What geotextile to use. Drainage geotextile. Geotextiles are connected by various methods

When designing and building a house, it is worth considering the location of surface and groundwater and, depending on this, make adjustments to the work plan. This is important, since moisture that has entered the foundation begins to gradually destroy it, which can adversely affect the entire system. And to prevent this, during construction, a drainage system is used to drain water, in which geotextile acts as a filter. With a closed drainage system, it separates the filler from the soil, protects the entire layer from destruction by tree roots and water. The main thing is to choose the right material. This article will look at how to choose and install drainage geotextiles correctly.

Types and scope of geotextiles

The quality and scope of geotextiles directly depend on the material from which it is made. The most popular options are:

• geotextiles made of polypropylene or polyester are of high quality;
• in most construction works a product made of monofilament and spatula raw materials is used, which is also characterized by high strength;
• the thinnest possible option, which is valued for its high water resistance, is thermally bonded geotextile;
• a rarely used option is a product made of mixed threads, since the cotton or wool raw materials included in it are subject to decay.

In addition to home improvement, geotextiles are used in the construction of roads and runways at airports. This technique protects the soil from washing out with water and increases the service life of these coatings.

This method is applicable to the equipment of sewage. Here, pipes are wrapped with a layer of geotextile fabric. If the site is located in a zone with a close location of groundwater to the surface, they are specially equipped to protect the crop drainage layer to remove excess liquid from the garden.

Common ways to use geotextile for drainage are shown in the following diagram:

How to choose the right foundation material

When choosing which geotextile to use, 3 main qualities of the material are usually taken into account: stiffness, elasticity and porosity. The first property is important when the installation of a drainage profiled membrane is necessary to prevent subsidence of the soil. Elasticity makes it possible to protect the material from destruction during soil deformation and the resulting stretching of the geotextile. And the number and size of the pores allows you to divert water. Preventing the filler from washing out.

The density of geotextiles is most often paid attention to when choosing a material for construction. highways and runways. To prevent the coating from deforming under the weight of trucks or aircraft, this figure can be up to 800 g / m³.

When arranging a drainage system at home or sewerage, the material used should not be less than 200 g / m³ in density, but if pipes are supposed to be wrapped with this material, then the density no longer plays a role here, giving way to the ability of the layer to protect against water and other qualities.

How to choose the right density of geotextile for drainage is discussed in detail in the following video:

Geotextile for home

The drainage layer is an important part of the foundation of the house. It prevents its destruction as a result of washing out of the soil.

To know which geotextile is best to use and how to lay it, it is worth doing a terrain check. The progress of work will depend on the depth of groundwater and the type of soil.

First you need to dig a trench around the perimeter of the house with a slope towards the direction of the water flow. Its width depends on the diameter of the pipe that will be placed inside. It is also important to leave a distance between the pipe and the wall, total, which is slightly less than the diameter of the pipe.

A layer of sand with a thickness of at least 5 cm is laid at the bottom of the excavated recess. Geotextiles are stretched over it. Then pipes are installed, and the whole structure is covered with rubble. Upper layer crushed stone is covered with the free edges of the geotextile, the ends of which are fixed with wire. At the end, the structure is hidden with a layer of soil.

Geotextile for the garden

A large amount of groundwater can be detrimental not only to roads or buildings, but also to plants. To protect the crop, a special drainage membrane is installed.

Here you need to dig a trench in the form of a Christmas tree. In the case of a vegetable garden, thin pipes with a diameter of less than 6.5 cm are used. At the turns, they are connected by means of special tees. When arranging a country drainage system, they prefer to wrap pipes with geofabric in 3 layers and secure with wire. And the trench itself is covered in 4 layers: crushed stone, geotextile, on top of another layer of crushed stone and earth.

Features of installing geotextiles

When arranging a house or a summer cottage, two options for a water drainage system are used: open and closed. In the first case, it is enough to prepare trenches on the surface of the earth. This method is quite simple, but artificial recesses around the perimeter of the site will visually spoil it. Therefore, a closed system is more often used.

To properly use geotextiles for drainage, the following rules must be applied:

• prepare a trench;
• clean the bottom, trying to make it as even as possible;
• since these fabrics deteriorate when exposed to sunlight, it is better to unpack geotextiles immediately before laying;
• for convenience, the material is cut into pieces of the desired size;
• before laying, it is worth carefully inspecting the surface of the future layer for filtration;
• do not use the product if significant damage is found;
• geofabric has a smooth and rough surface, so you should use the manufacturer's recommendation when deciding which side to put;
• to ensure reliability, the geofabric is overlapped;
• in order not to test the elasticity of the material, do not stretch the geotextile excessively;
• at the same time, it is worth making sure that there are no waves or folds on the laid surface;
• after laying, the filtration layer should not be exposed to sunlight for a long time, it must be immediately covered with the next layer;
• in the process of work, it is necessary to leave free edges at the geotextile, which, after filling the draining material, should be wrapped inside.
• At the final stage of work, the trench should be covered with earth.

