How to make the right chimney for a stove, sauna, fireplace, boiler. Coaxial chimneys. Do-it-yourself chimney for a stove: we make chimneys for stoves using different options How a chimney is arranged in a stove

Although manufacturers today offer private homeowners a wide variety of heating boilers, nevertheless, many of them prefer to install stoves or fireplaces in the house, because thanks to them they require minimum costs. Any heating equipment needs reliable removal of combustion products. That is why during its construction it is necessary to pay special attention to both aesthetic characteristics and operational characteristics.

The required level of traction that provides the most comfortable and safe conditions to stay in a particular room creates a chimney for the stove. It is an air channel through which the products of combustion come out. It can be an ordinary brick pipe or modular metal types, it is only important that it functions properly.

Basic structures

Outlet channels through which the utilization of air saturated with combustion products passes are necessary not only for stoves, but also for fireplaces or heating boilers or gas water heaters.

We list the main types of chimneys for furnaces.

• Direct current. This is one of the first systems through which combustion products were removed. They have a significant drawback - due to the non-stop removal of gases to the outside, the main part of the generated heat is also carried away.
• Direct-current structures equipped with transverse jumpers. These small additions allow some of the heat to be retained. When heated, the jumpers transfer heat to the walls of the heating unit. The same design is typical for a stove without a chimney in baths: the stones in them are heated by hot combustion products.

• With labyrinth. There are many varieties of such structures, but they all have one thing in common. common features. In particular, this applies to the rate of removal of gases. It is quite low, since the exhaust gases are passed through a tortuous channel. In the process, the device itself warms up in parallel and ensures maximum heat transfer.

• Became a classic, Russian stove. The scheme of the chimney is bell-shaped. The incandescent gas rises up, cools down a little on the sloping arch of the hearth and descends to the channel. The disadvantage of such a system is that it warms up unevenly. For example, in the lower part of the hearth, it does not warm up at all, since the heat mainly goes to the roof.
• Modular. Unlike the classic brick version smoke removal, they are made of metal. They are used in gas heating systems. The fact is that the products of methane combustion are acidic compounds that destroy bricks with their aggressive effect.

Device Features

The efficiency of brick, metal, flexible chimneys for stoves and others depends on several factors, for example, material and dimensions, section, height.

• It is preferable that the chimney pipes, say, for a bath, be a regular circle in cross section, that is, they have a cylindrical shape. Outgoing smoke with this configuration, in contrast to the angular one, does not encounter obstacles in its path and is discharged with the least resistance. In addition, a minimum of soot accumulates on the walls of the outlet pipe.
• Outlet heating device must match the cross section with the chimney. If the width of the latter in the connection area turns out to be greater, which occurs quite often, then a special reducing adapter is installed, which must be carefully sealed at the junction. The extensions of the pipes during docking should be directed upwards in order to prevent condensate and resins from flowing along their outer wall.

• The horizontal part of the channel design requires special attention. Warm smoke, as you know, moves vertically upwards, therefore, in these areas, moisture is especially actively condensed and deposited. thick layer soot. In order to compensate for such undesirable consequences and improve traction, it is necessary, firstly, to strictly limit the length of these segments: they must be less than 1 m in length, and, secondly, to provide condensate collectors and inspection doors there.

The correct chimney for sauna stoves is exclusively vertical. However, it is permissible to lay the pipe at a slight slope, provided that the length slope no more than 2 m.

Main stages of calculation

The calculation of the chimney is carried out taking into account such parameters as the power of the connected heating device, shape and others. Optimal Height and the cross-sectional diameter is calculated based on the SNiP of the furnace and chimneys.

Height above roof

To determine the height of the outlet channel of boilers industrial production use a special formula that describes its relationship with the static draft, the average temperature (K) in the pipe and the average value of the outside air temperature in summer period. If necessary, the value obtained from the calculation results is adjusted upwards, taking into account the following rule:

When calculating the height, the height of neighboring buildings is also taken into account: in the case of higher ones, the channel is taken out above their roofs.

Pipe area

In practice, they usually do without special calculations, based, depending on the power of the unit, on the following cross-sectional values:

• less than 3500 W - 14 × 14 cm;
• 3500–5200 W - 14 × 20 cm;
• 5200–7200 W - 14×27 cm.

The cross-sectional area of ​​the cylindrical channel is assumed to be the same.

If the cross section is significantly larger than the calculated value, then the thrust will deteriorate, and as a result, the system will work unstably. A smaller cross section leads to poor removal of combustion products up to the complete cessation of this process.

Material

The choice of material for the construction of the flue system is based on the type of fuel used for heating. For example, for gas equipment MDS ceramic pipes are best suited, while brick pipes can quickly collapse.

