How is the brickwork of the exterior walls. PPR. Brickwork of external and internal walls

Today, masonry walls made of bricks are very popular. And all due to the fact that it is brick that is considered the most proven and trustworthy building material. After all, with its help, unique and reliable building structures are built for many centuries.

Brickwork must be of high quality in order for the building to serve for a long time.

Of course, in order to work with such a building material as brick, you must have enough high level qualifications. After all, the technology of laying walls based on bricks is very complex and has a lot of nuances that are known only to a professional in their field. Therefore, naturally, you should not think that the usual brick laying manual will make you a highly professional worker. Experience is needed here. But! It is quite real to help understand such a very complex concept as brickwork of walls.

Varieties of brick as a building material

In construction, there are two types of bricks. This is a ceramic (clay) brick, which has a slightly reddish or even orange tint, and a silicate counterpart white color. As for the standards, they share:

Scheme of laying bricks.

• single brick, size 250x120x65 mm;
• thickened brick, size 250x120x88 mm.

Although the first option is considered the generally accepted standard and is the most popular material in the process of building walls. Regarding the weight characteristic, a brick happens:

1. Hollow or, in other words, lightweight, which has unique opportunity significantly facilitate the impact of the weight of the building material on the foundation. But, on the other hand, the wall thickness and thermal conductivity are somewhat reduced.
2. Full-bodied, which is completely opposite to the previous analogue.

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Positive and negative aspects of brickwork

To begin with, it is worth understanding that the walls are made of ceramic and silicate brick have their own features and characteristics.

Clay brick, especially if it is hollow, is much better than its silicate counterpart. Indeed, in this case, it is possible to significantly simplify the process of laying a brick wall, and even get a much higher level of thermal insulation of the room. Given the fact that bricks come in different sizes, you can safely say what more sizes building material, the less mortar you have to use, so you can save.

Silicate brick has the ability to actively absorb moisture. Therefore, rooms whose walls were made according to will be much wetter. The high density of this building material also affects heat saving, so the heat will not last long.

As for the implementation of brick partitions, it is best to make them half a brick thick. But the disadvantage of using silicate brick is that its weight makes it necessary to build a massive foundation. At the same time, do not rush to produce Finishing work in such a house. It is best to wait and only then proceed to restore beauty in the premises.

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Required Tools

Brickwork necessarily needs the use of a special set of tools. by the most important element organization of the masonry technology of the wall structure is considered a trowel, often called a trowel among builders. To beat off a brick, it is worth buying a pickaxe hammer. And in order to make the most even and neat seam, it is necessary to use jointing, which somewhat resembles a chisel. No process brickwork it is impossible to imagine without a solution, which is considered the link between each individual unit of such a building material as a brick. Therefore, it is imperative to use a concrete mixer or a special construction hammer with a mixer. If it is necessary to ensure an even horizontal brickwork at a great distance, then a hydraulic level can be used.

The technology of laying walls involves constant quality control of the work performed. To do this, use the following list of tools and materials:

1. Level, which helps to keep control over the horizontal structure of the wall.
2. A plumb line that monitors the verticality of the wall.
3. Cord, thanks to which you can navigate during bricklaying.
4. The rule applies to permanent control of brickwork with outer side building.
5. An ordering that is at least considered additional tool to control the thickness of the seam and the number of rows in the masonry. It is securely attached to the surface of the wall being built at the beginning of the masonry process and is removed only after the completion of construction work.

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Types of masonry

Given the suture dressing system, there are:

• single row;
• multi-row;
• three-row.

Paying attention to the filling of the masonry, it is divided into:

• solid;
• lightweight.

Depending on the thickness of the wall structure, brickwork is divided into:

• half a brick;
• brick;
• one and a half bricks;
• two bricks;
• two and a half bricks.

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Basic bricklaying methods

Today, wall laying technology involves several methods: press, butt and butt with trimming. In order to choose the most suitable masonry option, it is worth considering a lot of factors. For example, pay attention to the characteristics of the masonry mortar and the condition of the brick; what season is outside the window and what are weather; how will be produced facing works with front side wall structures and more.

In any case, before you start laying brick walls, it is worth soaking the brick. This is done in order to eliminate the retraction of water and moisture from the solution. And it is directly obliged to be carried out in a uniform manner along the perimeter of the structure so that the load on the foundation base is as uniform as possible.