Given these conditions, you can be sure that dense layer geotextile will reliably protect the entire organized system. And the result of labor will be a reliable foundation for a house or water drainage from a garden.

Alternative to geotextile

There is a myth among people who do not have experience in construction that instead of a rather expensive geofabric, you can choose an alternative. Some craftsmen create an imitation of this material from polyethylene by making holes in it. Others prefer to replace the geofabric with spunbonds or other covering materials. The third is used old carpets or sugar bags.

Although all of these methods have some effect, it is worth remembering that they are not worthy alternative geotextiles neither in quality nor in terms of service life. Therefore, the owner of a house or cottage, who wants to make repairs in good faith, will choose materials that have gained a worthy reputation in the construction market and are trustworthy.

The installation of a drainage system in a house, sewer or on a road is one of the key conditions for ensuring the protection of structures from rapid destruction. A kind of filter that allows water to pass through, but prevents washing out and subsidence of the soil, is geotextile. And the service life of the entire drainage system directly depends on its quality.

To decide how to choose the density of the material, you should think about the purpose of the structure and the role that the geotextile will play in it. If it is a separate layer that will be subjected to stress, it is worth emphasizing the strength of the coating. If the master plans to wrap the pipes in geofabric, then the water resistance of the material will come to the fore.

The way the work is done will depend on the purpose of the drainage layer. So, trenches around the perimeter of the house and in the summer cottage will differ in shape, diameter of pipes and the use of geotextiles, and some rules will be the same regardless of the method of application: the material must not be damaged and cannot be exposed to sunlight for a long time. Using the recommendations of experienced craftsmen and manufacturers, you can complete all the work without making common mistakes.

In the construction industry, when decorating personal plots, the popularity and prevalence of geotextiles is growing. The rich assortment offered modern manufacturers, includes many trading positions. Products differ not only in quality, but also in operational and technical characteristics.

Properly selected geofabric is the key to stable operation of the entire complex. This material is necessary to prevent soil subsidence in drainage systems. But also do not forget about the exclusion of crushed stone diffusion into the water.

Brief description and scope

At the heart of drainage systems, geotextiles play the role of a reliable filter that prevents the drainage material or drainage pipe from flooding. This is special kind building material. For its manufacture, mineral, basalt, synthetic and fiberglass are used. The product can be in the form of a web, tape or three-dimensional structure.

The product is used in various industries (construction, light industry, medicine) and for various purposes:

• protection;
• reinforcement;
• waterproofing;
• ground insulation;

• filtration;
• drainage;
• pavement design;
• delimitation of layers of materials of different fractions (formation of dense and durable interlayers).

Laying and replacement of geotextile should be carried out by professionals. Only in this case, you can be sure that the material will fulfill all the obligations assigned to it. To replace the canvas, you will need tools. This is a long and laborious process.

Use for drainage on land

Due to its wide distribution and availability, geofabric is actively used for arranging drainage systems. If the land plot is located in an area of ​​soils with an increased occurrence of groundwater (near reservoirs, rivers and other similar objects), then a high-quality drainage system is indispensable. It is needed in order to divert from the site excess moisture. But also the system will definitely come in handy if frequent and heavy rainfall is observed in the area.

Water accumulates and destroys the foundations of buildings. As a result, there are prerequisites for shrinkage of the house and the formation of fungus in basements and basements. Excess moisture in the area does not allow the flora to develop normally and bear fruit.

All systems modern type do not do without the use of geotextile. This element is required to protect against water, which fills the structure with particles of earth. As a result, it becomes clogged, and the service life is reduced significantly. Durable, strong and wear-resistant geotextiles are actively used on the basis of private house adjoining areas.

Functionality

Geomaterial protects the system due to the fact that:

• takes on a large part of the total load;
• passes water, diverting it;
• resists the process of subsidence of the soil;

Varieties

Composition and methods of manufacture

The material is divided into types depending on the method of production and composition. As a rule, modern geotextiles are made of polyester or polypropylene. Raw materials are abbreviated as PES and PP.

For the production of non-woven geotextiles, fiberglass or polyamide is used. And also on sale you can find options that contain components of natural origin (woolen or cotton threads). Such material is called mixed.

Production Methods

In accordance with the method of manufacture, geotextiles are divided into two groups:

• geofabric (knitted or woven material);

• non-woven geotextile.

The first option is distinguished by increased strength and stability characteristics. They are also resistant to deformation processes. Such a material is ideal for separating the reinforcing layer (construction area).

