Schemes for flooring on the ground in a house, basement, garage or bath

In houses without basements, the floor of the first floor can be made according to two schemes:

• with support on the ground - with a screed on the ground or on logs;
• based on walls - like a ceiling over a ventilated underground.

Which of the two options would be better and easier?

In homes without a basement, ground flooring is a popular solution for all ground floor spaces. Floors on the ground - cheap, simple and easy to perform, it is also beneficial to arrange in the basement, garage, bathhouse and other utility rooms. Simple design, application modern materials, placement in the floor of the heating circuit (warm floor), make such floors comfortable and attractively priced.

In winter, the backfill under the floor always has a positive temperature. For this reason, the soil at the base of the foundation freezes less - the risk of frost heaving of the soil is reduced. In addition, the thickness of the thermal insulation of the floor on the ground may be less than that of the floor above the ventilated underground.

It is better to refuse the floor on the ground if it is necessary to backfill with soil at too high a height, more than 0.6-1 m. The cost of backfilling and compacting the soil in this case may be too high.

The floor on the ground is not suitable for buildings on a pile or columnar foundation with a grillage, which is located above the ground.

Three basic schemes for laying floors on the ground

In the first variant a concrete monolithic reinforced floor slab rests on load-bearing walls, Fig.1.

After the concrete hardens, the entire load is transferred to the walls. In this option, a monolithic reinforced concrete floor slab plays the role of a floor slab and must be calculated for the standard load of floors, have appropriate strength and reinforcement.

The soil is actually used here only as a temporary formwork when constructing a reinforced concrete floor slab. Such a floor is often referred to as a "suspended ground floor".

A suspended floor on the ground has to be done if there is a high risk of shrinkage of the soil under the floor. For example, when building a house on peat bogs or when the height of bulk soil is more than 600 mm. The thicker the backfill layer, the higher the risk of significant subsidence of the fill soil over time.

Second option - this is the floor on the foundation - a slab, when a reinforced concrete monolithic slab, poured onto the ground over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe building, serves as a support for the walls and the base for the floor, Fig.2.

Third option provides for the installation of a monolithic concrete slab or the laying of wooden logs in the intervals between bearing walls supported on loose soil.

Here, the floor slab or logs are not connected to the walls. The load of the floor is completely transferred to the bulk soil, Fig.3.

Exactly last option it is correct to call the floor on the ground, about which our story will go.

Floors on the ground should provide:

• thermal insulation of premises from the conditions of energy saving;
• comfortable hygienic conditions for people;
• protection against penetration into the premises of ground moisture and gases - radioactive radon;
• prevent the accumulation of water vapor condensate inside the floor structure;
• reduce the transmission of impact noise to adjacent rooms along the building structures.

Backfilling a soil cushion for a floor on the ground

The surface of the future floor is raised to the required height by installing a cushion of non-porous soil.

Before starting work on backfilling, be sure to remove the top soil layer with vegetation. If this is not done, then the floor will begin to settle over time.

Any soil that can be easily compacted can be used as a material for the pillow device: sand, fine gravel, sand and gravel, and with a low level of groundwater - sandy loam and loam. It is advantageous to use the soil left in the area from, the well and (except for peat and black soil).

The soil of the pillow is carefully compacted in layers (not thicker than 15 cm.) by tamping with spilling the soil with water. The degree of soil compaction will be higher if a mechanical rammer is used.

Large gravel should not be placed in the pillow, broken brick, pieces of concrete. There will still be voids between large fragments.

The thickness of the pillow from bulk soil is recommended to be made within 300-600 mm. It is still not possible to compact bulk soil to the state of natural soil. Therefore, the soil will settle over time. thick layer bulk soil can lead to too much and uneven subsidence of the floor.

To protect against ground gases - radioactive radon, it is recommended to make a layer of compacted rubble or expanded clay in the pillow. This underlying capping layer is made 20 cm thick. The content of particles with a size of less than 4 mm in this layer should be no more than 10% by weight. The filtration layer must be ventilated.

The top layer of expanded clay, in addition to protection from gases, will serve as additional thermal insulation for the floor. For example, a layer of expanded clay with a thickness of 18 cm. in terms of heat-saving capacity corresponds to 50 mm. foam. To protect against punching of insulation boards and waterproofing films, which in some floor designs are laid directly on the backfill, a leveling layer of sand is poured over the compacted layer of crushed stone or expanded clay, twice the thickness of the backfill fraction.

Before filling the soil cushion, it is necessary to lay water and sewer pipes at the entrance to the house, as well as pipes of the soil ventilation heat exchanger. Or lay cases for mounting pipes in them in the future.

Ground floor construction

In private housing construction, the floor on the ground is arranged according to one of three options:

• ground floor with concrete screed;
• ground floor with dry screed;
• ground floor on wooden beams.

A concrete floor on the ground is noticeably more expensive in the device, but more reliable and durable than other designs.

Concrete floor on the ground

Ground floors are multilayer construction, Fig.4. Let's go through these layers from bottom to top:

1. Laid on a soil cushion ground filter materialmoisture contained in freshly placed concrete (e.g. polyethylene film at least 0.15 mm.). The film is put on the walls.
2. Along the perimeter of the walls of the room, to the total height of all layers of the floor, fix separating edge layer from strips with a thickness of 20 - 30 mm cut from insulation boards.
3. Then arrange a monolithic concrete floor preparation thickness 50-80 mm. from lean concrete of class B7.5-B10 on crushed stone fraction 5-20 mm. This is technological layer designed for waterproofing stickers. The radius of the junction of concrete to the walls 50-80 mm. Concrete preparation can be reinforced with steel or fiberglass mesh. The mesh is laid in the lower part of the slab with a protective concrete layer of at least 30 mm. For reinforcing concrete foundations, it can alsouse steel fiber length 50-80 mm and diameter 0.3-1mm. At the time of hardening, the concrete is covered with a film or poured with water. Read:
4. For hardened concrete floor preparation bonded waterproofing. Either two layers of rolled waterproofing or roofing material on a bituminous basis with the establishment of each layer on the wall. Rolls are unrolled and joined with an overlap of 10 cm. Waterproofing is a barrier to moisture, and also serves as protection against the penetration of ground gases into the house. The waterproofing layer of the floor must always be connected to a similar waterproofing layer of the wall. Butt joints of film or roll materials must be sealed.
5. On a layer of hydro-gas insulation laying insulation boards. Extruded polystyrene foam will probably the best option for ground floor insulation. Styrofoam is also used, with a density of at least PSB35 (residential premises) and PSB50 for heavy loads (garage). Styrofoam eventually collapses upon contact with bitumen and alkali (these are all cement-sand mortars). Therefore, before laying the foam on the polymer-bitumen coating, one layer should be laid polyethylene film with an overlap of sheets 100-150 mm. The thickness of the insulation layer is determined by heat engineering calculation.
6. On the insulation layer laying underlayment(for example, a polyethylene film with a thickness of at least 0.15 mm.), which creates a barrier to the moisture contained in the freshly laid concrete floor screed.
7. Then lay a monolithic reinforced screed with a "warm floor" system (or without a system). When underfloor heating, it is necessary to provide in the screed expansion joints. Monolithic screed must be at least 60 thick mm. performed from concrete class not lower than B12.5 or from mortarbased on cement or gypsum binder with a compressive strength of at least 15 MPa(M150 kgf / cm 2). The screed is reinforced with welded steel mesh. The grid is laid in the lower part of the layer. Read: . For a more thorough leveling of the surface of the concrete screed, especially if the final floor is made of laminate or linoleum, a self-leveling mortar from factory-made dry mixes with a thickness of at least 3 cm.
8. For screed installing a clean floor.

