 W of energy is required to heat 1 m³ of a room. However, such a calculation of the amount of heat for heating the building will not be entirely correct. It does not take into account heat losses, as well as climatic features of a particular region. Therefore, it is best to use the method described above.

To calculate the heat supply according to the volume of the building, it is important to know the rated power of the boiler. To do this, you need to know the following formula:

Where W– boiler power, S- area of the house To- correction factor.

The latter is a reference value and depends on the region of residence. Data about it can be taken from the table.

This technology allows you to perform an accurate thermal calculation of the heating of the building. At the same time, the heat supply capacity is checked against heat losses in the building. In addition, the purpose of the premises is taken into account. For living rooms, the temperature level should be between +18°C and +22°C. The minimum level of heating of sites and household rooms is +16°С.

The choice of heating mode is practically independent of these parameters. It will determine the future load on the system depending on weather conditions. For apartment buildings calculation of thermal energy for heating is done taking into account all the nuances and in accordance with regulatory technology. In autonomous heat supply, such actions do not need to be performed. It is important that the total thermal energy compensates for all heat losses in the house.

To reduce the cost of autonomous heating, it is recommended to use the low-temperature mode when calculating the volume of the building. But then you have to increase total area radiators to increase heat output.

Maintenance of the building heating system

After the correct heat engineering calculation of the heat supply of the building, it is necessary to know the mandatory list of regulatory documents for its maintenance. You need to know this in order to timely control the operation of the system, as well as to minimize the occurrence of emergencies.

Drawing up an act of inspection of the heating system of the building takes place only by representatives of the responsible company. This takes into account the specifics of heat supply, its type and Current state. During the inspection of the heating system of the building, the following items of the document must be filled out:

Location of the house, its exact address.
Link to the contract for the supply of heat.
The number and location of heat supply devices - radiators and batteries.
Temperature measurement in rooms.
Coefficient of load change depending on current weather conditions.

To initiate an inspection of the heating system at home, you must submit an application to the management company. It must indicate the reason - poor performance of heat supply, emergency situation or non-compliance of the current system parameters with the norms.

According to current regulations, during an accident, representatives of the management company must eliminate its consequences within a maximum of 6 hours. Also after that, a document is drawn up on the damage caused to the owners of the apartments due to the accident. If the reason is an unsatisfactory condition, the management company must restore the apartments at its own expense or pay compensation.

Often, during the reconstruction of the heating system of a building, it is necessary to replace some of its elements with more modern ones. Costs are determined by the fact - on whose balance sheet the heating system is located. Restoration of pipelines and other components that are not located in the apartments should be handled by the management company.

If the owner of the premises wanted to change the old cast-iron batteries to modern ones, the following actions should be taken:

AT management company a statement is drawn up, which indicates the plan of the apartment and the characteristics of future heating devices.
After 6 days, the Criminal Code is obliged to provide technical specifications.
According to them, the selection of equipment is carried out.
Installation is carried out at the expense of the owner of the apartment. But at the same time, representatives of the Criminal Code must be present.

For autonomous heat supply of a private house, nothing needs to be done. Responsibilities for arranging and maintaining heating at the proper level belong entirely to the owner of the house. Exceptions are technical projects for electrical and gas heating premises. For them, it is necessary to obtain the consent of the Criminal Code, as well as select and install equipment in accordance with the terms of reference.

The video tells about the features of radiator heating:

Various communications in life modern people play important role, but the heating of the dwelling must be provided without fail. If it's about northern regions, then to create optimal microclimate quality equipment is required. You also need to find out what types of heating are in general. The main indicator of system performance is the ability to maintain comfortable temperature in the premises.

Main types

Artificial heating of houses and apartments is carried out to compensate for heat losses that occur when the ambient temperature drops. For a comfortable stay, you will need special devices that can perform this task. However, the final configuration of the equipment will depend on the chosen method of heat production, as well as on the thermal insulation of the living space.

Water heating systems

This option involves the use of a liquid heat carrier as the main source of heat. It is heated to the desired temperature and circulates through pipelines that can be made according to different schemes. Heat transfer is provided by radiators, registers and convectors.

