Enclosing structures of multi-storey buildings made of expanded polystyrene concrete. New technologies for the construction of enclosing structures in the construction of multi-storey buildings

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1. General Provisions

2. Characteristics of the construction area and construction conditions

3. Characteristics of the land plot for construction with justification for the need to use it for construction land plots outside the provided land

3.1 Climatic conditions

4. Features of carrying out work in the conditions of an operating enterprise and (or) in conditions of cramped urban development

7. The device of recesses and monolithic foundations for fence posts

7.3 Need for material and technical resources. Characteristics of the main materials and products used

7.6 Labor protection

8. Installation of fence posts

9.1 Staffing needs

12.2 Work performed on the track and near the railway

List of used normative literature

1. General Provisions

The structures, products and materials of the applied structures are manufactured according to the project developed by VNT LLC. The project was carried out on the basis of the terms of reference issued by Port Vanino OJSC and meets the requirements of the relevant standards and specifications.

The PIC section was developed in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 87 dated February 16, 2008. about the composition of sections project documentation requirements for their content" and MDS 12-48.2008 Guidelines on the development and execution of a project for the organization of construction, a project for the organization of demolition (dismantling), a project for the production of works.

Production and acceptance of work during the installation of enclosing structures, during installation support pillars, welding field joints should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of building codes and regulations SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures" and the organization construction industry and safety in construction, fire safety rules in the production of construction and installation works, with the requirements of state supervision authorities, as well as be guided by this PPR.

2. Characteristics of the construction area and construction conditions with justification for the need to use land plots outside the provided land plot for construction

The design site is located on the northwestern shore of Vanina Bay in the Tatar Strait and on the Baikal-Amur Railway. Geographically - in the Vaninsky district of the Khabarovsk Territory.

The site represents a vast territory of the borders of the Vanino port, the total length of the designed fence is 910 m.

The construction site belongs to the IG climatic subregion of the 1st climatic region.

The conditions for the construction of this facility are cramped, and impossible for the entrance of any construction equipment.

3. Characteristics of the land plot for construction

3.1 Climatic conditions

The construction site belongs to the IG climatic subregion of the 1st climatic region. Construction site according to SNiP 23.01-99 * (as amended in 2003) "Construction climatology" and SNiP 2.01.07-85 "Loads and impacts": characterized by the following data:

Climatic region I (subregion IG);

Estimated winter outdoor temperature - minus 27 °C;

Wind region - VI;

Wind pressure 0.73 kPa;

Snow Region IV;

Snow cover weight 2.4 kPa;

4. Features of carrying out work in the conditions of an operating enterprise and (or) in the conditions of urban development

The main construction work is carried out on the territory of the Vanino port. To deliver materials, use the transport system of the port, due to the large length of the site and its location, work should be carried out in agreement with the port administration for a specific construction site (capture).

5. Organizational and technological scheme of the sequence of construction of buildings and structures

The scope of works of the projected facility includes;

* The length of the designed fence:

1st line - 910 m, 2nd line - 2226m

Car gates - 2 pcs.

Railway gate - 3 pcs.

Gearbox - 4 pcs.

Construction work should be carried out in two periods: preparatory and main.

During the preparatory period, carry out work to prepare the construction site (direct site of work): determining the size of the grip, agreeing with the administration on the performance of work on a specific grip, determining the presence of networks in the grip, clearing the territory of the grip, if necessary, dismantle existing structures.

The water needed for construction should be transported in tank trucks.

Communication with the dispatching service is carried out by cellular communication.

During the main period, directly install the fence, gate and checkpoint.

6. Technological sequence of works

Prior to the start of work on the gripper, clear the area

Construction debris and clearing waste must be completely removed prior to commencement of work.

When performing installation work, it is necessary to strictly follow the requirements of SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures" section 3 and SNiP 3.04.03-85 "Protection building structures and structures against corrosion", standard flow charts, as well as a project for the production of works developed by the contractor.

The production of works includes the following operations:

Loading and unloading materials

Excavation

Crushed stone cushion device

Rack installation

Foundations

Installation of longitudinal crossbars

Installation of corrugated board

Loading and unloading of materials, as well as digging excavations, should be carried out manually due to the impossibility of access to the site of construction equipment.

Installation work on the construction of the facility shall be carried out in strict accordance with the project for the production of works developed by a specialized organization.

Dismantling work should be carried out with crowbars, jackhammers, as well as with the use of manual electrical equipment (turbines, perforators, etc.). Load construction waste manually on vehicles and transport it to the landfill household waste at a distance of 5 km.

Conduct construction in accordance with SP 12-136-2002 "Labor safety in construction". Installation and movement of structures should be carried out under the guidance of a person responsible for the safe performance of work with cranes.

7. The device of recesses and monolithic foundations for fence posts and lighting poles

7.1 Organization and technology of work

7.1.1 Scoping

The total length of the fence is 1110m, the posts are located every 3m, therefore the number of posts is:

Nst \u003d Llimit / 3 \u003d 1110 / 3 \u003d 370 (pcs.), where Llimit is the length of the fence (1)

Since the object is located in a place inaccessible to construction equipment, all earthworks and works are carried out manually. The dimensions of the recesses are taken to be 500x500 mm, therefore the volume of one recess for the rack is equal to:

Vv1= axbxh;, (2)

where a, b, h is the length, width, depth of the recess for the rack

0.5x0.5x1.4=0.35m3

The volume of all recesses under the racks:

Vv \u003d Vv1 * Nst; (3)

Vv \u003d 0.35x370 \u003d 129.5 m3

The volume of one recess for a lighting pole:

Vosv1=AxBxH (4)

Vosv1=1.08x1x0.7=0.756 m3

where A, B, H is the length, width, depth of the recess for the lighting pole.

The volume of all recesses for lighting poles:

Vav = Vav1xNav (5)

Vosv 0.756x14=10.58m3; where Nsv - number of columns

The height of the crushed stone base hsh is 200 mm, therefore its volume is:

Vsh1= hsh(a*b*Nst+A*B*Nst) (6)

Vsh1=0.2*(0.5*0.5*370+1.08*14)=21.52m3

7.2 Work instructions

Before excavation works are to be completed preparatory work, which include cutting the vegetation layer and cleaning the site from debris, stumps, shrubs.

Filling with concrete should begin after cleaning the bottom, checking the actual depth of the excavation and its location in the plan.

Concrete mix grade B 12.5 is produced on site using a Delta BS2-160 T concrete mixer with a volume of 160 liters.

Then it is transported to the place of concreting in a construction wheelbarrow.

Before concreting, a crushed stone base 200 mm high is arranged in the recess, then it is carefully rammed.

Concreting is carried out by the method of free drop concrete mix from a construction truck. For compaction, the concrete mixture must be thoroughly compacted with an internal vibrator. Until the final curing of concrete, which lasts about 28 days, the foundation must be isolated from precipitation.

The need for material and technical resources. Characteristics of the main materials and products used

Table 1

7.4 Statement of needs for machines, mechanisms, tools, fixtures

table 2

Name	Type, brand, manufacturer	Purpose	Main technical characteristics	Quantity per link (team) pcs.

Perforator	BOSCH PBH 2500 RE	Soil development	Power supply: 220 V; Power consumption: 600W; Output power: 300; Revolutions: 0--2000 rpm; Beats: 0-- 5000 bpm; Impact: 1.9 J; Drill diameter (concrete) (max.): 22 mm; Drilling diameter (wood) (max.): 30 mm; Drill diameter (steel) (max.): 13 mm; Electronic reverse; Drilling depth limiter; Weight: 2.2 kg.
concrete mixer	Delta BS2-160 T	Production of concrete mix	Power supply: 220 W Power consumption: 650W Full load current: 3.6A Drum opening: 390mm Drum rotation speed: 28-30 rpm Destruction class electric shock: II class Box dimensions: 760 x 680 x 460 mm
Wheelbarrow construction	ZUBR 39911	Concrete transfer
mortar shovel		Excavation cleaning, concrete mix placement
Deep vibrator	Red beacon EPK-1300045-0261	Concrete compaction

7.5 Quality control and acceptance of works

7.5.1 Quality control of the excavation device

To ensure the high quality of construction products, all work must be controlled and in accordance with the requirements normative documents.