This is a classic floor on the ground. Based on it, it is possible various options performance - both in design and in the materials used, both with and without insulation.

Option - concrete floor on the ground without concrete preparation

Using modern building materials, concrete floor on the ground is often done without a layer of concrete preparation. A layer of concrete preparation is needed as a basis for sticking rolled waterproofing on a paper or fabric basis impregnated with a polymer-bitumen composition.

In floors without concrete preparation as a waterproofing, a more durable polymer membrane specially designed for this purpose is used, a profiled film, which is laid directly on the soil cushion.

The profiled membrane is a sheet of polyethylene high density(PVP) with protrusions molded on the surface (usually spherical or in the form of a truncated cone) with a height of 7 to 20 mm. Available in density from 400 to 1000 g/m 2 and is supplied in rolls with a width of 0.5 to 3.0 m, length 20 m.

Due to the textured surface, the profiled membrane is securely fixed in sand base without deforming or shifting during installation.

Fixed into the sand base, the profiled membrane provides a solid surface suitable for laying thermal insulation and concrete.

The surface of the membranes withstands without breaks the movement of workers and vehicles for transportation concrete mixtures and solutions (excluding tracked vehicles).

The service life of the profiled membrane is more than 60 years.

The profiled membrane is laid on a well-compacted sand cushion with spikes down. The spikes of the membrane will lock into the pillow.

The seams between the overlapped rolls are carefully glued with mastic.

The studded surface of the membrane gives it the necessary rigidity, which makes it possible to lay insulation boards directly on it and concrete the floor screed.

If extruded polystyrene foam boards with profiled joint joints are used for the construction of the thermal insulation layer, then such boards can be laid directly on the ground backfill.

Bedding of crushed stone or gravel with a thickness of at least 10 cm neutralizes the capillary rise of moisture from the soil.

The polymer film of waterproofing in this embodiment is laid on top of the insulation layer.

If the top layer of the soil cushion is poured out of expanded clay, then the insulation layer under the screed can be abandoned.

The thermal insulation properties of expanded clay depend on its bulk density. From expanded clay with a bulk density of 250–300 kg / m 3 it is enough to make a heat-insulating layer with a thickness of 25 cm. Expanded clay with a bulk density of 400–500 kg / m 3 to achieve the same thermal insulation capacity, you will have to lay a layer 45 thick cm. Expanded clay is poured in layers with a thickness of 15 cm and compacted by hand or mechanical rammer. The easiest way to compact is multifraction expanded clay, which contains granules of different sizes.

Expanded clay is quite easily saturated with moisture from the underlying soil. Wet expanded clay decrease thermal insulation properties. For this reason, it is recommended to arrange a moisture barrier between the base soil and the expanded clay layer. A thick waterproofing film can serve as such a barrier.

Durable, warm and with low water absorption will be the base for the floor, made of coarse-pored claydite concrete without sand.

Ground floor with dry screed

In floors on the ground as the upper bearing layer, instead of a concrete screed, in some cases it is advantageous to make a dry prefabricated screed from gypsum-fiber sheets, from sheets of waterproof plywood, as well as from prefabricated floor elements from different manufacturers.

For residential premises of the first floor of the house more simple and cheap option there will be a floor installation on the ground with a dry combined floor screed, Fig.5.

The floor with a prefabricated screed is afraid of flooding. Therefore, it should not be done in the basement, as well as in wet rooms- bathroom, boiler room.

The floor on the ground with a prefabricated screed consists of the following elements (positions in Fig. 5):

1 - Flooring - parquet, laminate or linoleum.

2 - Glue for joints of parquet and laminate.

3 - Standard underlay for flooring.

4 - Prefabricated screed finished elements or gypsum boards, plywood, chipboard, OSB.

5 - Glue for assembling the screed.

6 - Leveling backfill - quartz or expanded clay sand.

7 - Communications pipe (water supply, heating, electrical wiring, etc.).

8 - Insulation of the pipe with porous-fibrous mats or polyethylene foam sleeves.

9 - Protective metal casing.

10 - Expansion dowel.

11 - Waterproofing - polyethylene film.

12 - Concrete reinforced base made of class B15 concrete.

13 - Foundation soil.

The device for adjoining the floor to the outer wall is shown in Fig. 6.

The positions in Fig. 6 are as follows:
1-2. Lacquered parquet, parquet, or laminate or linoleum.
3-4. Adhesive and primer for parquet, or standard underlay.
5. Prefabricated screed from prefabricated elements or gypsum fiber sheets, plywood, chipboard, OSB.
6. Water-dispersion adhesive for screed assembly.
7. Moisture insulation - polyethylene film.
8. Quartz sand.
9. concrete base- reinforced concrete screed class B15.
10. Separating gasket made of waterproofing roll material.
11. Thermal insulation made of PSB 35 foam plastic or extruded polystyrene foam, according to the calculation thickness.
12. Foundation soil.
13. Plinth.
14. Self-tapping screw.
15. Outer wall.

As mentioned above, the soil cushion at the base of the floor always has a positive temperature and in itself has certain heat-insulating properties. In many cases, it is enough to additionally lay the insulation in a strip along the outer walls (pos. 11 in Fig. 6.) in order to obtain the required thermal insulation parameters for the floor without underfloor heating (without warm floors).

The thickness of the floor insulation on the ground

Fig.7. Be sure to lay insulation in the floor, along the perimeter of the outer walls, with a tape, at least 0.8 wide m. Outside, the foundation (basement) is insulated to a depth of up to 1 m.

