Rules for the operation of industrial wood-burning stoves of continuous action. Rules for the safe operation of furnaces during combustion. Proper furnace firebox

The material damage caused by fires caused by improper operation of brick and metal stoves may seem insignificant in comparison with the damage from major man-made disasters. But the number of such incidents is high: statistics show that for every five fires in the Russian Federation, one occurs where there are unsafely used stoves.

Possible risk factors General requirements fire safety for stoves include items:

operation of faulty and partially damaged stoves (the firebox of completely damaged stoves should not be discussed at all);
open doors;
heating using fuel not designed for this;
drying and maintenance of firewood, coal, clothing and other combustible materials closer than a meter and a quarter;
use ventilation (and similar devices) as chimneys.

Detailed instructions are attached to the article. by button DOWNLOAD, it addresses the following questions:

General safety requirements;
Safety requirements before starting work;
Safety requirements during work and .

Fire safety in a bath or sauna

Baths and saunas, popular and in demand by Russian people, can cause a fire if the builders of these facilities do not comply with elementary fire prevention measures.

The fire safety of the stove in the bath or sauna will be provided only if it is placed brick oven with thin walls over a layer of asbestos and additional roofing steel in relation to a wooden floor.

And only a structure with a fireproof "bottom" can be installed flush with the floor. But these are just a couple of the whole list of important “little things”.

Even when developing a project for a recreational facility, numerous nuances should be taken into account, we will consider which ones:

provide for the construction of the furnace after the period of shrinkage of the structure has passed;
lay in the project retreats and cuttings for the hot parts of the furnace in relation to the walls of the room, as well as covering nearby surfaces with felt or asbestos cardboard impregnated with clay solution;
in the absence of fire-resistant protection, the surfaces of the brick oven should be located at a distance of 40 cm from the walls, and if the metal oven is in the bath, then fire safety will be observed only if the interval is increased to 1 m;
the premises will help to avoid fire from heating (with a tree this happens at t from 300 °), but it will not be possible to overheat the stove;
between the floor and the ash pan, it is necessary to provide a space of 13-15 cm, a gap of 20-24 cm should be up to the bottom of the chimney.

Fire safety in the house

If there are violations at enterprises fire regulations they threaten to punish the leader (if it is arson, then the culprit of the arson), then domestic fires, even if they do not cause human casualties, cause significant damage to the owners of dachas, private houses, garages and outbuildings. In addition, there is always the risk of a fire spreading.

To make the house truly safe, it is enough just to be guided by the information from the "Fire Safety Rules in the Russian Federation".

Consider the basic requirements in detail:

Even at the stage of building a house, it is necessary to accurately determine the location of the furnace in the house, taking into account the standards and fire safety indents. This means that the stove must have its own foundation and no connection to combustible (wooden) walls. The wooden floor must be isolated from interaction with coals falling out of the firebox using a metal sheet attached to the floor, the minimum parameters of which are 50 × 70 cm. It is absolutely impossible to stack firewood and kindling on this sheet.
Before the beginning of each cold season, soot from the external and internal surfaces of the stove and chimney must be removed. Cleaning should be repeated throughout the heating season with a frequency of 1 time in 3 months, as often as possible.
To easily detect the slightest cracks, it is necessary to periodically whitewash the pipes and the entire surface of the furnace.
Pipes must be equipped with special metal meshes with mesh sizes no larger than 5 × 5 mm, they perform the function of spark arresters.

It is forbidden:

use artisanal metal stoves if they do not meet safety standards;
entrust the ignition and maintenance of the fire to small children.
use too long firewood sticking out of the firebox.

Every homeowner, responsibly striving for complete fire safety, must understand that laying the stove must be entrusted to professionals who have a license from the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation, and not try to design stove heating on their own.

Detailed material about fire safety in the construction of a bath

The danger of carbon monoxide

EMERCOM of Russia employees warn the population against possible errors when heating the oven. Carbon monoxide is toxic, has no smell or color, so people, especially in a state of sleep, will not be able to smell it.

In order not to risk life and health, the stove damper should not be completely closed (it is better to leave it slightly ajar) only after the disappearance of the blue lights over the coals. In addition, it is recommended to check with a poker whether there are unburned smuts inside the oven. It is better to extinguish them or give them time to burn out completely.

Firefighters are advised to finish heating the stove three hours before bedtime. Only correct equipment must be used.

When operating wood-burning stoves, you need to monitor the chimneys, clean them from soot and soot. The most important thing is not to close the damper until the coals are completely burned out.

With what intensity carbon monoxide can enter the room with faulty furnace equipment, as well as the time of exposure to the human body, it is difficult to establish, since it depends on many factors. Carbon monoxide is lighter than air normal conditions in room.

Given the fact that stoves are heated in cold weather, no one will open windows, since the meaning of all previously done measures with stove heating is lost. Therefore, you should follow the recommendations above.
Will it affect or not opened window it is difficult to say on the degree of carbon monoxide poisoning of a person, but it will definitely reduce the concentration in the room.

We will give you reference data taken from open sources and a table, it remains to draw conclusions on your own.

MOSCOW 2007

Developed by specialists of the FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia (A.N. Borodkin, SV. Muslakova, V.G. Shamonin) with the participation of employees of the State Fire Supervision Department (UGPN) of the EMERCOM of Russia (Yu.I. Deshevykh, A.N. Nestrugin).

The UGPN EMERCOM of Russia was agreed (letter dated 06.12.2006 No. 19/1/4686).

Developed on the basis of an analysis of existing regulatory documents relating to the issues of ensuring the fire safety of houses with stove heating. They contain proposals for ensuring the fire safety of solid fuel stoves and fireplaces, both built on site and factory-made during their design, installation and operation.

Designed for use by specialists of design, installation and operational organizations, as well as for control fire protection houses with stove heating.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

2. FIRE SAFETY FOR FURNACES

2.1. Furnace layout design

2.2. Design and installation of smoke channels for furnaces

2.3. Laying (installation) of furnaces and their smoke channels

2.4. Fire safety rules for the operation of furnaces

2.5. Fire safety rules for the operation of furnace chimneys

3. FIRE SAFETY FOR FIREPLACES

3.1. Designing the placement of fireplaces

3.2. Laying (installation) of fireplaces

3.3. Design and selection of smoke channels (pipes) for fireplaces

3.4. Laying (installation) of fireplaces and their docking with smoke channels

3.5. Fire safety rules for the operation of fireplaces

Introduction

An analysis of the current regulatory documents showed that the fire safety requirements for the device, repair and operation furnace heating in residential buildings fragmented, not of a complex nature, their verification is carried out without the use of modern methods control, allowing to reveal hidden defects during surveys of the fire-prevention condition of buildings with stove heating.

Currently a large number of individual houses have mixed type heating. Often in the process of operation there is a reconstruction of heating systems, installation of fireplaces, redevelopment and change functional purpose premises without compliance with fire safety requirements, which significantly increases fire hazard buildings, increases the likelihood of a fire and its rapid spread.

1. General Provisions

The purpose of the proposed recommendations is to ensure the fire safety of furnace heating systems. They contain proposals for ensuring the fire safety of solid fuel stoves and fireplaces, both built on site and factory-made (with a fire safety certificate). The recommendations also apply to new types of stoves and fireplaces, the characteristics of which are justified by calculations.

1.1 This brochure is based on the departmental publication "Rules for the production of pipe-furnace works" (M: VDPO, 2002), sec. 2.1 - 3.5 (hereinafter, sections of these Recommendations are indicated), as well as the following regulatory documents were used in its development:

GOST 9817-95 “Household appliances operating on solid fuel. General specifications» (section 2.4).

SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning" (sections 2.1 - 2.3, 3.1).

