Order of Lenin Main Directorate for Housing and Civil Engineering in Moscow

GLAVMOSSTROY under the Moscow City Executive Committee

TECHNICAL MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENTAL BUILDING REGULATIONS FOR THE USE OF FOAMED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE LINOLEUM WITH A PRINTED PATTERN

VSN-173-84

Glavmosstroy

Moscow-1984

"Departmental building codes for the use of foamed polyvinyl chloride linoleum with a printed pattern" were developed by the flooring sector of the laboratory finishing works research institute NIIMosstroy (candidate of technical sciences G.S. Agadzhanov, junior researcher L.N. Magnitskaya, engineer V.N. Frolova) and the Department of Finishing Works of Glavmosstroy (engineer A.D. V. I. Malin (technical sciences). VSN-173-84 were developed to replace the following regulatory and technical documents VSN-173-81; Notice No. 1; Temporary instructions for the use of polyvinyl chloride foam linoleum with a printed pattern using the "cold welding" method (Moscow: TsNIL Stroyplastmass - NIIMosstroy, 1982 (Rotaprint). Polyvinyl chloride foam linoleum with a printed pattern (TU 400-1-227-81), as well as other materials recommended by these VSNs for floor coverings and approved by the USSR Ministry of Health for use in the construction of residential and public buildings ().

These Departmental building codes apply to the use of foamed polyvinyl chloride linoleum with a printed pattern (hereinafter referred to as linoleum).

Linoleum is intended for flooring of residential and public buildings. It is not allowed to use linoleum in rooms with heavy traffic ( trading floors cinema foyers, lobbies).

1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTALLATION OF LINOLEUM FLOORS

1.1. When installing floors, it is necessary to comply with the requirements set forth in the following regulatory and technical documents:

SNiP III-B.14-72 "Floors, Rules for the production and acceptance of work"; VSN-35-80 "Instruction for the installation of floors in residential and public buildings"; SNiP III-4-80 "Safety in construction".

1.2. Linoleum must meet the requirements of TU-400-1-227-81 "Foamed polyvinyl chloride linoleum with a printed pattern" and be supplied to construction sites in the form of welded carpets the size of a room, rolls, as well as separate cut panels marked on the back side

1.3. Linoleum floors should be laid after completion of construction and installation, special and finishing works, including painting walls and ceilings.

1.4. Before installing flooring, the heating system must be installed and tested.

1.5. The relative humidity of the air in the room during the installation of linoleum floors, as well as in the subsequent period, should be no more than 60%, and the air temperature at the floor level should not be lower than +15 ° C.

2. RULES FOR TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE OF LINOLEUM

2.1. Linoleum must be transported in covered vehicles: in the form of carpets - in horizontal position, in the form of rolls - in a vertical position, in the form of panels - folded into piles.

2.2. When unloading from a car, linoleum sheets in an amount of 1 to 3 pieces (depending on size) are rolled into rolls front side outside, fastened with straps and lifted on a cargo lift to the floors.

2.3. Linoleum carpets at construction sites are stored in a horizontal position, but not more than 2-3 rows in height, in a dry room, at a distance of 1 m from heating appliances.

2.4. Rolls of linoleum at construction sites are stored in a vertical position.

2.5. Linoleum panels are stored unfolded in stacks no more than 1 m high.

2.6. The air temperature of the premises where linoleum is stored should not be lower than + 5 ° С.

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUBSTRATE

3.1. Linoleum flooring is produced on solid reinforced concrete panels floors or on cement-sand screeds with a compressive strength of at least 150 kgf / cm2 (15 MPa) or on other grounds provided for by the project. Humidity of panels should not exceed 4%, and cement-sand screed - 5%.

3.2. The joints of the floor panels must be carefully sealed with a polymer cement mortar.

3.3. The base prepared for laying linoleum must be clean, dust-free, even. When laying a two-meter rail in any direction, the unevenness of the base should not exceed 2 mm.

4. DEVICE OF FLOOR COVERINGS FROM LINOLEUM WELDED INTO CARPETS

4.1. Linoleum carpets must meet the requirements of TU 400-2-296-82 "Carpets made of foamed polyvinyl chloride linoleum with a printed pattern".

4.2. Carpets are welded from linoleum panels of one batch, one tone and pattern. At the same time, the seams of the valley should be straight and inconspicuous. The size of the carpet should match the size of the room; dimensional deviations should not exceed 10 mm; minus deviations are not allowed. The tensile strength of welds must be at least 30 kgf/cm2 (3 MPa).

4.3. Linoleum carpets are glued to the base with ADM-K glue (TU 400-1-177-79). Depending on the quality of the surface of the base, the consumption of glue is 350-400 g / m2 ().

4.4. When installing floor coverings from linoleum carpets, the following technological operations are performed: preparation of the base; keeping the carpet in a warm room; carpet heating; rolling it on the base; cutting along the contour of the room and free aging; gluing the carpet to the base; trimming and gluing linoleum edges in doorways; installation and fastening of skirting boards (according to the requirements of VSN-35-60, section 9).

4.5. Linoleum carpets, kept indoors for at least 24 hours at a temperature not lower than 15 ° C, are rolled out on the prepared base and cut along the contour of the room. The gap between the edges of the carpet and the walls should be 4-5mm. In this state, the carpets are aged until the waviness disappears. If the room temperature is below 15°C, to eliminate waviness, the carpets should be heated with hot air using a blower to a temperature of no more than 40-50°C for 10-15 minutes.