The temperature of the soil under the floor, in the area adjacent to the plinth along the perimeter of the outer walls, depends quite strongly on the outside temperature. A cold bridge forms in this zone. Heat leaves the house through the floor, soil and plinth.

The soil temperature closer to the center of the house is always positive and depends little on the temperature outside. The soil is heated by the heat of the Earth.

Building regulations require that the area through which heat escapes must be insulated. For this, it is recommended to arrange thermal protection at two boundaries (Fig. 7):

1. Insulate outside the basement and foundation of the house to a depth of at least 1.0 m.
2. Lay a layer of horizontal thermal insulation in the floor structure along the perimeter of the outer walls. The width of the insulation tape along the outer walls is at least 0.8 m.(pos.11 in Fig. 6).

The thickness of the thermal insulation is calculated from the condition that the total resistance to heat transfer in the floor - ground - basement section should not be less than the same parameter for outer wall.

Simply put, the total thickness of the basement plus floor insulation must be no less than the thickness of the outer wall insulation. For the climatic zone in the area of ​​Moscow, the total thickness of the foam insulation is at least 150 mm. For example, vertical thermal insulation on plinth 100 mm., plus 50 mm. horizontal tape in the floor along the perimeter of the outer walls.

When choosing the dimensions of the thermal insulation layer, it is also taken into account that the insulation of the foundation helps to reduce the depth of freezing of the soil under its sole.

This is minimum requirements to floor insulation on the ground. It is clear that the larger the size of the heat-insulating layer, the higher the energy saving effect.

Lay thermal insulation under the entire floor surface in order to save energy, it is absolutely necessary only in the case of underfloor heating in the premises or the construction of an energy-passive house.

In addition, a continuous layer of thermal insulation in the floor of the room is useful and necessary to improve the parameter heat absorption of the floor surface. The heat absorption of the floor surface is the property of the floor surface to absorb heat in contact with any objects (for example, the soles of the feet). This is especially important if the finishing floor is made of ceramic or stone tiles, or other material with high thermal conductivity. Such a floor with insulation will feel warmer.

The heat absorption index of the floor surface for residential buildings should not be higher than 12 W / (m 2 ° С). A calculator to calculate this indicator can be found

Wooden floor on the ground on logs on a concrete screed

Base plate made of concrete class B 12.5, thickness 80 mm. on a layer of crushed stone, compacted into the ground to a depth of at least 40 mm.

Wooden bars - logs with a minimum section, width 80 mm. and height 40 mm., it is recommended to lay on the waterproofing layer in increments of 400-500 mm. For vertical alignment, they are placed on plastic pads in the form of two triangular wedges. By sliding or pushing the linings, the height of the lag is adjusted. Span between adjacent support points lag no more than 900 mm. Between the lags and the walls should leave a gap of 20-30 mm.

The joists lie freely without attachment to the base. At the time of installation of the subfloor, they can be fastened together with temporary bonds.

For the device of the subfloor, they usually use wood boards- OSB, chipboard, DSP. The thickness of the plates is not less than 24 mm. All joints of the plates must necessarily rely on the logs. Wooden lintels are installed under the joints of the plates between adjacent lags.

The subfloor can be made from a grooved floorboard. Such a floor made of high-quality boards can be used without a floor covering. Permissible moisture content of wood flooring materials is 12-18%.

If necessary, insulation can be laid in the space between the lags. Mineral wool slabs must be covered from above with a vapor-permeable film, which prevents the penetration of microparticles of insulation into the room.

Roll waterproofing made of bituminous or bitumen-polymer materials applied in two layers on the concrete underlying layer by melting (for welded roll materials) or by sticking on bitumen-polymer mastics. When installing pasting waterproofing, longitudinal and transverse overlapping of panels should be ensured at least 85 mm.

To ventilate the underground floor space on the ground along the logs, slots in the baseboards must be provided in the rooms. At least two opposite corners of the room leave holes with an area of ​​20-30 cm 2 .

Wooden floor on the ground on the logs on the posts

There is one more structural diagram gender is wooden floor on the ground on logs, laid on posts, Fig.5.

Positions in Fig.5.:
1-4 - Elements of the finishing floor.
5 —
6-7 - Glue and screws for assembling the screed.
8 - Wooden log.
9 - Wood leveling gasket.
10 - Waterproofing.
11 - Brick or concrete column.
12 - Foundation soil.

The device of the floor on the logs along the columns allows you to reduce the height of the soil cushion or completely abandon its device.

Floors, soils and foundations

Floors on the ground are not connected to the foundation and rest directly on the ground under the house. If heaving, then the floor in winter and spring can "walk" under the influence of forces.

To prevent this from happening, the heaving soil under the house must be made not to heave. The easiest way to do this is to underground part

The design of pile foundations at bored (including TISE) and screw piles involves the device of a cold base. Warming the soil under the house with such foundations is a rather problematic and expensive task. Floors on the ground in the house on pile foundation can be recommended only for non-heaving or slightly heaving soils Location on.

When building a house on heaving soils, it is also necessary to have an underground part of the foundation to a depth of 0.5 - 1 m.

In addition, it will help eliminate the cold bridge, as well as reduce the thickness of the floor insulation. About how to determine required thickness vertical thermal insulation of the basement and the underground part of the foundation can be
O design features devices different options floors on the ground read other articles on this topic.

More articles on this topic:

is an base type foundations, one of the most proven and deeply studied types of support structures.

The history of the construction of the tape goes back many centuries, so the statistics and design features have been worked out as tightly and in detail as possible.

The strip foundation is harmoniously combined with nodes of other types of foundation or with structural elements of the building itself, allowing them to be implemented in various ways.

One such option is flooring on the ground, a simple solution that does not require long work and does not load the walls.

The technique is quite widespread and deserves a detailed description.

Floors on the ground is a technology for creating a subfloor based directly on the underlying soil layers. This technique is available in the absence ground floor or basement. It is simple and economical, it is used mainly in auxiliary and outbuildings - garages, storage facilities, bathhouses, etc.

For residential buildings, this technology is used less frequently, as it requires high-quality, and ideally, the installation of a "warm floor" system.

It should be borne in mind that the ground flooring technique is only suitable for traditional types of strip base and is not suitable for combined types supporting structures, such as pile-tape, etc.

Exist different types rough floors on the ground:

• Concrete screed supported by load-bearing walls.
• Concrete screed supported by a layer of soil backfill and which is a supporting platform for walls.
• Boardwalk on logs.
• Dry screed with floating floor, etc.