PPB 01-03 "Fire Safety Rules in the Russian Federation" (section 2.3 - 2.5).

TNPB 6-01-99 “Fireplaces. General technical requirements. Test methods” (sections 3.1 – 3.5).

Bake- a device for burning solid fuels for space heating and cooking, made on site from heat-resistant materials (brick, heat-resistant concrete, etc.) or in factories (from cast iron or steel).

Fireplace- a type of furnace device, characterized by a large (compared to furnaces) size of the furnace opening (for open furnaces), the absence of smoke circulations and the presence of a smoke chamber. Fireplace heating is based on the thermal radiation of burning solid fuel and from the heated walls of the furnace space, as well as on convective heat transfer fireplace surfaces into a heated room. There are two types of fireplaces: built on site and prefabricated. Prefabricated fireplaces are assembled from prefabricated components.

smoke channel- a channel for removing smoke from stoves or fireplaces and creating traction.

retreat– distance from outer surface stove (fireplace) or smoke channel (pipe) to a fire-protected or non-flammable wall or partition made of combustible materials.

cutting- thickening of the wall of the furnace (fireplace) or smoke channel (pipe) at the point of contact with the building structure made of combustible material.

Firebox (furnace)- part of a stove or fireplace, a space for burning fuel.

Mounted smoke channel- smoke channel, based on the ceiling.

Indigenous smoke channel- a smoke channel resting on buildings or on the floor next to the stove (fireplace).

Wall smoke channel- a smoke channel passing inside the wall of the building.

2. Ensuring fire safety of furnaces.

2.1. Designing the placement of furnaces.

2.1.1. Furnace heating on solid fuel is allowed for the buildings listed in Table. 2.1, in the absence of district heating.

Table 2.1

	Number of floors, no more	Number of seats, no more
Residential and administrative
Dormitories, baths
Polyclinics, sports, enterprises consumer services population (except for households, service centers), communications enterprises, as well as premises of categories D and D with an area of \u200b\u200bno more than 500 m 2
Clubs
General education schools without dormitories
Daycare centers for children, public catering and transport enterprises
Summer garden houses

Note. The number of storeys of buildings should be taken without taking into account the basement.

2.1.2 Stove heating is prohibited in buildings of categories A, B and C (in accordance with the categorization of buildings according to NPB 105-03).

2.1.3 Single-apartment solid fuel stoves may be provided in residential buildings up to two floors inclusive.

2.1.4 Stove heating is allowed for single-apartment individual houses and cottages.

2.1.5 When placing furnaces in rooms, the location of smoke channels and the layout of the building should be taken into account.

2.1.7 Furnaces, as a rule, should be placed near internal walls and partitions, providing for the use of internal fireproof walls to accommodate smoke channels in them. If it is not possible to install smoke channels in the internal walls, mounted or root smoke grouts should be used to remove smoke.

2.1.8 In buildings of any purpose, if there are corridors, furnaces should be installed so that the fireboxes and valves are serviced from the corridors. In buildings of general education schools, kindergartens, medical institutions, clubs, rest houses and hotels that do not have corridors, stoves should be installed so that the fireboxes and valves are serviced from utility rooms.

2.1.9 In corridors and utility rooms from which the furnace fireboxes are serviced, windows with vents or exhaust ventilation with a natural urge.

2.1.10 When placing stoves, it is necessary to provide free access for cleaning the combustion chamber and smoke channels from ash and soot deposits.

2.1.11 Furnaces weighing 750 kg or more (when placed on the ground floor of a rural house) must be installed on a foundation, and the latter should rest on solid ground. When installing stoves on the second or last floors, the load from them should not exceed the calculated ceiling.

2.2. Design and installation of smoke channels for furnaces.

2.2.1 Smoke channels (pipes) of furnaces must ensure the complete removal of combustion products into the atmosphere.

2.2.2 Smoke channels (pipes) should, as a rule, be placed near internal walls and partitions made of non-combustible materials. It is allowed to place in external walls made of non-combustible materials, insulated, if necessary, with outer side to exclude moisture condensation from the discharged combustion products. In the absence of walls in which channels can be placed, wall-mounted or root chimneys should be used.

2.2.3 When installing smoke ducts from prefabricated metal pipes it is necessary that the sections of the channel passing through unheated premises or outside the building, be covered with a layer of non-combustible heat-insulating material that ensures that the dew point (approximately 60 ° C) is not reached, and sections crossing building structures should have an external surface temperature not exceeding 50 ° C when the furnaces are in operation. The joints of the channel elements with each other must be sealed.

2.2.4 For each furnace, as a rule, a separate chimney. It is allowed to connect two furnaces located in the same apartment on the same floor to one pipe. When connecting two branch pipes to the channel, cuts 0.12 m thick and at least 1 m high from the bottom of the branch pipe connection should be provided.

2.2.5 Factory-made stoves must be connected to separate smoke channels.

2.2.6 On the smoke channels of a solid fuel stove, valves with an opening in them of at least 15 × 15 mm should be provided.

2.2.7 Chimneys must be designed from ceramic (clay) bricks with walls at least 120 mm thick or from heat-resistant concrete at least 60 mm thick, providing at their base pockets 250 mm deep with holes for soot removal, closed by doors. It is allowed to use chimneys made of asbestos-cement pipes or prefabricated stainless steel products (two-layer steel pipes with thermal insulation made of non-combustible material). Application asbestos-cement chimneys or stainless steel for coal stoves is not allowed. When the surfaces of the smoke channels are located outside the buildings, the thickness of the brick walls must be at least 380 mm at a design temperature of up to -20 ° C, 510 mm - at a temperature of -20 to -30 ° C and 650 mm - at a temperature below -30 ° C.

2.2.8 Chimneys should be designed vertically, without ledges and section reduction. It is allowed to deviate pipes at an angle of up to 30° to the vertical with a horizontal deviation of not more than 1 m.

2.2.9 The cross section of the chimneys should be taken, depending on the heat output of the furnace (apparatus), not less than:

- 140 × 140 mm - with a thermal power of up to 3.5 kW;

- 140 × 200 mm - with a thermal power of 3.5 to 5.2 kW;

- 140 × 270 mm - with a thermal power of 5.2 to 7 kW.

2.2.10 Section area round pipes should not be less than the area of rectangular channels. The area of the chimney should not be less area flue pipe of the device.

2.2.11 The height of the chimneys, counting from the grate to the mouth, should be taken at least 5 m.

2.2.12 Smoke ducts in internal or external walls may be made together with ventilation ducts. At the same time, they must be separated along the entire height by sealed partitions made of clay bricks with a thickness of at least 120 mm.

2.2.13. Elevation of chimneys (Fig. 2.2) should be taken:

– not less than 500 mm above a flat roof;

- at least 500 mm above the roof ridge or parapet when the pipe is located at a distance of up to 1.5 m from the ridge or parapet;

- not lower than the roof ridge or parapet when the chimney is located at a distance of 1.5 to 3 m from the ridge or parapet;

- not lower than a line drawn from the ridge down at an angle of 10 ° to the horizon, when the chimney is located at a distance of more than 3 m from the ridge.

Rice. 2.2. Options for placing smoke channels above the roof.

2.2.14. Elevation of chimneys by 500 mm must be provided for:

2.2.15 Installation of umbrellas, deflectors and other attachments on chimneys is not allowed.

2.2.16 Installation of smoke channels from prefabricated metal pipes must meet the following requirements:

– corrosion resistance (relative exposure to flue gases) of metal pipes should not be lower than the resistance corresponding to a corrosion rate of 0.01 mm/year;

- the design of the smoke channels must ensure the convenience of cleaning (through the top or cleaning hatches) and inspection, as well as the required draft (the vacuum in the smoke channel must not be lower than that specified in the Operation Manual of the furnace);

- fastenings of chimneys must be reliable and durable, it is necessary to fix at least half of the fragments (i.e. through one);

- the tightness, reliability and strength of the joints of the smoke channels fragments must be ensured, excluding the infiltration of combustion products.