Quality control and acceptance of work in production earthworks and installation of foundations must be carried out in accordance with - SNiP 3.02.01-87. "Earth structures, bases and foundations."

The main requirements are indicated in the tables:

Table 3

Technical requirements	Limit deviations of dimensions, mm, and slopes	Control (method and scope)
1 Elevation deviations in the rough development of planning cuts		Measuring, measurement points are set randomly; the number of measurements per received area must be at least:
a) shortfalls	With hydraulic drive +100
b) busts
2 Deviations of the marks of the bottom of the excavations in the places of foundations and laying of structures during the final development or after completion of shortfalls and replenishment of busts
3 Type and characteristics of the exposed soil of natural bases for foundations and earthworks		Measuring, with the number of measurements on the leased area at least 20 in the highest places, established by visual inspection
4 Deviations of the slope of the planned surface from the design
5 Deviations of the levels of the planned surface from the design ones in non-rocky soils
		Measuring, at the corners and center of the pit, at the intersections of the axes of the building, at the places of changes in elevations, turns and junctions of trenches, the location of wells, but not less than 50 m and not less than 10 measurements per received area
	Must match the project. Erosion, softening, loosening or freezing of the top layer of soil with a thickness of more than 30 mm is not allowed.	Technical inspection of the entire surface of the base
	Must not exceed ±0.001	Visual (monitoring of precipitation runoff) or measuring, on a grid of 50×50 m
	Must not exceed ±50	Measuring, on a grid of 50x50 m

7.5.2 Quality control of foundations

Table 3

Name technological processes to be controlled	Subject of control	Method of control and tool	Control time	Responsible for control	Specifications for quality assessment

Concrete laying	Thickness of layers of concrete mix	Visually	In progress		The layer thickness should be no more than 1.25 of the length of the working part of the vibrator
	Concrete compaction, concrete care	Visually	In progress		The vibrator relocation step should not be more than 1.5 of the vibrator action radius, the immersion depth should be slightly greater than the thickness of the laid concrete layer. Favorable temperature and humidity conditions for concrete hardening should be ensured by protecting it from the effects of wind, direct sun rays and systematic hydration
	Mobility of the concrete mix	Cone Stroy - TsNIL-press (PSU-500)	Before concreting	Construction laboratory	The mobility of the concrete mixture should be 1 - 3 cm of the draft of the cone according to SNiP 3.03.01-87

7.6 Labor protection

Persons over 18 years of age who have passed an introductory briefing and a medical examination are allowed to work with power tools.

The use of a hammer drill is permitted after inspection of the condition of the tool.

Must be worn before use protective equipment(rubber gloves goggles), prepare insulating mats

During operation, it is forbidden to hold on to the electric cord, remove chips from rotating parts.

Using a hammer drill on a ladder ( ladder) is allowed at a height of no more than 2.5 meters.

During use, it is necessary to monitor the position of the electrical cords to exclude the possibility of breaking the wire.

Do not use the punch tool near heat sources or open flames.

8. Installation of fence posts

8.1 Work instructions

The fence post is a square pipe 100x100mm in size, t=8mm thick, L=3800mm long.

Racks are installed in a pre-arranged recess 1400mm deep with a crushed stone base 200mm high.

The verticality of the rack is controlled by a plumb line and building level.

8.2 The need for material and technical resources. Characteristics of the main materials and products used

8.3 Statement of needs for machines, mechanisms, tools, fixtures

Table 4

9. The need for construction in personnel, energy resources, basic construction machines and vehicles, temporary buildings and structures

9.1 Staffing needs

A specialized team was adopted according to the reference book "Designing the organization of industrial construction" Kyiv, "Budevelnik", 1984 - 12 people.

According to table 46 of the "Calculation standards for the preparation of POS" of TsNIIOMTP, the number of workers is 84.5% of the total number of employees; Engineering - 11%; employees, MOS and security - 4.5%,

In the most numerous shift, the number of workers is 70% of the total number of workers; Engineers, employees, MOS and security - 80% of the total number of engineers, employees, MOS and security. When calculating the number of workers at the construction site in the most numerous shift, it is assumed that the line staff of engineers, employees and MOS is 50% of their total number.

The calculations are summarized in the table:

Table 5

10. Ensuring the quality of construction and installation works, as well as the supplied equipment, structures and materials

When performing construction and installation works, effective quality control of the work performed should be organized, aimed at ensuring that the quality of the work performed at the existing facility complies with the requirements of current regulatory documents and project documentation.

Construction quality control must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of:

SNiP 12-01-2004 "Organization of construction";

SNiP 3.01.04-87 "Acceptance for operation of completed construction facilities. Basic provisions";

Control is carried out by special services construction organization, the Customer and the design organization in accordance with the existing rules and instructions.

Production control carried out during the construction process should include incoming control of supplied structures, products, materials and equipment, operational control of technological processes and acceptance control of completed construction and installation works.

When installing steel structures, instrumental control should be carried out in accordance with Section 4 of SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and Enclosing Structures".

At monolithic concreting strictly follow the requirements of Table. 2 SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures".

Quality control of concrete is carried out in accordance with the requirements of Table. 3 SNiP 3.03.01-87.

11. Quality control of structures

Production of work, instrumental and step-by-step control over the quality of structures should be carried out in accordance with SNiP Part 3 "Organization, production and acceptance of work" by type of work:

SNiP 3.02.01-87 "Earth structures, foundations and foundations";

SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures";

-SNiP 3.04.03-85 "Protection of building structures and facilities against corrosion";

SNiP 3.05.06-85 "Electrical devices";

- SNiP 111-10-75 part III Rules for the production and acceptance of work. Chapter 10 "Improvement of the territory";

- provisions on ensuring the safety of the operation of technical structures and devices of railways during the construction, reconstruction and repair of infrastructure facilities of Russian Railways No. VM-1253;

- and other types of work.

Quality control of construction and installation works is carried out in order to ensure their full compliance with the drawings of the approved project, the project for the production of works, compliance with building codes and regulations, standards and specifications.

Production quality control of construction and installation works should include incoming control of documentation, structures, products, materials and equipment; operational control of individual construction processes and acceptance control of construction and installation works.

At input control working documentation the inspection is carried out by employees of the production and technical department of the construction organization.

Operational quality control should be carried out during construction processes and ensure the timely detection of defects and the adoption of measures to eliminate them. During operational control, it is necessary to check the compliance of the work performed with the working drawings, PPR, SNiP and standards.

During acceptance control, it is necessary to check the quality of the CMP, as well as the accepted designs.

During acceptance control, the following documentation must be submitted:

- as-built drawings with deviations or changes made and documents on their agreement with design organizations and the customer;

- factory technical passports, certificates, factory inspection acceptance certificates for reinforced concrete structures;

- certificates or passports certifying the quality of materials used in the production of construction and installation works.

Hidden works are subject to examination with the drawing up of acts. Until the acceptance of hidden work, it is prohibited to carry out subsequent work.

12. Measures to ensure safe traffic during the construction period

12.1 Train safety

erection building foundation fence

1) For each type of repair work, in advance, a technology for the production of work in the "window" is being developed. The technology is coordinated with the heads (deputy or chief engineers) of the linear enterprises ShCh, FC, EC, DS, approved by the deputy chief engineer of the road. The approved technology is submitted to the operational and administrative department and is considered the day before the window by the deputy head of the road for traffic.

2) An application for a “window” is submitted to the operational administrative department and, after consideration, the start and end times of the “window” are approved by the head of the road (first deputy).

3) Before the start of the “window”, the utility train arrives at the station where work is planned.

4) A day before the window, a warning is issued through the FC dispatcher for the entire scope of work (preparatory, main, final) in accordance with Instruction No. 2790r dated December 29, 2012.

5) Production of work in the "window" begins only upon the arrival of representatives of the HR, EC, SH, DS, DNC.

6) For the duration of work that causes a break in traffic, as well as for the production of which "windows" are provided in the traffic schedule, the distance of signaling and communication at the request of the distance of the track, together with the work manager, must establish permanent communication (telephone or radio) with the train dispatcher.