The classic version of the device of the discharge system is considered brick chimney for metal furnace. The brick structure is assembled exactly according to the project, where the laying of each layer of the channel is specified separately. In this case, it is necessary to obtain a minimally rough surface from the inside and ensure complete tightness.

Today, stainless steel is most often used. In the design, steel pipes can be: insulated and uninsulated:

• uninsulated are used exclusively for internal installation furnaces and chimneys: they are installed in a special shaft;
• when installing a pipe outside it in without fail insulated to prevent moisture condensation inside the pipe.

Security

For safety reasons, the chimney must be properly insulated, especially if the duct passes through ceilings in the immediate vicinity of combustible materials. are based on the type of floor material and on the temperature of the pipe. It is great if the walls and ceiling near the place where the structure passes are finished with fireproof material. If this is not the case, then the heated parts are isolated from hazardous materials using metal sheets and a layer of non-combustible materials.

The part of the pipe that goes out must be securely fixed and protected from the wind. From above they are covered with deflectors to protect them from precipitation. Gas boilers are an exception in this matter: the protective cap on the chimney pipe in this case is a violation.

Some information from SNiP used when installing the chimney of the stove and fireplace

• Smoke exhaust ducts can also be located on external walls in the case when they are made of non-combustible material, and the heating device is located near the internal ones. At the same time, external thermal insulation is required, which will not allow condensation of moisture inside the pipe.
• Brick channels complement the pockets needed for cleaning. They are closed with a brick (laid on the edge) or a door is installed.
• For roofs made of combustible materials, it is necessary to provide a mesh spark arrester, which is installed along the upper part of the channel. If the latter is made of brick, then between it and combustible materials it is necessary to provide a gap of 13 cm, in the case of non-insulated ceramic - 25 cm, and for insulated - 13 cm.

• Installation of stoves and fireplaces on gas fuel has its own characteristics. The connection is made using flexible metal pipes included in the equipment kit. A prerequisite is the presence of a vertical section in the system, and the distance between the axis of the horizontal and the line of the lower level of the nozzle must be at least 50 cm. This distance can be reduced, for example, if the ceiling height is less than 270 cm
• twice if the heating unit is equipped with a draft stabilizer;
• up to 15 cm if there is no stabilizer.

• In a new building maximum length all horizontal sections is more than 3 m, in the old building - up to 6 m. The pipe is installed with a slight slope in the direction of the heating unit. If two units work in the house, then they can be connected to a common outlet channel. They should be separated from each other at a distance of less than 75 cm.
• The outlet channel can have a maximum of three turns, the radius of curvature of which must exactly match the diameter of the pipe section.

Of course, a modern house with a stove is an anachronism. A zealous owner puts himself a complex economical heating system. However, what could be better than sitting in front of a fireplace on a cold evening or taking a steam bath in a Russian bath? But both a fireplace and a good stove in a Russian bath cannot do without chimneys and chimneys. This equipment will also be relevant in the construction of stationary barbecues and barbecues. The device of chimneys and chimneys is quite simple, but has some nuances.

Chimneys and chimneys can be divided into several large groups depending on the material of their manufacture. So they can be made with brickwork, from metal pipes various types, as well as from multilayer materials.

Besides furnace chimneys may differ in the way they are installed:

• Wall chimneys are mounted directly in the thickness of the walls of the building, external or internal. At the same time, stoves and fireplaces can also be mounted directly in the walls of buildings.
• Suspended chimneys are mounted on the outer walls of buildings.
• There are also indigenous chimneys. Such structures are mounted separately, next to the furnace.

SNiP requirements for chimneys and chimneys

Certain requirements are imposed on chimneys and chimneys under construction by existing SNiPs:

• They must effectively remove combustion products.
• They must have sufficient height above the roof ridge.
• Their internal section should be sufficient for complete removal of smoke.
• Pipes must be resistant to high temperatures.
• They must be strong top part the chimney must withstand gusts of wind

Let's start with the height of the chimney. Sufficient height of the chimney provides good draft and effectively removes combustion products, preventing the room from smoking and maintaining draft. However, excessive pipe height can lead to condensation and reduced draft.

The diameter of the chimney or its internal section is calculated based on the dimensions of the furnace. It increases along with the volume of the furnace space, in proportion to it. An insufficient section of the chimney leads to smoke, but an excessive diameter will, on the contrary, lead to a decrease in traction.

What should the chimney be made of, what materials are prohibited to use?

The main requirement for the material for the manufacture of chimney chimneys is heat resistance. The minimum fire safety threshold for chimney material is set at 30 minutes and 1000 degrees. In continuous operation, the pipe material must withstand temperatures of 500 degrees without damage, since the temperature of the combustion products rarely drops below 300 degrees.