Most often, builders use back-to-back masonry. At the same time, the masonry mortar cannot be made very thick and should be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the wall. For the production of a vertical seam along the edge of the wall, it is necessary to install a special small bed, in the middle of which the mortar thickness should not exceed 3 cm. Each individual brick should be laid flat and at a slight slope so that the distance between the brick and the previously laid unit was 8-10 cm.

In the process of this method of laying bricks in front of its edge, a significant accumulation of mortar is obtained. It is it that can be easily distributed along the vertical and horizontal seam. Then the remains of the masonry mortar are carefully picked up with a trowel and attached to its face along the vertical side. In the case when you have to use a bonded or spoon version of a building material for laying brick walls, it is best to resort to using the clamping method of laying. In this case, it is necessary to organize the wall jointing and board up a tight mortar for masonry.

In order to eliminate the possibility of the formation of thickenings, it is necessary to lay the solution indented from the wall by 10-15 cm. And to obtain best effect it is necessary to put each individual unit of brick on the bed and gently press the trowel with a cloth. And then sharply remove it, leaving a strictly fixed solution between the faces along the verticals near the located bricks. The remaining excess masonry bricks should be removed with a trowel. After that, you get brickwork with full filling of the seams.

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Basic requirements for mortar for laying bricks

Important! In order to be observed in all respects, it is necessary not only to prepare a brick and a set special tools, but also to make a binder mixture - masonry mortar. Without which bricklaying will be impossible.

The solution consists of a certain amount cement mortar and construction sand. The latter must be carefully screened. At the same time, the plastic properties will depend on the ratio of these fundamental components. ready solution and its mobility, so the masonry mortar will not be as mobile when a lot of cement is added to it.

Sometimes you can also find a cement-lime and cement-clay version of the mortar for laying a brick wall. These recipes allow you to create a significantly movable mortar that is suitable for a particular masonry method. After all, working with this type of solution is much more convenient. But it is not appropriate in all cases. In order to determine the mobility property of the masonry mortar, it is recommended to use empirical method. In this case, it is worth taking a special reference cone, presented in the form of a metal model with dashes, and viewing the plasticity of the resulting solution by the depth of immersion.

For many years, brick has been one of the main building materials. With it, you can create absolutely any building. It is ideal for building walls and foundations, bridge abutments and chimneys. The very technology of brickwork has been known to man since ancient times. Most of the parameters of the erected building depend on its quality.

Brick is valued for its durability, strength and fire resistance. For the construction of brick walls, they usually choose: - ordinary solid brick(clay red) - weight 3.2-4 kg / pc; - hollow brick.

This technology refers to basic types. In addition to it, small-block, ceramic and mixed type building walls. Before proceeding to the study of masonry with bricks, you need to familiarize yourself with all the nuances and features of this building material.

This technology is not very complex. The main thing in it is the phasing of all actions and the presence necessary materials and tools.

The basis of brickwork

If the building is built without observing right angle, level and plumb, it will look unprofessional and will not be stable.

• solid;
• masonry with four-row dressing of seams;
• with air layers;
• well.

Materials and tools

For laying bricks, you will need the following tools: ordering, trowel, hammer-pick, mortar shovel, jointing, as a rule, plumb line, building level, cord-mooring.

No serious construction work is possible without the appropriate tools and materials. For the installation of each individual element, completely individual sets of the above tools are required. Brickwork is no exception. Its technology is based on the use of the following materials:

• brick;
• cement and sand for mortar;
• thermal insulation materials.

The next important point is the correct selection of all the tools necessary for masonry. For this job, you will need:

• trowel (plaster spatula) for applying and leveling mortar between bricks;
• a plumb line to maintain the verticalization of the masonry;
• pickaxe-hammer for hewing and splitting bricks;
• level;
• ordering to control the height of the brickwork;
• jointing for cutting seams between bricks;
• m-folding;
• mooring line for horizontal control of brickwork;
• measuring tape.

Feature of brick and mortar

The main types of ceramic bricks are building bricks (ordinary), facing bricks (front) in all their diversity and refractory bricks.

Depending on the component, the brick is divided into two main types:

• ceramic;
• silicate.

Ceramic is created by firing clay. It, in turn, is divided into facing, building and special brick. The main features of the first type are durable quality and uniform color. It is most often used as decorative element. building view ceramic brick is intended for initial and basic walling. After completion of work with this material, subsequent finishing of the building is necessary.

Special ceramic brick is fireclay refractory material. It is mainly used for laying various stoves, chimneys and fireplaces. The most common and in demand is building ceramic bricks. It is divided into two types: hollow and full-bodied. In the first variant, there are special holes in the brick, with the help of which the resistance to heat transfer increases. Full-bodied is a solid bar of ceramics.

