Chistets Byzantine planting and care in the open field. Woolly Chistets: planting, growing and care

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Agree garden flower beds only from tall plants look boring. You can mask the voids between them with the help of a plant such as the Byzantine Chistets.

Why is this plant valued?

Chistets Byzantine- This herbaceous plant, which is popularly known as "sheep's ears". This perennial is found in wild nature Iran, Armenia, Dagestan, Turkey, less often - in the Crimea. Due to its unpretentiousness and large silvery-fluffy foliage, "sheep's ears" adorn flower beds in the gardens of the middle lane. Byzantine Chistets is planted in rockeries, on alpine hills, from low bushes (20-60 cm) they form borders or frame soda paths and flower beds with them.

"Sheep ears" - planting and care

Flower growers appreciate the Byzantine cleaner not only for its silvery leaves, but also for its unpretentiousness and endurance. Despite the fact that the Byzantine cleaner loves light, loose, drained and nitrogen-poor soil, it grows well and retains its decorative effect until the end of autumn and on heavy, poor lands. The plant can plant both autumn and spring.

The reference books indicate that "sheep's ears" − photophilous plant which can withstand temperatures up to 35°C. But as practice shows, a cleaner feels great in the shade. You can plant a plant under a bush or tree (in diffused shade).

Sheep ears need moderate watering. The plant tolerates drought more easily than waterlogging. Soil that is too wet causes root rot, which can kill cleaners. Worse when over-irrigated appearance plants: silvery villi stick together, and the green surface of the leaf becomes clearly visible.

Byzantine Chistets does not need frequent top dressing. It is enough to add rotted compost under it once a season - and the plant will thank with a thick carpet of fluffy foliage.

Caring for sheep's ears " is to maintain decorative form. In early spring necessary remove dried and browned leaves. During the summer, the plant needs cut inflorescences to prevent flowering. Blooms from June to September lilac color. Peduncles grow up to 50 cm and spoil the whole composition with their appearance.

Periodically, you can plant new bushes to avoid bald spots in the flower bed. Chistets is a winter-hardy plant that can withstand temperatures down to -30°C. "Sheep ears" growing in regions with severe climatic conditions, follows shelter for the winter. Shelter should be light so that the plant does not swell.

How to propagate cleaner

The plant can be propagated seeds, stemcuttings, dividing the bush or rhizome. Seeds" sheep ears"can be sown directly on permanent place fall or spring, or sow in containers. With the seedling method, sowing is carried out in early March. Shoots appear quickly - after about 7 days. Seedlings are planted in the soil at the stage of two leaves. For cuttings use the lower parts of the stems. The plant is transplanted and divided in spring, autumn, summer - on non-hot days.

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Chistets is a herbaceous perennial with beautiful hairy leaves. Some gardeners call the plant "stakhis" or "sheep's ears". It looks great in the garden and can be used to make live and dry arrangements. During the flowering period, the lawn with chistets is painted in delicate shades and is surrounded by pleasant aroma. It attracts insects and birds. The plant belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is common in the temperate climate of Eurasia, both Americas and Africa. Unpretentious grass will not deliver extra hassle and before late autumn keep its beauty.

Botanical description

Chistets is a perennial or annual herb with a long, slightly branched rhizome. It goes deep enough into the ground. On thickened root shoots, elongated tubers can be distinguished. The ground part is dense, upright shoots with little branching. Plant height is 10-30 cm.

The lower leaflets are lanceolate or heart-shaped, have short petioles and are arranged alternately. Their length is 10-12 cm. The upper sessile leaves are ovate-lanceolate. Leaf plates are painted in a monochromatic bluish-green color. Almost all varieties have dense and long pubescence. silver color. Thanks to him, the leaves resemble felt shreds or delicate animal ears.

Chistetsa flowering lasts about two months (July-September). At this time, numerous inflorescences on a long peduncle bloom at the ends of the shoots. Purple, pink, white or yellow buds have a bell-shaped calyx with five pointed petals. After pollination, an oval nutlet with three faces ripens in the center of the calyx. It has a smooth dark brown skin.

Popular types

There are more than 370 species in the chistetsa genus, but only a few, the most decorative of them, have received the greatest popularity.