The product, which comes second on the list, has excellent water-permeable properties. It is chosen for the arrangement of drainage systems, regardless of the complexity of the soil (landscape design). Let's evaluate each of the types in more detail to choose suitable option for a specific situation.

Geofabric

Woven material, in turn, is divided into two varieties. Production material - polyester or glass fibers. In some cases, the canvas is produced in the form of a simple weave of threads, the thickness of which varies from 1 to 3 millimeters.

On sale there are options when the weave consists of different threads. The combination of material gives excellent stretch and elasticity. And also instead of threads, thin artificial material(stripes).

Cloths of this type perfectly retain their shape, have increased strength and boast excellent water permeability. If the drainage system is located at a great depth, woven geotextiles will fit perfectly and cope with all the tasks. It is often used to drain foundations.

Warp-knitted geotextile (knitted) also belongs to this material group.

Woven fabric is made by knitting without weaving loops. This option is inferior in strength due to the special structure.

Non Woven Geotextile

This version of the fabric is made from synthetic material (thread or fiber). They are placed in two ways: randomly or oriented. Threads are made of polyester or polypropylene.

Most often, manufacturers use the monofilament method - one continuous thread for the entire fabric. And also a technique is popular in which the material is created from pieces of 5-10 centimeters (spatula geofabric). Product for drainage systems is not used.

Geotextiles are connected by various methods:

• needle-punched method;
• method of hydraulic bonding;
• pressing;
• welding (thermo);
• combination;
• extrusion.

Variety of structures

The operational properties of geotextiles directly depend on its structure. Depending on the task, a certain option is selected. Functions such as water drainage, moisture resistance and much more are provided by the structure itself.

Lattice

Non-woven fabric. Polymer strips are securely connected to each other in a checkerboard pattern, resulting in the formation of cells.

Net

By volume, it is a flat fabric. Strips of material can be connected in various ways:

• at an angle;
• closely intertwined;
• perpendicular

Cells are larger and more voluminous.

Geomat

The material characterizes the chaotic connection of fibers or threads. Elements are fastened in three ways:

• thermal;
• mechanical;
• chemical.

Geomat has excellent flexibility and lightness. It freely passes water and air currents.

Geosynthetic fabric of three-dimensional structure will reliably protect against the process of soil erosion.

Geocell

Large non-woven fabric with volumetric cells. The second name of the product is volumetric geogrid. The cloth is made in the form of honeycombs from polyethylene tapes. The material is fastened by welding, providing a reliable and durable connection. Due to the transformation of the form, it is convenient to store and transport it.

Membrane

The section includes three types.

• Geomembrane - dense material. The geotextile is liquid impermeable.
• Bitumen-geosynthetic - geofabric with a bituminous layer.
• Clay geosynthetic fabric. Material with a clay layer.

The main sphere of use of membranes is the equipment of the bottom of artificial reservoirs: ponds, streams, lakes.

Clay mat

The material consists of three layers. The two outer layers are geotextiles connected by a needle-punched technique. Clay is laid between them. After that, they are securely connected by stitching.

geostrip

Narrow canvases, the width of which does not exceed 90 centimeters. The fabric features technically designed edges. For the production of material, the method of cutting strips from a wide geosynthetic material is often used.

Bentomat

Roll material made by needle-punched method. Manufacturers combine woven polypropylene geomaterial with non-woven fabric. Special insulating layer is placed in the middle. It consists of special granulated sodium bentonite.

Geocomposite

Multilayer geofabric. The minimum number of layers is two. There are two types: reinforcing and draining material. But companies also use the terms: armogeocomposite and geodrain.

Main technical characteristics:

• a quality product, manufactured in accordance with all standards, has excellent strength;
• tensile strength reaches several hundred kN/m, while the elongation is not more than 18%;
• increased density of geofabric, this indicator varies from 80 to 1200 g/m2;
• factors such as water and air permeability, service life, soil compaction and much more are individual and must be specified when purchasing a material.

Choice factors

Experts have compiled a number of factors that must be taken into account when choosing a geofabric.

Density

The first thing to designate is the density of the canvas (mass of material per square meter). This indicator can be assessed visually. The smaller the pores, the higher this characteristic. Small pores indicate a low throughput of the canvas. As a result, silting of the system cannot be avoided.

Geotextiles in our time are an extremely necessary thing in backyard construction. And you need to know exactly which brand with which qualities to choose for certain works in your area. In drainage systems, the function of geotextiles is to ensure the stability of the entire complex, to prevent subsidence of soil in the drainage trench, and it also eliminates the diffusion of crushed stone into the water. In any drainage system, the geotextile acts as a filter to prevent clogging of the drain pipe or drainage material.