Types of pipes for heating with this option may differ depending on the material of manufacture.

Steel pipes connect devices that accumulate heat in many apartments and private houses. High-quality steel is the main raw material for production. Consumers are attracted by the low price, as well as the low coefficient of thermal expansion.
Cast iron products have always been famous for their low cost and good mechanical stability. They are connected by shaped parts, therefore, they require the use of good tow, which, at the same time, will not have impurities. On the instructional video these moments are usually noted.
are a novelty in the construction market, but in a short period of time they have become popular. Even when the liquid inside freezes, the integrity of the product is maintained, since the material is able to expand and contract with temperature changes.
they are connected to each other using special fittings that can be fixed with your own hands. The reliability of the individual elements is ensured by the five-layer structure. The fasteners themselves at the joints can be one-piece, compression or threaded.
copper products are mainly used when a long service life is required. In this regard, such elements are unlikely to be able to surpass any other material. However, when acquiring, you will have to say goodbye to a serious sum of money.

Note! All of the listed types are quite suitable to ensure the circulation of the liquid: heating in such closed loop will still be reliable. Only the main options are named.

Heating with steam

This method of heating buildings involves the use of water vapor instead of a liquid heat carrier. However, in our state, such systems are not allowed to be installed in public and residential buildings, which is confirmed by building codes and regulations. As a rule, a steam boiler or a reduction-cooling plant acts as a heating device.

List of main advantages:

Compact dimensions of devices and relatively low cost.
A small inertia allows for quick warm-up.
No heat loss is observed in the heat exchangers.

List of significant shortcomings:

Pretty high readings of the thermometer on the instrument plane.
The inability to smoothly lower and lower the temperature.
High sound vibrations when filling the coolant.
There are difficulties in installing outlets.

Attention! Other types of heating systems are considered the safest, in contrast to the presented option. In addition, the elements of steam equipment wear out quickly, as they have to withstand high temperatures.

air heating

AT modern world this method of heat accumulation is actively used to create comfortable conditions in trade and warehouses which have a large volume. The source of heated air can be a heater or a heat generator. These devices maintain the temperature set by the user, while consuming a minimum amount of power.

Advantages of HVAC equipment:

Profitability, because there is the possibility of dual use (for heating in winter and air conditioning in summer).
Long service life, which in most cases is at least twenty years.
During operation, direct heating of the air occurs. In other words, there are no intermediate coolants.
During use, much less fuel is consumed than in the case of water systems.

Note! Other types of heating systems cannot boast of such versatile capabilities. If necessary, it will even be possible to cool the air in the room, which is important in the summer.

Infrared radiation

Heating is carried out thanks to special emitters. infrared heating can be used as a main or additional heat source. Other types of heating systems will not be able to provide high-quality heating of open spaces, as such a radiator can do.

What is the advantage of these products?

Firstly, they do not dry the air and do not burn oxygen, and also do not form any combustion products.
Secondly, these heat sources usually operate for only 5-20 minutes per hour, providing fast and even heating.
And, thirdly, devices of this type can save about fifty percent of electrical energy.

Addition! Receiving heat with the help of rays is the most natural, since our planet warms up exactly according to this principle. Approximately one second of the sun's power is in the infrared.

Dynamic heating

Over time, new types of heating appear. One of these can be considered a method when one part of the heat is transferred to the room, and the other is spent on the operation of a special pump, which is located between the room and the external environment.

The classification of heat engines is based on the source of heat extraction.

Geothermal equipment of a closed type takes the heat of the earth or groundwater as a basis.

Horizontal placement of the collector is carried out at a distance below the depth of soil freezing.
The vertical arrangement of the collector is carried out in wells having a depth of up to two hundred meters.
The water structure is installed in any reservoir below the freezing depth.

Equipment open type requires the use of a heat exchange fluid circulating through the heat pump system.

Fire-air heating

Previously presented modern views autonomous heating, but a separate type of heat generation for premises can be attributed to the fire-air method of maintaining the desired temperature in a dwelling. The source is a pneumatic furnace, consisting of a chamber for heating air, a furnace and a crucible.