Chistets woolly or stakhis woolly. This decorative variety is very popular due to the very thick and long pile on the leaves. The length of the shoots is 20-40 cm. Unpretentious and hardy plant blooms in summer with pink-lilac flowers that persist for 40-50 days.

Woolly Chistets or Woolly Stakhis

Decorative varieties:

• Big Ears - low shoots are covered with hairy leaves up to 25 cm long;
• Silver Carpet - a compact variety up to 15 cm high forms a solid silver-green carpet;
• Striped Phantom - white longitudinal stripes are visible on the surface of the leaves;
• Cotton Ball - the flowers of this variety resemble compact cotton bolls;
• Sheila Macqueen - a variety with low shoots and pubescent leaves, does not produce flowers.

This species grows in the woodlands of Europe and Western Asia. Upright tetrahedral stems are covered with dark green shaggy leaves and culminate in bright crimson inflorescences. Used in medicine as a sedative and hemostatic agent.

Herbaceous perennial with highly branched erect stems reaches a length of 60 cm. The plant is common in South Asia. It contains a large number of vitamin C and essential oils.

An annual herb with pubescent leaves and large fragrant inflorescences. Is a good honey plant medical purposes not used.

A plant up to 50 cm high has light green stems and lanceolate foliage, which are densely covered with a short whitish pile. It blooms in large red-purple or purple inflorescences. It is used to treat hypertension, and is also a fairly strong sedative.

A plant up to 1.1 m high has a dense stem and leaves with small teeth on the sides. All terrestrial vegetation is covered with stiff, downward-pointing villi. During the summer, lilac-purple flowers bloom above the grass. The plant is actively used in traditional medicine to stop bleeding and heal wounds.

Reproduction

Reproduction of the cleaner is carried out by seed or vegetative methods. Seeds can be sown directly into the ground in early spring or late autumn. If very severe winters prevail in the region, it is possible to grow chistets for seedlings. Seeds are sown in boxes with moist sandy-peat soil and lightly sprinkled with soil. After 5-10 days, the first shoots appear. Plants continue to grow in the same container until transplanted into open ground. If necessary, seedlings are thinned out. Chistets tolerates the transplant procedure well, so it can be moved to a convenient place several times a year.

Most in a simple way reproduction of perennials is the division of the bush. This procedure is even necessary to give the bushes space to grow. In the spring, the cleaner is dug up, carefully freed from earthy coma and divide the rhizome by hand into several parts. Delenki are planted in a new place with a distance of 15-20 cm from each other.

During the entire vegetative period, the chistets can be propagated by cuttings. Segments of shoots with 2-4 leaves or individual leaves from the lower rosettes are suitable for rooting. Rooting is carried out in a wet mixture of sand and peat. Cuttings should be watered very sparingly to prevent rot. After 2-3 weeks, the seedling will have young roots, and it will begin to produce new shoots.

Care rules

Chistets is an unpretentious plant and does not require constant attention.

Lighting. The plant prefers well-lit areas, but can tolerate some shade. Bushes feel good in open areas or under bushes.

Temperature. The optimum temperature for growth is +20…+24°C. On the fresh air Chistets normally feels and in hotter days. The plant hibernates under snow and tolerates frost well. The foliage does not shed, but it loses its attractiveness over the winter. Some flower growers prefer to partially get rid of last year's shoots.

The soil."Sheep ears" can adapt to any soil. Light soils with moderate fertility are optimal. If the soil is too saturated with nutrients, the plant will lose its attractive silver color and turn bright green.

Watering. The cleaner should be watered sparingly. It easily tolerates periodic drought, but from excess moisture it can quickly rot. Allow the topsoil to dry out between waterings.

Fertilizer. For active growth and abundant flowering cleaner needs to be fed. This allows you to accumulate strength for the upcoming winter. Twice in the spring, humus of chicken or cow droppings mixed with ammonium nitrate should be added. Organics can be replaced with mineral complexes.

Pruning. After flowering is completed, flower stalks and dried leaves should be removed. In general, due to flowering, the chistet loses its decorative effect: the stems are stretched and partially exposed. Therefore, some flower growers do not allow flowering. When the buds are just starting to form, they are cut off. So it is possible to keep low shoots with soft, decorative leaves.

Diseases and pests. In a damp climate with regular flooding, the stakhis suffers from fungal diseases. But pests almost never settle on its shoots.