4.6. Before gluing, the carpet is folded back to half its length, without moving. ADM-K adhesive 0.3-0.4 mm thick is applied to the freed part of the base with a fine-toothed spatula. At the same time, glue is applied to back side linoleum on a welded seam with a strip width of 20-25 cm in a thin layer "on a peel". The carpet is rolled out over the adhesive layer immediately after applying the adhesive and carefully pressed to the base with a trowel until air is completely removed from under the linoleum. This operation is repeated with the second half of the carpet. After gluing, the linoleum weld must be loaded with cloth sleeves filled with sand for a period of at least a day.

Most often, when laying floors, we are guided by our own considerations, but we must take into account the requirements of SNiP. These documents are not neglected by builders and designers, and ordinary citizens should not. Since the documents differ in impressive volumes, we highlight the most important.

When searching for SNiP for flooring, you should be prepared for what to find single document will not work in all cases. In view of this, several documents will have to be taken into account.

The exception is the regulations that have been developed by some construction organizations. As a rule, the regulation includes a range of basic requirements that are convenient to apply in practice.

SNiP 2.03.13-88 should be used as the main document. It spells out the main provisions regarding the requirements for floor details, as well as all technological processes.

There are a number of other useful sources:

1. A document describing the conditions of labor protection - SNiP 12-04-2002. It is especially indispensable in the construction of public buildings and residential buildings.
2. SNiP for underfloor heating is 41-01-2003. Here are the requirements for ventilation, heating systems, air conditioning. The seventh part of GOST R 50571.25-2001 will also be useful. It provides information about special electrical installations.
3. Rules concerning performance characteristics and nomenclature of concretes and mortars, are reflected in GOST 4.212-80 and GOST 4.233-86.
4. A document such as SNiP 3.04.01-87 is already outdated, but it has rules regarding insulating and finishing coatings.
5. When installing a rough coating or floor on the ground, SNiP 3.02.01-87 is used.

Since SNiP for water floors has not yet been developed, the above documents are used for its installation, as well as the rules established by the manufacturers of parts - pipes, manifolds and others.

Preparatory work

The presented database describes all the work, from the start to the installation of the coating and additional elements.

1. The floor is laid only after leveling the soil and preventing heaving of the substrate, as well as after the work on drainage and dewatering has been carried out.
2. Previously, before laying the floor, it is necessary to erect ceilings and walls. If the floor is laid on a prepared base ( concrete screed, boardwalk), it is possible to carry out fine finish walls.
3. It is required to carry out communications (wiring and pipes).

• It is recommended to install a damper tape at the points of contact between the floor and walls, columns, and other vertical elements.
• If necessary, the slopes provided for in the project are equipped by laying screeds or backfilling.

Among other things, you will have to observe control over the installation and conduct quality control of the materials used.

First of all, you should pay attention to the humidity and temperature conditions:

• during the laying of materials made of wood or based on it, it is required to observe the humidity regime - work zone should not be waterlogged;
• temperature environment during construction, it should be no more than 15 0 С, when filling the gravel-sand mixture - from 0 0 С.

How to prepare the base

Maximum quality training grounds for the following rules:

• if the floor is to be installed on the ground, the fertile layer of peat or soil should be removed. Then it is backfilled with gravel or sand. Layer thickness - up to 50 cm;
• the thickness of each layer of backfill is 10 cm. Each layer is compacted manually or using special tools.

Important! If the soil is highly porous, it will need to be removed and replaced with a bulk substrate. Soils that differ in uneven bearing capacity and density are treated in the same way.

1. The concrete base of the floor is made from mortars B20-B40 classes. The presence of reinforcement depends on the type of project.
2. The base is poured in strips, the width of which is up to 4 meters. The seams are sealed with special insulating materials.
3. Thermal insulation is installed over the base of concrete and soil. The most popular heaters are polystyrene, expanded clay, perlite.
4. The bathroom must have a layer of waterproofing, while it must go on the walls at least 150 mm.

The following types of screeds are used to level the base:

1. Cement-sand. Filling is done in order to even out irregularities on the bearing plane. Thickness - 30-50 mm.
2. Concrete slab. In this case, you can apply. The thickness in this case is less - only 2 cm.
3. You can also use a prefabricated screed made of board materials(plywood, chipboard and others). Plates are fixed on anchors or glued.

Important! During laying, it is necessary to take into account the SNiP for concrete floors. Among other things, allowances for the difference in the plane are taken into account. For piece coatings, the deviation of the screed can reach 4 mm, for linoleum - only 2 mm per 2 meters.

Do not forget about the expansion gaps that must be present between the elements of the slab screed. They should be no more than 5 mm.

Floor pouring technology (video)

Various floor coverings

Carpets, linoleum

Mounting roll coatings follows the following principles:

• before starting work, roll the material over the surface, leave it for a couple of days. This is necessary so that the temperature regime of the material becomes the same as the temperature regime of the room - this way you will avoid deformations in the future;
• it will become easier to stick the material, wrinkles will not form;
• pay attention to the moisture content of the base. For draft it should be about 10%, for cement base- no more than 5%. Do not forget to clean the base from debris and dust;
• then glue is applied and the coating can be fixed. Approximately 10 cm of the edges remain free, not glued;
• wait 3 days, cut the edges and glue them.