7) During the work of a contractor, for the entire period of repair, the operating organization attaches to the contractor its employee with a qualification not lower than a foreman to control the quality of work and compliance with train traffic safety requirements; this specialist determines the safe state engineering communications and transfers, in accordance with the established procedure, to the train dispatcher an application for permission to open the haul, as well as the issuance and cancellation of warnings about the speed limit of trains at the place of work.

eight). When the deadline for the commencement of work with the closure of the haul, the train dispatcher determines its freeness or the vacancy of the corresponding track on two and multi-track sections, after which he gives the order to those on duty at the stations that limit the haul and the work manager to close the haul or track. In exceptional cases, if there is no telephone or radio communication with the train dispatcher at the place of work, the order for the actual closing of the haul or track is transmitted to the work manager by the duty officers of the nearest station (by phone or through a courier sent from the place of work).

nine). It is FORBIDDEN to start work until the work manager receives an order from the train dispatcher (in writing, by telephone or radio communication), and until the work site is fenced with stop signals in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 4 of the Instructions for signaling on the railways of the Russian Federation, and on electrified sections of the order of the energy dispatcher to relieve voltage in the contact network and the subsequent installation of grounding rods.

ten). If work is carried out on a section equipped with automatic blocking, then, in agreement with the train dispatcher, it is allowed to send working trains, machines and units to the place of work on automatic blocking signals, without waiting for the section to be closed. The driver of each train is given a warning about stopping on the stage at the place indicated in the application of the work manager. Permission on a white form with a red diagonal stripe when such trains are sent to the haul to be closed is handed to the work manager or an employee authorized by him, who hands it over to the driver of the locomotive or self-propelled track car after the train stops on the haul at a specified place and receives an order from the train dispatcher about the closure of the run. The haul or the corresponding path of the haul is closed for work by the order of the train dispatcher after the trains sent to this haul ahead of the working trains, machines and units are cleared.

eleven). By the end of the established break in the movement of trains for the performance of work, the latter must be completely completed, the track, structures and devices must be brought into a condition that ensures the safe movement of trains, the stop signals are removed, leaving, if necessary, speed reduction signals and appropriate signal signs.

12). At the end of the work of trains, machines and units, the work manager is obliged to personally or through subordinate workers inspect the track and other repaired devices throughout the work site, ensure the immediate elimination of the identified deficiencies that impede normal movement, and also check whether the established dimensions are violated by those on the site materials and mechanisms.

thirteen). The opening of the haul (track) is carried out by order of the train dispatcher only after receiving a notification (in writing, by telephone or radio communication) from the head of the track distance or an employee authorized by him (by position not lower than a road foreman) about the completion of track work or work on artificial structures, about the absence of haul of working trains, machines and units or their departure along the correct path of a double-track haul, as well as the absence of other obstacles to the safe movement of trains, regardless of which organization performed the work.

fourteen). The specified notification is transmitted to the train dispatcher directly or through the person on duty at the nearest station. Received
by telephone or radio communication, the notice is recorded by the train dispatcher in
Journal of dispatching orders.

fifteen). The procedure for fencing work sites on the haul and within the station is carried out in accordance with Instruction No. 2790r dated December 29, 2012.

12.2 Works carried out on the way and near the railway

Construction and installation work in the conditions of operation of railways must be carried out in compliance with conditions that ensure the safety of train traffic and the complete safety of people working on the railway track, and also, as a rule, do not violate the train schedule. When performing construction and installation works, it is mandatory to comply with the requirements of the following instructions and rules:

- "Rules for the technical operation of railways of the Russian Federation" dated 04.06.2012 order No. 162;

- "Instruction on signaling on the railway transport of the Russian Federation" dated 04.06.2012 order No. 162;

- "Instruction on the movement of trains and shunting work on the railway transport of the Russian Federation" dated 04.06.2012 order No. 162;

- "Instruction for ensuring the safety of train traffic in the course of track work" dated December 29, 2012 No. 2790r;

- “Safety regulations and industrial sanitation in the performance of work in the track facilities;

- POT RO-32-TsP-652-99 "Rules for labor protection in the maintenance and repair of the railway track and structures";

- Electrical safety rules for employees of Russian Railways JSC when servicing electrified railway tracks, approved by Russian Railways JSC on July 3, 2008 N 12176.

- SNiP 12-03-2001 “Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements”;

-SNiP 12-04-2002 “Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production”;

- "Instruction for ensuring the safety of train traffic during the performance of work on the maintenance and repair of signaling devices";

- "Instruction on safety and industrial sanitation for electricians and electricians of signaling and communication of railway transport";

- “Rules for the device and safe operation lifting cranes";

- "Instructions for the safe conduct of work for drivers (crane operators) of self-propelled booms (railway, automobile, tracked, pneumatic wheels)".

- "Regulations on ensuring the safe operation of technical structures and devices of railways during the construction, reconstruction and (or) repair of infrastructure facilities of Russian Railways - N395r".

Work supervisors, before starting work on the tracks or in their immediate vicinity (at a distance of 4.0 m from the axis of the extreme tracks or on adjacent tracks with a normal distance between tracks), coordinate with the relevant services of the DVOST railway. e. place and time of work, means of warning about the approach of trains in the manner established by regulatory documentation (see the beginning of clause 8.2. of this PPR)

Responsible representatives of the involved services of the DVOST departments appointed by the Head of the Railway to implement the quality control system, have the right to withdraw work permits and issue orders to stop further work to contractors that work with deviations from design decisions that threaten the safety of people and the movement of trains that have not received in the established order of permission, act - admission and order - admission, approved by the chief engineer of the railway department.

Before performing work at the facility, draw up, coordinate with the relevant authorities and approve the local safety instructions. In the instructions, to clarify, in relation to local conditions, general provisions, give specific rules of conduct for workers, rules for working with hand tool and mechanisms, to give instructions on the fencing of places with signals and the placement of signalers, to specify the order of passage along the tracks. The local instruction is approved by the head of the construction organization. Employees engaged in work carried out on the tracks or in their immediate vicinity, undergo training and instructions in advance (on labor protection, safety, industrial sanitation and labor legislation), study the "Rules for the technical operation of railways of the Russian Federation" dated 06/04/2012. order No. 162; “Instruction for signaling on railway transport of the Russian Federation” dated 06/04/2012, order No. 162; "Instruction on the movement of trains and shunting work on the railways of the Russian Federation" dated 04.06.2012 order No. 162; "Instruction for ensuring the safety of train traffic in the production of track work" dated December 29, 2012 No. 2790r and job descriptions.

The fencing of places with signals and the location of signalers should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the “Instructions for signaling on the railway transport of the Russian Federation” dated 04.06.2012, order No. 162; "Instructions for ensuring the safety of train traffic in the production of track work" dated December 29, 2012 No. 2790r. The installation and removal of portable signals should be carried out by specially assigned signalmen at the direction of the work manager. Removal of signals should be carried out only after the entire scope of work has been completed, which ensures the safe passage of trains at the place of work at the established speeds, while the condition of the track and compliance with the gauge must be checked.

When performing work on the track or in the immediate vicinity of the track using electric or pneumatic tools and mechanisms that make noise and impair the visibility and audibility of signals, it is necessary to apply for issuing warnings to the train about special vigilance and about giving warning signals when approaching to the place of work. At the place of work, set up signalmen who should stand as close as possible to the workers, but in such a way as to see in advance the approach of trains to the place of work. If necessary, set up several signalers that duplicate the signal about the approach of the train and arrange an automatic warning signal with a loud sound signal to alert workers about the approach of the train, which is not drowned out by the noise of working mechanisms.

At the work site, the work manager should indicate to each employee where he should store tools, materials, soil and where to get out of the way when the train approaches. During the execution of work, he must ensure that the tools do not interfere with the movement of workers, the building materials are neatly stacked outside the railway gauge and do not prevent the workers from quickly getting off to the side when the train approaches.

When working on the track, during the period of passing trains on the adjacent track, stop work and provide clearance for the safe passage of the train.