Use in the garden

Soft and delicate leaves of an unusual silvery color are great for framing paths and flower beds. Chistets can be used in alpine slides, rockeries and in the foreground of bright flower beds. The plant looks beautiful in the vicinity of marigolds, ageratum, speedwell, bluebells and other flowering plants. It also perfectly sets off the charm of decorative leafy hostas, spurges, geyher and cuffs.

Stachys can be used not only in plantings, but also in bouquet compositions. Leaves remain attractive in a vase for a long time.

Medicinal properties

In all parts of the plant, tannins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, essential oils, pectins, ascorbic acid. With a low toxic effect on the body, the cleaner has the following properties:

• disinfectant;
• painkiller;
• healing;
• diuretic;
• expectorant;
• antimicrobial;
• hemostatic;
• sedative.

All parts of the plant should be washed well, dried in the fresh air and ground into powder. The resulting raw material is brewed or insisted on alcohol. The drugs can be taken orally or used externally on the affected areas. good effect also show baths with the addition of cleaner.

Woolly chistets, sheep ears or woolly stachys (lat. Stachys byzantina) is a perennial herbaceous plant 20-60 cm high from the Lamiaceae family. Oblong leaves in felt pubescence, which you just want to stroke, sit oppositely on erect stems. Thanks to his interesting appearance, he walks folk name stakhisa - sheep's ears. The dark green shade of the leaves emphasizes the white-silver pubescence. The stems are erect and branched.

Stakhis woolly blooms during May-August. Whorls of pretty pink flowers form a spike-shaped inflorescence. Leaves are very attractive to flower growers and in most cases the inflorescences are plucked even before blooming. Already in the first year a lawn will form, and next season you will get an almost continuous rug.

In the wild, the Byzantine Chistets is found on the territory of Iran, Armenia, Turkey, the Caucasus, and the Black Sea region.

Sheep ears are propagated by seeds and vegetatively (dividing the bush, cuttings).

Chistets sheep ears growing from seeds

In warm regions, they are sown immediately in open ground in spring or before winter. Just dig the area, scatter the seeds and rake in. If winters are harsh in your area, it is better to take care of growing seedlings.

Seeds germinate quickly (from 5 to 10 days) and germinate without problems, and seedlings are tolerant of transplantation, they can even “roam” around the site several times per season.

• Pour the sand-peat mixture into a wide container, spread the seeds on top, sprinkle thinnest layer sand and spray with a fine mist sprayer.
• You can germinate without shelter, just try to spray the soil daily, diffused lighting is required, keep the temperature within 20-25 ° C.

• If necessary, thin out dense seedlings; before transplanting into open ground, seedlings can be grown in the same container.
• Dig holes according to the size of the root system, transfer the seedlings along with earthy clod, when landing, keep a gap of about 15 cm.

Vegetative propagation of stakhis

The division of the bush

After 2-3 years of growth, the Byzantine Chistets can already be divided. In the spring, carefully dig the bush along with a clod of earth, preferably manually divide it into several parts and plant them in separate holes at a distance of 15-20 cm from each other.

Reproduction by cuttings

Cuttings (shoots with 2-4 leaves or individual leaves from the bottom of the stem) can be cut all season, they take root for 2-3 weeks. Plant in a damp mixture of sand and peat, but water sparingly so they don't rot. When signs of growth appear, you can sit separately.

Place for landing

It should be noted that when grown in too fertile soil, the leaves of the stakhis may simply turn green, the decorative pubescence will be lost. The best option there will be loose soil of medium fertility.

For planting, areas under bright lighting, as well as in the scattered shade of shrubs and trees, are suitable. In cold lighting, the texture of the leaves stands out very effectively.

It cannot be grown in lowlands and flooded areas, since dampness is the main "enemy" of stakhis.

Caring for Stakhis woolly in the open field

In culture, the plant practically does not require attention.

Stakhis tolerates periodic drought perfectly, waterlogging of the soil has a negative effect: the rhizome and stem rot. Focus on rainfall, let the topsoil dry out between waterings.

twice for spring time feed with complex mineral fertilizers. Normally responds to organic matter: infusion solution chicken manure or mullein mixed with saltpeter.