2.3. Laying (installation) of furnaces and their smoke channels.

2.3.1 Within the attic, the outer surfaces of the chimney should be plastered and whitewashed.

2.3.2 When installing furnaces with increased heating, the furnace should be protected from the outside with a metal case or frame, which is fastened with clamps from strips of roofing steel 100 mm long and 10-15 mm wide, riveted to the case wall and clamped in the brickwork seams. Asbestos-cement sheets can be used as a frame, which are painted on the outside with a composition containing 70% asphalt varnish No. 177, 20% aluminum powder and 10% gasoline.

2.3.3 Building structures made of combustible materials and adjacent to furnaces and smoke channels must be protected from fire by setting back or cutting with the protection of structures with fireproof thermal insulation.

2.3.4 The retreat can be performed: completely closed, on both sides, on one side and open on all sides.

2.3.5 The dimensions of the retreat and methods of protecting combustible walls and partitions, depending on the type of retreat and design features ovens should be taken according to the table. 2.2.

Table 2.2

Furnace wall thickness, mm	retreat	Distance from the outer surface of the furnace or smoke channel (pipe) to the wall (partition), mm
Furnace wall thickness, mm	retreat	not protected	protected
	open
	Closed
	open
	Closed

Notes:

1 For walls with a fire resistance limit of 1 hour or more and a flame spread limit zero the distance from the outer surface of the furnace or smoke channel (pipe) to the wall (partition) is not standardized.

2 In buildings of children's institutions, dormitories and catering establishments, the fire resistance of the wall (partition) within the retreat should be at least 1 hour.

3 Protection of the ceiling, floor, walls and partitions should be carried out at a distance of at least 150 mm greater than the dimensions of the furnace.

4 Building structures made of combustible materials should be protected from fire with a thickness of 25 mm along a metal mesh or sheet metal on asbestos cardboard 10 mm thick.

5 It is allowed to protect structures from fire using other non-combustible materials that provide a fire resistance limit of the structure of at least 0.75 hours with an open and 1 hour with a closed retreat.

2.3.6. In preschool and medical institutions, only closed retreats should be provided. On the sides, the retreat is covered with red brick, and on top, at the level of the furnace ceiling, with two rows of bricks.

2.3.7 For air circulation in a closed retreat, holes are made in the walls on the sides above the floor and at the top, and gratings are installed.

2.3.8 The floor in the retreat should be made of non-combustible materials 70 mm above the floor level of the room. A combustible floor is allowed provided that it is protected in retreat with a fire resistance limit of at least 0.75 hours.

2.3.9 For and frame furnaces with 65 mm thick walls, the indentations should be made open on all sides.

2.3.10 Insulation of combustible structures in open retreats should be carried out with a thickness of 25 mm or with roofing steel on asbestos cardboard with a thickness of 8 mm and go beyond the contours of the furnace by 150 mm.

2.3.11 Ceilings made of combustible materials above the furnace ceiling must be protected from fire.

2.3.12 The distance between the top of the furnace floor, made of three rows of bricks, and the ceiling of combustible materials, protected by steel mesh or steel sheet on asbestos cardboard 10 mm thick, 250 mm should be taken for furnaces with periodic fires and 700 mm for furnaces, and with an unprotected ceiling, respectively 350 and 1000 mm. For furnaces with an overlap of two rows of bricks, the indicated distances should be increased by 1.5 times.

Distance between the top metal furnace with a thermally insulated ceiling and a protected ceiling, 800 mm should be taken, and for a furnace with a non-thermal insulated ceiling and an unprotected ceiling - 1200 mm.

2.3.13 The space between the ceiling (ceiling) of a heat-intensive furnace and the ceiling made of combustible materials may be closed on all sides with brick walls. In this case, the thickness of the furnace floor should be increased to four rows of brickwork, and the distance from the ceiling should be taken in accordance with clause 2.3.12. In the walls closed space above the furnace, two openings should be provided at different levels with gratings having a free cross-sectional area each of at least 150 cm 2.

2.3.14 The distance from the outer surfaces of brick or concrete chimneys to rafters, battens and other parts of the roof made of combustible materials should be provided in the light of at least 130 mm, from ceramic pipes without insulation - 250 mm, and with thermal insulation with a heat transfer resistance of 0.3 m 2 K / W non-combustible or slow-burning materials - 130 mm. The space between chimneys and roof structures made of non-combustible and slow-burning materials should be covered with non-combustible roofing materials.

2.3.15 Building structures made of combustible materials and adjacent to furnaces should be protected from thermal effects by cuttings made of non-combustible materials. The dimensions of the cuts, taking into account the wall thickness of the furnaces, should be taken equal to 500 mm to structures that are not protected from fire, and 380 mm to protected ones. Building structures made of combustible materials should be protected from fire with 25 mm thick plaster on a metal mesh, metal sheet on 8 mm thick asbestos cardboard or other non-combustible heat-insulating materials ( basalt wool, silica mats).

2.3.16 The device for vertical cutting when located in the openings of combustible structures is shown in fig. 2.4.

2.3.17. Vertical cutting should be carried out to the entire height of the furnace within the room with a thickness not less than the thickness of the adjoining wall or partition.

2.3.18 Binding of vertical grooves with the laying of the furnace or smoke channel is not allowed, as this may cause cracking during the settlement of the furnace.

2.3.19 Protection of combustible structures within the groove can be carried out with asbestos cardboard 8 mm thick or felt 20 mm thick soaked in a clay solution.

2.3.20 When installing two-story furnaces, horizontal cuts should be made at the intersections of combustible floor structures with furnaces.

2.3.21 The horizontal cuts are tied with the furnace masonry. It is not allowed to rest the cutting on the floor. For independent settlement of the building and the furnace, a gap of 15 mm is left between the cutting and the building structure, which is filled with non-combustible materials (clay mortar with the addition of asbestos chips).

2.3.22 The height of the groove should be taken greater than the thickness of the floor so that the top of the groove protrudes 70 mm above the floor or backfill in the attic.

2.3.23 Laying wooden floor beams in the groove between the top and lower tiers bunk oven is not allowed.

2.3.24 Cutting from the bottom of the ashpit and smoke ducts to the combustible floor must be carried out with three rows of bricks, ensuring a distance of at least 210 mm. With a fireproof floor structure, the bottom of the ash pan and smoke turns can be made flush with the floor.

2.3.25 A wall or partition made of combustible materials located at an angle to the front of the furnace at a distance of less than 1250 mm from the furnace door should be protected from fire from the floor to a level 250 mm above the furnace door. The protection must provide a fire resistance limit of the structure of at least 0.75 hours.

2.3.26 To protect the floor from combustible materials, a metal sheet measuring 500 × 700 mm is installed under the furnace door, with the long side along the furnace.

2.3.27 The floor made of combustible materials under frame stoves, including those with legs, should be protected from fire with sheet steel on asbestos cardboard 10 mm thick, while the distance from the bottom of the stove to the floor should be at least 100 mm.

2.3.28 Furnaces should be installed at a distance of at least 0.5 m from building structures from combustible materials.

2.3.29 Furnaces made of prefabricated concrete blocks must have compensators that prevent the destruction of blocks and the formation of through cracks when the furnace mass is heated during combustion.

2.3.30 Wall and ceiling structures made of combustible materials and adjacent to smoke channels should be protected from fire by cutting. The dimensions of the cuts should be taken according to clause 2.3.15 of these rules.