What is geotextile

Geotextile is a building material made of synthetic, mineral, basalt or fiberglass, in the form of tapes, fabrics and three-dimensional structures. It is used in construction and other industries (medicine, light industry) for various purposes: for reinforcement, protection, drainage, filtration, hydro- and thermal insulation in the soil, pavement, buildings to separate layers of materials of different fractions and, accordingly, create layers. On personal plots, due to its accessibility and convenience, it is more often used in drainage systems.

You can buy geotextiles in Ukraine from the Geo-synthetics company - http://geo-sintetika.com/geomaterialy/geotekstil/

The use of geotextiles in household plots for drainage

If the site stands on soils with high groundwater, in a lowland, if there is a river nearby or every rain becomes natural disaster, then you can not do without drainage systems that remove excess water from the site. This water undermines the foundations of buildings, provides the prerequisites for subsidence of the house and the conditions for the development of mold in the basement, prevents plants from developing normally, and creates wetlands.

Not a single modern drainage system on the site can do without geotextiles. She needs to be protected. Seeping water fills the drainage material with soil particles, over time this clogs the system and it stops working. Eco-friendly and strong geotextiles are widely used in private gardens.

It ensures the reliability and stability of the functioning of the drainage system:

• allows water to pass through and helps to drain it;
• does not allow mixing of drainage filler, coating and soil;
• assumes part of the load;
• prevents subsidence of soil in the system, clogging of drainage pipes with soil particles, penetration of drainage gravel and sand into the water;
• resists silting (covering over time with water silt and clay) of the components of the drainage - pipes and material.

Great for both open and closed drainage systems.

Types of geotextiles for drainage

Geotextiles are divided into types according to the composition and method of manufacture.

Composition of geotextile

Geotextiles are usually made from polyester (PES) or polypropylene (PP). For non-woven types, polyamide or fiberglass is sometimes used. In addition, there is a non-woven geotextile, which may contain threads of natural origin. If a woolen or cotton thread is added, then such geotextiles are called mixed.

Preparation method

According to the manufacturing method, geotextiles are divided into geofabric (woven or knitted fabric) and non-woven geotextile.

According to the manufacturing method, geotextiles are divided into two main types: woven and non-woven.

Woven geotextile has high strength characteristics, is resistant to deformation processes and is used as a separating reinforcing layer, for example, in road construction. Non-woven has higher water permeability, it is often used as a material for drainage systems (even on the most difficult soils) and in landscape design.

Geofabric

Woven fabric made of glass or polyester fibers is of two types. Sometimes it is a simple weave of threads (1-3 mm thick, formed from fibers), which is called "weft" - "warp".

Woven geotextile - a simple weave of threads

Sometimes such weaving is provided with different threads. For example, a longitudinal base - a high-modulus polyester of a relatively large section is intertwined with transverse thin threads polyamide weft. This gives great tensile strength.

Sometimes these are not threads, but strips of synthetic material. And sometimes - just perpendicular threads or stripes are connected by a third thread.

Woven geotextiles are very durable, deform little and have good water permeability. Because of his high strength often used for drainage in cases where it is arranged at great depths, for example, to drain the foundation.

Geofabric also includes warp-knitted geotextile - knitted (knitted, woven), obtained by knitting loops, without weaving. But it is not very durable: once the fabric is damaged, it begins to unravel, like any knitted item.

Non Woven Geotextile

A nonwoven fabric consists of synthetic fibers or filaments that are oriented (in the same direction) or randomly. These are threads made of polypropylene or polyester, which, in turn, are monofilament (one endless thread) or staple (pieces of 5-10 centimeters). Staple geotextile is not used for drainage, it is soft and fragile.

"Non-woven" is fastened different ways: needle-punched, thermal (welding), mechanical (pressing), physical and chemical methods (extrusion) or their combination (for example, injection molding), as well as the method of hydrobonding.

The needle-punched method means that the needles pierce the fiber, thereby creating a felting effect. It turns out something like synthetic felt. It stretches a lot, but is very flexible and is well suited for wrapping pipes with closed drainage.

If it is rolled with a hot roller (calender) and blown with hot air, a heat-fixed (calendered) geotextile is obtained. It becomes less ductile, thinner and much stronger, but passes moisture worse. Therefore, it is rarely used in drainage.

Thermally bonded non-woven geotextile is made by melting (welding), it is perfectly permeable and durable, it has the most important qualities: unlike other varieties, it is not afraid of ultraviolet radiation; not subject to silting, resistant to mold and fungi; designed for all types of drainage systems and landscaping.