It should be noted that the above two types building bricks They don't differ much in terms of quality or durability. Although many experts believe that masonry made of hollow material will be the best, since the walls from it are much warmer and more reliable. But these parameters are not key in assessing the quality of a brick. There are also criteria such as frost resistance and marking of this building material.

Before you start building brick walls, you need to know its resistance to the process of freezing and thawing. This parameter is called the frost resistance of the material. For laying exterior walls, this figure should be at least 55 cycles. Brick marking means the load that this material can withstand. It is denoted by the letter M and a code with a parameter from 100 to 300. For laying walls two-story house this indicator should correspond to the value of M 100, that is, the load is about 100 kg / cu. cm.

The structure of the "ordinary" brick: 1 - spoons; 2 - poke; 3 - top bed; 4 - lower bed; 5 - vertical rib; 6 - horizontal transverse rib; 7 - horizontal longitudinal rib.

Each brick belongs to a certain size range. AT domestic production There are 3 main options for this building material:

• single, with a parameter of 200 x 120 x 65 mm;
• one and a half, with a parameter of 250 x 120 x 89 mm;
• double brick, with a parameter of 250 x 120 x 138 mm.

Similar foreign manufacturers offer the market a wider and more diverse choice of this building material. Another important point is that the type of brickwork is directly related to the location in it this material. The construction of any walls can be made in a quarter of a brick, in a half-brick and in a brick. Required Technology and the type of masonry, as a rule, are selected in accordance with the architectural features of the building being erected.

For bonding bricks, a special sand-cement mortar is used. It can be purchased at ready-made in a specialized store. Many builders make it completely on their own. The basis of such a solution is a properly selected consistency. If the mass made turns out to be too liquid, then working with it will be very inconvenient and economically unprofitable. The fact is that a solution with such a consistency tends to flow into all brick voids. If this mass turns out to be too thick, then you will not be able to evenly align and distribute it.

The density of the solution is determined using a special cone. It must be lowered to the mass and follow the loading depth. It can vary on average from 6 to 15 cm. For a solid ceramic brick, the norm of this parameter is 11-14 cm, and for a hollow one - around 7-9 cm.

Start of masonry work

On the preparatory stage masonry walls set the order in such a way that the sides on which the rows of masonry are marked face the inside of the building (towards the bricklayer).

Start laying bricks only on a solid, stable and even base. If it is very cold outside, the mortar will not seize the brick, but simply freeze. Therefore, experts recommend masonry work at a temperature of at least +6°C. The foundation itself must be isolated from the side of the foundation.

It is advisable to immediately order everything necessary for construction. This is done so that there are no strong differences in some parameters, for example, in color. Bricks are best placed mixed from several pallets. Thus, you will not have problems with the difference in shades. you should try to put the brickwork in such a way that rainwater was able to flow down the wall without hindrance.

Before starting the main work on laying bricks, it is necessary to mark the corners and contours of the walls using special markings. In this case, you need to build on the parameters of the length of the material so that you do not have to split it. The connecting seam must be 10 mm wide. It is recommended that you first lay out the first row without using mortar - this way you can fully check the correctness of all necessary calculations.

After that, you can start the masonry process itself, but you must follow the structure of the seams. In fact, there is nothing complicated about this. The main thing is that the brick located in the upper row overlaps the gap that has arisen between the bricks of the lower row. This masonry technology will allow you to create a high-quality and durable wall. In this case, the correct load on the entire laid out brick row will also be observed.

Brick laying is carried out according to a certain pattern, which is often called dressing. As a binder, a cement-concrete mortar is used, which has excellent binding properties.

Each unit of brick must be very well leveled and knocked out with the help of a trowel handle. After that, you need to establish special orders and attach a very strong thin cord to them. These are special strips that are placed vertically to achieve a stable and constant thickness of the seams. They also affect the correct horizontality of the brickwork.

When laying the first row, the cord mentioned above should serve as a guide. With the help of ordering, special beacons are placed. This is the name given to the higher angular structure of the wall. After that, the cord must be pulled for each individual brick row of masonry. It is fastened with nails fixed in a fresh seam.

Main technological process

The process of laying bricks is completely dependent on the solution, or rather. its density. This mixture can be of two types: rigid and mobile. In the first state of the solution, it is necessary to put the brick in the clamp, with the maximum filling of the seams and their subsequent jointing. It is applied 10-16 cm from the wall surface. Next, the solution is leveled in the direction of the previously delivered brick. This is done with a tool called a trowel. Each subsequent brick must be placed on the applied mortar and pressed against the previous one. After that, it is leveled and, with the help of a trowel, the remaining excess mixture is removed.