When performing work in the immediate vicinity of the track using electric or pneumatic tools and mechanisms that make noise and impair the visibility and audibility of signals, it is necessary to apply before the start of work for issuing warnings to the train about special vigilance and about giving warning signals when approaching the place of production works. At the place of work, set up signalmen who should stand as close as possible to the workers, but in such a way as to see in advance the approach of trains to the place of work. If necessary, set up several signalmen, duplicating the signal of the approach of the train.

ACTIONS OF THE WORK MANAGER IN THE EVENT OF A SUDDENLY OCCURRED OBSTACLES:

If a suddenly arisen obstacle is detected at the work site (violation of the clearance of buildings by machines and mechanisms, sliding of embankment slopes and other similar violations) threatening the safety of train traffic, which cannot be eliminated on their own and without a threat to the movement of rolling stock, the foreman must perform the following measures:

In the absence of the necessary portable signals in place, he must immediately install a stop signal at the place of the obstacle

(during the day - a red flag, at night - a lantern with a red light).

If signalmen of the operating organization are present at the work site:

- It is necessary to send a signalman in one direction, and in the opposite direction a worker, who, having passed a distance of at least 1200 m from the obstacle, must lay firecrackers and stay there, giving stop signals (by day - with a flag or hand, at night with a lantern fire in circular motions), and himself stay where the obstacle is.

- If, while traveling to the place of laying firecrackers, an approaching train is heard or seen, then it is necessary to run towards the train, giving a stop signal in any way (during the day - with a flag or hand, at night with a lantern fire in a circular motion), and lay firecrackers in that place, where he can.

In the absence of signals:

- It is necessary to send workers in both directions, who, having passed a distance of at least 1200 m from the place of the obstacle, must stand and give stop signals (during the day - with a flag or hand, at night with the fire of a lantern in a circular motion), and themselves remain at the place of the obstacle.

- If, while approaching the place of signaling, an approaching train is heard or seen, then it is necessary to run towards the train, signaling a stop in any way (during the day - with a flag or hand, at night with a lantern fire in a circular motion).

- When trains are approaching from both sides at the same time, with an obstacle for movement on both tracks of a double-track section, it is necessary to run towards the train that will approach the place of the obstacle earlier.

If there is a railway worker nearby, who has firecrackers and hand signals with him, then the employee or work manager who discovered the obstacle sets a stop signal at the place of the obstacle, after which, with the arriving worker, they fence off the obstacle on both sides with firecrackers at a distance B and remain at the firecrackers waiting trains.

- If there is a second railway worker or a person not working in transport nearby, then it is necessary to send him for the nearest track foreman or road foreman.

- If there are means of communication on the stage (telephone, radio), if possible, use them to report the incident to the station attendant, train dispatcher, road foreman or track foreman.

Having stopped the approaching train, it is necessary to warn the driver about the obstacle. The place of the obstacle must be inspected together with the driver (in the absence of the foreman of the track, the question of the possibility of passing the train is decided by the driver).

– If there is an obstacle on one track of a double or multi-track section, it is necessary to stop the train following the adjacent track and inform the driver about the presence of an obstacle, indicating the kilometer and the track.

The driver of this train must stop the oncoming train and warn of the presence of an obstacle to traffic. The same driver is obliged to inform the duty officer of the nearest station or the train dispatcher about the presence (with an indication of the kilometer and the path) of a broken rail or other obstacle to movement. If there is a train radio communication, the driver must transmit a message about the detection of an obstacle by radio to the person on duty at the nearest station or the train dispatcher and the driver of the train following on the adjacent track.

– INFORMATION ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

- when performing construction and installation work near railway tracks and passage to the place of work and across the territory of the station.

– For the passage of workers through the territory of the station, one should use the established routes or wide inter-tracks, passenger or cargo platforms, pedestrian decks (bridges) or walk along the roadside subgrade. At the same time, it is necessary to carefully monitor the movements of the rolling stock on the tracks, be careful when overcoming obstacles in the area of turnouts, limit posts, racks and repair installations of the wagon economy, ditches, trays, water-absorbing wells and other devices and structures of the station economy. It is necessary to cross the path at a right angle, after making sure that there is no movement along the path. Particular care must be taken when entering the tracks due to standing rolling stock (trains), near turnouts (districts), passenger or cargo platforms and other structures and devices that impair the visibility of the tracks adjacent to them.

– It is forbidden to cross or run across the track in front of an approaching train (shunting train), crawl under standing cars, cross on automatic couplers, as well as between cars that are closer than 10 meters from each other.

- If it is necessary to cross a track occupied by rolling stock, in all cases it is necessary to use transitional platforms or bypass the cars standing on the track, no closer than 5 meters from the outermost car.

- When crossing the track, you must not put your foot on the rails, put your foot between the frame rail and the point of the turnout or in the gutters at the root of the point and the cross.

- Before starting work, the worker must arrive at the appointed time at the gathering place. Before starting work, it is necessary to receive instructions from the work manager about the route to and from the work site, the rules safe production work, going off the path to the designated places, check the availability and serviceability of tools and fixtures. Working with a defective tool is prohibited.

- Before starting work, workers must put on overalls, safety shoes, signal vest yellow color, with a stencil applied to the back, indicating belonging to the organization and put them in order (according to the order of CJSC "SU-38" No. 35 dated 06.06.13):

- button up the cuffs of the sleeves;

– tuck loose ends of clothing so that they do not hang down.

- The worker should not remove overalls and special footwear during the entire working time.

– Workers receiving safety gear and other aids personal protection(respirators, gas masks, goggles) should be instructed on the rules of use and the simplest ways to check the serviceability of these devices, as well as practically trained in how to use them.

- The worker must inform the foreman about all detected malfunctions of the tool, safety devices, personal protective equipment and other shortcomings.

– Passage from the assembly site to the work site and back should be carried out away from the path or along the side of the subgrade under the supervision of the work manager or a specially designated person.

– Passage to the place of work and back within the railway station, etc. territories where access roads pass, should be carried out along the service passage routes specified in the labor protection instructions and in compliance with the requirements set forth therein.

– If it is not possible to pass on the side of the path or on the side of the road, it is allowed to pass along the path with special care. You should go one by one or two in a row, not allowing lag. At the same time, it is necessary to monitor the movement of trains and follow the instructions of the leader walking behind, and a specially assigned and instructed worker walking in front of the group. He and the other protect the group with stop signals (during the day - an unfolded red flag, at night - a lantern with a red light). In conditions of poor visibility (in steep curves, deep cuts, in wooded or built-up areas, as well as at night, in fog, blizzard), in addition, the group is protected by two dedicated signalmen, one of whom follows in front and the other behind the group on distance of visual communication, but so as to see the approaching train no closer than 500 m from the walking group.

- The signalmen must go with unfolded red flags, and at night - with lanterns with red fire and protect the walking group of track fitters until they get off the track. When a train approaches, the signalman is obliged to give signals to the group until it leaves the track; if the group has not left the track in time, the signalman must get off the track 400 m from the approaching train and signal the train to stop. In cases where the signalman is not visible to the work manager at a distance of more than 500 m, intermediate signalmen should be allocated.

- Signalers are appointed workers with a qualification of at least the third category, who have passed the established tests and have signalman certificates.

- On a double-track section, it is necessary to go towards the correct movement of trains, remembering the possibility of trains following in the wrong direction. On multi-track sections and hauls equipped with two-way automatic blocking, the direction of movement of trains should be determined by the indications of traffic lights.

- You should cross the tracks at a right angle, after making sure that there is no approaching rolling stock (locomotive, wagons, trolleys and other vehicles).

– It is forbidden to cross and run across the track in front of an approaching train or locomotive.

- To cross the track occupied by wagons, you should use the transition platforms. It is allowed to bypass wagons standing on the way no closer than 5 m from the outermost wagon. It is forbidden to crawl under the wagons, to drag tools, devices and materials under them, to cross over automatic couplers and between wagons standing at a distance of less than 10 m from each other.

- When entering the track due to switch posts, platforms, track and other structures that impair the visibility of the track, you must first make sure that there is no moving stock by looking along the track to the left and right. When crossing the track in front of the train, it is necessary to remember about the possible setting of the train in motion, as well as about the movement of trains on the adjacent track.

- When crossing the track, you must not step on the rails, stand between the frame rail and the point of the arrow or between the movable core and the guardrail.