A margin of 200 degrees is due to the fact that soot accumulating in pipes tends to ignite spontaneously.

Strict requirements are also imposed on thermal conductivity. The temperature of the outer layer of chimney pipes should not exceed 90 degrees, and in places of interface with flammable structures - no higher than 65 degrees.

We especially note that the combustion materials have an aggressive chemical composition and the material from which the pipes of furnace chimneys are made must effectively withstand an unfavorable chemical environment. In addition, the part of the pipe that extends outside the room is exposed to climatic conditions and must not be destroyed due to temperature changes.

The traditional material for the manufacture of chimneys is refractory bricks. It almost perfectly meets all the requirements for chimney materials. However, the construction of brick chimney chimneys requires certain skills.

In addition, the brick must be individually selected for each heating device. So in furnaces, the temperature of the combustion products is usually kept at 250 degrees, but in fireplaces, under direct fire conditions, it can reach 400 degrees. Thus, the walls of a brick pipe for a fireplace are recommended to be made of fireclay bricks, laying a wall thickness of more than 15 centimeters with 5 mm seams. This significantly increases the cost of manufacturing chimney pipes for fireplaces, as well as the requirements for the strength characteristics of the foundations under the fireplace.

Asbestos cement chimneys and chimneys

Relatively cheap, but also reliable material for the manufacture of chimney pipes are asbestos-cement pipes. They can be used for the construction of chimneys in stationary barbecues, light buildings, baths. When installing such pipes, special attention should be paid to areas of interface with flammable materials, since asbestos cement pipe may crack during service.

Stainless steel chimneys

As a rule, furnace chimneys made of stainless steel can be used in the construction of heating systems with gas boilers. Such a pipe heats up very strongly from the passage of combustion products and therefore it must be reliably equipped. In addition, it is necessary to pay special attention to the quality of the pipe from which the chimney is made. Thin stainless metal, especially in low-quality pipes, can crack, which can easily cause a fire.

Also, the disadvantage of this model of pipes is the strong formation of condensate on their surface.

Pipes and chimneys made of multilayer composite materials

New models of pipes, also called "sandwich pipes", appeared on the market relatively recently, but have already managed to prove themselves well. Multilayer pipes are manufactured in industrial environment, usually in the form of meter lengths, during installation, the chimneys simply need to be connected. Such a pipe is reliable in terms of strength, is highly resistant to high temperatures and to aggressive chemical environments.

Usually sandwich pipe has three layers. The inner surface is made of stainless steel, the upper surface is galvanized. An insulating material is placed between them.

Such a pipe has a small weight and is quite undemanding to installation. It does not give a big load on the furnace. As a disadvantage, one can note the high cost of such structures and a relatively low service life. However, the time of trouble-free operation of a sandwich pipe depends on the specific manufacturer. During operation, such a pipe is subjected to temperature deformations, which can violate its integrity.

Multilayer pipes may have a different composition. So the inner part can be made of refractory clay, and between it and upper shell from lightweight concrete can be placed basalt wool. Such a complete set of multilayer pipes significantly increases their service life. In addition, various decorative coatings can be glued to the outer part of such a pipe.

Modular chimneys

Modern industry offers ready-made construction kits for self installation chimney chimneys. All components are produced in industrial plants and then easily assembled on site.

How to arrange a chimney passage through the roof?

1 - chimney chimney, 2 - rafter leg, 3 - fireproof heat-insulating material, 4 - load-bearing beam

Typically, the installation of chimney chimneys is carried out during the construction of a building or structure, simultaneously with the installation of a stove or heating system.

With this approach, you can easily fit mutual arrangement rafters under the chimney and create the necessary gaps between wooden materials and chimney. They must leave at least 15 centimeters and are laid with fireproof material, such as basalt wool.

When building a stove or fireplace, when calculating their foundation, it is necessary to take into account the weight of the chimney pipe.

The upper part of the pipe can be supplied protective device, preventing, on the one hand, the scattering of sparks, and on the other hand, rain entering the pipe.

Brick chimney laying - instructional video

There is no oven without a chimney. The removal of carbon monoxide and smoke from the furnace is a necessary condition for the correct operation of the stove. What to make a pipe from and how to arrange it so that it serves for a long time and does not create additional problems? An experienced stove-maker will answer without hesitation - from the same material as the stove itself. This is related to the fact that various materials different coefficient of thermal expansion. And if brick and metal are simultaneously heated during the furnace, then a gap will form at the place of their connection over time. Smoke begins to seep through the gap, this disrupts the smooth operation of the stove, and also poses a serious threat to the life and health of households. So if you want to build a chimney for brick oven, you need to do this too from a brick.