In the presence of a mobile solution, it is necessary to apply the so-called bricklaying end-to-end. This type of work must be done in a wasteland, that is, not completely filling the seams. Using the edge of a brick, the mortar is raked in bed at a distance of 8-14 cm from the previously installed unit. Based on this technology, a very good vertical seam is obtained. At the end, it is necessary to press the brick and remove the excess mortar mixture.

Types of brick laying: a) solid masonry; b) well masonry; c) brick and concrete masonry; d) a wall of ceramic target bricks.

There is a way to lay a brick wall, which combines the two above methods. It is called - end-to-end with pruning. It is relevant to use it if it is equal to 10-13 cm to the draft of the cone. The essence of this method lies in the fact that the solution is applied by laying bricks in a clamp, and the connection is applied by the butt method. The wall joints are completely filled.

When masonry, a factor such as the uniformity of the distribution of the mortar is very important. The strength of the seam and its density will depend on this. This value varies depending on the method. The main thing is to provide appropriate and optimal thickness seam.

When laying bricks in a quarter or half, it must be reinforced. This is done using reinforcing wire or metal mesh. Every 5-6 rows they must be placed in the seams. This is the most reliable and proven method of reinforcement.

Final stage of work

When laying bricks, you should not save mortar. For maximum strength of the walls, the brick must be completely immersed in the mortar, and the thickness of the seam should be about one centimeter.

After 3-4 rows of brickwork are laid out, you need to fill the seams with mortar, that is, cut them. Experts recommend doing this procedure is mandatory. This extra layer of grout will make the seams more beautiful with outside, increase their endurance to temperature changes, and also provide full protection brick material. This filling is a kind preventive procedure against the destruction of the entire wall. If the seams are not cut, then there is a high probability that a lot of water will collect on them, and a large number of moisture will begin to destroy the brick. This procedure can be omitted if, after the erection of the wall, it will be plastered.

It is always important to remember that control over the quality of masonry must be carried out constantly. With each new meter of wall, it is necessary to check such key parameters masonry, as the correctness of the angles in a row, its verticality and horizontality. This is done using a plumb line, level and a wooden square. Thus, during subsequent laying, you can eliminate the inaccuracies and deviations that have arisen. It is not allowed to move the delivered brick after the mortar has already hardened.

The process of erecting walls requires a certain period of time. Therefore, during periods of downtime or a break, it is imperative to cover it with a film. Do not forget about this, because under the influence of moisture it tends to collapse. The main thing is that in the process of masonry technology you always adhere to the main stages and do all the work with great responsibility. Then the brick walls of your building will long years serve you well.

Brick has been used as a building material since ancient times. It is no exaggeration to say that this versatile material, which can be used for the construction of buildings for any purpose. The correct execution of brickwork largely determines the quality of the housing itself. Before starting work with the material, you must familiarize yourself with the rules and laying technology.

Preparatory stage

Foundation processing

The surface of the foundation or plinth must be pre-leveled - only after that you can build walls. After leveling, it is necessary to carry out waterproofing. The easiest way is to spread a roofing material strip over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe foundation in two layers. After that, it is necessary to check the quality of the surface using a hydraulic level. Irregularities can be corrected with mortar.

Solution preparation

For brickwork, the usual cement-sand mortar. The proportions of cement and sand are 1:4-1:6. The main function of the composition is to exclude the displacement of bricks relative to each other. The laying is carried out in such a way that the bricks experience only displacement and compression loads, but not rupture. For this reason, the solution is quite thin. In some cases, for plasticity, clay or lime is added to it, which increases the fluidity of the composition. Lime can be substituted detergent: liquid soap, washing powder. There is one “but”: the mortar prepared in this way is not suitable for masonry hollow brick, since it flows into the cracks, which significantly reduces the thermal insulation qualities of the material. The mixture is prepared by dry mixing of the components followed by the addition of water. With a significant amount of work, it is not recommended to prepare all the required amount of mortar at once, since it will harden: it is better to do several batches.

To prepare the composition, the required amount of sand is poured, cement is added to it, everything is thoroughly mixed, then water and a plasticizer are added with continuous stirring until a homogeneous state is reached. masonry mortar the consistency should resemble cottage cheese or thick honey.