Wintering

Under the snow cap, the Byzantine Chistets successfully endures frosts, in case of particular harsh winter sprinkle plantings with leaves or cover with spruce branches. By the way, the leaves do not fall off, but the attractiveness is lost, so gardeners cut off the shoots in the fall so that in the spring they do not spoil the look of the flower bed.

Diseases and pests

The Byzantine Chistets does not suffer from pests and diseases. Only in case over watering fungi may develop, leading to rotting. Heavily affected plants must be removed from the site, treat the soil with a fungicide.

Chistets woolly in landscape design photo selection

A bluish color, sheep's ears look spectacular against a bright green background, a beautiful combination with.

Byzantine Chistets grows excellently and amuses with the beauty of soft leaves on retaining walls, alpine hills, in rocky gardens, rockeries.

Elegant low bushes are excellent in border plantings. Used as a track frame or garden bed, creating a dreamlike atmosphere with its silvery hue.

As mentioned earlier, penumbra emphasizes the charm of stakhis, so it is often planted near shrubs and trees.

As neighbors, choose decorative leafy plants of green or variegated colors. For example, cypress spurge,.

Thanks to its neutral hue, Stachys woolly blends perfectly and opens up in a new way in a duet with brightly flowering plants.

A combination with blue and snow-white flowers is especially advantageous, but pink, yellow, and lilac flowers located nearby look just as good.

Varieties of woolly stakhis with photos and names

The Helen Von Stein variety is distinguished by large, velvety leaves with a velvety surface; it does not lose its decorative effect in the flowering zone: bluish woolly shoots with flowers stand out effectively against the background of brighter neighbors.

Stachys woolly Stachys byzantina ‘Big Ears’ photo

Big Ears is a low plant with hairy leaves up to 25 cm long.

Sheila Macqueen and Silver Carpet are compact bushes about 15 cm high. Both varieties do not bloom, when planted tightly they create a ground cover effect.

Cotton Ball - perhaps the flowers should not be cut off, because the inflorescences look like cotton bolls.

Byzantine Chistets Stachys byzantina ‘Striped Phantom’ photo with other colors

Striped Phantom - leaves with white longitudinal stripes, bright yellow flowers.

Useful properties of the plant

Chistets Byzantine and its varieties are grown exclusively as an ornamental leafy plant. Some other types of cleaner have medicinal properties. So, preparations based on the forest chistetsa are used by official medicine in gynecology and obstetrics, the postpartum period. Alcohol tincture has a sedative effect, and is more effective than motherwort. Chistets marsh and chemist's chistets have anti-inflammatory, choleretic, diuretic properties.

Ornamental plant - woolly chistets is used to decorate lawns, flower beds, rock gardens and other garden compositions. It is popularly known as "sheep's" or "hare's ears". Another name for the plant is woolly stakhis. This plant with high decorative performance is used as garden culture for decoration of flower beds and other design objects.

Description of culture

Chistets belongs to the Yasnotkov family. Under natural conditions, the culture grows in the temperate zone: Europe, South and North America, Africa. This is an unpretentious herbaceous plant, which is used as a decor in landscape design or floriculture.

No wonder he was given the name "woolly", the leaves are covered with soft-touch hairs that resemble animal hair. The leaves have an elongated shape, in the form of "hare ears". The leaves are collected in rosettes, in the center of which a long stem with inflorescences appears during the flowering period. The height of an adult plant is up to 30 cm. Flowering is observed from June to September. Inflorescences have bell-shaped cups with sharp petals. Color can be yellow, pink, white or lilac, depending on the type of plant.

The flower is replaced by a fruit-box: a nut with three faces. Inside it are the seeds of the cleaner. To achieve some decorative purposes, gardeners cut flower-bearing shoots, in this case the plant is used as a low-growing frame country paths, flower beds or part of the composition-panel and from plants of different colors.

The roots are not branched, go deep into the soil. On the rhizome you can see small elongated tubers.

This is perennial, which mainly reproduces by dividing the bush. Much less often seeds or tubers. Reproduction by dividing the bush has and is purely practical function: Chistets grows quickly, and in order to control its shape, it is worth periodically thinning out the bushes.

Popular varieties

The genus includes about 400 plant species, but only about ten have become popular with gardeners and designers.