What is a brick chimney and where is it used

Chimneys are used to remove gaseous products of combustion in stoves, fireplaces and heating boilers. Smoke, carbon monoxide and soot under the action of traction are taken out of the furnace into the pipe and brought out. As they move, they cool down, giving off heat to the walls of the chimney.

To remove combustion products from a brick oven, it is necessary to build a chimney from the same material, i.e. from brick

Unlike metal pipes, brick has:

But a brick chimney also has a rather significant minus. AT country houses and country cottages there is no possibility to fold pipes cylindrical shape, which are ideal for the passage of hot gases. The internal section of a square or rectangular shape creates obstacles for the expiration of smoke. As a result, a layer of soot quickly forms on the inner walls, which reduces traction. Accordingly, they have to be cleaned more often than metal ones.

The design of the chimney and the principle of operation

The classic chimney design is a vertical tower, inside of which there is a through hole connecting the furnace firebox with an open space outside the house. According to the laws of physics, air pressure decreases as you move away from the surface of the earth. As a result, a draft arises inside the pipe - the desire of the air mass to move from bottom to top. If air access from below is blocked, the thrust disappears. Therefore, a smoke damper or a view must be installed in the chimney, with which it is possible to regulate the draft.

With the help of a damper, you can adjust the size of the smoke channel, and therefore the draft

Since the pipe is operated in residential buildings, it should not pose a fire hazard, therefore, masonry is carried out taking into account maximum protection against possible fire. A certain terminology has been established among the stove-makers, which reflects the structure and functional purpose individual elements of the pipe.

In some cases, a combined pipe design is practiced. Brickwork ends in the attic and then a metal or asbestos pipe is mounted to it, which goes to the roof. In this case, there is no need for an otter, neck and head, which saves a lot of time and money. It should not be forgotten that the cross-sectional area metal pipe should not differ from the cross section of the brick in a smaller direction. The combination of a stainless steel pipe nested in an asbestos pipe has proven itself well.

In the upper part of the chimney, where the temperature of the flue gases is not so high, it is possible to make a transition from a brick pipe to a metal one.

In both cases, the upper hole must be closed with an umbrella (or deflector), which will prevent direct rain and snow from entering the pipe.

Calculation of the main parameters of the pipe

All calculations for the chimney must be carried out at the design stage of the furnace project. The project must be carried out by a qualified engineer or craftsman who is well versed in all the nuances of the furnace business. It is impossible to plan the dimensions of the pipe in isolation from the dimensions of the furnace and heat exchanger. Everything is interconnected and must correspond to one goal - the coordinated work of furnace equipment.

If during the construction of the fireplace there is no “body” of the stove, and the firebox is directly connected to the chimney, then in the Russian stove there are additional heating passages in the walls, and it is impossible not to make allowances for this. The presence of passages changes the draft and lengthens the path of the flue gases several times. Accordingly, the chimney must create a greater vacuum so that the movement of gases is accelerated, and soot does not settle inside the duct. A separate topic may be the calculation of the parameters of the chimney in sauna stove. It is important here that the draft is not excessive, and the burning fuel has time to give off heat inside the steam room.

The task of the stove-maker is to take into account not only internal, but also external factors- the location of the pipe in relation to the roof, the characteristics of the local climate and even the influence of the landscape.

Chimney draft can be affected by nearby tall buildings and trees, as well as the wrong choice of chimney height.

For gas heating systems due to their increased fire hazard the calculation of the parameters of the chimney is carried out by specialists who develop the boiler. Dimensions are indicated in technical passport and are mandatory.

In private construction, where the furnace is carried out mainly solid fuel(firewood, coal, peat or fuel briquettes), you can follow the following rules, which will ensure correct work any oven:

• the internal cross-sectional area of ​​a rectangular chimney in closed-type furnaces should not exceed the cross-sectional area of ​​the blower;
• the internal cross-sectional area of ​​​​the pipe in open-type stoves and fireplaces is calculated in a ratio of 1:10 in relation to the firebox.

It is believed that if the chimney structure has rectangular shape, the ratio of the short side to the long side should be 1:2. At the same time, the minimum allowable size channel section - 14 x 14 cm.

The size of the wall of the brick chimney channel should not be less than 14 cm

An important factor is the height of the pipe. Correct calculation allows:

• optimize the operation of the chimney and achieve the best efficiency indicators for heat transfer;
• ensure safe operation heater, exclude the leakage of harmful gases due to weak draft;
• ensure fire safety- with excessive draft, sparks and sheaves of flame can fly out of the pipe.

In the general case, the height is determined in accordance with SNiP 2.04.05–91:

• minimum distance from the grate to top point chimney (excluding protective umbrella) is 5 m;
• the optimal distance is 6 m.