Instrument preparation

To carry out the work you will need the following tools:

1. Trowel for applying mortar. It is also used to pick up the composition squeezed out during the fitting of the brick, and back side handles will be needed to fit the brick being laid.
2. Hammer-pick with a sharpened head for splitting and cutting bricks.
3. Bulgarian with a cutting disc for stone - needed for cutting or cutting material.
4. Stitching for cutting seams.
5. Ordering for controlling stacking at height. When using a one-and-a-half brick (its height is 88 mm, and the thickness of the seam is 12 mm), divisions are applied to the tool every 100 mm.
6. The mooring cord is stretched between rows, used to control the correct laying horizontally.
7. A plumb line to check the vertical course of the masonry.
8. Building level.
9. Gloves

Technology of various types of masonry

Amateur bricklayers mainly face two problems: drawing vertical right angles and laying bricks at the same level in a straight line. The focus should be on creating the first row. To maintain straightness when laying, I use a long rule, a stretched cord or a flat rail. To prevent the mortar from pressing on the guide, the brick should not reach it by 2-3 mm. To ensure the horizontal laying, all bricks are checked by level. In a similar way, they are checked in pairs with neighboring ones. This process is very important for face masonry.

There are several types of masonry:

Solid masonry- created in the form monolithic construction, the width of which is equal to half the brick. Bricks are laid along the outer edge of the wall. Brick rows are called versts, and the fillings located between them are called zabiutkas.

Lightweight masonry used in the construction of tasks of a small number of storeys. It consists of two parallel walls half a brick wide. When working, only whole bricks are used. The gap between the walls is filled heat-insulating material. It is impossible to carry out the whole structure in this way - at a height of 1 meter (maximum), a tying row is needed.

reinforced masonry- its use is necessary in the case when the structure is under heavy loads. Reinforcement is placed in horizontal and vertical seams. Seams in thickness should be 4 mm larger than the diameter of the reinforced rod. For transverse reinforcement, rectangular or zigzag metal meshes are used. They are laid every 3-5 rows.

decorative masonry has several options. One of the most common: on the outside of the structure there are 3 spoon rows and a jumper row of rows. In this case, ceramic facing and silicate bricks can be alternated.

Masonry with cladding- simultaneously with the construction of the wall, cladding is carried out outer surface decorative (front) brick. The facing row is tied up with the masonry of the wall at the level of the bond row.

Laying technology

First of all, lay out the corners of the wall. They should be above the middle. This is necessary to obtain beacons - benchmarks for pulling the mooring cord, which indicates the height and line of masonry. To avoid sagging of the mooring, it must be pulled tight and, from time to time, beacons - bricks - should be laid to maintain it.

For the removal of rectangular corners, the ordering, which is a flat metal corner, is most suitable. On it, in accordance with the level of laying bricks, marks can be applied. At the corners, the first few bricks are laid in height using a level, after which the order is fixed on them with a pair of brackets. Verticality is ensured using a plumb line or an exact level. The mooring cord is also stretched along the marks applied for ordering. With a wall length of up to 3 meters, it can be replaced with a sufficiently long easy corner aluminum or profile. They will also help ensure that the masonry is horizontal and straight. During work, one must remember about the dressing of bricks: the seams in adjacent rows should not match. A reinforcing mesh is laid every 5-6 rows.

To calculate the required amount of material, it is necessary to prepare an ordinal plan: draw all the layers of brick on paper. Standard sizes bricks - 250x120x60 mm (may vary slightly depending on the manufacturer).

Before laying, it is better to lay down the entire structure without mortar, dry. If no shortcomings and omissions are noticed, you can start working using the solution. Before starting work, the bricks must be moistened with water: dip them in a large container.

First, the brick is laid dry and, if everything is in order, the mortar is applied and it is laid. During work, it is necessary to tap the brick with a mallet, a trowel handle or a fist. The squeezed out solution should be collected with a trowel and sent to a bucket. In this way, the brick is gradually adjusted to its place. In this case, you can remove the brick several times, remove the mortar from it, and reapply until the desired position is reached.

There are three main principles to follow for correct execution work. They are based on the property of bricks to perfectly withstand compressive loads and not endure bending loads.

1. In order for the bricks in the masonry to experience only a compressive load, and pressure at an angle is excluded, the planes of the rows must be strictly parallel to each other. The maximum angle can be 17 degrees.
2. Inside the rows, the side faces of the bricks should form two systems of areas perpendicular to each other, i.e. be located side by side, forming between them longitudinal and transverse seams.
3. The transverse and longitudinal vertical seams must be parallel and form a seam between them.