Woolly cleaner, or stakhis. An ornamental culture that gardeners love because of the bizarre shaggy leaves. It is cold hardy and unpretentious plant. Blooms from June to September with pink-purple flowers. Main varieties:

The forest cleaner grows in Western Asia and Europe. It is a medium sized plant with dark green leaves. Crimson inflorescences. This is a forest herb that is used in folk medicine as a hemostatic and sedative.

Another popular variety of culture is the Byzantine Chistets. It is a herbaceous perennial crop. It grows mainly in the countries of South Asia, but is also found in the European part of the mainland. Has a characteristic aroma. The juice contains a large amount of essential oils and vitamins of group C, therefore it is used as a medicinal plant.

The annual chistets is a large honey plant. It grows in forest areas, as well as in the meadows of Europe and Asia.

The largest representative of the species is the swamp cleaner. The habitat is marshland. It is a tall herb with a powerful stem. The leaves have small teeth along the edge. Both the stem and the leaves are covered with small villi. It is used in folk medicine as an infusion for wound healing.

Reproduction methods

Reproduction occurs vegetatively, less often by seeds (this type of reproduction is typical for wild varieties). Ornamental crops are planted with seeds in winter in separate boxes. for seedlings.

The most common and easy way to propagate decorative chistets is considered to be dividing the bush. Thinning out perennial bushes, summer residents get a new planting material. Delenki take root very well. Most often, transplantation is carried out in the spring.

Watering should be carried out with caution, since the rhizome is sensitive to excess moisture.

Care Secrets

The plant is unpretentious, but it is required to observe several simple rules cultivation. Observing simple requirements care, after a few weeks you can get a thick, fluffy carpet. Primary requirements:

1. Lighting. The Cleaner loves the light. Therefore, it should be planted in well-lit areas. Landing in partial shade is also acceptable. For example, under bushes or in close proximity to larger grasses.
2. Temperature regime. Since the plant in natural conditions feels comfortable in temperate latitudes, then optimum temperature for him about 25 degrees. But even in the heat, the culture feels favorably provided that it is watered in the evening. This is frost-resistant species. Winters without any problems under the snow, without special shelters. Foliage is not pruned for the winter, however, some gardeners prefer pruning the plant from older shoots.
3. soil requirements. In principle, the type of soil is not a fundamental factor. Stakhis can exist in any soil composition. However, do not plant in nutrient-rich soil, moderate fertility is most acceptable. With an excess nutrients the plant loses its decorative look. The leaves turn bright green, while losing their muted silver tint.
4. Watering. This is a plant that loves moderate watering. Handles drought well. But excess moisture can lead to rotting of the rhizome and the plant as a whole.
5. Nutrition. Top dressing should be carried out regularly during the flowering period. This will prepare the culture for wintering. Fertilizers are used organic and mineral in nature. Suitable litter (chicken or cow), ammonium nitrate or mineral complexes.
6. Pruning. After the flowering period, flower stalks should be removed. Some cut them before flowering, in the case when there is a need to use the culture as a living carpet without flowers. The plant loses its decorative appearance in the flowering phase: the foliage thins, the bush stretches, “bald spots” appear. Before wintering, the lower leaves are removed, as well as fragments with defects.
7. Diseases. Stachys can suffer from fungal diseases. This happens if the plant grows in conditions high humidity or after heavy rains. The plant repels insects with its pile and specific smell, so pests do not threaten the culture.

In general, culture does not require special attention. It may well grow on its own with small interventions for correction.

Application in garden design

The unique appearance of the stakhis allows you to diversify garden compositions. In addition, the plant is able to decorate flower arrangements. It is used:

• When creating the edging of garden paths and flower beds. Fluffy leaves look great in multi-layered borders.
• as the main and additional element in rockeries, rock gardens or flower beds.
• as garden decor as ampelous plant. Planted in a pot, the cleaner can be hung on the terrace or balcony.
• To compose live and dry floristic compositions. The foliage retains its decorative appearance for a long time.

The plant is combined with flowering and deciduous crops. For example, an excellent combination with marigolds, bell, ageratum, deciduous crops: hosts, euphorbia, conifers dwarf shrubs.

Use in traditional medicine

Some varieties of chistets have beneficial features and are effectively used in traditional medicine. The stem, leaves and roots contain tannins, pectins, essential oils, polysaccharides and beneficial acids. The cleaner has:

• anti-inflammatory properties;
• hemostatic and healing effect on wounds and suppuration;
• expectorant properties for colds and diseases of the respiratory tract;
• diuretic effect, which allows it to be used in diseases of the genitourinary system.