Such parameters provide stable draft, i.e. the design of the chimney allows you to create a pressure drop sufficient to operate the stove at any time of the year. But in each particular case, you must also consider:

There is such an unpleasant phenomenon as reverse thrust. This term refers to the movement of smoke in a chimney in reverse direction- from the chimney into the room. There may be several reasons for this, but the main one is the wrong position chimney. As a rule - underestimated.

An error in choosing the height of the chimney often leads to back draft

Excess draft can always be eliminated by adjusting the air flow in the ash pan and flue dampers. Insufficient traction is exacerbated in several ways:

1. Pipe extension.
2. Cleaning the inner surface of the chimney channel.
3. Installing a deflector.

The deflector not only increases draft, but also protects the chimney channel from moisture, debris and birds and bats.

According to experts, by installing a deflector on a chimney, traction can be increased by 15–20%

Video: how to calculate the height of the chimney

You will learn about which pipe is better to choose for a chimney, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of materials in our material:.

Making a brick chimney with your own hands

Knowing the features of the chimney device and having on hand finished project, you can start self-construction smoke channel.

Materials and tools needed for the construction of the chimney

For self-construction of a chimney, you will need the following tools:

• trowel and mason's hammer;
• hydraulic level, plumb (or building laser level);
• construction bucket for mixing mortar;
• building rule, stitching;
• electric mixer (you can use a conventional drill with a nozzle);
• measuring instruments - tape measure, ruler.

Building a chimney requires standard mason tools

In the process of masonry, smaller building elements need to be made from bricks - brick plates, a quarter of a brick, a half, etc. An experienced bricklayer copes with the task with one measured blow of a hammer. A novice stove-maker who does not have such skills can use a grinder with diamond disc. With its help, cutting of any necessary shape becomes easily accessible, although accompanied large quantity dust.

Some stove makers successfully use a template made of wood or metal for masonry. The template allows you to strictly adhere to the dimensions, which is especially important for the inner hole of the pipe.

In addition, you will need materials:

• red brick (by no means white - silicate) solid, hollow, fireclay, clinker;
• cement mixture (can be ready-made or prepared independently from sand, cement and clay);
• a set of smoke dampers or views;
• sheet metal or roofing.

Preparatory work before making a chimney

Before the immediate start of work on laying a brick pipe, it is necessary to carry out certain preparatory work:

During operation, hands come into contact with chemically aggressive solutions - it is recommended to use protective gloves to protect them.

When performing work on the roof, personal safety measures must be observed, as well as the use of scaffolding and rope insurance.

There should always be a first aid kit on the construction site with first aid for injuries and bleeding. Sometimes the chimney is not located in the center of the room, but is in contact with the bearing wall. This situation is often observed in the construction of fireplaces. In this case, you can use the wall structure of the chimney. It is pre-mounted during the construction of the main wall. It is appropriate to note here that among stove-makers, a classification of chimneys according to design features has been adopted:

1. Brick overhead. Chimneys installed directly on the stove masonry.
2. Brick indigenous. Pipes located separately from the furnace, standing on a separate foundation. They are in the form of a stand.
3. Prefabricated. Individual blocks made of refractory concrete, which are stacked at the chimney installation site.
4. Wall. Embedded in bearing wall significantly save space and space. However, it should be borne in mind that it is undesirable to mount wall pipes in external walls. Contact with cold outside air dramatically reduces the efficiency of such a chimney in terms of heat transfer.

AT wooden houses the places where the pipe adjoins the combustible elements of the building are accompanied by a thickening of 1–1.5 bricks. To avoid ignition, the joints are additionally laid with asbestos or felt sheets. Felt is pre-soaked in a liquid clay solution.

Step-by-step instructions for building a brick chimney

The construction of the chimney consists in laying brickwork in strict accordance with the plan for the location of the material in each row - in order. This plan must be drawn up during the preparation of the project for the construction of a chimney channel.

Each row of chimney masonry has a strictly defined arrangement of bricks.

We can only add that for the best bonding of bricks with mortar, it is recommended to adhere to the following installation settings:

1. The solution is applied in a layer of 1.5–2 cm, the brick is wetted and coated with a solution. After installation in place of the masonry, the brick is pressed down so that the final thickness of the seam is 1 cm.

   When laying each brick, it is necessary to check its position horizontally and vertically, and also maintain a joint thickness of 1 cm

2. In the course of laying (after 5-6 rows), it is recommended to do a mop - grouting between bricks inside the chimney channel. The smooth inner surface provides good walkthrough exhaust gases, reduce the risk of soot deposits. Grouting can be done with a damp cloth.