Important! During gluing the joints, it is recommended to roll them with a special roller. Can be applied heating appliances, with their help, end welding of rolled polymer coatings takes place.

polymer floor

Installation of polymer self-leveling floors is carried out as follows:

1. Installation takes place at a temperature of 10 0 C.
2. The base must be level - suitable screed or flat plate. Priming is being done.
3. Waiting 16 hours. Then a decorative layer is applied.
4. In the event that you decide to use the powder on the mastic layer, first wait 24 hours (during this time the glue dries), and then the excess powder must be removed. For this purpose, you can use a vacuum cleaner.
5. If the compositions are multicomponent, they are mixed right before laying.

The optimal thickness of the fill layer depends on the type of composition:

• polymer reinforced - 5–8 mm;
• polyurethane floor - 1–4 mm;
• highly filled epoxy - 8–10 mm.

Wooden floor

goes according to SNiP:

1. The optimal base is wooden two-meter bars (logs). Their thickness should reach 120 mm. Lags are placed directly on concrete base or on vertical supports passing along the dirt floor.
2. The distance between the lags should reach 50 cm. The gap between the lag and the wall is 3 cm.
3. When laying parquet or boards on logs, there should be no gaps.
4. Fastening boards goes on nails. Their length should be doubled more thickness boards. Nails are driven directly into the front surface or at an angle.
5. treated with antiseptics and varnished in two layers. This is necessary to increase the life of the coating.

Floor heating

For the equipment of underfloor heating, the following requirements of SNiP must be observed:

• when arranging a warm floor, it is recommended to use only high-quality cables. The method of their installation depends on the type of product;
• into a monolithic cement-sand screed you can install cables, but on condition that the thickness of the subbase is more than 5 mm;
• when installing a decorative topcoat, you should check whether it is suitable for underfloor heating.

There are separate SNiPs for underfloor heating, which regulate the connection to the switchboard and require the product to comply with electrical safety rules.

Quality control

After all work is completed, acceptance should be carried out. At the same time the quality of the surface evenness, laying according to SNiP and other things are assessed:

1. When tapping the surface over the squares, no voids should be revealed.
2. The surface must be smooth, free of visible and invisible defects.
3. The color must completely match the color scheme specified in the project.

Deviation from planes according to SNiP

Deviations along the plane of the floors should not be more than:

• 2 mm - piece, polymer, wooden coatings;
• 10 mm - earthen and adobe;
• 4 mm - roll materials;
• 6 mm - mosaic and cement materials.

It is worth paying attention to the ledges between the decorative details of the design and - no more than 2 mm. Deviations in the layer thickness should not be more than 10% of the entire thickness.

State Committee for Civil Engineering and Architecture under Gosstroy of the USSR

Central Order of the Red Banner of Labor Research and Design Institute for Standard and Experimental Design of Dwellings (TsNIIEP Dwellings)

Approved by the Chairman of the Scientific and Technical Council, Director of the Institute B * R. Rubanenko (Minutes N "19 of 24/U-1984)

TsNIIEP housing,

1984

INTRODUCTION

The widespread use of thermally insulating floor coverings, welded into room-sized carpets, makes it possible to improve the industrial character of construction and significantly reduce construction labor intensity, especially when laying welded carpets dry, without continuous gluing to the base.

However, the felt (bast) substrate due to unstable anti-septation when laying linoleum on insufficiently dried concrete floors often rots. Continuous gluing of linoleum to the base with waterproof mastics and adhesives inhibits the spread of mold, therefore the requirement for mandatory gluing of linoleums was extended to heat and sound insulation of li-ioleums and is included in SNiP P-V, 8-71 "Floors. Design standards", SNiP Sh-V, 14- 72 "Rules for the production and acceptance of work" GOST 18108-80 "Polyvinyl chloride linoleum on a heat and sound insulating base" and "Instructions for the installation of floors in residential and public buildings" VSN-35-80.

IN last years the heat and sound insulating substrate is made of synthetic biostable fibers or impregnated with ammonium fluorosilicon in a new way technological scheme, which provides a more reliable antiseptic and allows you to abandon the mandatory gluing of welded linoleum carpets to the base.

With the permission of Gosgrazhdanstroy in residential buildings in Leningrad, Petrozavodsk, Tashkent, the laying of welded linoleum carpets without gluing, dry was carried out under the control and with the participation of TsNIIEP. The positive results of this experiment, which has been carried out since 1980, make it possible to recommend dry laying of welded carpets in all the climatic regions of the country in those rooms where it is functionally acceptable, and that method of laying

ki, which is the most economical and appropriate for a given room.

It is allowed to lay heat and sound insulating floor coverings on interfloor floors, which must meet the requirements of the chapter SNiP G1-12-77 "Design standards. Noise protection" (paragraphs 6.16 and 6.19) for airborne and impact noise insulation.

Dry laying of welded roofs made of TZIL PVC linoleum will save in housing construction on each 1 m2 of coating 0.17 man-hours of labor costs. With the annual use of this linoleum in the amount of 20 million m^, savings on a national scale can amount to 3.4 million people per hour and 10.8 million rubles.

1. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1.1. These Recommendations apply to the laying of polyvinyl chloride linoleum on a thermally insulating non-woven needle-punched underlay (TZIL PVC), supplied to construction sites in the form of welded carpets the size of a room or, as an exception, in rolls.