Video instruction

Possibly, in the absence necessary experience independent masonry bricks will not immediately succeed. You can first practice by creating small brick ladders or pillars, and then proceed to the construction of the wall.

Brick as a building material has been known for a very long time. Mention of it can be found in the Bible, in stories about the times after the Great Flood.

erection brick houses is rooted deep in history, in any country there are many such buildings, whose age is more than a dozen years. There are long-lived houses built 150 or even 200 years ago. Brick has always been the most sought after and popular building material in the world.

Why did builders love this material so much? There are several clear benefits here.

Strength

In construction, M100, M125, M150, M175 are used. The numerical index after the letter indicates strength and indicates that this species withstands a load of 100, 125, 150, 175 kg / cm 2. The M100 brand is suitable for building a house with a height of 3 floors.

Durability

The house that has good thickness brick built from quality material and according to all the rules of housing construction, it can stand for more than a century.

Environmental friendliness

The composition of the brick includes natural substances that do not contain harmful impurities- clay, sand, water. And it also allows air to pass through, "breathes" and does not rot.

Versatility, aesthetics

And the styling technology brings to life the most daring architectural projects. Individual style brick house give it originality and uniqueness.

Frost resistance

Extensive experience in the use of bricks in construction and testing it in different climatic zones confirm that this material has high frost resistance, which is designated F25, F35, F50.

The digital index indicates the amount of freezing and thawing of a brick in a state saturated with water, after which irreversible changes begin in it.

fire safety

Brick is a refractory material that meets all fire extinguishing standards and regulations, and the thickness of the walls is brick house will not allow the fire to spread from room to room.

Soundproofing

Brick is a good insulating material, much better than wood and reinforced concrete panels. in a brick house it protects well from street noise.

Minimum wall thickness

One of the main characteristics of a brick house is the thickness of the walls. The size of an ordinary ceramic brick is 250x120x65 mm. Building codes and regulations take a multiple of 12 (the length of half a brick) to determine the thickness of the walls.

It turns out that the thickness of the wall is equal to:

• in half a brick - 120 mm;
• in one brick - 250 mm;
• one and a half bricks - 380 mm (10 mm is added to the thickness of the seam between the bricks);
• in two bricks - 510 mm (10 mm per seam);
• in two and a half bricks - 640 mm.

the same building codes the minimum thickness of a brick wall is clearly defined. It should be in the range from 1/20 to 1/25 of the floor height. A simple calculation shows that if at 3 meters, then the walls should be at least 150 mm thick. A brick wall with a thickness of less than 150 mm is suitable for simple internal partitions.

External load-bearing brick walls

The strength and stability of the entire building is provided by the outer walls. They are called load-bearing because they carry the entire load acting on the building. They bear the weight of ceilings, higher walls, roofs, operational load (furniture, things, people) and snow.

The starting point for any masonry is the corners of the building. A lighthouse is made on each of them (an angle is removed from the bricks, aligned along the vertical and axes of the building). Corner masonry rises 6-8 rows. The corners of the outer walls are recommended to be reinforced metal mesh from wire with a diameter of 6 mm. Then, between the lighthouses at the level of the upper brick, a twine is stretched along the edge of the wall, which indicates the outer axis of the structure. Brickwork is carried out from one lighthouse to another, the thickness of the walls consists of an outer, inner and middle part, which is filled with insulation or butyat with other material. A brick on the wall is laid with dressing, after three or five rows of spoons, one bonder is needed. There are many patterns for laying bricks. Depending on the chosen scheme, the arrangement of the spoon and poke rows may differ. The same applies to the seams, they should not be located one above the other. With the help of halves and quarters, the brick is easy to shift to the side relative to the bottom row. After laying several rows, the verticality of the wall is checked with a level to avoid various curvature of the plane, which can spoil the aesthetic appearance of the building.

The thickness of the brick load-bearing wall is selected based on the features environment and own capabilities. But for any calculations, it should not be less than 380 mm (laying "one and a half bricks"). AT northern regions the thickness is usually increased to 510 mm, or even up to 640 mm.

To reduce the load of the walls on the foundation and facilitate the construction, the outer walls are laid from hollow bricks. It is unprofitable to make continuous masonry, it requires high costs and reduces the thermal protection of the building.