Since, with the needle-punched method, the needles damage the monofilament and loss of strength occurs, the thinnest streams of water are often used under high pressure. Such hydro-bonded geotextiles are so strong that they are even used in the construction of runways; it is very resistant, is also not afraid of ultraviolet radiation and prevents the development of bacteria and mold. Therefore, it is widely used for all types of drainage.

Geotextile structure

The structure of geotextile provides it with unique properties not to accumulate moisture in itself, that is, not to become damp, without letting water through.

1. Geogrid - non-woven material: polymer strips interconnected in a checkerboard pattern that create cells.
2. Geogrid is a flat material: strips are either intertwined or connected by other methods to each other perpendicularly or at an angle. The cells in this case are much larger than the thickness of the strips.
3. Geomat: fibers or threads are randomly and loosely bonded by chemical, thermal, mechanical methods. It is a flexible, lightweight, air- and water-permeable geosynthetic material with a chaotic three-dimensional structure that provides effective protection against soil erosion both with vegetation and before it appears.
4. Geocell - bulk non-woven material with large cells.
5. Geostrip - a narrow, no more than 90 centimeters, strip that has technologically designed edges or is obtained by cutting out a larger width from a geosynthetic material.

   The geostripe is not very wide

6. Geomembrane - geotextile impervious to water; used for the bottom artificial reservoirs and streams.

   The geomembrane is impervious to water

7. Clay geosynthetic geomembrane - a geomembrane with a clay layer, is used for the same purposes.

   Clay geosynthetic Geosynthetic Nonwoven geomembrane is designed for waterproofing

8. Geomembrane bitumen-geosynthetic - a geomembrane with a bituminous layer.
9. Clay mat - three layers, external - needle-punched geotextile, between them - clay. The layers are stitched together.
10. Bentonite is the same, but inside is sodium bentonite, which becomes waterproof when wet.
11. Geocomposite - at least two, and more often - many layers of different geotextiles. It is divided into reinforcing (armogeocomposites) and draining (geodrains) options.

    Geocomposites are the most commonly used drainage geosynthetics

Technical characteristics of geotextiles

Specifications include:

• high strength - tensile strength up to several hundred kN / m, while elongation is not more than 18%;
• high density - is in the range from 80 to 1200 g / m 2.

Choosing geotextiles for drainage in the garden

In an open drainage system, drainage ditches are covered with geotextiles.

Geotextiles are also wrapped around pipes in closed drains.

Choice factors

Geotextiles are selected depending on certain geological conditions at the site of the system.

1. The most important factor is density. The higher the density (web weight per square meter), the smaller the pores, the lower throughput for water (and higher - the ability to retain it), which entails siltation of the system. Therefore, only low-density geotextiles (150–300 g/m3) are used for drainage. Wherein optimal size pore - 175 microns. But if the density is too low, strength will suffer greatly.
2. The filtration coefficient (transverse coefficient), showing the water permeability, is calculated by the formula: the height of the liquid column that the material passes through itself at a given pressure at a given time. Ideally, it should be 100–150 m/day, up to 300 m/day, and is selected depending on the height of the groundwater, the amount of precipitation and the permeability of the soil. At in large numbers for water coming to the site, you need to choose a geotextile with the highest transverse coefficient.
3. You can use all of the above types of hydrotextiles, focusing on the conditions of your drainage. But it is still desirable to use polypropylene geotextile, made of smooth monofilament, resilient and durable. It is more resistant to silting.
4. It is also desirable to use thermally bonded geotextiles. Needle-punched silts up faster and begins to pass water worse.
5. Mixed geotextiles cannot be used: non-synthetic components (wool, cotton) quickly begin to rot and clog pores.
6. Mechanical characteristics must also meet the needs. The tensile strength must be at least 1.9–3 kN/m (longitudinal strength) and 1.5–2.4 kN/m (transverse). The resistance to bursting is selected based on the material of the drainage layer you have (crushed stone, etc.), the depth of the drainage system (soil pressure on it), the soil's tendency to subsidence and displacement. Under normal conditions, it is enough that the resistance is 400–500 N. If you have bought very large crushed stone and designed a large depth of occurrence (for example, when draining a foundation, where it sometimes reaches two or more meters), then it is better to choose more resistance than these numbers . All these data must be indicated by the manufacturer on the packaging.
7. You can also choose the width of the canvas: it can be from the width of the tape (20 centimeters) to five meters and depends on the manufacturer.
8. Economic factor - has great importance. It is necessary to find a harmonic correspondence between price and quality. The price, as a rule, is set per square meter, but for narrow varieties it can also be per roll. Usually the price is small: from 10 to 20 rubles per m 2. Of course, good geotextiles are not very cheap, but you can always find either high-quality domestic analogues of imported expensive materials, or precisely select geotextiles for your conditions: open or closed drainage system, the presence of collectors or natural discharge into a river or sewer, the size of the water inflow to the site. Perhaps you do not need super-expensive material.