Laying of PVC linoleum on a porous synthetic substrate is not considered in the Recommendations, it must be carried out in accordance with VSN-173-84.

1.2. TZIL PVC linoleum and welded carpets from it are intended for floor coverings in residential buildings with normal temperature and humidity conditions (in living rooms, kitchens, hallways and corridors). They may be used in public spaces. industrial buildings in the absence of heavy traffic and exposure to abrasive materials, fats, oils and water.

1.3. It is not recommended to use TZIL PVC linoleum for flooring in the first floors of buildings.

1.4. Work on the installation of floors must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of chapter SNiP II1-B.14-72 "Floors. Production and acceptance of works" (with the exception of clause 5.218 on the mandatory gluing of all types of linoleum), chapter SNiP 111-4-80 " Safety in construction" and these Recommendations.

2. REQUIREMENTS FOR MATERIALS

2.1. Linoleum, depending on the method of production and the structure of the upper layer, is produced in the following types:

roller-coland and extrusion; the last two types of linoleum can be produced with a transparent PVC front film with a printed pattern.

Heat and sound insulating young non-woven antiseptic underlay is made by needle-punched method from fibers various kinds and their waste.

Indicators of the properties of linoleum must comply with the requirements of GOST 18108-80.

2.2. Linoleum is produced in one-color and multi-color (marble-like or with a printed pattern), with a smooth or embossed front surface.

Linoleums with a plain or glossy surface are not recommended for welding into carpets.

2.3. Linoleum in carpets should, as a rule, be welded at house-building plants or in specialized organizations. In exceptional cases, it is allowed to manufacture welded carpets directly on the building or to install linoleum coatings without welding joints.

2.4. When laying the carpet, the direction of the welds should be "according to the light", they should be straight, inconspicuous, non-protruding, continuous, without breaks and burnouts.

Carpets for residential premises should have no more than two welded longitudinal seams; transverse seams in these carpets are not allowed. For coatings utility rooms apartments (entrance halls, corridors and kitchens) and for similar premises of public and industrial buildings, welded carpets with transverse seams (no more than three seams per carpet) can be used.

2.5. The dimensions of welded carpets must correspond to the dimensions of the premises in the plan. The deviation of these dimensions should not exceed +10 mm.

2.6. The tensile strength of welds must be at least 29.4 N/cm^ (30 kgf/cm2).

2*7, Welded carpets must be delivered to construction sites on special transport rolled up or unrolled and packed in bags.

2.8. Linoleum must be supplied complete with PVC thresholds of the same color. The properties of the thresholds must comply with the requirements of GOST 19111-77 "Polyvinylchloride molded profile products. Specifications".

2.9. Wooden fillets and skirting boards must comply with the requirements of GOST 8242-75 "Wooden Milled Details for Construction".

2.10. Glue and mastics for gluing TZIL PVC linoleum in cases specifically stipulated in the Recommendations must be ready to go

pour on the basis aqueous dispersions polymers ■ be harmless in application and operation.

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUB-FLOOR

3.1. Linoleum TZIL PVC is laid directly on the concrete base of the floor, interfloor reinforced concrete floor panels, monolithic or prefabricated screeds.

3.2. The surface of the floor base (panels, screeds) must be horizontal, even, clean, without sinks, sags and drops at the joints.

The deviation of the floor base surface from the horizontal plane should not exceed 0.2%, the clearance between the floor base surface and the two-meter rail should not exceed 2 mm.

3.3. Moisture content of the floor panel concrete should not exceed 4%, the moisture content of the floor base and monolithic screed - 5%.

3.^2 The screed material, its thickness and strength (not less than 100 kgf/cm) must be taken in accordance with the project.

4. INSTALLING THE FLOORING

4.1. Before laying the coating, the floor base must be cleaned of dirt and dust, sags must be removed from it, recessed irregularities must be repaired and leveled with a polymer cement mortar, differences of more than 15 mm must be eliminated with a monolithic screed.

4.2. Laying flooring is allowed in rooms with glazed windows after testing heating, sewage, hot water, electrical and ventilation systems, as well as after finishing operations that may cause moisture and contamination of floors (plastering, cladding and painting).

Wallpapering walls (partitions) and ceilings can be done after laying floor coverings.

4.3. indoors residential apartments with an area of ​​​​not more than 25 m ^ welded linoleum carpets the size of a room are recommended to be laid dry.

In the premises of dormitories, hotels and other public and industrial buildings with a similar operating mode welded carpets up to 25 m² are also recommended to be laid dry. 2

In rooms with an area of ​​more than 25 m2, the flooring of TZIL PVC linoleum should be made from several welded carpets or from separate rolled panels. In this case, it is allowed to lay linoleum on adhesive mastics without welding it into

4.5. When laying welded carpets, the following sequence of operations must be observed:

cleaning the base from dirt and dust;

delivery of welded carpets to the installation site;

aging carpets in rolls in a warm room;

rolling carpets on the base and their maturation;

final laying of the carpet with cutting and fitting along the contour;

sill device in doorways;

installation of skirting boards.

4.6. When carrying carpets in rolls or unfolded to the place of laying, it is necessary to be guided by their marking and layout plan for the project.