Wall insulation

Often they use the technology by which masonry is carried out with the construction of wells. It consists of two walls 140-270 mm apart from each other with obligatory dressing of rows every 650-1200 mm. The wells between the masonry are filled with insulation with mandatory tamping. It could be lightweight concrete, slag, expanded clay, sawdust, etc. When using them thermal protection buildings are increased by 10-15%.

by the most effective insulation is foam. Its use allows you to reduce the thickness of the walls to 290 mm (brick 120 mm + foam 50 mm + brick 120 mm). And if you leave a well 100 mm wide (for two layers of foam laid with overlapping seams), then such a wall in terms of thermal conductivity will be equivalent to a solid masonry 640 mm thick. A brick wall, the thickness of which is 290 mm, must be additionally reinforced with meshes in 5 rows.

To make housing even more comfortable, arrange additional insulation outside or inside the building. Styrofoam, polystyrene, mineral wool and others, soft or hard materials. With them, you can increase up to 100%.

Internal load-bearing walls

Buildings with a length or width of more than five and a half meters are divided along the long side by internal load-bearing walls. On them, the end support of the ceilings or coatings of the structure is made.

The thickness of the internal brick walls is made less than the external one, because insulation is not required here, but not less than 250 mm (laying "in brick"). All load-bearing walls, both external and internal, are interconnected and form, along with the foundation and the roof, a single structure - the skeleton of the building. All loads acting on the structure are evenly distributed over its area. Docking points of external and internal walls reinforced with meshes or separate reinforcement through 5 rows of masonry. The piers are arranged at least 510 mm wide and they are also reinforced. If it is necessary to put the pillars as load-bearing supports, then the cross section of the structures should be at least 380x380 mm (masonry "one and a half bricks"). They are also reinforced with wire 3-6 mm through 5 rows along the height of the masonry.

Partitions

These walls produce zonal division space large rooms. Since the partitions are not load-bearing, and no loads other than their own weight act on them, here you can choose which thickness of the brick wall is more suitable for this room.

Partitions 120 mm thick (“half-brick” masonry) are arranged mainly between rooms and bathrooms. If you want to separate small room type of pantry, then it is possible to lay out a wall with a thickness of 65 mm (masonry "on edge"). But such a partition must be reinforced with 3 mm wire every 2-3 rows of masonry in height, if its length is more than one and a half meters.

To lighten the weight and reduce the load on the ceiling, the partitions are made of hollow or porous ceramic bricks.

Masonry mortar

If the outer masonry of the wall is carried out “for jointing”, then the quality, composition and correct application solution depends on how aesthetically it will look Brick wall. The thickness of the seams should be the same everywhere, and they must be filled completely, voids are not allowed. The solution must be prepared before the start of work and applied within two hours. For plasticity, clay, lime or marble pulp is added to it.

For horizontal joints, a thickness of 10 to 15 mm is used, for vertical - from 8 to 10 mm.

When building a brick building, you need to know that any deviation from the project can subsequently lead to unpredictable consequences. Stability and strength of brick bearing walls easy to reduce if:

• reduce their thickness;
• increase their height;
• increase the area or number of openings;
• reduce the width of the walls between the openings;
• arrange additional niches or channels in the walls;
• use heavier floors.

A brick wall, the thickness of which is less than the design, must be additionally reinforced.

All changes in the project must be made by specialists, this cannot be done independently.

Buildings made of brick have obvious advantages that put them a step above houses made of any other materials. Executed by original projects they have their own style and charm. And also this a good option for investing and transferring real estate to descendants by inheritance.

To date, there is a lot of information that will help not only to make repairs with your own hands, but also to build a whole house. If you carefully study the process of laying bricks, it may immediately seem that this is very hard work which is best left to the professionals.

In practice, for such work, you will need to pay a lot of money, so it’s better to find out how brick walls are laid on your own. Adhering to all the rules and advice, you can do the work yourself.

Important information about masonry

The strength of the structure depends on the observance of the laying technology.

If you follow all the rules during the bricklaying process, then the structure will turn out to be strong, monolithic and will stand for more than a dozen years.

Before starting work, you should find out the types of masonry walls, which can be found in the table:

№	Masonry type	Description
1	Solid.	It is possible to achieve a monolithic structure, which is half the width of a brick. The work is carried out along the outer edge of the walls, and each row is made from half a brick, in construction the method is called “half a brick”.
2	Lightweight.	Often used for the construction of multi-storey buildings. Such masonry is made of a pair of walls half a brick wide. The walls are laid out parallel to one another, and the resulting space is used for insulation materials.
3	Reinforced.	A method is used to further strengthen the walls. The fittings are mounted during the laying of the outer walls in horizontal and vertical joints. A special reinforcing mesh can be used, which must be mounted every 3-5 rows.
4	Decorative.	Such types are often used for cladding buildings. The laying may be different.