Table: comparative prices of non-woven geotextiles from different manufacturers

Photo gallery: geotextiles of all named brands with trademarks

First of all, you need to pay attention to the hydraulic properties of the canvas: permeability and density, and then to all the others.

AT various occasions The use of geotextiles requires different types of it, and for each type of drainage - for the foundation and site, for closed and open drainage systems - there are particular indicators.

The choice of drainage geotextiles for arranging the foundation of a house

The main enemy of your home is water. It can cause subsidence, seep into the foundation into the basement and go further up the capillaries of the wall material, cause the development of fungus, rotting of wooden parts. To avoid all these troubles, it is vital to make the so-called wall drainage - around the foundation. Drainage can be open or closed. It will not be needed if your house is on sandy ground, which freezes shallowly in winter.

Geotextile for open foundation drainage

For open drainage foundation:

1. Mark the trenches.
2. Verify calculated slopes.
3. They dig trenches and a hole for a collecting well, which is called a collector.
4. Around the foundation, an internal (to collect water) and an external, deeper (to drain water) trenches are dug, which are connected by pipes or ditches, always at a slope.

Water from the soil, from rain and melted snow accumulates in the inner ditch, flows into the drainage ditch, flows down it into the collector, from where it is discharged either into the standard, common for the site drainage ditch, either in ready system central sewer.

System open type- the easiest way to drain

Near the house or in the blind area, the ditches are closed with shields or gratings. It is cheaper and simpler than a closed drainage system, easier to clean. But the walls of the ditches can crumble and look unaesthetic.

Choosing geotextiles for this purpose is quite simple. It is only necessary to take into account all the above characteristics. And you immediately pay attention to several brands. For example, on Terram 900 geotextile, which is very acceptable in its qualities: density - 115 g / m², ultimate tensile strength - 7.8 kN / m, elongation at break - 29%, puncture resistance - 1355 N, pore size - 160 microns, roll dimensions - 4.5 x 150 m, roll area - 675 m 2, average price per square meter - 34 rubles.

Wall type drainage

This is a complex and troublesome design, but it will ideally protect the house from any moisture. Usually it is built if the house has basements and semi-basements, even during the construction of the foundation, around the base of the house, half a meter deeper than the lowest point of the foundation. At the corners of the pipe, they approach manholes. AT deepest place there is a collector that diverts water from the site.

1. Around the house they do the so-called clay castle protecting the foundation from moisture.
2. Sand is placed in dug deep trenches, a layer 15 centimeters thick, then geotextiles are inserted and straightened, 10 centimeters of clean gravel or large gravel are poured onto it.

   Wall drainage - perfect solution for groundwater protection

3. At the points of change in the slope or in areas that are too long, wells are dug to revise the system (revision). Pipes with holes are laid on gravel in ditches.

   Holes in the drain pipe allow water to pass through

4. Pipes using a variety of fittings - tees, corners, and so on, are mounted between themselves, wells and a collecting manifold.

   Pipes with closed drainage are interconnected by fittings and manholes

5. Then they are carefully covered with washed gravel (10 centimeters), the edges of the geotextile are released, stretched, overlapped around the pipes and fixed with wire or tape. A layer of sand will serve as a filter to trap dirt.
6. From above, the entire structure is covered with loose soil.

   Backfill wall drainage produced in stages

In this case, the mechanical load on the geotextile will be much higher. Therefore, we can recommend Terram 2000 geotextile with more high performance: density - 215 g / m², ultimate tensile strength - 14.5 kN / m, elongation at break - 30%, puncture resistance - 2750 N, pore size - 110 microns, roll dimensions - 4.5 x 100 m, area roll - 450 m 2, the average price per square meter - 55 rubles.

trench type drainage

Such drainage is laid around the foundation at a distance of one and a half to three meters. He will do his job if the soil on your site consists of clay and loam and there are no basements and semi-basements. The depth of the pipes is the same as with wall drainage: half a meter below the foundation.

In the case of trench-type drainage, the load will be as great as in the previous case. Accordingly, we can also use Terram 2000 geotextile.

Drainage system for a garden plot

Drainage in a garden plot is necessary with close groundwater, waterlogging of the soil, which entails poor growth garden plants. The principles of laying the system on the site practically do not differ from the principles of laying around the foundation, except for the depth of occurrence. Similarly, drainage is closed and open. According to the marking, trenches 40 centimeters wide and of sufficient depth - up to half a meter are dug. Slopes are made, pipes are brought to the wells and the collector.

Closed drainage is covered with soil, and plants can be planted on top.