4.7. Welded carpets, rolled into rolls, should be kept for two days at a temperature not lower than +15 W C before being rolled out and laid in the design position, in which the welds have a "light" direction.

4.8. The rolled-out welded carpet must be allowed to rest until complete disappearance waviness, but not less than two days at a temperature not lower than +15 C. If it is necessary to quickly eliminate waviness, special heated rollers can be used.

4.9. Cutting and fitting along the contour of the aged welded carpet should be carried out in such a way that the gap between the edges of the carpet and the wall is no more than 5 mm.

4.10. In places where it is possible to moisten the floor under operating conditions (near sinks and sinks), the edges of the carpet to a width of 200-300 mm must be smeared with adhesive mastic and pressed firmly to the base.

4.11. In doorways, linoleum carpets must be connected with PVC thresholds glued to the base.

The sills should be laid after the final cutting of the welded carpets. The upper panel is cut at a distance of 2.5 mm from the middle of the nut, the lower one - at a distance of 5 mm (width of the nut) from the edge of the cut panel.

4.12. When laying floor coverings from linoleum that is not welded into carpets, one should be guided by the instructions of p.p. 43-4.8. The rolling and laying of linoleum in place in this case should be carried out with an overlap of the edges of the panels by 20-30 mm.

4.13. When sticking TZIL PVC linoleum, the panel is folded back half the length without moving. A layer of dispersion adhesive (mastic) 0.5-0.7 mm thick is applied to the released floor base (screed) with a notched trowel, leaving the places at the edges 100-150 mm wide unsmeared for subsequent cutting of the joints.

Linoleum is glued immediately after applying the glue, carefully pressing the panel with trowels. This operation is repeated with the second half of the cloth.

4.14. The joints of the pasted linoleum panels should be cut after the glue has dried, but not earlier than three days after the sticker, after the linoleum shrinks.

Cutting joints must be performed with a special knife along a metal ruler simultaneously through both panels. After removing the linoleum scraps, the edges of the panels should be glued to the base with the same glue and using the same technology as the panels. To create a reinforced seam, the adhesive must get into the joint between the edges. Adhesive that has come to the surface must be removed with a dry rag. The glued joints of the panels are rolled with a hand or foot roller.

4.15. The gaps between the edges of the coating and the walls (partitions) should be closed with fillets or skirting boards, which should be attached only to the walls (partitions).

5. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FINISHED FLOOR

5.1. The surface of the linoleum floor must be flat, smooth and clean. It should not have scratches, traces of paint, mastic and other contaminants.

Linoleum flooring must be laid without blisters and wrinkles.

5.2. The assessment of the quality of laying the coating should be carried out visually, as well as by measuring the flatness of the surface.

6. CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF THE FLOOR

6.1. TZIL PVC linoleum floors can be washed without abundant moisture warm water or wipe with a damp cloth.

6.2. It is not allowed to move furniture on the floor surface of TZIL PVC linoleum. When installing heavy furniture on thin legs, it is recommended to put unloading wooden or plastic linings under them.

Introduction... ..........

1. General instructions.......

2. Requirements for materials. .

3. Requirements for the subfloor

4. Laying the floor covering. . .

5. Requirements for the finished floor

6. Care and maintenance of the floor. .

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During the repair, as well as when arranging a new building, it is necessary to take into account GOSTs for floors. And, despite the fact that there are still no uniform rules regarding what they should be, it is still worth getting acquainted with the requirements of the standards.

Consider a list of GOSTs for and an approximate progress of work.

List of required documents

When laying floors, a whole list of documents is required.

The most important of them:

• "Requirements and rules for the device, design, reconstruction, acceptance, operation floor coverings in terms of reference". This regulation was developed in accordance with SNiP 3.04.01-87 "Insulating and finishing coatings", as well as SNiP 2.03.13-88, which will be discussed below;
• "Floors" - SNiP 2.03.13-88. The presented document is the main one. According to it, the installation and design of various floor coverings in public, residential and industrial buildings, structures for agricultural purposes (greenhouses, livestock complexes, etc.). It is recommended to familiarize yourself with the material for everyone who is going to do the installation of the floor;
• GOST 30353-95 - "Methods for testing the impact resistance of floor coverings." It is most often used in capital construction, but it can also come in handy during repairs.

There are rules regarding the installation and selection of different finishing materials:

• – “Polymeric materials for covering capital foundations, classification”;
• TR 98-99 - " Technical advice for facing the base with large-sized ceramic tiles”;
• GOST 11529-86 - “Tile and roll for the floor. Methods of control”;
• TP 74-98 - "Equipment for coating laminated parquet based on polymer wear-resistant products."

Separately, it is worth highlighting such GOST as R 50571.25-2001. According to it, electrical installations are being installed in those buildings and structures where they are located. If you have a desire to install a heating system in the apartment, be sure to familiarize yourself with the presented GOST.

If we are talking about repairs in the apartment, these regulations are advisory.

However, compliance with these rules guarantees high quality work and the absence of claims from the permitting authorities during the redevelopment or during the sale of the apartment.

General requirements and features of foundation preparation

Let us consider in detail how a “pie” is created, which includes a base, a floor covering and all junctions.