2.3.31 When smoke channels cross floor structures made of combustible materials, it is necessary to arrange horizontal grooves (Fig. 2.5).

2.3.32. Horizontal cuttings are arranged by thickening the walls of the smoke channel. In brickwork, thickening is carried out with a weight of no more than 1/4 of the brick length in each row of masonry.

2.3.33. The distance from the inner surface of the smoke channel to the building structure (the size of the cut), as well as the protection of combustible structures from fire, should be provided in accordance with clause 2.3.15.

2.3.34. Wooden beams embedded in walls with smoke channels should be located at a distance of at least 380 mm from the inner surface of the channel if the beam is protected from fire, and at a distance of at least 500 mm if not protected.

Options for cutting from smoke channels to wooden beams and crossbars are shown in fig. 2.6 and 2.7.

2.3.25 Distance from the outer surfaces of the chimneys to metal and reinforced concrete beams should be at least 130 mm.

2.3.36 Combustible roof structures (rafters, battens, etc.) must be located at least 130 mm from the outer surface of the chimney.

2.3.37 The free space between the chimney and the roof structures should be covered with a roofing steel apron placed under the otter (Fig. 2.8).

2.3.38 In buildings with roofs made of combustible materials, chimneys from solid fuel appliances must be equipped with spark arresters made of metal mesh with holes not larger than 5×5 mm and not less than 3×3 mm to avoid soot deposits.

2.3.39. To connect stoves to chimneys, you can use branch pipes (chimneys) no longer than 0.4 m. The wall thickness of the brick branch pipe must be at least 65 mm, and from heat-resistant concrete - at least 60 mm. The following restrictions must be observed:

- the distance from the top of the branch pipe to the ceiling of combustible materials must be at least 0.5 m in the absence of ceiling protection against fire and at least 0.4 m - with protection;

- the distance from the bottom of the pipe to the floor of combustible materials should not be less than 0.14 m;

- the pipes must be made of non-combustible materials.

2.4. Fire safety rules for the operation of furnaces

2.4.1 Before the start of the heating season, stoves must be checked and repaired. Faulty furnaces are not allowed for operation.

2.4.2 Before operating the furnaces, check the integrity of the furnace lining and flue ducts and the condition of the firebox lining.

2.4.3 During operation, it is necessary to constantly monitor the serviceability of shut-off and control valves, grate, ash pan and firebox doors, tightness of hatches on smoke channels.

2.4.4 Intermittent furnaces are prohibited, burning fuel more than the amount for which they are designed. Furnaces should be fired no more than twice a day.

2.4.5 In production, cultural, community, public and other service premises, the furnaces must be fired by specially designated persons who have undergone fire-fighting training and comply with fire safety rules. The furnace in these rooms should end 2 hours before the end of work in these rooms.

2.4.6 In children's institutions with daytime stay of children, the firebox must end no later than 1 hour before the arrival of children.

In hostels, hospitals and children's institutions with round-the-clock stay of children, the firebox must be completed 2 hours before the residents go to bed.

2.4.7 It is not allowed to fire furnaces during mass events.

2.4.9 It is prohibited with the furnace door open. In case of spontaneous opening of the door, it is necessary to repair it.

2.4.10 It is forbidden to overfill the firebox with fuel or use those that exceed the depth of the firebox in length.

2.4.11 Approaches to the stove from the side of the furnace door must be free. Furniture and other combustible materials should be placed at a distance of at least 0.5 m from heating appliances. In a heated room, it is allowed to store a supply of solid fuel for no more than one furnace.

2.4.12 When operating prefabricated ovens, only the type for which the oven is designed should be used. It is not allowed to convert these furnaces to replace one fuel with another.

2.4.13 It is necessary to use peat and shale, cleaned of impurities, as fuel for furnaces.

2.4.14 When igniting and loading new portions of fine coal rich in volatile compounds, do not cover the entire combustion mirror. If the mirror turned out to be closed, then until the flame appears in the firebox above the surface of the coal, it is necessary to keep the furnace door ajar with a gap of 10-20 mm to dilute the gases of the mixture to a safe concentration.

2.4.15 Furnace surfaces should be systematically cleaned from dust and other combustible deposits.

2.4.16 During the summer fire hazard period during strong wind it is advisable to stop the heating of furnaces.

2.4.17 Slag and ash must be removed to a safe place specially designated for them and filled with water.

2.4.18 The ash pan of the oven must be closed on all sides and have doors on the service side. Its design must prevent the fallout of incandescent fuel particles or ash through the combustion air inlets.

2.4.19 During the operation of furnace heating, it is prohibited:

- leave unattended heating stoves, as well as entrust the supervision of them to young children;

- place fuel, other combustible substances and materials on the pre-furnace sheet;

- to heat with coal and coke ovens not intended for these types of fuel;

– to fire stoves during indoor meetings and other public events;

- use ventilation and gas ducts as chimneys.

2.5. Fire safety rules for the operation of furnace chimneys.

2.5.1 During the operation of furnaces, periodic checks and cleaning of smoke channels should be carried out on time and in full.

2.5.2 During the operation of smoke channels, the following violations in their operation are possible:

- insufficient traction in the channels;

- loss in the chimney;

- leaks at the intersections of the roof channels;

- icing of the head and mouth of the channels.

2.5.3 The presence of draft should be checked before ignition of the stove. In the absence of traction, their operation is not allowed.

2.5.4 To ensure sufficient draft in the channels, it is necessary:

- in the room in which the stove is installed, ensure air flow through the gaps between the door and the floor, window vents or transoms.

2.5.5 To prevent moisture condensation in the smoke channels, it is necessary to control the thickness and condition of the thermal insulation of the channels made in the outer walls and within the attic.

2.5.6 To prevent leaks that cause the destruction of the walls of the channels, it is necessary to control the condition of the otter and the protective visor at the places where the channels cross the roof.

2.5.7 The technical condition of the operated channels should be constantly monitored by persons servicing the furnaces, as well as housing maintenance organizations, taking into account the requirements of the rules and norms for the technical operation of the housing stock.

2.5.8 When periodic review smoke channels are installed:

- serviceability of the head;

2.5.9 The smoke channels of the stoves are subject to periodic inspection and cleaning before and during the heating season at least once every three months.

2.5.10 Cleaning the smoke channels from soot is carried out with a chimney-cleaning troika with a hard hair brush, and changeover sleeves, branch pipes and smoke turns of furnaces - with a broom. The quality of cleaning the channels from soot is checked by lowering the pipe-cleaning troika. The free movement of the troika and the amount of soot at the base of the pipe or no more than two or three pipe cleaning buckets indicate high-quality cleaning.

2.5.11 Cleaning of smoke channels from blockages or blockages is carried out by pushing or disassembling.

First of all, it is a blockage or a blockage. If, when struck with a metal ball three or four times, the length of the rope on which the ball falls increases, then it can be assumed that this is a clogging of the channel. It is eliminated by pushing the objects that caused the blockage with a ball or pole. The blockage completely covers the channel section, cannot be pushed through, and is most often eliminated by opening the channel walls and disassembling the blockage manually through the opening. After the blockage is removed, a re-check with a ball is performed and the opening in the channel walls is closed.

2.5.12 V winter time at least once a month, and in areas with a cold climate twice a month, homeowners or persons responsible for the operation of stoves should inspect the smoke channels (pipes) and, if necessary, take measures to clean them from snow and ice in a timely manner.

2.5.13 If violations are found in the smoke channels that can lead to a fire, it is necessary to stop the operation of the furnaces connected to the channels until the violations are completely eliminated.

3. Ensuring fire safety of fireplaces.

3.1. Designing the placement of fireplaces

3.1.1. Fireplaces are installed, as a rule, in the buildings specified in clause 2.1.1 of these Recommendations.

In this case, the fireplace must be provided with a separate smoke channel with a height of at least 5 m, with the necessary rarefied (at least 10 Pa), convenient for cleaning and inspection, not passing through the premises of another owner.