- It is allowed to start work only at the direction of the head of work after fencing in the prescribed manner the place of their production.

– Work near the railway. tracks must be carried out by a group consisting of not less than two and not more than six workers, one of whom supervises the movement of trains and does not participate in the work.

- At separate points where there is no permanent shunting work, a worker is allowed to perform work. When working in one person, it is necessary to be especially vigilant, continuously monitor the approach of trains, position yourself facing the expected train in the right direction, without weakening attention to the movement of trains in the opposite direction.

– When a train approaches in a section where movement is allowed at a speed of no more than 140 km / h, it is necessary to get off the track to the nearest side of the subgrade at a distance of at least 2 m from the outer rail when the train is at a distance of at least 500 m. When passing trains on the adjacent track must also get off at the nearest side of the subgrade for the distances specified in this subparagraph.

- When performing work on a section closed for train traffic to the "window" or when fencing the place of work with stop signals during the passage of a train along an adjacent track, work is stopped. The workers must get out of the way; it is not required to leave the path on which the work is being done.

– After a train has passed, before entering the track, make sure that there is no train, locomotive or other moving unit coming from either side.

- Work on hump, hump and sorting tracks, as well as turnouts of these tracks should be carried out only during breaks in shunting work after agreement with the station or hump duty officer.

– When working in tight spaces with high platforms, buildings, fences, steep cuts on both sides of the track, as well as on bridges, in tunnels and snow trenches, workers must be attentive to the signals given by signalmen and know where to move out of the way when a train approaches. If high platforms, buildings, fences, steep slopes of cuts, walls of snow trenches with a length of more than 100 m do not allow one to sit on the side of the track, then work can only be started after the work site has been fenced off with stop signals.

– In conditions of poor visibility and if the work to be performed does not require fencing with stop signals, linemen should monitor the signals of automatic warning signals and the actions of signalmen.

- It is forbidden to sit on the rails, the ends of the sleepers, the ballast prism, inside the rail track and on the inter-track, as well as on the racks of a kilometer stock of rails.

- When approaching track machines, it is necessary to move away from the track at the following distances from the outermost rail:

- during the operation of the tracklayer (except for the crew serving it), electric ballast, snow blower, rail-grinding trains and other heavy-duty machines - by 5 m; during the operation of the track plow - by 10 m;

- when operating machines equipped with crushed stone cleaning devices, double-track and rotary snowplows - 5 m in the direction opposite to the ejection of snow, ice or weeds; when using single-track snowplows - at 25 m.

– During the execution of work, it is necessary to constantly ensure that the tool does not interfere with movement and is not underfoot.

– During a break in work, it is necessary to go off the track to the side of the road away from the outermost rail for a distance

– In order to avoid being struck by lightning, one should not hide under trees, lean against them, or approach lightning rods or high single objects (poles, trees) at a distance of less than 10 m. It is dangerous to be in elevated places, open plains during a thunderstorm. It is recommended to take shelter in enclosed spaces, and at a distance from them - in small depressions on the slopes of hills or slopes of embankments or cuts.

– During a thunderstorm, do not keep or carry tools and other metal objects.

When working on an electrified site, workers must be especially careful not to approach, both by themselves and the tools used, energized and unprotected wires or parts of the contact network and overhead lines closer than 2 m.

- If the wires of the contact network or the wires of power lines are broken, you must not approach them at a distance closer than 8 meters, and also touch the rails with something.

– It is forbidden to touch the cable found during work under

– ballast layer or in the ground. In this case, work must be stopped, and

- the worker is obliged to notify the work manager about this.

Rice. 12.1 - Way signs.

Fencing of places of obstacles for the movement of trains and the performance of work at stations

- Any obstacle to movement on station tracks and turnouts must be fenced off with stop signals, regardless of whether a train (shunting stock) is expected or not.

- When fencing an obstacle or work performance on a station track with stop signals, all arrows leading to this place are set in such a position that rolling stock cannot enter it, and are locked or sewn up. At the place of an obstacle or work on the axis of the path, a portable red signal is installed (Fig. 14.1).

- If any of these arrows are directed by wits towards the place of obstacle or work and do not make it possible to isolate the track, such a place is fenced on both sides with portable red signals installed on public railway tracks at a distance of 50 m from the boundaries of the place of obstacle or work (fig.14.2).

- In the case when the points of points on public railway tracks are located closer than 50 m from the place of an obstacle or work, a portable red signal is installed between the points of points of each such point (Fig. 12.3).

- When fencing with portable red signals the place of an obstacle or the performance of work at the turnout, the signals are set:

- from the side of the cross - against the limit column on the axis of each of the converging paths;

- on the opposite side - on public roads at a distance of 50 m from the sharp point of the arrow (Fig. 14.4).

- If another switch is located close to the turnout to be fenced, which can be put in such a position that the rolling stock cannot go to the turnout where there is an obstacle, then the switch in this position is locked or sewn up. In this case, a portable red signal is not placed from the side of such an insulating arrow (Fig. 14.5).

– When the switch cannot be placed in the indicated position, a portable red signal is installed on public railway tracks at a distance of 50 m from the place of the obstacle or work in the direction of this switch (see Fig. 8.4).

- If the place of an obstacle or work is located on the entrance arrow, then from the side of the stage it is fenced with a closed input signal, and from the side of the station - with portable red signals installed on the axis of each of the converging paths against the limit column (Fig. 14.6).

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Enclosing its volume, called enclosing structures. These include, say, walls, floors, ceilings, partitions, etc. Enclosing structures can be both external and internal. External ones perform an important function of protecting the premises from the influence of various environmental factors. Internal are designed to divide the premises into separate sectors.

A feature of the arrangement of such structures is that they can be installed both on site (monolithic) and assembled from imported elements - ready-made blocks, etc. Enclosing structures can consist of either one layer or several. With a multilayer structure, the main layers can be such as insulating, bearing, and also finishing.

The importance of such structural elements of a building can hardly be overestimated. After all, the workers and performance characteristics premises, both residential and industrial. Let's take walls as an example.

The erection of walls must be carried out in compliance with all technological requirements. If this is masonry, it should be neat and correct. Be sure to fill all joints, both vertical and horizontal, with cement mortar. Otherwise, moisture can subsequently enter the room through the cracks. In addition, the masonry must be made absolutely in the same plane.

External building envelopes made of prefabricated blocks must also be installed correctly. Particular attention is required to the seams between the plates. For their putty, a high-quality one should be used. There should not be a single gap between the panels. If they stay, it can lead to such unpleasant consequences as high humidity premises and

Modern Requirements to the design of premises and buildings involve the use of new types of enclosing structural elements. Translucent enclosing structures can be attributed to such a modern look. characterized in that they freely let light into the room. These can be such structural elements of buildings as windows, glass doors, stained-glass windows, etc.

There are types of buildings in which almost all building envelopes can be translucent. For example, winter gardens, pavilions, etc.

Translucent most often mounted on an aluminum frame. Sometimes it can be metal-plastic, wooden or steel. In addition, such enclosing structures can be single or double. In those packages where there are two glazing circuits, they can be located at a small distance from each other (15-30 cm), or they can be “corridor” systems with a distance between glasses of up to 1 m. The second one is much more expensive and we have country is rarely used.

The importance of building envelopes cannot be overestimated. In fact, this is the room itself, the box, that is, its main part.

ENVELOPE STRUCTURES LSTK FROM "POLYMETAL-M"

The construction of buildings using light steel thin-walled structures (LSTS) has become not only an excellent alternative in low-rise construction, but also confidently entered the field of high-rise building construction. Enclosing structures made of LSTC confidently entered the Russian market building materials, significantly displacing traditional methods of public and housing construction. The main advantage of using LSTK enclosing structures was a significant reduction in material and labor costs, while using the technology under consideration, high quality and operational characteristics are maintained. The Polymetal-M company offers LSTK for the organization of external warm enclosing structures in multi-storey buildings with a heavy steel frame or monolithic reinforced concrete fachwerk. The use of LSTK is the most economical alternative to brick, aerated concrete blocks and traditional panel housing construction. There are two possible ways to use LSTK enclosing structures: installation of the frame at the construction site, followed by filling the “pie” of the wall, or installation of prefabricated panels.