   Internal seams are leveled and rubbed with mortar along the masonry

3. The installation of the smoke damper is usually carried out between the second and third row of bricks. But this rule is not rigid - you can adjust the installation location according to the situation. Immediately after installation, the valve is closed to cement mortar did not fall into the oven.

   For each smoke channel a separate valve is installed

4. AT outdoor masonry- on the roof - a solution with increased characteristics of strength and moisture resistance is used. To do this, the proportion of the batch is changed, increasing the content of cement (instead of 1/4 they make 1/3). Moreover, cement is selected grade M 500 or M 600. For the head, it is often not a cement-sand composition, but a cement-clay one. It is made by adding 1 liter of cement to 10 liters of sand-clay mortar, which is used for laying the furnace.

   Using hollow brick internal cavities are filled with cement mortar

5. It is important to keep the solution clean. It is unacceptable to get garbage into it, especially of organic origin.
6. Straight sections of the chimney are laid out on a plumb line. To do this, strong silk threads are pulled in each corner and aligned vertically. The right angle is controlled with a square every 4-5 rows.

   Control vertical position the walls of the chimney conveniently with the help of cords stretched in each of the four corners

Video: DIY fireplace chimney

Insulation of the chimney pipe avoids the formation of condensate on its inner walls

There are three main methods of insulation:

1. Plastering. The simplest and affordable way that does not require special skills. It consists in the fact that several layers of slag-lime mortar are applied to the chimney, which, when solidified, forms a strong protective “fur coat”. To enhance the adhesion of plaster to masonry, use metal mesh, fixing it to the pipe with anchor nails. After applying 3-4 layers (with drying intervals), the insulated surface is covered with whitewash or lime. As practice has shown, such protection can reduce the heat transfer of the pipe by 20–25%. This method is fast and does not require large financial costs.

   After covering the chimney with several layers of plaster, its heat loss is reduced by 20-25%

2. Warming with wooden planks. You will need boards with a thickness of 30–40 mm. Around the entire chimney (from the otter to the head) a wooden frame is mounted and completely sheathed with a board. From above, the wood is protected with slate. The distance between the brickwork and the boards (5–7 cm) is filled with any non-combustible insulation - earth, sand or mineral wool. To prevent spillage of insulation, the gaps between the boards are closed polyethylene film or sealed with sealant. This method is effective in regions steppe zone, where dry winds often blow, and prolonged rains are rare.

   Between the pipe and wooden frame non-combustible insulation is laid

3. The third method requires certain expenses. It consists in the fact that the walls of the pipe are insulated with mineral wool, which is resistant to solar radiation. The best option basalt wool is considered to be characterized by very low thermal conductivity. A layer of adhesive is applied to the chimney, to which they are attached basalt slabs. For a good grip, the entire array of insulation is fixed with sanitary tape, and covered with a reinforced polypropylene film. After the glue has completely dried, the cotton wool is covered with granular facade paint using a paint grid. Another option is siding or profiled cladding. sheet metal. Such insulation of the pipe allows you to save up to 50% of the heat inside the chimney. And, as a result, to ensure the absence of condensate on the inner walls.

   Features of the operation of brick chimneys

   After the construction of the chimney is completed and the pipe has been successfully put into operation, it is advisable to familiarize yourself with the features of use brick oven. In order for the heating unit to serve for a long time and without accidents, simple but important rules must be observed.

   1. The main enemy of a brick is sudden changes in temperature. It is better to drown more often, but for short periods of time. For one furnace it is not recommended to make more than 2 bookmarks of fuel. This is especially true of coal, the combustion temperature of which exceeds 1000 degrees.
   2. Timely cleaning of the pipe from soot indefinitely extends the life of the chimney channel.
   3. If cracks appear on the furnace body and the chimney in particular, measures should be taken immediately to eliminate them. Launched cracks tend to progress rapidly and pose a threat not only to the integrity of the brickwork, but also to human health. Through small cracks, carbon monoxide penetrates into the living room, which is colorless and odorless, but is poisonous to all living things.
   4. The slightest malfunction in the doors of the firebox or blower (ash chamber) first significantly reduces the heat transfer of the furnace, and then leads to an avalanche-like accumulation of soot on the chimney channels. Having found a loosely closing door, view or valve, they should be repaired or replaced immediately.
   5. At least once a year it is necessary to carry out preventive maintenance of the furnace. It is best to do this at the end of summer, before the start heating season. To the daily preventive procedure includes opening the blower door for 15-20 minutes. This simple action will allow you to briefly create maximum traction, which will pull the soot deposited on the walls into the external environment.
   6. Usage raw firewood adversely affects the cleanliness of smoky channels, especially in winter time. It is more rational to use fuel briquettes, the humidity of which is much lower. Firewood should be harvested ahead of time - drying wood in a natural way is a long process (from a year to two).