Various design options require their own methods and composition of the floor cake on the ground. Flood directly on the backfill layer is impossible, it is necessary to create appropriate preparatory layers that provide rigidity, resistance to loads and thermal insulation.

Wooden decking is easier to install, but also requires some serious preparatory work.

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages of floors on the ground should include:

• Simplicity and economy of creation.
• Ability to withstand high loads.
• No or low wall loads.
• Durability, high maintainability.
• Ability to be combined with any type of finishing coating.
• Possibility of installation of system of a heat-insulated floor.

There is also a disadvantage and:

• The need for high-quality insulation.
• The impossibility of the device when too big thickness backfill layer (more than 0.6-1 m).
• Dependence on the hydrogeological conditions in the region, the impossibility of arranging in floodplain areas or in regions with unstable groundwater levels.
• The need for a competent approach in construction.

All qualities of floors on the ground are well enough studied, which allows us to rely on technology and carry out work in strict accordance with its requirements.

What is the device (by layers)

For wooden subfloors, creating a complex cake is not necessary. A mandatory layer of sand backfill is sufficient, on top of which geotextiles are laid, insulation is laid or poured. The composition of the cake for a concrete floor on the ground is more complicated.

The following layers are usually created:

• Sand filling.
• A reinforcing mesh made of metal or fiberglass is laid.
• Draft layer of concrete screed 10 cm thick.
• waterproofing layer.
• Insulation (expanded clay, polystyrene or, better, specialized foam).
• Additional layer of waterproofing.
• Clean concrete screed.

The last layer is also recommended to be reinforced to eliminate the possibility of cracking during drying. If necessary, it can be filled with pipelines of a water-heated floor to get an efficient and economical home heating system.

What you need to know before building

Before proceeding with the construction of the floor on the ground, it is necessary to obtain enough full information on the composition of soil layers on the site, groundwater and the size of seasonal fluctuations in their level.

This data will decide whether it is possible to create floors on the ground with a sufficient degree of safety for the building and its inhabitants. It is recommended to create a quality drainage system capable of ensuring the removal of soil moisture in the event of an increase in its level.

Then you should decide on the thickness of the preparatory layers of the backfill. This issue is of particular importance, since they must be carefully compacted. The thicker the layer, the more difficult it is to achieve sufficient compaction.

At the same time, it is impossible in practice to achieve the natural density of compaction of the backfill layer. The preparatory layer will certainly give some shrinkage, the value of which will be directly proportional to its thickness.

A layer of footing (rough screed) is recommended to be poured onto a geotextile sheet. This will keep water in the array and ensure normal crystallization of the material. If poured directly onto the preparation layer, moisture from the concrete will be absorbed into it and disrupt the curing process, which will weaken the screed as a result.

When pouring all concrete layers, it is necessary to fully comply with the time required for the material to crystallize and gain technological strength. Otherwise, there is a risk of deformation or destruction of the underlying layers, the occurrence of defects in the geometry of the floor pie and the loss of overall strength.

Before starting work, you must make sure that all communications passing under the floor level have been entered. After creating a floor pie on the ground, the implementation of the input of communications will be difficult and will require more complex methods for resolving the issue.

Construction technologies on a strip foundation

Creating floors on the ground has several ways, involving the use of different methods and materials. All of them have their own advantages and disadvantages, have sufficient efficiency and bearing capacity.

The choice of methodology is made on the basis of a comparison of the features of the technology and the conditions that exist in reality. In addition, the possibilities and preferences of the owner of the house are an important factor.

Consider the procedure for creating different technological options:

Concrete screed

Creating a concrete screed is the most time-consuming and time-consuming process that requires the use of "wet" solutions.

This feature must be taken into account in advance, since the specifics of the materials will require the presence of certain conditions:

• The air temperature is not lower than + 5 ° (optimally - room temperature).
• No exposure to the scorching rays of the sun. In the absence of a roof, a mesh or canopy can be used for protection.
• Site prepared for work.

Work order:

• Creating a sand cushion layer. It is poured up to 0.6 m of sand (optimally - about 20 cm). The layer is carefully compacted to a state of maximum density. As a guide, it is necessary to achieve density as on a country road.
• The next layer is backfilling with rubble. The thickness of the layer is the same as that of the previous sand layer - about 20 cm. Ramming allows not only to increase the strength of the crushed stone layer, but also makes it possible to additionally compact the sand layer.
• Laying geotextile fabric. Strips of material overlap about 15 cm with an overlap on the walls of the foundation tape.
• Along the perimeter of the room on the tape at damping tape is installed providing mechanical decoupling of the floor and foundation.
• A reinforcing mesh is laid and a rough concrete screed is poured. It is maintained for the time required by the technology until the material solidifies completely.
• Applying a waterproofing layer. Either a double layer of roofing material coated with bituminous mastic or various impregnations is used.
• Insulation laying. The best option- foam for foundation work, characterized by density and resistance to external influences.
• Steam laying waterproofing film . The strips are laid with an overlap on the walls (over the damping tape) to a height of about 20 cm. The film is overlapped by 10-15 cm with gluing with construction tape.
• Laying reinforcing fiberglass.
• Finishing screed pouring. Its thickness is usually 5-10 cm. If a floor heating system is used, then the installation and laying of pipelines, checking the strength of the connection under pressure and other previous operations are carried out beforehand.

The total thickness of the floor cake on the ground is selected in such a way that the floor level is most convenient for installation. doorways and other building elements. It is best to work in the warm season, when the conditions for solidification of concrete layers allow you to get the best result.

Dry screed

The technology of creating a dry screed makes it much easier and faster to get a high-quality result. The initial stages of work are the same as in the previous version - the creation of layers of sand backfill and a rough concrete screed.

After that, the following steps are performed:

• Laying a waterproofing film using conventional technology - creating an airtight web from film strips folded in rows with an overlap of 10 cm with joints glued with adhesive tape. The edges of the canvas are wound onto the wall to the approximate height of the dry screed.
• Installation of beacons. The recommended option is plaster profiles. They will serve as guidelines for creating a horizontal and even plane.
• Backfilling of a layer of expanded clay. The material is leveled along the beacons, forming a horizontal plane.
• On top of the expanded clay, subfloor slabs are laid - drywall, plywood, etc. The most recommended option is tongue-and-groove drywall, which has a special profile for connection along the side edges.
• After that, the final finish is laid.

wooden flooring

This option is considered the most budgetary. The simplest and most robust design rests on pillars of bricks stacked in a well. The columns are placed in such a way that a support system is formed for the installation of a log.