The main hygienic task of home heating is to create an optimal air temperature, constant in time and space,

As a single air temperature in residential premises, an indicator of 18-20 ° C is adopted.

The optimal indoor temperature for the cold climate zone is considered to be 21-22 °C, moderate - 18-20 °C, warm - 18-19 °C, hot - 17-18 °C. Estimated temperature standards in public buildings differentiate depending on the purpose of the premises: in doctors' offices, hospital wards, procedural rooms, the most favorable air temperature is 20 ° C, in operating rooms - 22 ° C, in classrooms - 16 ° C, sports halls - 15 ° C.

To ensure thermal comfort, the air temperature in the rooms must be relatively uniform vertically and horizontally. The difference in air temperature along the vertical is not more than 2-2.5 ° C for each meter of height, horizontally - from the outer to the opposite inner wall - up to 2 ° C. It is especially important to reduce the temperature difference in the vertical direction, since hypothermia of the legs can cause a general cooling of the body. For preschool children low temperature near the floor creates a certain danger colds. The permissible difference between the temperature of the air and the inner surface of the outer walls is 3 °C.

Heating should not impair air quality due to the ingress of products of incomplete combustion, especially carbon monoxide, and the burning of dust deposited on heating appliances. Dry sublimation of organic dust from the surface of the heating system occurs when it is heated to 80 °C. At high temperature surfaces heating appliances(more than 80 °C), unpleasant odors increase and the general dust content of the room increases, which is one of the significant sources of air damage. Heating must be safe in terms of fire and easy to use.

Local heating. A very old and widespread type of local heating includes brick ovens designed to heat one or two adjoining rooms. Combustion of fuels, mainly wood or coal (rarely natural gas), is done indoors. The disadvantages of this type of heating are pollution of the room, difficulty in maintenance, the possibility of carbon monoxide poisoning when the smoke tube is closed prematurely. Stove heating does not provide a sufficiently constant air temperature throughout the day (differences of up to 5-6 ° C are allowed). Less commonly used metal ovens, characterized by even greater disadvantages in hygienic terms. According to the ability to retain heat, furnaces of large, medium and small heat capacity are distinguished.

In recent years, additional space heating has been used electric fireplaces and reflectors.

Central heating. Currently, cities are predominantly equipped with central heating, serving one or more buildings from one heat source. It has significant advantages over local heating: it does not pollute the air, it is convenient to use and provides a more even air temperature in the premises. Daily temperature fluctuations with central heating should not exceed 3 °C. With the introduction of central heating, the smoke in the atmosphere of cities has significantly decreased. It is also more profitable economically. There are several central heating systems.

Water heating, which is the most common system that meets hygienic requirements, allows you to heat a group of buildings from the central boiler room, to carry out the heating of the city at the expense of waste hot water from power plants and some industrial enterprises. Water heating allows you to easily control the degree of heating of the room by supplying water heated in accordance with the outdoor temperature, as well as using the regulators available directly from the heating devices in the premises. Thanks to this, it is possible to support various premises different air temperatures in accordance with the established differentiated standards.

On fig. 4.8 shows a diagram of water heating with an upper wiring for a separate building. Water is heated in a boiler installed in the basement to a temperature not exceeding 80-90 ° C, depending on the weather. Then, due to the lower relative density, it rises up the ascending riser (to the attic) into the distribution main network, from which it is distributed along the descending risers down sequentially along the floors, where it passes through the heating devices, gives them part of its heat and returns through the return pipes.

risers back into the boiler. To compensate for heat losses, devices with a larger heating surface are installed in the lower floors. There are variations of this system.

Heating devices (batteries) are located near the outer walls in niches under the windows to compensate for the greatest cooling of the premises in these places. Niches are recommended to be closed with removable gratings. The most hygienic batteries with smooth surface, made up of individual metal elements (radiators). Compared to ribbed batteries, they are more accessible for cleaning and allow you to increase the heating surface by adding the number of elements.

Water heating provides a constant and uniform air temperature, does not cause pollution, since the heating of the surface of the batteries rarely reaches 80 ° C, which eliminates the burning of dust.