To do this, we will familiarize ourselves with the conditions under which it is necessary to carry out work:

• first of all, it is necessary to carry out those works that cannot be carried out after the installation of the floor covering without violating it. We are talking about laying and fixing the foundation and soil, conducting communications, erecting and primary finishing of walls;
• the next step is to check the quality of the materials you intend to use;
• if the work is to be done wooden materials, it is necessary to monitor the humidity of the environment - it should be no more than 60%.

TO temperature regime requirements are also put forward:

• during the construction of the underlying layers of sand of soil foundations, layers of gravel, concrete blocks and bricks - not less than 0 0 С;
• in case of use thermal insulation materials– not less than 10 0 С;
• when using mastics - at least 5 0 C;
• provided that for filling apply polymer materials- not less than 15 0 С.

The temperature is measured at a level of 50 cm from the floor.

Foundation arrangement

• First of all, the fertile part of the soil is removed. Then there is drainage or dewatering and, if necessary, drying of the substrate saturated with water;

Important! Arrangement of floors on bulk soil, if construction debris is present, is not carried out.

• the next stage is the strengthening and compaction of the soil until it reaches the required design indicators. Can be carried out by tamping;
• bedding a pillow of sand. Several layers of 7 cm are required. Compaction in this embodiment occurs at a moisture content of at least 10%;
• gravel bedding. The layer should be up to 20 cm. The required humidity is 5-7%.

Laying concrete mix on the ground it goes like this:

• Installation of the base must be carried out at a temperature of at least 10 degrees;
• The solution is laid on lighthouse rails in strips. Tampering is carried out with the help of special devices.
• After preliminary hardening, the slats should be removed, the seams should be filled with mastics.
• The final stage is ironing or smoothing.

Then waterproofing can be carried out - coating or pasting. A bituminous composition is applied to the surface of the concrete base. A waterproofing layer is applied to the walls at a distance of 150 mm from the floor.

It is worth carrying out thermal insulation. Of course, you will spend more finances, but then, when operating the premises, you will significantly save on heating.

As thermal insulation can be used:

• polymer foam materials;
• bulk materials (perlite, vermiculite, expanded clay);
• mats based on mineral wool;
• plate products (polystyrene and polystyrene).

IN modern construction complex formulations are often used. They are ready to provide not only energy saving, but also good sound insulation. The density of the masonry should be high. Compaction of the material can reach 10–15% by volume.

Screed

Screed Requirements:

If aluminum powder or sodium sulphate is used during the installation of the screed, the layer thickness should be up to 60 mm according to the beacons. In order to prevent temperature changes from violating the integrity of the screed, damper tapes are used at the junction with walls or columns.

Pouring concrete mix:

1. First you need to eliminate minor irregularities. For this, they are used gypsum mixes or compositions based on . Filling is done with a small thickness.
2. Next, you need to eliminate air bubbles. The layer is rolled with a needle roller or vibration treatment is carried out. The smoothing of the screed must be carried out before the mortar has set.
3. You can make a prefabricated screed from chipboard or plywood.

Rules for installing a prefabricated screed

• Sheets of construction are installed on a solid foundation and fastened to anchors or bituminous mastic.
• The gaps between the sheets should be at least 5 mm, they are glued with fabric or paper tapes.

Tolerances

Tolerances on the 2-meter control rail for the difference in planes are selected based on strap types:

• base for carpet, parquet, linoleum - 2 mm;
• for other coatings - 4 mm;
• concrete screed for sheets or logs - no more than 10 mm.

Installation of the floor according to the rules (video)

Installation of floor coverings

For private construction, the most popular floor coverings are: parquet, tiles or rolled materials.

1. For rolled materials - it is previously recommended to roll them out on a plane in order to eliminate all irregularities. The product will have to withstand 1-2 days.
2. Installation of rolled material is carried out on a base, the humidity of which does not exceed 12%, for concrete and cement - 5%.
3. Glue is evenly applied over the entire rough coating, this is necessary in order to ensure that the entire roll material stuck tight. Glue thickness - no more than 0.8 mm.
4. The panels are stacked on top of each other with an overlap of 15 mm. In this case, the edges do not need to be glued - leave 100 mm. Next, you have to wait three days and only then carry out trimming and finishing gluing.
5. Before laying a tile, place it on draft floor to decide on a pattern. If there is a need for trimming, use a tile cutter.
6. Glue is applied to the pre-primed base with a notched trowel. The tile is firmly pressed against the adhesive and leveled.
7. Special spacers will help keep the distance between tiles and rows.
8. After polymerization, the solution can be filled.

Arrangement also goes according to GOST:

• if the floor is plank, the length of the lumber should be at least 2 meters, for parquet board 1.2 meters is enough;
• the basis for the floor can be a system of special 2-meter beams (lag), their width should reach 8–10 cm, thickness - 4–6 cm;
• the step width between the lags should be 40–50 cm. The presence of a gap of 20 mm between the vertical and horizontal lags will help reduce the load;
• it is recommended to install a special reinforced bar across the doorway - it will be loaded from the threshold;
• elements of parquet and boards are connected to each other by side surfaces. Nails will help to fix the coating: they are driven obliquely into the groove of the parquet shield or into the board;
• wooden elements are treated with antiseptics and stains, varnish.

floor heating

If there is a desire to equip a warm floor in accordance with GOST, You should read the regulations:

1. In fact, there are no rules governing the installation of a water floor. This means that holding specified works is only your decision and initiative. During installation, some specifications and GOSTs for pipes.
2. When arranging electric floors, GOST R 50571.25-2001 is taken into account. He "says" that the floors must meet the requirements of safety and performance.
3. It is allowed to use any products certified in Russia - self-regulating and resistive cables, film mats.
4. At the same time, a prerequisite is the presence of special floor coverings, systems protective shutdown to the heating circuit.