"Polymetal-M"

Advantages of enclosing structures made of LSTK:

-Increased speed and ease of installation(Steel frames "Polymetal-M" are made size-to-size, highly qualified personnel are not required, minimal use of lifting equipment (lifting parts to the floor), assembly of structures from LSTC is carried out at the installation site).

- Extension of the construction season.

- fire resistance(lightweight fire-resistant materials are used).

- Environmental friendliness(steel structures are 100% recyclable; the dew point is moved outside the wall due to the use of a thermal profile; mold and freezing are excluded).

- The embodiment of various architectural and design solutions (use of various finishing materials is possible).

- Economy (average cost 1m² of panels 1890 rubles; saving up to 70% of space heating costs; savings on installation up to 30%); reduction in the weight of the walls by 11 times; reducing the load on the foundation; increase in the internal area of buildings by reducing the thickness of the walls with the same thermal characteristics).

- Reliability(enclosing structures made of LSTK manufactured by Polymetal-M fully meet the requirements of SNiP II-03-79*, including in terms of effective heat resistance, vapor permeability and air permeability of the building).

Enclosing structures are divided into:

By appointment:
- to limit the volume of the building (external or external);
- division of the building into separate rooms (internal).

According to the manufacturing method:
- prefabricated and monolithic;
- single-layer and multi-layer.

The enclosing structure, made according to the LSTK technology, consists of:
- external finishing;
- drywall;
- a heater;
- wind protection (for example: isospan);
- frame LSTK (0.7-2.0 mm).

Frame from LSTK:
- guide profile
- Thermal profile guiding and rack
- Rack profile
- Jumpers from a profile and a thermoprofile

Parameters of enclosing structures made of LSTK produced by Polymetal-M:
- height -　 up to 3.0 m;
- length -　 up to 6.0 m;
- thickness - from 60-300 mm.

Engineering features of buildings necessarily include load-bearing and enclosing structures. Most often in modern construction several schemes of the supporting frame are used: a house with load-bearing walls made of large reinforced concrete blocks, a large-panel frame-panel building made of prefabricated reinforced concrete, a three-dimensional block building, a frame house made of prefabricated products, a structure with transverse load-bearing walls made of bricks and curtain panels, etc. The technology for the construction of buildings, where mainly factory-made elements are used, is called prefabricated. Speaking about the load-bearing and enclosing structures of the building, it is necessary to clarify the materials and products of the load-bearing frame, since the method of erecting structures largely depends on them. The least expensive and at the same time effective method construction involves the installation of a building from prefabricated structural elements that are manufactured in factories and delivered to the construction site in ready-made(e.g. floor slabs, panels, etc.).

To date, several ready-made elements have been successfully used. A stone wall block is an enlarged mounting element, which is manufactured at industrial enterprises from small stones and light or heavy concrete. The panel is flat vertical element, which can perform both load-bearing and enclosing functions. In recent years, construction has been increasingly used volume block, which is a prefabricated part of the volume of the building under construction. Such an element can be either a small sanitary cabin or a room, or an entire apartment or even a technical room.

However, in recent years more and more buildings are being built in a monolithic way. The monolithic structures used in this case are mainly concrete and reinforced concrete elements, the main parts of which are made in the form of a single whole (monolith). Such elements are produced directly at the construction site of a building or structure. Sometimes walls and pillars erected using the technique of manual laying of bricks or small stones. At the same time, ligation of sutures and cement mortar allow you to build a solid structure of any shape. Although the more correct name for this technology is traditional.

If both monolithic and prefabricated structures are used in the construction of a building, then this method and the final structure itself are called prefabricated-monolithic. Most often in the modern construction industry, a prefabricated building system is used. It accounts for up to 85% of civil, industrial and agricultural buildings.

It should be noted that in recent years practically no more typical buildings are being built. Almost all urban development is being built today according to individual projects. Contributes to this trend and the increase in the construction of buildings from monolithic and precast-monolithic reinforced concrete. This approach has many architectural advantages: it allows you to build buildings of any shape, get openings of any configuration, while building houses of various heights. Thus, the technologies of monolithic, frame and prefabricated-monolithic housing construction have fully justified themselves in urban construction conditions. However, the requirements for the unification of various parameters and loads for these building systems are the same as for prefabricated ones.

The choice of building materials depends not only on the desire of the architect and the capabilities of the developer, but also on the class of the building in terms of capital. This parameter regulates the requirements for fire resistance and durability, which to a large extent affects the choice of materials. Consideration should also be given to requirements related to climate, temperature and humidity conditions of the premises, the possibility of chemical aggression and other operational characteristics. The choice is also influenced by economic considerations, taking into account the possibilities of the local construction base, etc. The feasibility study of the project should carefully analyze and take into account all these factors at the development stage.

The most common material for the mass construction of buildings of any type is currently reinforced concrete. This material has enough positive characteristics to remain the main building material yet long years. So reinforced concrete is one of the most durable and resistant materials, it is fire resistant and not subject to corrosion. And although reinforced concrete is more expensive than metal, it is more profitable in operation, since it does not require additional costs for corrosion protection. Reinforced concrete is actively used in the construction of frame and wall frames, and is successfully used both in precast and monolithic versions.

Piece materials brick and limestone are mainly used in low-rise construction in the construction of walls and pillars, and sometimes (every year less and less) in multi-storey construction. Main disadvantage brick is its non-industrial. The construction of buildings in this way is laborious, requires highly qualified masons, is subject to seasonality and weather conditions etc. However, brick and limestone have significant architectural advantages. Buildings erected from piece materials are distinguished by durability, reliability in operation and the possibility of erecting structures of any shape and size. Therefore, brick is still widely used in the construction of buildings according to individual projects, as well as in the reconstruction and restoration of old buildings.

The metal is mainly used in the load-bearing structures of large spans, in the construction of single-storey frame structures. industrial buildings etc. It is also advisable to use metal load-bearing and enclosing structures in cases where the features of the production process make it impossible or irrational to use reinforced concrete (for example, in metallurgy). In modern construction, steel products are used as separate elements of the supporting frame (lattice stiffeners, beams, lintels, half-timbered expansion ends, etc.). In all cases, the use of metal should not affect fire safety buildings and comply with the requirements of SNiP 2.01.02.

Wood, as a material for load-bearing and enclosing structures, has the following advantages: low cost, ease of manufacture, aesthetic appeal, and environmental friendliness. However, there are a number of significant drawbacks: fragility, increased flammability, susceptibility to biological influence. Both advantages and disadvantages have determined the scope of wood. Basically, wood is used in low-rise housing and civil construction, in the construction of industrial and storage facilities in countryside, utility rooms as well as in the construction of temporary structures.

Recently, synthetic materials have been increasingly used in the construction of enclosing structures. At the same time, they are almost never used (with the exception of pneumatic and tent structures) in the elements of the supporting frame of buildings due to the peculiarities of their physical and mechanical properties.

Modern norms for the design of thermal protection of buildings (SNiP 23-02-2003, SP 23-101-2004, as well as numerous territorial norms) have significantly tightened the requirements for thermal parameters of enclosing structures multi-storey buildings. With the introduction of new thermal protection standards, single-layer external walls made of brick or expanded clay concrete became uneconomical and practically became a thing of the past. According to the specified standards, even two-layer walls with an inner part made of structural and heat-insulating cellular concrete with a thickness of 300-400 mm often do not meet the heat transfer requirements.

To meet new regulatory requirements, three-layer light building envelopes with basalt wool insulation, an outer facing layer of bricks and an inner layer of cellular wall blocks began to be widely used in domestic multi-storey housing construction. However, during the manufacturing and installation of such walls, it turned out that they not only have high labor intensity and high cost. Very often there is a destruction of the lining of such walls, which is associated both with the low quality of materials and, mainly, with the low qualifications of masons, the lack of which is felt throughout the country. This led to three-layer enclosing structures were either prohibited (Moscow) or significantly restricted in the territory of the Russian Federation.