3.1.2. Closed dimensions brick fireplaces with smoke channels (pipes) with a height of more than 5 m should be accepted taking into account the area of \u200b\u200bheated premises (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1

Room area, m 2	Dimensions, cm
	portal opening	firebox		smoke channel
			back wall width	smoke channel

3.1.3 Fireplaces should, as a rule, be placed against internal walls made of non-combustible materials, taking into account the possibility of attaching them to existing smoke channels (pipes).

3.1.4 It is not recommended to place fireplace surfaces opposite window openings external walls due to the possible significant air exchange in the room, the formation of drafts, as well as the negative impact on the combustion process of fuel in open furnaces.

3.1.5 It is allowed to close the furnace opening with a metal mesh screen with mesh sizes of not more than 1 × 1 mm, a heat-resistant glass curtain or a furnace door with an air duct into the firebox.

3.1.6 In rooms where fireplaces are installed, windows with opening vents (transoms) or other devices for taking outside air should be provided. The area of supply openings must be at least 100 cm 2 when installing fireplaces with a closed firebox and at least 200 cm - with an open one. It is forbidden to build fireplaces in rooms where there are no windows with opening transoms and vents and with a ceiling height of less than 2.2 m.

3.1.7 In places where fireplaces adjoin walls and partitions, laying of electrical wires is unacceptable.

3.2. Laying (installation) of fireplaces.

3.2.1 Fireplaces weighing 750 kg or more (when placed on the ground floor of a rural house) must be installed on a foundation, and the latter should rest on solid ground. When installing fireplaces on the second or last floors, the load from them should not exceed the calculated ceiling.

3.2.2 The walls of the fireboxes of brick fireplaces must be lined with refractory or refractory bricks. It is allowed to use selected red ceramic bricks or cast-iron plates for laying fireboxes.

3.2.3 For facing brick fireplaces, tiles, natural stone, heat-resistant tinted concrete, plaster and other materials should be used.

3.2.4 Before installing the fireboxes, it is necessary to inspect the elements in order to identify possible damage. If leaks are found at the joints of the parts, they must be eliminated using refractory mastic. Broken or cracked glass doors must be replaced.

3.2.5. Fireplace inserts must be installed at a distance of at least 100 mm from load-bearing walls to ensure air circulation. In the lower part of the fireplaces, when installed on the base, it is also necessary to provide a gap of at least 100 mm wide.

3.2.6. The lining of furnaces and convection (decorative) casings must be made of non-combustible materials (brick, marble, natural stone, etc.). When installing casings from sheet materials first you need to assemble a rigid frame, lay the thermal insulation, and then fix it finishing panels (drywall sheets etc.). The shell frame must not rest on the fireplace skirt.

3.2.7 Facing parts can be connected to each other and to supporting walls both mechanically and using mortars or mastics. In places of high temperatures, mortars based on heat-resistant cement or fire-resistant mastics should be used.

3.2.8 load-bearing walls and the ceiling within the enclosing casing, as well as the inner walls of the casing, must be covered with fireproof thermal insulation with a thickness of at least 30 mm (basalt fiber slabs, etc.). Thermal insulation materials must have a fire safety certificate.

3.3. Design and selection of smoke channels (pipes) for fireplaces.

3.3.1 To remove the products of combustion, channels in the main walls, root or extension pipes supported by a fireplace or an intermediate floor should be used.

3.3.2 Root pipes should be installed on separate foundations (bases). Wall and root pipes should be made of solid red ceramic brick normal firing, without cracks, grade not lower than M125 or from heat-resistant concrete blocks.

3.3.3 Mounted chimneys for fireplaces can be ceramic or metal with thermal insulation of the walls with non-combustible material. The thickness of the layer of heat-insulating material is taken according to the project or determined by calculation. The thermal resistance of the heat-insulating layer (the ratio of the thickness of the material layer in meters to its thermal conductivity coefficient) must be at least 0.5 m 2 ·K/W.

3.3.4 Metal pipes should be made of high quality specially alloyed steel with increased corrosion resistance with a wall thickness of at least 1 mm. The design of the joints and individual sections of pipes must ensure tightness at the joints and allow compensating for the thermal expansion of each element without deformation. The joints of the links of the mounted pipes must be placed outside the interfloor and attic floors.

3.3.5 The section of chimneys made of brick should be taken depending on the heat output of fireplaces, taking into account clause 2.2.9 of these rules.

3.3.6 The diameters of the chimneys of prefabricated fireplaces must be no less than the diameters of the outlet and connecting pipes.

3.3.7 The connection of prefabricated fireplace inserts to the smoke channels (pipes) must be carried out using stainless steel pipes with a thickness of at least 1 mm. It is allowed to use branch pipes made of ordinary steel with a thickness of at least 2 mm or heat-resistant rigid and flexible pipes if they have a certificate confirming their suitability for this purpose. At the joints of the parts, tightness must be ensured by tightly fitting the elements to each other along the smoke path and puttying the joints with refractory compounds.

3.3.8 In chimneys it is necessary to provide devices for cleaning channels from soot deposits.

3.3.9 When installing smoke channels from prefabricated metal pipes, it is necessary that the sections of the channel passing through unheated rooms or outside the building be covered with a layer of non-combustible heat-insulating material that ensures that the dew point is not reached (approximately 60 ° C), and sections crossing building structures, must have an external surface temperature not higher than 50 °C during the operation of furnaces. The joints of the channel elements with each other must be sealed.

3.3.10 Factory-made fireplaces must be connected to separate smoke channels.

3.3.11 Installation of smoke channels from prefabricated metal pipes must meet the following requirements:

– corrosion resistance (relative exposure to flue gases) of metal pipes should not be lower than the resistance corresponding to a corrosion rate of 0.01 mm/year;

- the walls of the inner surface of the chimneys must be smooth, without protrusions;

- the design of the smoke ducts must ensure the convenience of cleaning (through the top or cleaning hatches) and inspection, as well as the required draft (the vacuum in the smoke duct must not be lower than that specified in the Fireplace Operation Manual)^

– chimney fastenings must be reliable and durable, i.e. it is necessary to fix at least half of the fragments (i.e. through one);

- the tightness, reliability and strength of the joints of the smoke channels fragments must be ensured, excluding the infiltration of combustion products.

3.3.12 Smoke channels (mounted or root) should not pass through the apartment of another owner; it is possible to install them in the shaft of the wall that limits the other owner (wall smoke channel). In this case, openings for cleaning the smoke channel must be provided on the side of the fireplace owner's room. In addition, the following restrictions must be met:

- each fireplace must have a separate vertical smoke channel of the same cross section along the entire length, but deviation is allowed, if necessary, at an angle of not more than 45 ° from the vertical with a horizontal deviation of not more than 1 m;

- the height of the chimneys, measured from the level of the furnace, is at least 5 m;

- the removal of smoke into the ventilation ducts and the installation of ventilation grilles on them is unacceptable.

3.3.13 Elevation of chimneys by 500 mm must be provided for:

- higher top point a building attached to a heated one;

- above the upper plane of the wind shadow of a taller adjacent building or structure.

3.3.14 The ratio of the area of the furnace opening to the cross-sectional area of the chimney should be within 8 - 15. The cross-sectional area of the chimney should be at least 0.03 m2.

3.4. Laying (installation) of fireplaces and their docking with smoke channels.

3.4.1. If there is a combustible floor in the premises, combustible materials should be removed in the places where fireplaces are installed and bases made of non-combustible materials should be arranged with an exit beyond the dimensions of fireplaces of at least 50 mm (Fig. 3.2).