Herb used in folk medicine in dry and fresh . Infusions are prepared from the plant with alcohol and oils, which are used as rubbing or in the form of compresses, dressings. A decoction of the cleaner is used for washing wounds, as well as for ingestion. Baths and lotions based on decoction are effective.

A spectacular ornamental plant can not only decorate the garden, but also become a living pharmacy for the owner.

Woolly chistet (stakhis, sheep's ears, Byzantine chistet) is a herbaceous plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. In its natural environment, stakhis grows in China in the forest-steppe, mixed and coniferous forests. The plant is unpretentious in care and gardeners grow it in open field on their household plots. Woolly cleaner is not only a decoration of the garden, but also a vegetable raw material used for the preparation of traditional medicine.

Short description

About 400 varieties are included in the genus Chistets, but woolly species look the most decorative. The stakhis shrub reaches a height of more than 60 cm and has rounded leaves covered with thick hairs with a silvery sheen. The foliage of this plant is very soft and pleasant to the touch. The stems of the stakhis are erect with a small number of leaves on them. They end with a false ear, consisting of 7-10 flowers. The flowers of the woolly chistets are painted in a bluish, lilac or pinkish hue.

The flowering period falls on July and continues until the beginning autumn period. The seeds look like tiny triangular brown nuts.

Stakhis is suitable for growing in the central zone of Russia, Siberia and Altai. It also performs well in colder regions.

Planting and care in the open field

It is necessary to prepare areas in advance for planting a woolly chisel. It is recommended to start preparation in the middle of summer. It is necessary to pay for 1 sq. m of land 20 grams of potassium sulfate and 50 grams of superphosphate. The soil should also be dug up, weeds removed and about 10 kg added to it. organic fertilizer. At the end of the summer period, sheep ears should be planted at a distance of 30 cm from each other. The soil should be well-drained, slightly moist and light.

It is advisable to choose a well-lit place for landing. Stachys tolerates slight shading quite well, but on the shady side it loses its decorative effect.

In care, the woolly cleaner is unpretentious. The gardener will need to regularly carry out the following manipulations:

1. 1. Timely watering. Stakhis does not tolerate waterlogged soil and with excess moisture, it begins to rot. It is desirable to water it only in a dry, hot summer. Watering is recommended in the evenings when Sun rays will stop reaching the plant. You can understand that the woolly cleaner needs to be moistened by the falling leaves. It is necessary to moisten the plant under the root and prevent water from falling on the foliage.
2. 2. Loosening the soil. It is recommended to carry out this procedure in the summer, every 14 days.
3. 3. Fertilization. It is advisable to fertilize the woolly cleaner 1 time per season. In this case, compost is suitable as top dressing. In the spring, young seedlings can be planted to an adult plant, but before replanting, it is advisable to add wood ash, superphosphate, peat, potash and mineral fertilizer. It is not recommended to apply fertilizing with a nitrogen content, since they have an extremely negative effect on the development and growth of sheep's ears. AT summer period it is advisable to feed the woolly cleaner with a non-concentrated solution of bird droppings. It should be borne in mind that the litter must be infused and rotted.
4. 4. Cropping. Since stachys is ornamental plant, it must be trimmed periodically. The arrows of the inflorescences should be shortened after the end of the flowering period. If the procedure was not carried out at this time, then on next year cutting off new shoots. With the onset of autumn, you need to cut the leaves of the stakhis, keeping only 3-4 leaf plates in the center of the rosettes.
5. 5. Preparing for winter. In cold regions, it is recommended to cover the plant for the winter. Stakhis survives snowy winters without shelter. Cutting the plant before the onset of winter is undesirable.

Woolly cleaner is prone to gray rot. It can be recognized by the characteristic whitish coating on the leaves. When affected by rot, the plant gradually rots, the foliage loses its elasticity and color, and the stakhis eventually fades. If the disease was detected at an early stage, then it is enough to treat the foci with a special mixture. She prepares from a glass wood ash and chalk, a teaspoon blue vitriol taken per 10 liters of water. One portion is enough for 2 sq. m of land. In case of severe damage to stakhis, it is recommended to use fungicides ("Fitosporin-M").