Between the posts, expanded clay is backfilled or, alternatively, an air gap is left to ensure the dryness of the wood, which requires the creation of ventilation holes.

The lag system is carefully aligned horizontally and forms a flat reference plane. Then a wooden draft floor is laid. A layer of waterproofing film is installed on top, a standard substrate is laid and a final coating is laid - linoleum, laminate or other material to the taste of the owner.

What construction technology is better to choose?

The choice of technology is a matter of preferences and capabilities of the owner of the house. Concrete screed allows you to get a durable and strong floor, but its maintainability will be extremely low. The failure of, for example, underfloor heating systems will create a serious problem with a very complex and costly solution.

Dry screed is much easier and allows for repairs without special costs and problems, but this option is only suitable for people who are not afraid of repair work.

NOTE!

Wood flooring is the traditional solution, but the specificity of wood as a material has too many undesirable moments, so this option is increasingly being abandoned in favor of other methods.

Conclusion

Creating a floor on the ground is an option suitable for buildings that do not have a basement or basement.

For housing, this method is used less frequently, since most users consider it unreliable and dangerous in relation to ground moisture.

When deciding to use this technique, it is necessary to weigh all the pros and cons, think over the procedure and perform all the preliminary work - entering communications, creating, etc.

This will allow you to get a result that is optimal in terms of quality and operational capabilities.

In contact with

The floor on the ground in a private house, made by hand on the recommendations of experts, is strong and durable. A smooth, non-slippery surface and low thermal conductivity are also indicators of quality. Each layer in the floor structure has its own purpose and it is very important to follow the technology of its construction.

In a private house, most often the floor is arranged on a soil base. The main requirements for the design of the floor of the dwelling are:

1. Strength.
2. Low thermal conductivity.
3. Wear resistance.
4. Fire safety.
5. Durability.
6. Environmental friendliness.
7. Economy of building materials.
8. Low labor intensity.
9. Safety in operation.

The floor device assumes a positive room temperature, which should be at least 5 ° C, depending on the characteristics of the floor composition.

Important! It is impossible to lay the floor on a frozen base!

Basic composition of the floor

The composition of the floor depends on:

• purpose of the premises;
• operating mode temperature and humidity;
• type of soil base;
• floor technology;
• coating design solution.

Floor cake on the ground: 1 - compacted soil; 2 - sand-gravel mixture; 3 - concrete sonovanie; 4 - vapor barrier; 5 - thermal insulation; 6 - polyethylene film; 7 - reinforced screed

Base

The base for the floor is the soil that lies directly under the floor. Its purpose is to withstand the load on the floor, including its weight, without deforming the soil structure.

It is very important that there is no ground water directly under the floor. Its level decreases when drainage is installed around the house. It is possible to protect the floor from water by increasing the underlying layer of coarse-grained materials (sand, crushed stone or gravel), or by using synthetic waterproofing under concrete preparation.

If backfilling is necessary, then it is performed with non-porous soil. Bulk soil in without fail compacted. The soil layer must be removed to the full depth. Weak soils are either replaced with less compressible ones or compacted to prevent subsidence of the floor.

The heaving soil under the floor can be partially replaced with non-heaving soil, or the groundwater level can be lowered. It is impossible to lay the floor on soils of organic origin (peat, black soil, etc.). They are also replaced, for example, with sand or a sand-gravel mixture.

The surface of the base under the floor is leveled and compacted. You can compact the soil by sinking a layer of crushed stone or gravel 5-8 cm thick into the base at least 4 cm deep.

Underlayment

The purpose of the underlying layer is to distribute the load from the floor over the subgrade. Its minimum value is taken:

• sandy - 60 mm;
• crushed stone, gravel, slag - 80 mm;
• concrete - 80 mm.

Gravel (crushed stone), sand and gravel or sand preparation must be leveled and compacted. For a private house, its thickness is 10-15 cm.

Concrete preparation (concrete grade over B7.5) should be laid in strips 3-4 m wide using beacon boards. Concreting of strips is carried out through one strip with a time interval of 24 hours. Freshly laid concrete must be compacted.

For concrete preparation, a backfill is made of coarse sand, gravel (crushed stone) 12-15 cm thick, which is compacted to the full depth. Asphalt concrete preparation is laid in layers of 40 mm. The bottom layer is coarse-grained (binder), and the top layer is cast asphalt concrete.

Screed

The screed is the base for a clean floor. Its purpose is to:

• load distribution on the underlying layer;
• leveling the base under the coating;
• arrangement of slopes in the floor, if necessary;
• creating a heat-insulating layer (lightweight concrete);
• the ability to hide communications.

Concrete for screed along the heat insulator layer is accepted as a class of at least B15, cement-sand mortar must have a compressive strength of more than 20 MPa. In addition to leveling the surface of the previous layer, lightweight concrete screeds also play the role of thermal insulation. In this case, the concrete class is allowed not lower than B5. Insulation ties made of porous cement-sand mortar must have a compressive strength of at least 5 MPa.

Concrete screed

The thickness of the screed in the case of sheltering pipelines in it is taken 4.5 cm more than the diameter of the pipe. The minimum thickness of screeds made from self-compacting mortars using dry floor mixes on a cement binder must exceed maximum size filler 1.5 times.

The semi-dry method of laying the screed on a cement binder significantly reduces the curing time of the mortar and increases the strength of the layer. The low water/cement ratio of the mixture requires the obligatory compaction of the freshly laid mortar and surface grinding. Fiber fiber in the composition of the mixture as a "mini-reinforcement" increases the strength of the floor, including its entire surface in joint work.

Semi-dry screed

With a high water-cement ratio of the cement-sand mixture, it self-levels. The disadvantage of this layer is the increase in the curing time of the screed. Highly plastic screeds are recommended to be arranged on a layer of dry thermal insulation material.

The solution, seeping into the gaps between the particles of insulation, binds them and creates a layer of lightweight concrete on top. This process strengthens and evens out the insulation layer. The minimum thickness of such a screed is 5 cm.

For the dry screed device are used:

• plywood;
• DVP (wood fiber boards);
• GVL (gypsum fiber sheets);
• CSP (cement particle board);
• Chipboard (chipboard);
• GSP (gypsum boards), etc.

Dry floor screed

Such a floor can only be installed in rooms with a dry regime, while it is necessary to reliably protect the screed from getting wet.

thermal insulation

As thermal insulation of the floor on a soil base, the following are used:

1. Lightweight concrete (expanded concrete, foam concrete, slag concrete, etc.).
2. Bulk insulation(expanded vermiculite or perlite, granulated slag, etc.).
3. Plate and roll (mineral wool, polystyrene foam, foam glass, etc.).