If this solution is not possible, the wooden floor must be protected from fire with sheet steel on asbestos board 10 mm thick or other non-combustible heat-insulating material. The distance from the bottom of the fireplace ash pan to the floor must be at least 100 mm.

3.4.2 The temperature of the floor under the fireplace must not exceed 50 °C (clause 4.1.10 GOST 9817-95) during its operation, for which a layer of heat-insulating non-combustible material of the appropriate thickness (determined by calculation) should be placed under its base.

3.4.3 The floor made of non-combustible materials under the firebox door or the portal opening of fireplaces should be protected from fire with a metal sheet or other non-combustible material with a width of at least 500 mm. long side the sheet must be at least 100 mm larger than the width of the firebox door or fireplace portal.

3.4.4 When placing fireplaces near walls (partitions) made of combustible materials or adjoining smoke channels to them, it is necessary to replace combustible material with non-combustible one (brick, cellular concrete and etc.). If such a replacement is not possible, then for fireplaces and smoke ducts made of brick, it is necessary to provide for the installation of fire cuttings made of red brick with a size of 380 mm with the protection of structures from fire with non-combustible heat-insulating material. When using other non-combustible materials for the cutting device, their thermal resistance, taking into account the thickness of the walls of fireplaces or smoke channels, must be at least 0.5 m K / W.

3.4.5 When placing fireplaces and smoke channels near building structures made of combustible materials, provision should be made for a setback from the outer surfaces of fireplaces or channels to walls or partitions. The size of the retreat and the method of protecting structures from fire when laying fireplaces and brick smoke channels must be taken from Table. 2.2.

3.4.6 When placing prefabricated fireplaces near walls (partitions) made of combustible materials, it is necessary to provide for retreats from the surfaces of fireplaces and chimneys over the entire height of building structures with a size of at least 260 mm with protection of structures from fire with fireproof heat-insulating material.

3.4.7 In places where smoke channels (pipes) intersect floor and attic floors made of combustible materials, it is necessary to arrange fire-prevention cuttings, taking into account the requirements of clause 3.4.4 of this chapter (Fig. 3.3).

3.4.8 The distance from the outer surfaces of brick and concrete channels or metal chimneys with thermal insulation with a heat transfer resistance of 0.3 m2 K / W to roofing parts made of combustible materials should be taken in the light of at least 130 mm, and from ceramic pipes without thermal insulation - 250 mm. The space between chimneys and roof structures made of combustible materials must be covered with non-combustible roofing materials.

3.4.9 If there is a roof made of combustible materials, smoke channels (pipes) should be equipped with spark arresters made of metal mesh with a mesh size of not more than 5 × 5 and not less than 3 × 3 mm in order to avoid soot deposits.

3.4.10 The design of fireplaces and chimneys must provide free access for cleaning the firebox, smoke eaves and chimneys from ash and soot deposits.

3.4.11 C outside the furnace, a barrier grate with a height of at least 0.1 m must be installed.

3.4.12 Walls made with combustible materials adjoining at an angle to the pediment of the fireplace should be protected from fire to a height from the floor to a level of 0.25 m above the top of the furnace hole. Protection of structures from fire with thermal insulation should be carried out with non-combustible materials with a total thermal resistance of at least 0.1 m 2 K / W. The dimensions of the protective insulation should be more than the height and width of the heating surface by 0.15 m.

3.4.13 The total thermal resistance of thermal insulation from the inner surface of the smoke channels to metal and reinforced concrete beams should be taken at least 0.15 m 2 K / W.

3.4.14 When installing a fireplace on a ceiling made using combustible materials (class K1, K2, K3), the minimum distance from the floor level to the bottom of the ash pan should be 0.14 m. In the absence of an ash pan, the distance from the floor level to the floor of the firebox should be not less than 0.21 m.

3.4.15 Ceilings made using combustible materials (class K1, K2, K3) under fireplaces with metal legs must be insulated with non-combustible material with a thermal resistance of at least 0.08 m 2 K / W, followed by lining with roofing steel. The height of metal legs near fireplaces must be at least 0.1 m.

3.5. Fire safety rules for the operation of fireplaces.

3.5.1 Before lighting the fireplaces, make sure that there is draft in the smoke channels (pipes). To do this, a strip of thin paper must be brought to the ajar door of the fireplace or to the portal opening. Its deviation towards the furnace indicates the presence of traction.

3.5.3 It is necessary to clean the ash box in a timely manner. An overfilled duct can cause back draft with the release of combustion products into the room.

3.5.4 In the premises where fireplaces are installed, it is allowed to store firewood in an amount not exceeding the daily requirement. daily requirement firewood must be specified in the package of technical documentation for prefabricated fireplaces or determined during the test firing of fireplaces erected at the installation site (during their laying).

3.5.5 The outer surfaces of brick and ceramic pipes laid in attics must be whitewashed.

3.5.6 Cleaning of smoke channels (pipes) from soot deposits should be carried out before the start of the heating season, and also at least once every three months during the heating season.

3.5.7 Premises where fireplaces are installed must be equipped with manual powder or carbon dioxide fire extinguishers with a capacity of at least 2 liters.

3.5.8 Smoke ducts and fireplaces must be checked before the start of the heating season in order to identify the presence of draft, the tightness of the joints and the serviceability of the elements of fireplaces and ducts. The tightness of the knots is determined in accordance with clause 50.2 of NPB 252-98. In addition, fireplace chimneys must be checked and cleaned at least once every three months during the heating season.

3.5.9 When operating fireplaces, it is prohibited:

- use a type of fuel that is not intended for fireplaces;

- use flammable and combustible liquids for kindling:

- use firewood, the dimensions of which exceed the dimensions of the fireboxes;

- dry clothes and other materials and objects on the details of fireplaces;

- place combustible objects closer than 1.5 m from the radiant surface of fireplaces;

- fill a niche for storing firewood with flammable materials, as well as overfill it with firewood;

- kindle fireplaces with broken or cracked glass;

- overheating the furnaces by burning a large amount of firewood;

- to block the smoke channels when burning firewood;

– remove non-extinguished coals and ash;

- fill the fire in the fireboxes with water;

- make changes to the design of fireplaces and use the latter for other purposes;

– leave open fireplaces unattended and allow young children to operate them.

3.5.10. To ensure sufficient traction in the channels, it is necessary:

– to carry out their timely cleaning from soot, resinous deposits, dust, fluff and foreign objects;

– close up cracks in the walls of the channels and seal leaks in the connecting pipes and installation sites of embedded parts (hatches, valves, views, etc.);

- in the room in which the fireplace is installed, ensure the flow of air through the gaps between the door and the floor, window vents or transoms.

3.5.11 To prevent moisture condensation in the smoke channels, it is necessary to control the thickness and condition of the thermal insulation of the channels made in the outer walls and within the attic.

3.5.12 To prevent leaks that cause the destruction of the walls of the channels, it is necessary to control the condition of the otter and the protective visor at the places where the channels cross the roof.

3.5.13 When periodically checking the smoke channels, the following is established:

- the presence of draft in the smoke channel;

- the density of the brickwork and the junctions of the branch pipes with the smoke channels;

- no clogging of the smoke channel;

- serviceability of the head;

- the condition of the fire breaks.

In addition, during the check, the channels are cleaned of soot deposits.

3.5.14 Smoke channels of fireplaces are subject to periodic inspection and cleaning before and during the heating season at least once every three months.

3.5.15 Cleaning the smoke channels from soot is carried out with a chimney-cleaning troika with a hard hair brush, and changeover sleeves, branch pipes and smoke turns of furnaces - with a broom. The quality of cleaning the channels from soot is checked by lowering the pipe-cleaning troika. The free movement of the troika and the amount of soot at the base of the pipe or no more than two or three pipe cleaning buckets indicate high-quality cleaning.