Before designing a floor, you should familiarize yourself with a whole range of documents: GOST and SNiP for floor heating, for, arrangement of the base.

Of course, it will not be possible to consider all the requirements in one article. The presented material presents the main provisions that will help you in your work.

Main normative documents, which includes the requirements for the arrangement various categories floors are SP and SNiP. It is these acts that must be guided both when creating a floor in a new house, and during overhaul floor coverings.

floor construction

Floor installation in a residential area

Structurally, the floor consists of the following elements:

• Draft floor.
• Finishing.
• Various layers in the form of heat, hydro, steam and sound insulation.

The basis can serve as interfloor overlap as well as soil or concrete. It is the foundation that takes the main load that falls on the floors, so it must be strong enough to withstand the operating conditions..

Floor properties

Finishing floors equip from various materials, which largely determine the properties of the structure:

• Artificial and natural stone.
• Concrete.
• Ceramic tile.
• Asphalt.
• Linoleum.
• Cork.
• Batten.
• Parquet.
• Laminate.
• Carpet, etc.

SNiP and SP define the most important operational properties coatings:

• Resistance to mechanical abrasion under load on floors.
• Heat absorption. This indicator determines the amount of heat that the floor covering will take away from a person. Wood, cork, laminate, linoleum and carpet differ in insignificant heat absorption, so the floors of them seem warm. Stone or concrete floors are cold, as these materials take up a significant amount of heat.
• Rigidity. This indicator determines the tendency of the coating to deform under load.
• Elasticity. A property that determines the ability of a coating to return to its original shape after deformation. Elastic coatings include wood, linoleum, carpet and cork. They create a feeling of softness, while there is practically no deformation on the surface, for example, from heavy furniture or heels.

Primary requirements

SNiP and SP define not only building codes that must be followed during the arrangement, but also operating parameters that the floors must match.

The main requirements for absolutely all genders are:

• Smooth non-slip surface.
• Easy to clean flooring.
• High strength.
• Sufficient resistance to abrasion, fading and mechanical stress.
• Conformity general style room interior.
• In rooms with high humidity the floor must be waterproof.
• Sufficient degree of sound absorption, corresponding to the norms of the noise level for different types of premises.

Normative documents

Floor insulation with screed

After the entry into force of Federal Law No. 384-FZ " Technical regulation on the safety of buildings and structures” was developed by the Code of Rules SP 29.13330.2011. Floors. This document is an updated version of the previously existing SNiP 2.03.13-88.

SP 29.13330.2011 regulates the rules for designing and arranging the floors of buildings and structures of any type. The updated version of SNiP 2.03.13-88 also defines a list of other regulatory documentation governing the arrangement of floors in different rooms:

• residential and public buildings- SP 54.13330, SP 55.13330, SNiP 31-06.
• Fire and explosion hazardous industrial premises - Requirements fire safety dated 06/22/2008.
• For premises with normalized heat absorption of floor coverings - SP 50.13330.
• Floors on ceilings - SP 51.13330.
• Floors of agricultural complexes - SNiP 2.10.03.
• Floors exposed during operation to chemically aggressive substances - SNiP 2.03.11.
• floors in sports complexes- SNiP 31-05.
• Floors in warehouses - SP 56.13330.

In addition, the updated version building codes prescribes to use the requirements for a specific type of building when designing floors. Floors are accepted in accordance with SNiP 3.04.01.

SP 29.13330.2011 (updated version of SNiP 2.03.13-88) defines properly equipped floors as a coating that provides the following parameters:

• Reliability.
• Optimal costs of building materials for the arrangement of the floor.
• Maximum strength and deformation properties.
• Ecological and hygienic safety.
• Safety in the movement of people and / or equipment.
• Fire safety.
• Explosion safety.

Dry floor technology

When designing and arranging, the impacts that the floor perceives during operation must be taken into account.. This includes mechanical and moisture loading. Also, floors must meet a number of special requirements:

• Lack of sparking as a result of mechanical impact.
• Wear resistance.
• Sound, heat, moisture and vapor barrier.
• No dust formation, etc.

Floors must be bearing capacity corresponding to the loads, otherwise the coating becomes “unsteady” and, as a result, ceases to meet safety requirements. In places of occurrence of a concentrated load, a coating deflection of more than 2 mm should not form. In rooms with a significant moisture load, a coating slope is provided.

Floor covering requirements

• Floor covering in accordance with SP 29.13330.2011 (updated edition of SNiP 2.03.13-88) is selected based on the load and its intensity. When arranging the cover under it, it is necessary to leave air space, which should not have communication with ventilation ducts. In large areas, this space is divided into compartments. The coating must have antistatic properties. Such resistance can provide a comfortable stay of a person in the room and the necessary protection of the electrical equipment and equipment used from the resulting discharges.
• The surface of the coating should be even with differences of 2–6 mm, depending on the material chosen. When using parquet, linoleum and laminate, the formation of ledges between adjacent elements is not allowed.
• When arranging floors in rooms with temperature changes, deformation gaps must be left to compensate for the expansion / contraction of the material. Elastic materials are used for seams. The expansion joints of all layers of the floor must be on top of each other.