Due to open or shallow occurrence, such drainage is characterized by low loads on the geofabric. Therefore, here you can save money and purchase a thinner and more flexible Terram 500 geotextile with high hydraulic qualities: density - 65 g / m², ultimate tensile strength - 3 kN / m, elongation at break - 35%, puncture resistance - 525 N, pore size - 300 microns, roll dimensions - 4.5 x 150 m, roll area - 675 m 2, average price per square meter - 30 rubles.

But there is an even more practical and not inferior to Terram in all respects domestic geotextile called Dornit.

Geotextile "Dornit"

This brand of nonwoven geotextile has become very popular recently. It was created from polyester or polypropylene fiber in Russia, at the Road Research Institute (DorNII), based on French developments and is produced by needle-punched and thermal bonding methods. Hence the name. Often, any needle-punched geotextile of different brands is called dornite. It's pretty durable and does the job just fine. Russian conditions, withstanding from 60 degrees of frost to plus a hundred - the boiling point of water, has a good filtration coefficient and sufficient strength. At the same time, it costs less than imported analogues, and this is a good opportunity to save money. Therefore, it is safe to choose “Dornit” for absolutely all activities for drainage of the site, no matter what we start - drainage of the soil or foundation, in an open or closed way, selecting its suitable modifications. Its characteristics are varied and cover all our needs.

Table: characteristics of Dornit modifications suitable for different types of drainage of a personal plot

But, of course, even when using it, it is very important to follow all the laying rules, since Dornit, like any geotextile, with all its outstanding qualities, is very sensitive to mishandling.

Rules for laying geotextiles in open and closed ditches and trenches

When laying geotextiles, the following rules must be observed:

• the ditch or trench must be dug extremely evenly and accurately;
• its bottom must be thoroughly cleaned of debris that can tear the geotextile;
• geotextile does not tolerate ultraviolet radiation, losing strength, so you need to unpack and lay it out before laying it;
• it is better to cut it in advance, it will turn out more precisely;
• when laying, geotextiles cannot be stretched, but folds and wrinkling are also unacceptable;
• it is necessary to consistently fix each subsequent section during installation so that there are no distortions;
• the drain must be backfilled into the ditch/trench immediately after laying the geotextile to avoid exposure to ultraviolet light;
• the edges of the fabric for wrapping must be at least 20 centimeters;
• which side of the geofabric should be laid to the drainage, which side to the ground - there is a lot of controversy about this. Smooth or rough, front or back: for each brand there are exact recommendations. As a rule, the manufacturer places them on the packaging.

Ability to understand large assortment geotextiles produced by modern industry, knowing the nuances and features of its installation, it will be much easier to competently design drainage, thereby preserving the house or summer cottage from the destructive action of water flows and the high humidity they create.

Time does not stand still, and with it the development of new technologies and the development building materials. One of these relatively new innovative materials, is an geotextile, the use of which in the construction of roads and hydraulic systems has made it possible to reduce financial investments and significantly extend them service life.

What is geotextile

Geotextile is a relatively durable and permeable fabric that is made from synthetic raw materials, such as basalt or fiberglass, polyester or polypropylene threads, or other polymeric materials. Depending on the feedstock, the geotextile is made by needle punching, gluing, fusing, or weaving a single continuous thread.

Types of geotextiles

Geotextiles are classified into two main types depending on the technology of its production: woven and non-woven fabric. Woven geotextiles are produced by weaving synthetic or polyester yarns at right angles. In this case, the final strength of the material directly depends on the initial strength and flexibility of the fiber, as well as on the density of the fibers, that is, on the distance between parallel and intersecting fibers. The price of geotextiles depends on the density.

Woven geotextile
nonwoven geotextile

Non-woven geotextiles are mainly made from polymer or polyester materials by needle punching or fusion. Regardless of the production technology, the finished geotextile has a high degree flexibility, deformability and water permeability. However, these properties of the material depend primarily on its density.

Density of geotextile

In no case should the density of the canvas be confused with its strength. The degree of deformability and water permeability directly depends on the density. Whereas strength is an indicator of the maximum withstand load. To make it clear, for example, if you take gauze and tarpaulin with the same density, then the strength of these materials will be completely different, since the fibers of the tarpaulin are stronger than the gauze fibers.

In the field of construction of drainage and hydraulic systems, geotextiles with a density of 80-1000 g / sq.m are used. For example, in the construction of runways and highways, geotextiles with a density of at least 400 g/m2, made by needle-punching, are used. Whereas for the installation of a drainage system in a summer cottage, it is quite acceptable to use a material with a density of 200 g / sq. M, and for ennobling a suburban area, in general, a canvas with a density of 100 g / sq. M. In this case, of course, in addition to the external load, the quality of the soil is necessarily taken into account, that is, its stability and predisposition to heaving or erosion.