The choice of insulation depends on the choice of floor design, in particular, its coating.

Waterproofing

Waterproofing for floors on a base of soil is necessary:

• to protect it from groundwater;
• to protect the heat insulator from moisture from the surface of the coating.

It should be continuous throughout the floor. The number of layers depends on the type of waterproofing:

• for bituminous and bitumen-polymer mastics, cement mortars, bituminous roll materials glued on bituminous mastics- at least 2 layers;
• for built-up bituminous, self-adhesive, polymer roll materials - at least 1 layer.

The surface of bituminous waterproofing is prepared before applying interlayers, screeds, coatings with a cement binder, sprinkling with sand with a particle size of 1.5-5 mm. You can also use ready-made rolled waterproofing with surface dressing.

In addition to rolled waterproofing materials bulk insulation is used, which impregnates the preparatory layer of bulk crushed stone (gravel) with bitumen. Asphalt concrete is used as a waterproofing, as well as rolled profiled polyethylene membranes. It is important that the waterproofing of the floor on the ground be combined with the waterproofing of the foundations, as well as the walls.

Coating

The surface of the finished floor covering must be non-slippery, safe in composition, wear-resistant, fireproof and even. The last condition is checked by the clearance between the two-meter control rail and the floor surface:

• from boards, parquet, linoleum, polymer mastic floors - 2 mm;
• concrete, xylolite, ceramic, porcelain stoneware floors - 4 mm.

Clearances for piece coating are allowed:

• between plank floor boards - 1 mm;
• between parquet floor boards - 0.5 mm;
• between planks of a piece parquet floor - 0.3 mm.

For carpet gaps between the connected panels are not allowed. For tiled and block flooring, the width of the joints is taken to be no more than 6 mm, if the tiles are laid on the layer manually.

Adhesive compositions for attaching the coating to the base must meet the requirements for the adhesion strength of the coating material with the previous layer to the peel. The thickness of the layer is also normalized.

Underground floor. Its composition and structure

An example of a floor on the ground is a floor with an underground. On a compacted soil base, columns of concrete or clay are installed. solid brick. Their size in plan is 25x25 cm. The brick grade is taken at least 75, the mortar grade is at least 10.

For concrete posts under the logs, concrete is used grade not lower than 75. The distance between the axes of the posts at a load not exceeding 400 kg / m 2 is 1.1-1.4 m.

The height from the ground to the subfloor in the underground should not exceed 250 mm. 2 layers of rolled waterproofing are laid on brick columns.

To determine the size of the lag, you must consider:

• span (distance between supports along the axis);
• insulation thickness;
• the height of the cranial bars;
• subfloor thickness;
• gap between the clean floor and the upper edge of the insulation - min. 3 cm

1 - beam; 2 - cranial bar; 3 - draft floor; 4, 6 - vapor barrier; 5 - thermal insulation; 7 - floor board

The size of the cranial bars is 40x40 mm. Can be used as a heater mineral wool board. Used for waterproofing roll materials(bitumen, polymer or polymer-bitumen). All wooden elements floors must be antiseptic.

During the construction of summer cottages and individual houses for year-round use, in order to save money and reduce construction time, projects are chosen that provide for flooring on the ground on the ground floor. Currently, these works are carried out in various ways.

Existing laying patterns

Floor installation on the ground

In the broadest sense of the word, the mentioned options for arranging floors include 3 schemes:

• A monolithic slab is formed from reinforced concrete, which is laid on top of the walls that are load-bearing;
• The floors are arranged on the foundation of the house (reinforced concrete monolithic slab, the pouring of which is made on the ground, on which the walls are laid, which are load-bearing, and the floors are laid out);
• The concrete monolith is poured without contact with the bearing walls. The total load from such a floor is fully perceived by the soil.

Only the last scheme can with good reason called the device of concrete floors on the ground. We will consider it in more detail.

Requirements that must be met by the equipped floors

Floors, equipped on the ground, without fail must:

• Guarantee the thermal insulation of the object at a level that ensures optimal heat saving;
• At the facility, it is necessary to ensure the creation of comfortable, from a hygienic point of view, conditions for a person;
• It is guaranteed to protect the premises of the facility from the penetration of moisture from the soil and radon, which has natural radioactivity;
• Arrangement of floors on the ground should minimize the spread of impact noise through the structure of the object;
• Eliminate the possibility of accumulation of condensate inside the equipped structure.

Preparatory work

Any work begins with the preparation of the workplace. In our case, at the preparation stage, the surface at the place of arrangement of future floors is raised to the required height using non-porous materials. These include any easily compacted soils: ASG, crushed stone of small fractions, sand.

If the groundwater is deep enough in the area, then it is allowed to use loam or sandy loam. The soil that you previously removed when arranging a well or water closet, installing a septic tank, or excavating the foundation of the main building is perfect (it is forbidden to use black soil and peat).

When laying floors on the ground, it is necessary to carry out layer-by-layer (up to 200 mm) compaction of the backfill, for which it is rammed with a preliminary spill with water.

It is not recommended to fill more than 600 mm, because. compacting this layer to the natural density of the soil at the construction site is impossible, purely physically. Therefore, it will shrink. The thicker the layer. The greater will be its value, and the higher the uneven subsidence.

The installation of floors on the ground provides for the implementation of protection against gas - radon, for which it performs a specially equipped capping, the required thickness of which is ≥ 10 cm. Moreover, particles ≤ 4 mm in the capping layer cannot be more than 10% of the total mass volume.

So that the probable punching does not damage the installed insulation and waterproofing, a sand cushion is made, the thickness of which should be at least twice the thickness of the crushed stone used.

Basic design options

During the construction of individual residential buildings, the following types of floors on the ground are most in demand: wooden floors, equipped on logs, and concrete floors on the ground.

The latter option is cheaper, less time-consuming and is performed in a shorter time period.

concrete floors

The design of such a field is a multi-layered "pie", consisting of a number of layers:

• The base is a preliminary layer, sometimes referred to as “concrete preparation;
• Further, the installation of floors on concrete provides for the arrangement of layers of waterproofing and gas insulation;
• Then comes the thermal insulation layer;
• A screed is being set up;
• Finishing coatings are laid.

The work is carried out in the following sequence.