Waterproofing

Floors on the balcony in a wooden house

Waterproofing is not required for all floors. It is mandatory only in rooms with an average and high humidity load - SP 29.13330.2011 (updated version of SNiP 2.03.13-88).

View waterproofing materials is selected depending on the degree of liquid exposure, as well as the type of liquid. It can be water, oils or chemically aggressive substances.

The hydrobarrier can be constructed from the following materials:

• Bituminous deposited roll materials.
• Self-adhesive bituminous roll products.
• Roll materials with a polymer base.
• Bituminous mastics.
• Bitumen-polymer mastics.
• Bulk waterproofing.
• polyethylene membranes.
• Penetrating waterproofing, etc.

The choice of waterproofing materials is carried out in accordance with the recommendations of SNiP and SP and based on operating conditions. The updated version of building codes gives detailed recommendations regarding waterproofing materials suitable for use in various conditions.

Requirements for the arrangement of the screed

Cement-sand floor screed

In accordance with SP 29.13330.2011 (updated version of SNiP 2.03.13-88), the screed must be equipped in the following cases:

• The need for floor leveling.
• Hidden installation of pipelines.
• Ensuring uniform distribution of loads over heat and noise insulating layers.
• Creating a floor that meets the standards of heat absorption.
• Creating a floor slope.

The screed is made of concrete or cement-sand mixture. The brand of concrete is determined based on the design of the floors and the base on which the screed is performed. In rooms with temperature fluctuations, as well as when arranging "warm floor" systems, the screed provides expansion joints, which are stitched with elastic polymers.

Ground base requirements

When arranging floors according to ground base the soil must be thoroughly compacted. It is impossible to use vegetable and weak soils, as they are not able to provide the necessary floor strength indicators. When building a house on a site lined with such soils, they must be replaced with low-compressibility materials. When using imported soils, their layer-by-layer laying is carried out.

Coatings

How to make a bulk floor

The fundamental criterion for choosing a coating is the type of room and the load on the floor. Appendix D SP 29.13330.2011 (updated version of SNiP 2.03.13-88) recommends the following types of floor coverings:

• For residential premises - linoleum, parquet, batten, laminate.
• For public spaces with an average load - self-leveling, concrete floors, porcelain stoneware, natural and artificial stone.
• Medical institutions - linoleum, parquet, floor board, laminate.
• Children's institutions - linoleum.
• Educational institutions, sports and assembly halls - laminate flooring, parquet, linoleum.
• Unheated premises - porcelain stoneware, ceramic tiles.

A complete list of recommended floor coverings can be found in SP 29.13330.2011 (updated version of SNiP 2.03.13-88). Linoleum and laminate can only be used for interior decoration, the traffic intensity in which is low. With a significant load, other recommendations should be followed. So, for example, the floor covering for industrial premises is selected in accordance with Appendix B to SP 29.13330.2011 (updated version of SNiP 2.03.13-88), which is mandatory, not advisory.

In this Appendix, the selection of coatings is carried out according to different criteria:

• Degree of mechanical impact.
• The action of aggressive environments and chemicals.
• Special requirements for a particular type of room.

It is impossible to use for arranging floors materials that adversely affect the microclimate in the room, as well as releasing compounds harmful to humans into the air. A floor with such a coating will not meet the requirements of safety, environmental friendliness and hygiene.

concrete floors

The main areas of application of concrete floors are workshops, livestock complexes, warehouses and hangars. The thickness of such a coating depends on the operational loads. When arranging floors with a thickness of not more than 120 mm, it is recommended to reinforce them metal mesh with a cell 100×100 mm.

When performing such a coating, concrete is laid in strips. The evenness of the floor is controlled by beacons. The width of the strips of SNiP and SP is recommended to be determined based on the characteristics of the building, as well as the equipment used to carry out the work. Wet concrete surface special sealants are applied.

asphalt pavement

Floor in an industrial building

Depending on the operational loads, laying can be carried out in one or two layers. After complete laying of the coating, it is compacted and sprinkled with fine-grained sand. The floor is fully usable a day after the arrangement of the coating.

Plank floors

Plank floors are great for residential country houses, public or administrative buildings. You can arrange them in industrial premises with little load. The coating can be installed on the ground or on logs. Wood is an environmentally friendly material, but it is prone to decay. To prevent such processes, it is recommended to perform 2 layers of waterproofing.

Coating boards are laid perpendicular to the joists and fixed with nails. The joints between the individual floorboards must be carefully adjusted - the formation of gaps and cracks is not allowed. The joint between the wall and the floor is made using a plinth.

Linoleum

Floors made of this material are distinguished by good wear resistance and ease of maintenance. Linoleum has long been successfully used in flooring in country houses and apartments, medical and children's institutions. Such material has proven itself well in rooms on the floors of which the formation of static charges is unacceptable. These are operating rooms, laboratories and rooms with electrical equipment.

Linoleum can be laid on a concrete base, a monolithic screed or a subfloor made of sheet lumber. The material is glued to the base over the entire area. The formation of air pockets under the coating is not allowed.

Conclusion

SNiP and SP - the main regulatory documentation governing the requirements for the arrangement of floors in buildings different type. These norms have practical value not only for specialists, but also for private developers.

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Ruslan Vasiliev