Steam heating structurally differs little from water heating, but is inferior to it in hygienic terms, since the steam circulating in the system heats the batteries up to 100 ° C, which entails sublimation of dust, the risk of burns and sometimes creates overheating of the premises. With steam heating, the possibility of central and local adjustment is excluded; when steam is admitted, cracking often occurs due to steam breakthrough through accumulations of condensate water in pipe bends.

Steam heating is arranged only in large rooms designed for the temporary stay of people.

Air heating consists in heating the filtered outdoor air to 45-50 ° C in the chambers located in the basement of the building, from where it enters through the openings at the top through the channels into internal walls ah in the premises.

The disadvantages of this heating system include the short range of each chamber, the high temperature of the supplied air, which makes it excessively dry, uneven heating of the premises and the possibility of pollution. supply air dust. However, air heating is economical, does not require pipes and heaters, allows you to combine heating with ventilation, is easy to operate and is indicated for rooms with high air humidity (audience halls, indoor swimming pools). In recent years, this heating, combined with ventilation, has been installed in a number of new Moscow schools.

Radiant heating was first used in our country by V.A. Yakhimovich in hospitals (1907). At present, it is widely used in a number of countries and is considered as one of the promising ones. The source of heat radiation is heated internal surfaces external walls, under which small pipes of water or, less commonly, steam heating are laid. In this case, it is called panel radiant heating. Sometimes they heat the ceiling or floor. The heating temperature of the wall panels is maintained at the level of 35-40 °C, which ensures the elimination of the cooling effect of the walls. This is very important, since the heat transfer from the surface of the body occurs mainly through radiation to the surrounding cold surfaces and, above all, walls.

Radiant heating provides uniform air temperature in the room vertically and horizontally, it is technically and economically beneficial. In hot climates, it can be used to cool rooms, for which cold water is passed through pipes.

Microclimate and home heating ">

Microclimate and home heating.

Microclimate (Greek mikros - "small") - a complex of physical factors environment in a limited space, affecting the body's heat exchange. These physical factors are called meteorological (meteora - "atmospheric phenomena"). The microclimate of the dwelling is artificially created climatic conditions to protect against adverse (external) influences and create a comfort zone for those dressed in light clothes and being long time in a sitting position for a person. During the cold period, these conditions mainly depend on the thermophysical properties of the fences (walls, ceiling, floor) and the heating system. During the hot season optimal conditions can only be created by supplying conditioned air to the room. Housing allows people to live in almost any climatic zones the globe.

The microclimate of the dwelling is determined by the main physical parameters: temperature, humidity and air velocity, temperature of surrounding surfaces. Atmosphere pressure is significant only in special conditions human activity, and it is practically impossible to change it in a dwelling.

The impact on a person of certain microclimatic factors creates various conditions for heat exchange with the environment and provides a certain state, which is commonly called thermal. When evaluating thermal state organisms create a thermal comfort zone. The thermal comfort zone is understood as such a complex of meteorological conditions in which the thermoregulation system is at rest, and all physiological functions are carried out at a level most favorable for rest and recuperation of the body after exercise. Under conditions of thermal comfort, a thermal balance is observed when, as a result of a metabolic reaction, the formation of heat and the release or receipt of heat from the environment are in equilibrium.

Hygienic regulation divides the parameters of the microclimate of the dwelling into optimal and permissible ones, takes into account the age characteristics of various population groups, the purpose of the premises, as well as the external climatic conditions of residence.

The most important factor in the microclimate of residential premises is air temperature. Optimal temperature parameters vary from 20 to 22°C in cold climates, from 18 to 20°C in temperate climates, and 17-19°C in hot climates. Complaints of discomfort appear only at an air temperature of 24 ° C and above.

In sleeping quarters for better sleep the desired air temperature is 16-18°C. According to existing standards, the heating system must provide the following indoor air temperatures in residential buildings: corridors, front rooms - 18°C, kitchens - 15°C, showers, bathrooms - 25°C, stairs, toilets - 16°C.

The magnitude of the air temperature differences along the horizontal and height of residential premises is important. When moving around the room, a person does not feel the temperature difference if the horizontal air temperature fluctuations do not exceed 2-3°C.