1. A layer of waterproofing is laid on the prepared pillow to prevent moisture filtration from the freshly laid concrete layer into the ground. For this, a PE film h ≥ 15 mm is quite sufficient. When laying it is required to be taken out of the walls.
2. Filling the floors on the ground provides for fixing the edge divider layer along the entire perimeter to a height exceeding the total height of the floor “pie” by 2.0 - 3.0 cm. It is made of cut strips of insulation, the thickness of which, as a rule, is 2 - 3 cm and prevents direct contact between the poured cake and the walls that are load-bearing.
3. From lean concrete grades (from B7.5 to B10.0), concrete preparation (performed in the form of a monolithic slab) of the floors is carried out. In this case, crushed stone with dimensions of 5–8 cm is used (fraction 5–20). This layer plays the role of a technological one and is intended for laying the main waterproofing coating. The junction radius is carried out in the range of 5 - 8 cm. The concrete floor arrangement scheme provides that concrete preparation is carried out with reinforcement (fiberglass or steel mesh), which is performed in its lower part. In this case, the thickness of the concrete layer separating it from the ground should be ≥ 2 cm. Alternatively, steel fiber is used for reinforcement (l = 5 - 8 cm, d ≤ 1.0 mm).
4. On top of this layer, waterproofing is fused (option, waterproofing is glued roll type). The layer starts on the wall. It performs gas and moisture protection of the structure. Be sure to hermetically fit with the waterproofing on the walls.
5. The construction of floors on the ground at the next stage involves the placement of a heat-insulating layer. One of the best materials in this case, the use of EPS (extruded polystyrene foam) boards is considered. Styrofoam laying option is possible. For floors located under living quarters, PSB35 is suitable. For non-residential (garage), a material with a higher density is selected, for example PSB50. Contact with cement-based mortars, after a certain time, destroys the foam, as well as with bituminous and alkaline mortars. Therefore, when concreting floors on the ground, before laying foam sheets, it is required to first lay a PE film with an overlap of 10 - 15 cm. The thickness of the insulation layer is preliminarily calculated and indicated in the project.
6. The next layer is placed on top of the heat insulator , underlying (PE film). It is necessary to retain moisture in the poured concrete layer.
7. A reinforced screed is being made. If it is planned to equip warm water floors, then the pipes are laid at this stage. If it is available, it will be necessary to provide seams in the equipped screed to compensate for thermal expansion. The pouring of floors with concrete on the ground (monolith) must be carried out to a thickness of ≥ 6 cm. Permitted concrete grades, B12.5 and more. It is possible to use solutions that are closed on the basis of various binders (both gypsum and cement), having a strength equal to 150 kgf / sq. cm (15 MPa) or more (for compression). The equipped screed is reinforced with a steel mesh (welding), which is laid in the lower third of the layer. Self-leveling screeds made from dry mixes made at the factory are very convenient for use. The construction of floors on the ground under the living quarters can be carried out using prefabricated screeds (GVL sheets, waterproof multi-layer plywood, or ready-made elements for floor installation).
8. A finished floor is laid on top of the equipped screed.

The gender described above is classic version floors, equipped on the ground. On this basis, technical differences in design are possible, which may affect the construction described above (for example, a different thickness of the rough screed on floors on the ground), or relate to the materials used.

The only constant requirement. Floors arranged in this way under residential premises must be insulated without fail.

Floors arranged on logs

This is another option for arranging floors laid on the ground. Wooden floors, lying on logs, exposed on support posts, consist of the following layers:

• The surface of the main soil;
• Columns made of concrete, or lined with bricks;
• A layer of waterproofing material;
• Wood pads;
• Logs from a bar;
• Finished floors;
• Finish coating.

A screed made of sheet building materials, assembled with glue and / or self-tapping screws (the height of the floors along the ground from the main surface to the lower surface of the screed is determined by the type of soil at the construction site and the need to perform work to protect it from possible swelling of the latter).

Due to the fact that this version of the floor relies exclusively on the ground, protection against swelling is of paramount importance. by the most simple solution is the insulation of the basement of the building and the underground part of the equipped strip foundation, which is selected during the construction of individual houses in the vast majority of cases, to a depth of 500 to 1000 mm (taking into account the characteristics of a particular soil).

For low grillages and strip foundations, the installation of a concrete floor on the ground allows you to save the construction budget and get rid of the underground, harmful radon emissions. The floor on the ground is a rough screed, cannot serve finishing layer, requires decoration with floor coverings. But in the pie of this design, insulation and waterproofing are laid, operating costs for heating are reduced, and the operational life of the building is increased.

The cheapest lower level option after the earth floor, which is currently not used anywhere, is the floor on the ground. The building codes SP 31-105 indicate the installation of floors on the ground with three minimum layers:

• crushed stone bedding with a minimum thickness of 10 cm;
• polyethylene film 0.15 mm;
• concrete slab with a minimum thickness of 10 cm.

To ensure the mobility of the structure, the junction with the wall is organized through a damper layer, which solves several problems:

• damping of vibrations and structural noise;
• lack of a rigid connection with the elements of the foundation or basement to avoid destruction;
• security air gap to compensate for linear expansions of the material.

During possible subsidence and swelling of the base soils, the floor slab moves freely along the ground in a vertical level without destroying the plinth, grillage or MZLF.

The need for the remaining layers of the floor cake on the ground is due to the improvement performance characteristics designs:

• footing - a screed of lean (B7.5) concrete to ensure flat surface when laying rolled waterproofing and sealing joints, protecting the material from multiple punctures with sharp edges of crushed stone;
• thermal insulation - a carpet made of extruded high-density polystyrene foam allows you to keep the heat of the bowels under the building, due to this, completely get rid of frost swelling, increase the operational life of the foundation and reduce heat loss in the floors;
• reinforcing belt - perceives tensile loads in the lower level of the screed;
• underfloor heating contours - increase the comfort of living, reduce heating costs.

Important! When using wire mesh to reinforce the screed and the contours of the warm floor, it is necessary to increase the thickness of the structure - the diameter of the pipes + 2 cm.

Assignment of the floor on the ground

A concrete screed is necessary to provide a rigid base when installing floor coverings. load-bearing structure this plate is not, it is forbidden to support stoves, stairs and partitions on the floor on the ground. However, the manufacture of a foundation under internal non-bearing walls is expensive, so the following technology is used:

• a stiffening rib is made under the partition along the entire length;
• in top layer insulation, a gap is created in which the reinforcing cage is connected to the floor grid along the ground.

Floor stiffener on the ground under the partition.

Important! This option is not suitable for supporting internal stairs made of reinforced concrete, rolled steel.

In baths and showers, the screed allows you to create slopes for gravity removal of drains. In other ways, it is more difficult and expensive to do this.