3.5.16 Cleaning of smoke channels from blockages or blockages is carried out by pushing or disassembling. First of all, it is a blockage or a blockage. If, when struck with a metal ball three or four times, the length of the rope on which the ball falls increases, then it can be assumed that this is a clogging of the channel. It is eliminated by pushing the objects that caused the blockage with a ball or pole. The obstruction completely covers the channel section; cannot be pushed through and is most often eliminated by opening the walls of the channel and disassembling the blockage manually through the opening. After the blockage is removed, a re-check with a ball is performed and the opening in the channel walls is closed.

3.5.17 In winter, at least once a month, and in areas with a cold climate, twice a month, homeowners or persons responsible for the operation of fireplaces must inspect the smoke channels (pipes) and, if necessary, take measures to promptly clean them from snow and ice.

3.5.18 If violations are found in the smoke channels that can lead to a fire, it is necessary to stop the operation of fireplaces connected to the channels until the violations are completely eliminated.

In contact with

Employees of the Department of Emergency Situations of the West Kazakhstan region appeal to the population with a request to observe safety measures when operating stoves and heating appliances, not to leave them unattended.

Traditionally, with lower temperatures, the number of fires increases due to violations of fire safety rules during the operation of furnaces and electrical equipment, careless handling of fire. According to statistics, of all the causes of fires in third place is the improper operation of stoves. In order for the housing to remain unharmed and no one was hurt, it is necessary to learn a number of simple rules for installing a stove and repairing it, which will not allow you to disturb the harmony of your home, and the use of coal-wood heating would carry the function of heating, and would serve aesthetic pleasure.

1. Before the start of the heating season, clean stoves and chimneys, repair and whitewash with lime or clay mortar, so that black cracks can be seen from the smoke passing through them.

When checking chimneys, they control:

The presence of traction and the absence of clogging;

Their density and isolation;

Availability and serviceability of cuttings that protect combustible structures;

The serviceability and correctness of the location of the head relative to the roof, closely spaced trees and structures in order to make sure that the chimneys are placed outside the zone of wind backwater.

2. Furnace, chimney at the junction with wooden attic or interfloor ceilings must have thickenings of brickwork - cutting. Do not forget about the thickening of the walls of the furnace.

3. Any furnace must have an independent foundation and not adjoin the entire plane of one of the walls to wooden structures. Leave an air gap between them. On a wooden floor in front of the firebox, it is necessary to nail a metal (pre-furnace) sheet with dimensions of at least 50 by 70 cm.

4. It is extremely dangerous to leave heating stoves unattended or in the care of young children.

5. Flammable and flammable liquids must not be used to ignite stoves.

7. Three hours before going to bed, the furnace fire must be stopped.

8. To avoid the formation of cracks in the masonry, it is necessary to periodically clean the chimney from soot accumulating in it. At least once every three months, involve a chimney sweeper to clean the chimneys from soot.

9. Things and raw firewood should not be dried on the stove.

10. Make sure that furniture, curtains are at least half a meter from the array of the heating stove.

11. In no case should you heat the stove with wood that does not fit into the firebox in length. On logs, fire can spread to nearby objects, floors and walls.

12. On the offensive sub-zero temperatures freezing of chimneys is dangerous, which can lead to a violation of the ventilation of residential premises. In winter, at least once a month, it is necessary to inspect the chimney caps in order to prevent freezing and blockage of the chimneys. Homeowners are required to check chimneys for proper draft. What can lead to the formation of indoor carbon monoxide.

M.K. Bisembaev
Chief Specialist
GTN UKPDOPB DChS WKO
civil defense captain

Wood is recommended as fuel hard rock wood, which provide an even, calm flame. Solid wood gives good heat and slow combustion. This wood is birch, oak, ash, beech, etc.

Less dense wood of soft and coniferous species, on the contrary, gives more fire, but less coal and heat. This is the wood of pine, spruce, poplar and linden.

It is preferable to use birch firewood, since after combustion they emit a lot of heat and a minimum amount of carbon monoxide, but give a large amount of soot. Alder and aspen, on the contrary, have the ability to burn soot out of the chimney.

Firewood from larch, etc. emit a lot of heat, they quickly heat up the furnace array and therefore their consumption is much less than birch. However, after combustion, such firewood emits a large amount of carbon monoxide, which requires very careful attention when manipulating the air damper.

Logs should not be small, their length is 2/3-3/4 of the width of the furnace hole.

Freshly cut firewood will burn poorly, smoke heavily and contribute to the formation of condensate in the pipe.

For ignition, it is desirable to use paper, birch bark, resin torches. This will remove cold air from the chimney, create draft and ensure the ignition temperature of firewood is 300-350 "C. In cold weather, if the stove has not been used for a long time, it is better to start kindling with the summer stroke valve open. After ignition, dry logs must be put into the furnace.

Firewood must be dried for 1-2 years, and have a maximum moisture content of 15%. When using damp firewood, the loss of calorific value can reach, according to Finnish sources, 34-57%. And it also leads to a rapid clogging of the furnace with soot. Part of the heat released during the combustion of fuel is used to evaporate the water contained in it. The heat expended on the evaporation of water is lost with the steam leaving the pipe. It is desirable to have firewood of approximately the same thickness (5-10 cm) and moisture content so that they burn with the same gap in time. Otherwise, it happens that unburned single firebrands take away more heat than they give, since you cannot close the pipe until they are completely burned.

The maximum heat transfer of the furnace is achieved with two fireboxes per day. The stove is heated, as a rule, twice a day (morning, evening), without overloading the firebox. When it's warm outside, they heat it once. Open the firebox door as little as possible during the firebox. When it is opened, a large amount of air enters the furnace, which is not involved in combustion, which cools the furnace.

Stoves must not be lit during mass events indoors.

Do not overheat the oven (90 C).

It is impossible to heat the furnace at the stage of construction of the building, when there is no design thermal circuit. In this case, as a rule, the furnace is reheated and destroyed. The same is obtained when the furnace is heated in winter with the forward valve open. In this case, an attempt to heat the room leads to overheating of the furnace, uneven heating of the walls and destruction of the furnace.

It is unacceptable to melt the stove with flammable substances (gasoline, acetone, etc.).

In order for the stove to work for a long time and not require cleaning, do not burn garbage in it, especially polymers, rotten and wet firewood, varnished, painted wood, paper and cardboard. The substances arising during the combustion of these materials settle on the walls of the furnace and greatly increase the risk of fire and litter the environment.

You can not heat a wood stove with coal, coke.

When operating the oven:

Forbidden ignite the stove with flammable or combustible liquids, pyrotechnic substances.

Forbidden use alcohol, benzine, thinners and similar substances for kindling, as this creates a risk of explosion or thermal shock due to a sharp rise in temperature.

Forbidden use as fuel coal, coke, peat, liquid and gaseous fuels.

Forbidden throw into the furnace household waste, products made of plastics and other materials that may lead to contamination environment and the occurrence of fire in the chimney due to its pollution.

Forbidden pour water over cast iron doors with and without fire-resistant glass during operation or when they are in a heated state in order to avoid cracking the glass or the door itself.

Forbidden remove soot from the smoke channel by burning.

After finishing the laying of the furnace, it is necessary to thoroughly clean the firebox, ash chamber and horizontal sections of the chimneys from mortar and brick fragments.

Chimneys are cleaned through cleaning doors, after which they are hermetically closed. For sealing, a solution or moistened asbestos is applied around the perimeter to the frame of the door, after which the canvas is pressed tightly and fixed by turning the handle. After that, you can check the presence of traction, for which open the valves and burn the paper in the hearth.