In the last decade, energy-efficient multi-storey buildings made of monolithic reinforced concrete with mixed constructive system and non-load-bearing outer walls, which are the filling of the frame. External walls of multi-storey buildings large area, have a significant impact on the total estimated cost of the building, since the estimated cost of their construction is up to 15% of the total cost of the building under construction and is 1.8-3.7 times higher than the estimated cost of the construction of internal load-bearing walls and ceilings. In this regard, one of the main, topical areas of energy and resource saving in housing and communal services is to increase the consumer properties of external walls while reducing their estimated cost.

The almost universal use of small-piece wall blocks made of cellular concrete or polystyrene concrete in enclosing structures is rather laborious and does not meet the requirements of the industrialization of construction. Today, the technology of arranging the outer walls of multi-storey buildings made of monolithic polystyrene concrete in an adjustable or fixed formwork is coming to the fore. Monolithic polystyrene concrete has a whole a number of undeniable advantages in front of cellular concrete. At the same density, they have higher compressive and tensile strength, lower thermal conductivity, these concretes are more reliable in operation, which is important when the walls are skewed, and, finally, the shrinkage of monolithic polystyrene concrete is significantly less than the shrinkage of monolithic foam concrete (respectively, no more than 1.0-1, 5 mm/m and up to 8.0 mm/m).

The use of monolithic polystyrene concrete is a new look at multi-storey construction. The advantages of monolithic structures are the high speed of installation and manufacturability compared to traditional work masons. The absence of vertical and horizontal joints inherent in block masonry increases the thermal resistance of the wall (increases the coefficient of thermal uniformity). At the same time, a high economic efficiency such walls, since the cost of monolithic polystyrene concrete, taking into account its installation in wall structures, is lower than the cost of walls made of small blocks. When using monolithic polystyrene concrete, there is no need to cut polystyrene concrete blocks at the construction site and the waste associated with it (cuttings) is excluded. Also excluded are the costs of transportation, loading and unloading, fighting, lifting wall blocks to the floors.

Walls made of monolithic polystyrene concrete can be made both in a fixed formwork and in an inventory adjustable formwork.

As the outer layer of walls in fixed formwork, facing masonry in one or half a brick, as well as shells made of concrete or reinforced cement, can be used. The internal formwork of such walls can be made of two layers of moisture-resistant gypsum boards, magnesia sheets or cement bonded concrete, and in the case of using removable formwork, small-panel climbing formwork made of plastic, OSB or plywood. In order to ensure the required fire and humidity conditions of the outer walls, the inner surface of the walls must be plastered cement-sand mortar layer thickness of at least 20 mm.

In frame high-rise housing construction, the replacement of commonly used mineral wool or polystyrene insulation with monolithic foam concrete (polystyrene concrete) ensures fire resistance and durability of buildings. Due to the good vapor permeability of materials, the use of "breathing" fixed formwork does not require the mandatory use of supply and exhaust ventilation.

A variant of the device of a two-layer external self-supporting wall with facing of the front side with a front hollow or solid ceramic brick, an inner layer of monolithic polystyrene concrete, plastered with cement-sand mortar, is shown in the figure. Wall cladding with facing ceramic bricks is used as a fixed (left) formwork. At the same time, it must be checked by calculating the pressure of the polystyrene concrete mix and, if necessary, reinforced with temporary fasteners installed during the construction of the wall. In walls using monolithic polystyrene concrete, design and (and) structural reinforcement is provided, incl. longitudinal reinforcement, which prevents the appearance and development of shrinkage cracks, and transverse reinforcement in the form of meshes, which prevents the settlement of polystyrene concrete. These grids along the height of the wall are located in increments of no more than 600 mm. Structural reinforcement is provided at the outer and inner surfaces of the wall, under and above the window (door) openings, in places of a sharp change in the size of the wall section and in the corners of the building. or mesh plaster layer. The outlets are fixed to the wall reinforcement with a binding wire. They are passed through holes in the formwork. After the formwork is removed, the ends of the outlets are bent to form hooks, to which it is then tied steel mesh plaster layer or rods Ø6 AI located in the horizontal joints of the brickwork. The outlets (wire pins) are located in horizontal increments of 600 mm and vertically 300 ... 400 mm. Brick lining and reinforced plaster layers 20 mm thick protect the polystyrene concrete walls from fire exposure in case of fire. Reinforced concrete floor, on which monolithic polystyrene concrete rests, in walls with brick facade has thermal liners from an effective non-combustible insulation.

To protect thermal liners from contact with monolithic polystyrene concrete during its laying, flat asbestos-cement sheets are laid above them. concreting with monolithic polystyrene concrete of the walls of the underlying floor.

More details on the technology of building enclosing structures from monolithic polystyrene concrete are presented in the relevant Recommendations. Between the ceiling and the monolithic polystyrene concrete of the wall located under it, a gap (expansion joint) is provided, filled with a compressible non-combustible material. The width of the gap must not be less than the deflection of the ceiling under long-term action of the full load on it.

The thickness of a part of the wall made of monolithic polystyrene concrete is determined by strength and thermophysical calculations, as well as the possibility of using a unified removable formwork.

During the construction of buildings up to five floors high (inclusive), it is possible to install single-layer external walls made of monolithic polystyrene concrete with a density of at least D500 and a compressive strength class of at least B2.5. The frame of the walls of the building within the floor is built from lightweight structures (thin-walled galvanized profile, stainless steel, etc.). GVL sheets in two layers with a total thickness of 20 mm, CSP sheets or glass-magnesium sheets * SML) with a thickness of one layer are used as a fixed formwork for such walls on the inside. The outer part of the wall is an element of fixed formwork made of ceramic brick, or represents elements of fixed formwork that imitate any structure natural stone or brick, or a texture proposed by the architect (most simply - CSP or LSU sheets, followed by the application of any decorative coating), or textured slabs, as on a hinged facade. The plate is attached to the frame with self-tapping screws through the mounting loops. Next comes the filling of the wall with monolithic polystyrene concrete. The thickness of the wall, as well as the strength characteristics of polystyrene concrete, are determined by heat engineering and strength calculations.

Walls made using this technology, with high structural strength, have high heat-insulating properties, have excellent sound absorption. The frame system of walls and the foundation make it possible to build comfortable durable houses in areas with seismic hazard, in wetlands, in areas with permafrost.

Formulas for special polystyrene concrete grades D200-D800 with high strength and thermophysical properties (trademark STIROKRET™) have been developed that do not delaminate during pumping and laying in the wall structure. A distinctive feature of the developed compositions is their low shrinkage or its complete absence (when used as a mineral binder of expanding cement), increased strength for compression and tension compared to the standards (GOST R 52 ... ..), high uniformity and non-separation when pumping and laying in the wall.

The preparation of expanded polystyrene beads, as well as polystyrene concrete, is carried out by us directly at the place of laying in special mortar mixers, followed by transportation of seven beads to the place of laying in the wall structure with gerotor pumps. If necessary, the polystyrene concrete mixture is compacted with electromechanical vibrators.

The wall structures of multi-storey buildings are consistent with the standards developed by NIIIIZhB and VNIIZhelezobeton.

Single-layer walls are made in a fixed formwork for subsequent plastering on a steel or polymer mesh from the outside (polystyrene concrete compressive strength class is at least B 3.5, polystyrene concrete grade by density D 500.

Two-layer self-supporting walls are made with a thickness of 300 mm with an outer verst of facing masonry with ceramic bricks half a brick thick.

Two-layer self-supporting walls are made with a thickness of 300-400 mm with an outer verst of facing masonry with ceramic bricks half a brick thick.

According to the technology used, the walls are concreted in two stages with a tier height of 1.0-1.2 m. The walls are reinforced with meshes of rod reinforcement with a diameter of 6 mm (class A-2400). The spacing of columns or transverse walls should not exceed 5.4 m.

The walls are calculated according to heat engineering (heat transfer coefficient is not less than 3.75 m ...), bending strength from the wall plane to wind loads, pull-out strength of anchors when hanging facades

Structures using monolithic polystyrene concrete are used in buildings for various purposes: residential, public (schools and one-story hospitals, administrative and household buildings for public purposes and industrial enterprises) using various load-bearing structures (monolithic and prefabricated reinforced concrete, steel frame, etc.).