Manufacturing technology

Before pouring the floor on the ground, it is necessary to prepare the base and lay all the layers of the structure. It is advisable to lay the mixture in one go, use beacons and a fine fraction of concrete filler.

Underlayment

Before pouring the floor in the premises of the dwelling, one should take into account the nuances of the base soils:

• despite the fact that the floors on the ground are made of concrete of class B12 and higher, they are easily destroyed when the soil shrinks under them, so the fertile layer should be removed completely;
• the underlying layer of non-metallic material must be compacted in layers of 15 cm maximum with a vibrating plate or manual rammer;
• sand has capillary absorption of soil water, it is used only at low GWL from 1.5 m;
• crushed stone can be used on wet soil, since capillary rise is not possible in this material.

To reduce the construction budget and improve the quality of living, it is important at the initial stage to plan the level of the floor on the ground in all rooms of the building, taking into account the requirements:

• step near front door extremely inconvenient to use flooring should be located on the same level as the threshold;
• it is forbidden to rest the screed on the elements of the plinth or foundation protruding relative to the internal walls;
• when compacting sand, it is forbidden to spill it with water; a layer of watering can should be moistened.

Advice! With a limited budget, you can do without footing by leveling the crushed stone layer with sand. In this case, the film, membrane or roll waterproofing will not be torn by rubble stones. However, the surface of the underlying layer in this case must be shed with cement milk to form a crust, for the convenience of sealing the waterproofing joints.

Underlayment and waterproofing

The main requirement for a waterproofing layer is its continuity. Therefore, problems arise:

• rolled bituminous materials(Bikrost, TechnoNIKOL) and polymer films it is difficult to lay on the ground properly, since when walking on them in the future, the joints diverge;
• heavy EPDM membranes have a large format, fit without joints, but are very expensive.

Therefore, at first, a footing 5–10 cm thick is poured, providing a rigid, even base for gluing a plastic film or fusing bituminous material.

Important! The footing is also forbidden to be rigidly connected to the elements of the foundation or basement. This layer does not need to be reinforced; lean concrete with a minimum cement content can be used.

It is not enough to know how to make a floor on the ground correctly, it is important to place the layers of the construction pie relative to each other in the right order:

• many individual developers lay insulation on the footing or on the underlying layer and cover it with waterproofing from above;
• or duplicate the film under the insulation and on top of it, increasing the cost of the construction budget.

Both options do not provide any advantages, since the membrane, film or roll material must prevent the extruded polystyrene foam and the top screed from getting wet with soil moisture, which can also be in a vapor state.

AT normal conditions(permanent heating) the temperature under the concrete slab and insulation is always lower than in the room. Therefore penetration is excessive. humid air from the room inside the floor on the ground is impossible according to the laws of physics. Vapor barrier inside this structure is not needed and even harmful.

Important! Bituminous roll materials are welded onto the footing in two layers with an overlap of 15 cm at least perpendicular to each other. Films are glued in two layers in any direction. The EPDM membrane is mounted in one layer.

More details: .

Insulation and damper layer

The floor on the ground performs the functions of an overlap, but does not have a rigid pinch along the perimeter. Therefore, the insulating properties of this technology are by default higher than in joist slabs and for PB, PC slabs:

• the lower layer of insulation reduces or completely eliminates heat loss at the junction points with the base;
• the floating screed is cut off from the walls with a damper layer, structural noise and vibration are not transmitted to the room;
• the quality of the concrete surface is higher than that of the slabs, there is no need for grouting and leveling screed;
• there is no underground, respectively, and harmful accumulations of radon gas from the ground;

Important! The damping layer is usually special tape or strips of styrofoam. Tape pasted over the perimeter of the base or foundation. Insulation strips are installed on the edge close to the walls along the entire height of the screed cake, starting from the sole of the footing.

The thickness of the heat-insulating material depends on the region of operation, it is 5 - 15 cm. Expanded polystyrene plates are laid apart, the joints are filled with mounting foam.

Communications and reinforcement

The floor on the ground built according to the specified technology is a floating slab. Therefore, before laying the mixture, it is necessary to bring risers into the premises engineering systems- heating, cold water / hot water, sewerage. Electricity and gas lines are separated at the finishing stage, grounding - depending on the specific building project.

Advice! The maintainability of communication input nodes is zero by default. Therefore, it is increased by laying risers inside pipes of larger diameter, from which, if necessary, a clogged sewer or a rusted water supply pipe can be pulled out for replacement without destroying the screed.

To done on their own the warm floor had a margin of safety in case of possible redevelopment; the structure is often reinforced in the lower third. For this, wire meshes Vr, corresponding to GOST 6727, produced in rolls and cards, are optimally suited.

Reinforcement is made in one layer, the overlap is at least one cell, meshes are laid to provide a lower protective layer on concrete or plastic gaskets.

Mixing and concrete care

The best option is to concret the screed in one step with a mixture that is made at the factory and delivered to the building site by a mixer. The main difficulty when laying concrete is the impossibility of walking on a wire mesh. Therefore, fill options are applied:

• ladders - in the cells of the grid, gaskets suitable for the format are installed (pieces of brick, pieces of timber), on which the boards rest, as they move, they are rearranged to a new place;
• “paths” - since the pouring starts from the corners farthest from the doorway, concrete is poured in the direction of the master to the workplace, the mesh inside the concrete receives the necessary rigidity, you can walk along the resulting paths without mixing reinforcement in neighboring areas.

The installation of beacons increases the productivity and quality of the screed. Depending on the thickness of the layer, plaster beacons or a profile for GKL systems are used.

Important! If the project includes a warm floor, its contours are laid on top of the wire mesh before pouring. In this case, the thickness of the screed automatically increases. You can turn on the heating only after curing structural material 70%.

Technology nuances

According to the technology, partitions must be based on their own foundation. For flights of stairs and heavy heating appliances slabs or grillages are poured on piles. However, individual developers often violate these technologies by erecting light partitions on the floors on the ground. In this case, the structure should be reinforced in advance with stiffeners towards the ground:

• in places where the partition passes, a gap is created in the insulation;
• a reinforcing cage is installed in the resulting cavity by analogy with a strip foundation.

If the thickness of the heat-insulating layer is insufficient, the base under the stiffening rib is additionally deepened by 20 - 40 cm. This allows you to ensure the continuity of the insulation layer and eliminate cold bridges.

Thus, the ground floor budget can be adjusted at the design stage depending on available funds and geological conditions. All works are available for self-execution for a home master with minimal construction experience.

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