Drying the oven

We should not forget that on hot summer days there may be no traction. This is explained by the fact that the walls of the channel are damp, cold, the air in them is damp, cold, heavy, and the outside air is warm - light. It is necessary to excite draft in the chimney. To do this, the cleaning door located under the chimney is opened and the paper is burned in the channel until a stable draft is formed, after which the cleaning door is hermetically closed and the oven is left to dry. All valves, furnace and blower doors must be open to ensure free air circulation through the channels. It is desirable to ensure good ventilation of the room, but not to create drafts. To speed up drying, the stove can be heated 2...3 times a day for 15...20 minutes with a small amount of dry small firewood, preventing its walls from heating up. It is better to heat with the furnace door open and the blower closed. This ensures the supply of a large amount of air, provides good ventilation of the smoke channels at high temperatures. Depending on the size of the oven and the humidity of the air, drying can take 3-10 days. Throughout this period, the chimney and the blower door should not be closed. If moisture has stopped falling on the underside of the covered slide gate valve, it means that the furnace has dried out, you can heat it with full load.

Proper furnace firebox

The correct furnace furnace, or combustion process control, consists in regulating the air supply to the furnace (firebox) by opening or covering the blower door and furnace valve. At the same time, the blower door regulates the amount of air supplied, the valve controls the draft. Both lack and excess of air lead to useless losses of heat and fuel. If there is insufficient air flow to the fuel, it does not burn completely. The product of incomplete combustion is soot. Combustion with a lack of air leads to an abundant deposition of soot on the inner walls of the smoke circuits, a sharp decrease in heat exchange between the flue gases - heat carriers and the walls of the smoke channels, and to the removal of heat with flue gases into the chimney. The supply of excess air reduces the combustion temperature, as a result of which the volatile components of the fuel do not participate in combustion at all, because They require high temperatures to ignite. Excess air that is not involved in combustion, passing through the smoke circuits, cools them and carries a large amount of heat outside. That is why it is forbidden to fire the stove with an open or faulty firebox door. In addition, the fire hazard increases due to the possible release of cracking burning wood. A sign of normal combustion is a straw-golden color of the flame and a calm rustling sound, accompanied by a slight crackle when burning firewood. A bright white flame and a buzz in the firebox indicate an excess of air. In this case, it is necessary to cover the blower. A burgundy smoky flame, a sluggish combustion process and black or grayish-brown smoke coming out of the chimney indicate incomplete combustion of the fuel due to lack of air. It is necessary to open the valve - increase the draft - add the amount of air. The economical operation of the furnace depends on the quality of the fuel.

The firewood must be dry, even in size, 5 ... 10 cm shorter than the firebox, 6 ... 8 cm thick. Dry, finely chopped firewood is used for kindling, and in order to quickly create the initial ignition temperature of the firewood, splinter from dried straight-layer resinous wood. You can use birch bark, shavings, dried wood chips, paper.

The amount of firewood laid depends on the type of hearth and its individual characteristics. A full portion of firewood should be loaded into heating stoves at one time, or at least ¾ of a one-time norm, while there should be at least 20 cm of space before the firebox overlaps. First, kindling material and a small amount of dry small firewood are placed in sauna heaters. After a normal fire, a full portion of firewood is loaded. Only clean chopped firewood is used to heat the stove. Before starting the furnace, it is advisable to ventilate the room. The furnace of the heating furnace begins with its preparation, for which it is necessary:

fully open the pipe;
clean the grate and remove the ash from the ash chamber;
close the blower door;
check traction;
lay kindling on the grate: torches, birch bark, paper and dry small firewood;
lay firewood intended for one firebox in horizontal layers;
light kindling;
after the kindling has ignited, close the furnace door and open the blower.

When the firewood flares up well, partially open the blower door and adjust the draft with the stove valve. During combustion, the furnace array must absorb maximum amount heat. This is achieved by raising the temperature flue gases by supplying a minimum amount of air. At a flue gas temperature of +200°C and above, no soot deposits are deposited in the smoke circuits. At higher temperatures and furnace furnace raw firewood, as a result of their incomplete combustion, the walls of the chimneys are covered with soot. Formed as if fur coat, the heat exchange between the flue gases and the inner walls of the smoke circuits is sharply reduced, narrowing the flow area of the channels.

During the period of the furnace, for uniform combustion of firewood, it is necessary to mix them 2 ... 3 times, close the pipe and the blower door in a timely manner. The normal duration of burning a stove with wood is 1.5 ... 2.5 hours, depending on the size of the stove and the air temperature. If unburned firewood remains in the firebox - firebrands, they are collected in the center of the grate for afterburning, if they are large, afterburning may be delayed. During this time, cold air passing through the smoke circuits will carry away a large amount of heat, so it makes sense to remove them into a bucket of water. The valve can be closed completely only after the blue lights on the coals have disappeared and an ash coating has appeared on them.

Furnace rules cookers with a heating shield and combined heating and cooking stoves differs in that their fireboxes have a slightly smaller size, limited in the upper part by a cast-iron plate flooring used for cooking. Therefore, the fuel in them is loaded in portions in several stages. It is impossible to load the firebox completely with firewood, it is necessary to leave free space between the fuel and the stove is at least 10 ... 15 cm.

These furnaces, as a rule, have a summer and winter course. Therefore, the upper valve is opened in all cases before the furnace is fired up. The summer valve is opened only in cases where heating of the heating shield is not needed. By opening the summer run valve, the heating shield is switched off. This can be used when melting the furnace after a long break in the furnace. During the heating season, stoves should be fired regularly 1...2 times a day, avoiding supercooling of the stove mass, this is uneconomical, because. warming up takes a lot of fuel. If oven long time was not heated, which happens all the time in summer cottages and garden houses, then it may not have traction. It is not recommended to immediately light firewood in the firebox, you must first check the draft. To do this, burn the paper in the firebox with the blower door closed. If the smoke does not go through the hail, then there is no draft. It is necessary to open the cleaning door located under the chimney and burn the paper there, having previously laid the kindling in the firebox. As soon as it appears in the chimney, close the cleaning door and set fire to the kindling in the firebox. If the oven has been unheated for a long time, cooled down and damp, this method will have to be repeated several times.

Oven care

The good economic operation of any stove depends not only on its design and quality of masonry, but also on maintenance. Any furnace requires both constant maintenance and periodic preventive and current repair and inspection. Permanent care consists in cleaning the grate, removing ash and slag from the firebox and ash chamber in front of each furnace, maintaining the cleanliness of the walls of the furnace and stove, and filling small cracks. It is necessary to constantly monitor the state of traction. In order to prevent the deposition of soot in chimneys, especially if the stove is fired with damp birch or resinous firewood, it is recommended to periodically heat it with dry aspen firewood. Dry aspen firewood emits a lot of volatile components, getting into the smoke channels, they burn out the soot. Periodic preventive inspection and repair include cleaning of chimneys and chimneys, whitewashing the chimney in attic. Cleaning doors are installed in furnaces of the latest designs to clean the smoke circuits. Cleaning must be done at least 2 times a year, and the first cleaning channel in the direction of the smoke more often. After cleaning, the cleaning doors are carefully compacted with clay mortar or moistened asbestos, which are applied thin layer into the groove of the cleaning door frame before closing it. Unsealed doors give a large air leak, which adversely affects the operation of the furnace.

The current repair is carried out at the end of the heating season and consists in sealing cracks on the surface of the stove, strengthening loose stove appliances, replacing the floor slab, grate, removing blockages in chimneys, updating plaster, whitewashing.

Before the start of the heating season, it is necessary to inspect the stove again, clean the chimneys by opening the cleaning holes, whitewash the chimney in the attic and make a test fire. A trial firebox should always be carried out in the morning, after ventilating the room.

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