   Chimney cleaning and repair

   Used for pipe cleaning traditional ways, and modern, based on the achievements of technological progress.

   From time immemorial, people whose profession was called a chimney sweep were engaged in the maintenance of furnaces. Today, finding a professional chimney sweep is problematic. They were replaced chemicals, which, however, are also often called "Chimney sweep".

   It is very difficult to find a professional chimney sweep today, this profession is a thing of the past

   So, a tool called "Chimney Sweep Log" has proven itself well. It contains salt blue vitriol and other active chemical compounds. Burning in the furnace, the vapors of these substances interact with the soot deposited on the walls of the pipe. Under the action of heat, the reaction continues for several weeks and leads to the fact that the solid structure of soot crumbles and, falling back into the furnace, burns out. According to manufacturers, the use of "miracle log" twice a year allows you to completely remove soot from the pipe. The consequence of this is good traction and a high percentage of heat transfer from the furnace.

   Manufacturers of the Log Chimney Sweeper claim that its use twice a year allows you to completely clean the chimney of soot

   From folk remedies one can note such effective ways prevention, such as burning salt or soda once every 2 months (approximately 0.5 kg per furnace). The powder is poured into the combustion chamber at the moment when the firewood is well flared up and the temperature is maximum. After that, you need to tightly close all the doors, as the reaction can be quite violent.

   Dry aspen firewood helps to clean the chimney well. The fact is that the aspen burns with a large release of heat, the flames are long and penetrate deep into the passages.

   If there is no aspen or soda, you can use potato peels. To do this, you need to accumulate about half a bucket of potato peel. When burned in a furnace, the released substances bind soot and cause it to burn to the end.

   The combustion temperature of aspen firewood reaches 800 degrees, so the soot on the walls of the chimney burns out

   When performing work on the installation of chimneys, especially at the site of installation of the neck, otter and head, safety standards should be carefully observed. If you work carefully and observe necessary instructions and technology, a brick chimney can be folded with your own hands.

A do-it-yourself chimney for a stove can be erected if there is a layout of its masonry at hand, and House master possesses at least minimal skills in the work of a bricklayer. The construction of this department requires no less serious approach than, since the efficiency of heating, the safety of those living in the house, will depend on the quality of its masonry, general term operation of the entire heating system.

When working on a chimney, it must be remembered that it internal surfaces should be as neat and even as the outer ones, since this factor directly affects the creation of good traction.

Chimney pipes are divided into types depending on the location of their installation relative to the furnace itself. So, they are root, mounted and wall.

• The most common design of a brick chimney is a wall-mounted one. It is installed directly on top of the heater and is its continuation. Such chimneys are often installed during the construction of a heating or bath stove.

• The second most popular is the root chimney. This type of pipe is distinguished by the fact that it is installed next to the furnace or is included in its design and is placed on one of its sides.

Root pipes can be installed for both masonry and cast iron stoves. In addition, one root structure is often used for several heating appliances. For example, in a two or three-story house, one chimney is passed through all floors and furnaces are connected to it. If it is planned to use the pipe in this way, then in this case, an accurate calculation of its parameters must be made, otherwise there will be no normal draft, which means that the efficiency of the furnaces will also decrease, and the risk of combustion products entering the premises will increase.

• The wall pipe is built into the main internal or external walls. But, in the latter case, the walls of the chimney will have to be very well insulated, since due to the large difference in external and internal temperatures, condensate will actively collect inside the channel, which will significantly impair the operation of the furnace, reducing draft and contributing to the rapid growth of soot in the chimney.

It should be noted that although this structure is distinguished by a separate type, it can be both root and mounted.

Construction of a brick chimney

The chimney has several sections. To understand her fundamental design, as an example, we can take the structure of a packed pipe, since most often it is the design engineers who choose it when compiling furnace ordering schemes.

So, the design of a packed pipe with its passage through attic floor and truss system, includes the following departments and elements:

1 – metal cap or an umbrella. It can take many forms, but its function is always to protect inner space chimney from the penetration of atmospheric precipitation of various types, as well as dust and dirt.

2 - The head of the pipe consists of bricks protruding outward, which will protect the neck of the structure from raindrops that will flow down the protective cap. The metal umbrella is fixed, including on the protruding parts of the head.

3 - The neck of the pipe.

4 - Cemented or otherwise waterproofed inclined surface of the otter, designed to drain water that has fallen on the neck of the pipe.

5 - Otter. This part of the structure has thicker walls than the pipe neck. The otter should be located at the point where the chimney passes through the rafter system and the roof. The thick walls of the otter will protect the combustible materials of the crate under the roof from overheating.