Thermal comfort conditions are determined by taking into account humidity and air velocity. The optimal relative humidity is considered to be 40-60%, parameters of 30% and 70% are acceptable. With more low values a person develops dryness of the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, in addition, there is a danger of a static charge of electricity appearing on the surface carpets. Air humidity is determined by the amount of water vapor, which has a high heat capacity and thermal conductivity. This means that they are able to take heat.

With an increase relative humidity up to 80% or more at a temperature of 18-20 ° C, a person will no longer feel comfortable. It is necessary to increase the air temperature to 22°C in order to restore the thermal balance.

The speed of air movement up to 0.1-0.2 m/s is considered optimal in the cold season. Increasing it to 0.3 m/s does not cause an unpleasant sensation (draft) at room temperature.

The problem of normalizing the microclimate of residential premises in summer is most relevant for areas with a hot climate. The optimum air temperature in a hot dry climate with air conditioning is slightly higher than in winter, and is 17-19°C with an air humidity of 30-50% and an air speed of 0.2-0.3 m/s. It is impossible to achieve such temperature parameters without air conditioning, therefore, a temperature of 23-25°C is considered acceptable. At high ambient temperatures and high humidity, the possibility of heat transfer through the evaporation of sweat decreases, so overheating of the body can occur at a lower temperature.

Uncomfortable conditions with prolonged exposure can lead to a weakening of the general and specific resistance of the body, a decrease in immunity. However, this does not mean that the creation greenhouse conditions in residential areas is a must and best for health. It turns out that a dynamic pulsating microclimate causes a useful thermoregulatory tension, a tonic and hardening effect.

Of great importance is the temperature of the fences and the floor. The difference between the temperature of the surface of the inner walls and the air around them should not be higher than 5 °. The unfavorable microclimate of residential premises may be due to poor thermal insulation qualities of external fences, insufficient sealing of the joints of panels and windows. An increase in the glazing area has a negative effect on the microclimate.

An equally important factor in the formation of the microclimate of the premises are heating systems. Heating is the heating of air and enclosing structures indoors during the cold season to maintain the temperature at a given level.

Basic hygiene requirements for heating

1. Ensuring stable air temperature parameters in the premises with allowable vertical and horizontal fluctuations.
2. Elimination of indoor air pollution carbon monoxide and products formed during the combustion of fuel.
3. Room air should not be polluted by gases generated during dry sublimation of organic dust deposited on heating appliances. These gases irritate the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, cause a feeling of dryness in the throat, headache. Burning dust does not occur if the temperature of the heating devices does not exceed 85 ° C.
4. Heating appliances should not be bulky, exclude the risk of fires, burns, do not pollute the premises with fuel, ash. Be convenient to use.

Heating is carried out by a system that includes three main elements: a heat generator, heat pipes and heating devices.

There are two types of heating: local and central. With local heating, heat is produced in a heated room. In local heating systems (wood, coal, gas, electric), the heat generator is combined with heat pipes and heating devices into one unit (stove).

Most local heating devices require continuous operation due to their low heat capacity. In rooms it is difficult to create uniformity of temperature during the day. Indoor air can be polluted with burnt dust and harmful gases. With central heating, the heat generator is arranged separately (boiler room) from the heating devices located in the heated rooms. Central heating systems can be water, steam, steam-water, air, water-radiant. Most often when correct operation central heating meets hygienic requirements, especially air heating, where heated in heaters and humidified is used as a heat carrier outside air. This system is often combined with an air conditioning system.

Air conditioning - creation and automatic maintenance of predetermined optimal parameters microclimate, the most favorable for the well-being of people. Depending on the purpose, air conditioners are equipped with appropriate equipment that allows heating, cooling, dehumidifying, humidifying the air, cleaning it from dust, harmful odors and gases.

Air conditioners are divided into central and local. Central systems designed to serve a group of premises in which it is necessary to maintain the same microclimate parameters. Air is supplied to the premises through well-insulated ducts. Local air conditioners provide the specified microclimate parameters, usually in one relatively small room. Their productivity is 1-10 thousand m 3 of air per hour.

Categories

Popular