In addition to the types described in construction, there are still a lot of methods for laying bricks:

1. Chain masonry, which consists in alternating all rows.
2. The cross method is contained in the laying of horizontal sutures, and the dressing is performed with spoon sutures.
3. No less popular "Dutch" masonry, which is done with alternating bonder and other rows.

The types of masonry are very extensive, but for do-it-yourself work it is recommended to use the most economical and simple ways. One of them is a well, in which the construction of walls is done in half a brick, after which a connection is made with a horizontal or vertical bridge.

Preparation before laying

Entrust the calculation of wall thickness to specialists

Before building the walls of the house, you need to complete a series preparatory work. Preparation consists in the correct calculation of the brick. It is recommended to buy material with a small margin in case of a fight, marriage and other troubles.

For the correct calculation of bricks for laying walls, you need to calculate the thickness of the future building. It is recommended to use the services of specialists for this.

Even before the construction of a brick house begins, the foundation base must be leveled. To do this, you can use the level, because it is important to get a horizontal plane. All drops can be filled with a conventional cement-sand-based mortar.

Even differences are eliminated, which are 1 cm per 2 m of the foundation.

The construction of brick walls is impossible without the use of mortar. For its preparation, a ratio of 1: 4 is used. In other words, you need to put sand (4 parts) and cement (1 part) into the mixer. Before starting work, it is better to sift all the sand so that there are no third-party large impurities in it.

If possible, you can immediately mix the cement and sand in a large volume, while water does not need to be added. Of necessity ready mix will be ready, and it is simply diluted in water to the desired consistency.

To save time and effort, it is better to immediately put a certain amount of brick in the direction of travel. This will allow you not to constantly run for a new batch of material.

The first layer of bricks is placed on a roofing felt substrate.

The brickwork technology of the walls is as follows:

1. Before laying the first brick, a couple of layers of roofing material should be laid on the foundation, which will act as a hydrobarrier between the wall and the foundation.
2. The first row is placed immediately on waterproofing material, while the solution can not be used. The weight of the future walls will allow the building to stand steadily in place. Bonding with mortar should be carried out exclusively on the end part of the bricks.
3. The beginning of work should be from the corner of the building, and the stones should be placed across the foundation. In this case, with a thickness of more than 250 mm, another row can be laid from the inside.
4. The brickwork of the outer walls must be controlled horizontally. To simplify the task, you should immediately pull the fishing line or thread. To do the procedure, you need to put bricks in different corners, and stretch a beacon between them. During the laying process, you do not need to use the level, because everything will be visible on the fishing line.
5. By analogy, all rows are laid, but already with the brick being smeared with mortar. A plumb line is used to control the vertical plane.

The brickwork of the walls should move half a brick with each new row.

Window and door openings

Concrete lintels are used for the upper part of the opening

For correct device brickwork, you need to know the features of the formation of openings in the building, because they all violate the strength and integrity. The rules for creating openings are as follows:

• the upper part of the openings should not be made of bricks, but using reinforced concrete lintels for these purposes. Jumpers can be replaced with metal channels or very durable corners;
• opening lines must be checked using not only a level, but also a plumb line;
• above the opening, the stone must be laid by analogy with the laying of the outer solid part.

The main rules of construction

The technology of laying brick walls requires the worker to follow certain rules. If they are observed, the building will be durable and will last for many years. The main rules are:

1. The first row is laid with a poke outward, the remaining 5 rows must be placed along the foundation. This dressing should be repeated every 5 rows. In the corners, the dressing is done by analogy, but the seams should not be in one line.
2. Verticality can only be checked with a plumb line, which is applied along the brickwork to both walls. To simplify control, it is recommended to use orders.

Building walls can vary in thickness. If a wall is made of brick, then it is customary to put it in half a brick. Buildings for household needs that will not be heated are built in one brick or 25 cm. For residential buildings, laying of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 bricks is used. For more information on the correct construction of walls, see this video:

The solution that is applied to the brick must fill all the voids between it. The maximum seam can be 1.2 mm, and its cutting depends on personal preference.

When work is temporarily stopped, unfinished walls must be covered with a film that can withstand rain and water. Otherwise, efflorescence may appear.

Using the instructions and tips given in the article, it will be possible to build a house or cottage on your own.

At the very beginning of your construction career, you should learn a little, make a small building in the form of a chicken coop or a barn.

This will allow you to understand how the laying is done, and immediately identify all the difficulties of the work.