6 - Roofing material.

7 - Lathing of the truss system.

8 - Rafter.

9 - Pipe riser. This department is located in attic Houses.

10 - Fluff. This part of the chimney starts under the ceiling inside the house, passes through the attic floor and ends in the attic, just above or flush with the floor beams. The fluff, like the otter, has thicker walls than the neck and riser of the pipe. Increased thickness also protects against overheating wooden beams and other combustible materials of the attic or interfloor ceiling.

It should be noted that in some cases, instead of fluffing in its place, a metal box is mounted around the pipe, filled with non-combustible materials, such as sand, vermiculite or expanded clay. The functions of this layer, having a thickness of 100 ÷ 150 mm, are also the protection of combustible floor materials from overheating.

11 - Floor beams.

12 - Insulation, which is most often made from asbestos, is in any case necessary to create fire safety, since the walls of the chimney will come into contact with the wood of the floor beams and other materials that make up the floor and ceiling.

13 - Smoke damper, located in the room, in the upper part of the pipe, which allows you to adjust the intensity of the discharged streams of heated air and combustion products.

14 - The neck of the pipe, which begins at the top of the furnace - the ceiling.

Calculations of the parameters of the chimney pipe

The principle of operation of the chimney system is to move air masses from the combustion chamber to the exit to the street, that is, from the lower point to the upper one. This process occurs through the creation of traction, which occurs due to temperature and pressure changes. It is thanks to all these factors that the normal functioning of the chimney system is carried out.

To create optimal aerodynamic processes, the size of the pipe channel must correspond to the power of the furnace, which, in turn, largely depends on the size of the furnace. The surfaces of the internal chimney space must have smooth walls, along which the air flows will slide freely without turbulence, and due to this, no reverse draft will be created. That is why quite often an insert from a round ceramic pipe is built into a brick square chimney, which has absolutely smooth surface and without internal corners.

Section size

In connection with the factors mentioned, it is necessary to carefully calculate the internal size of the chimney, while taking into account its length, since the larger this parameter, the higher the draft in the pipe.

Of great importance for the creation of normal traction and the high-quality functioning of the heating device is the correspondence of the parameters of the chimney passage and power, as well as the size and number of channels provided for by the design and passing inside the furnace.

If the parameters internal dimensions the cross section of the chimney will exceed the calculated value, this will lead to a rapid cooling of the heated air in it and the formation of condensate, and hence a decrease in traction. In this case, the necessary balance will be violated, and the streams cooling in the upper part of the pipe may return down, creating smoke in the room.

The size of the chimney opening is calculated as follows:

• The size of the chimney of an open hearth fireplace corresponds approximately to the proportions of 1:10 (chimney section (f) / firebox window area (F)). This formula is generally valid for both a square or rectangular, and a cylindrical type of pipe, but not directly, but taking into account the cross-sectional shape of the channel and the total height of the chimney.
• The size of the chimney of a furnace with a closed combustion chamber has a proportion of 1:1.5. In the case when the heat transfer of the heating structure is less than 300 kcal / h, then the cross section usually has a size of 130 × 130 mm or half a brick (at least). When making calculations, it must be taken into account that the cross-sectional size of the chimney should not be less than the inlet of the blower.

When calculating the fireplace chimney, you can use the following table.

Pay attention to the direct dependence of the chimney cross-section not only on the parameters of the furnace, but also on the height of the pipe. Probably, sometimes in the calculations it will be more expedient to build on this parameter. For example, a pipe 11 meters high on a one-story country house will look absolutely ridiculous.

The same dependence, but more accurately represented in the form of a graph.

Suppose you need to calculate the cross section of the chimney for a fireplace with a firebox, the window dimensions of which are 500×700 mm, that is total area – 0.35 m². It is assumed that a pipe with a total height of 7 meters.

• We look at graphic scheme:

- for a circular section of the chimney, the optimal ratio f/F=9.9%;

- for square - 11,1% ;

- for rectangular - 11,7% .

• It is easy to calculate the optimal cross-sectional area of ​​​​the chimney channel:

- a circle: 0.35×0.099 = 0.0346 m²;

- square: 0.35 × 0.11 = 0.0385 m²;

- rectangle: 0.35 × 0.117 = 0.041 m².

• Now, using the simplest geometric formulas, it is easy to bring areas to linear dimensions:

- diameter round pipe: d = 2×√S/π = 2×√0.0346/3.14 ≈ 0.209 m = 210 mm.

- side square pipe: a = √S = √0.0385 ≈ 0.196 m = 196 mm.

- a rectangle can have various options- For example 0.130 × 0.315 m or 130×315mm.

The calculation will be much easier if you use the calculator below, which already contains all the mentioned dependencies.