Highly porous (air entrainment volume up to 30%) and practically non-separating polystyrene concrete mixtures are produced directly at the facility under construction, transported by concrete pumps and placed into the formwork without vibration compaction using a special mobile unit.

Advantages of our technology:

1. Excellent sanitary and epidemiological indicators: excellent living comfort in buildings made of monolithic polystyrene concrete, good vapor permeability, environmental friendliness.

2. Unlike cellular foam concrete, polystyrene concrete is a non-shrinking, or very little shrinkage (no more than 1.0 mm / m) material of high crack resistance. The sorption moisture content of polystyrene concrete is 30-50% less than cellular foam concrete, which makes its design thermal parameters much more reliable.

3. Low sorption humidity, low water absorption (no more than 4-5% by weight). Structures made of monolithic polystyrene concrete are dry. in case in emergency situations wetting of structures, polystyrene concrete and products from it dry quickly, without loss of strength

4. Monolithic polystyrene concrete has the highest ratio of heat-insulating ability to density among analogues.

5. The ability to design and build houses with any complexity of architecture, including any curved surfaces.

6. High construction rate: this is due to the simple assembly design of unified products.

7. Construction can be carried out all year round, because. polystyrene concrete can be poured with negative temperatures, with the addition of the necessary components;

8. Low cost of construction: achieved due to the low cost of wall materials; transportation savings, because frame materials, internal and external walls, ceilings can be delivered in one flight and stored at the construction site. The bulk of the walls is prepared on site.

9. Possibility of application various kinds and finishing methods, from plaster to curtain walls.

10. The use of monolithic polystyrene concrete reduces the cost of construction compared to three-layer walls by 30-40%.

Practice shows that on one 16-storey building with a perimeter of 400-500 m due to the use monolithic polystyrene concrete with a density of 300 kg / m 3, poured between a half-brick wall and a waterproof plasterboard or glass-magnesium sheet, an additional living area of more than 1000 m 2 is formed, compared with those used aerated concrete blocks. In addition, about 10,000,000 rubles are saved. compared to insulation with more expensive blocks, their breakage, the cost of mortar or glue, masonry, the use of crane equipment, moving around the construction site and floors, garbage disposal, etc.

The technology of using polystyrene concrete has been worked out in all structural elements: walls, roofs, attics, attics, ceilings and basements, including during work in winter.

Every day, monolithic polystyrene concrete opens up new possibilities of use not only in the construction and repair of buildings, but also in the construction of roads, railways, the creation of sound-absorbing panels and much more.

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9. The need for construction in personnel, energy resources, basic construction machines and vehicles, temporary buildings and structures

9.1 Staffing needs

A specialized team was adopted according to the reference book "Designing the organization of industrial construction" Kyiv, "Budevelnik", 1984 - 12 people.

According to table 46 of the "Calculation standards for the preparation of POS" of TsNIIOMTP, the number of workers is 84.5% of the total number of employees; Engineering - 11%; employees, MOS and security - 4.5%,

The calculations are summarized in the table:

Table 5

10. Ensuring the quality of construction and installation works, as well as the supplied equipment, structures and materials

When performing construction and installation works, effective quality control of the work performed should be organized, aimed at ensuring that the quality of the work performed at the existing facility complies with the requirements of current regulatory documents and project documentation.

Construction quality control must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of:

SNiP 12-01-2004 "Organization of construction";

SNiP 3.01.04-87 "Acceptance for operation of completed construction facilities. Basic provisions";

Control is carried out by special services construction organization, the Customer and the design organization in accordance with the existing rules and instructions.

Production control carried out during the construction process should include incoming control of supplied structures, products, materials and equipment, operational control of technological processes and acceptance control of completed construction and installation works.

When installing steel structures, instrumental control should be carried out in accordance with Section 4 of SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and Enclosing Structures".

At monolithic concreting strictly follow the requirements of Table. 2 SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures".

Quality control of concrete is carried out in accordance with the requirements of Table. 3 SNiP 3.03.01-87.

11. Quality control of structures

Production of work, instrumental and step-by-step control over the quality of structures should be carried out in accordance with SNiP Part 3 "Organization, production and acceptance of work" by type of work:

SNiP 3.02.01-87 "Earth structures, foundations and foundations";

SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures";

-SNiP 3.04.03-85 "Protection of building structures and facilities against corrosion";

SNiP 3.05.06-85 "Electrical devices";

- SNiP 111-10-75 part III Rules for the production and acceptance of work. Chapter 10 "Improvement of the territory";

- provisions on ensuring the safety of the operation of technical structures and devices of railways during the construction, reconstruction and repair of infrastructure facilities of Russian Railways No. VM-1253;

- and other types of work.

Quality control of construction and installation works is carried out in order to ensure their full compliance with the drawings of the approved project, the project for the production of works, compliance with building codes and regulations, standards and specifications.

Production quality control of construction and installation works should include incoming control of documentation, structures, products, materials and equipment; operational control of individual construction processes and acceptance control of construction and installation works.

At input control working documentation the inspection is carried out by employees of the production and technical department of the construction organization.

During acceptance control, it is necessary to check the quality of the CMP, as well as the accepted designs.

During acceptance control, the following documentation must be submitted:

- as-built drawings with deviations or changes made and documents on their agreement with design organizations and the customer;

- factory technical passports, certificates, factory inspection acceptance certificates for reinforced concrete structures;

- certificates or passports certifying the quality of materials used in the production of construction and installation works.

Hidden works are subject to examination with the drawing up of acts. Until the acceptance of hidden work, it is prohibited to carry out subsequent work.

12. Measures to ensure safe traffic during the construction period

12.1 Train safety

erection building foundation fence

2) An application for a “window” is submitted to the operational administrative department and, after consideration, the start and end times of the “window” are approved by the head of the road (first deputy).

3) Before the start of the “window”, the utility train arrives at the station where work is planned.

4) A day before the window, a warning is issued through the FC dispatcher for the entire scope of work (preparatory, main, final) in accordance with Instruction No. 2790r dated December 29, 2012.

5) Production of work in the "window" begins only upon the arrival of representatives of the HR, EC, SH, DS, DNC.

fourteen). The specified notification is transmitted to the train dispatcher directly or through the person on duty at the nearest station. Received by telephone or radio communication, the notice is recorded by the train dispatcher in Journal of dispatching orders.

fifteen). The procedure for fencing work sites on the haul and within the station is carried out in accordance with Instruction No. 2790r dated December 29, 2012.

12.2 Works carried out on the way and near the railway

- "Rules for the technical operation of railways of the Russian Federation" dated 04.06.2012 order No. 162;

- "Instruction on signaling on the railway transport of the Russian Federation" dated 04.06.2012 order No. 162;

- "Instruction on the movement of trains and shunting work on the railway transport of the Russian Federation" dated 04.06.2012 order No. 162;

- "Instruction for ensuring the safety of train traffic in the course of track work" dated December 29, 2012 No. 2790r;

- “Safety regulations and industrial sanitation in the performance of work in the track facilities;

- POT RO-32-TsP-652-99 "Rules for labor protection in the maintenance and repair of the railway track and structures";

- Electrical safety rules for employees of Russian Railways JSC when servicing electrified railway tracks, approved by Russian Railways JSC on July 3, 2008 N 12176.

- SNiP 12-03-2001 “Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements”;

-SNiP 12-04-2002 “Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production”;

- "Instruction for ensuring the safety of train traffic during the performance of work on the maintenance and repair of signaling devices";

- "Instruction on safety and industrial sanitation for electricians and electricians of signaling and communication of railway transport";

- “Rules for the device and safe operation lifting cranes";

- "Instructions for the safe conduct of work for drivers (crane operators) of self-propelled booms (railway, automobile, tracked, pneumatic wheels)".

- "Regulations on ensuring the safe operation of technical structures and devices of railways during the construction, reconstruction and (or) repair of infrastructure facilities of Russian Railways - N395r".

When working on the track, during the period of passing trains on the adjacent track, stop work and provide clearance for the safe passage of the train.

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fourteen). The specified notification is transmitted to the train dispatcher directly or through the person on duty at the nearest station. Received
by telephone or radio communication, the notice is recorded by the train dispatcher in
Journal of dispatching orders.