How to choose geotextile

Choosing optimal material, first of all, it is necessary to determine the tasks that it will perform. When constructing roads or footpaths, it is important to avoid further subsidence of the soil. For reinforcing and strengthening the soil, geotextiles made by needle-punched method are mainly used. This material has less water permeability.

If geotextiles are selected to create a drainage system or refining land plot, then it is optimal to use a monofilament woven fabric. Such material will prevent the mixing of different qualities technological layers soil and drainage system, while ensuring sufficient water permeability.

The choice of geotextiles of optimal density:

20-30 g / sq.m - used to protect sowing seeds from birds. Good rainwater permeability sunlight. Lays straight down to the ground.

40-60 g / sq.m - used for the installation of greenhouses and greenhouses instead of polyethylene film. Permeable to moisture and Sun rays.

60-80 g/sq.m - used for wrapping drainage pipes and as geomembrane filters.

100 g / sq.m - used for refining summer cottages and landscaping.

200 g/sq.m - serves to create complex drainage systems.

250 g / sq.m - used in the construction of roads designed only for passenger vehicles.

350 g / sq.m - for the construction of federal highways, designed for heavy freight transport.

400 g/sq.m - for the construction of runways.

With more high density geotextiles are used in the construction of hydroelectric power plants or tank ranges.

The use of geotextiles in various industries

The use of geotextile fabric is very diverse. It is used in the construction of runways, highways and park paths, used in the manufacture of drainage systems in summer cottages, used in laying underground pipelines and in creating landscape design. In horticulture, geotextiles are also used as temporary protection for planted seeds from pests and excessive sunlight.

Application in drainage systems

If a suburban area is located in a lowland or close to a located reservoir, then it is likely that the groundwater level may rise seasonally in the soil. High level groundwater leads to soil leaching and the formation of voids under the foundation country house and other buildings. Groundwater also provides Negative influence on the growth of fruit trees and ornamental plants. It turns out too much moisture in the soil.

This problem is solved by creating an integrated drainage system, consisting of a through passage and a storage well, which are interconnected into a single circuit by drainage pipes. Wherein drainage pipes placed in trenches, directly, in the thickness of the gravel embankment. But there is one problem here, the gravel layer is capable of silting over time, that is, clogging with large particles of soil. To avoid this, a gravel cushion 10-20 cm high is initially poured into the bottom of the trenches. Then a solid sheet of geotextile is covered on the bottom and walls of the trench, and then another layer of gravel 20-25 cm high is poured over the geotextile, in which drainage pipes are placed . The remaining blades of the geotextile web are folded over each other and, ultimately, drainage trench filled to the top with ordinary soil. You can read more about the construction of drainage systems in the article:.

Construction of roads and sidewalks

If we are talking about a specific suburban area, then we usually have soil with its certain qualities. In the construction of roads, the situation is completely different. Considering the great length of the road, there will be soil with different qualities along its length. For example, somewhere there may be soil with high groundwater, and somewhere just unstable soil, subject to erosion or failures. In order to strengthen the soil and give it stability, I use a geotextile fabric as a reinforcing material. In cases where the risk of landslides is high, instead of geotextiles in the form of a canvas, geogrids reinforcing the soil are used.

In addition to roads, geotextiles are also successfully used to create pedestrian zones. Today, paving slabs or paving stones have gained wide popularity. Before the advent of geotextile fabric on the construction market, pedestrian areas paved with paving slabs or paving stones had a relatively short operational life. Usually, after 8-10 years, paving slabs sag, as they got between its seams rainwater partially washed out the sand cushion.

By modern technology Before laying paving slabs, the soil layer is initially well compacted, then a drainage layer 5-7 cm high is poured on its surface from gravel with a fraction of 20 mm. Further, geotextiles are laid on top of the gravel, on top of which a bulk cushion of quarry sand is already formed, which serves as the basis for paving paving slabs. In this case, the geotextile performs two functions at once: it prevents the sand and earth layers from mixing with each other and prevents the gravel drainage layer from silting up.

Geotextiles in the construction of inverted roofs

Recently, inverted flat roofs have gained wide popularity. Their main difference from conventional flat roofs based on bituminous materials lies in the fact that on the surface of the inversion roof you can organize a living lawn or a recreation area.

By design, such a roof consists of slab or monolithic concrete floor, on top of which a waterproofing layer is made with bituminous materials. Further, a drain is laid over the waterproofing layer, which ensures the removal of excess moisture. A heater is mounted on top of the drain, which is completely covered with geotextiles. The installation of the inversion roof is completed by creating a sand-cement cushion on the surface of the geotextile, on which paving slabs are mounted. Instead of paving slabs, they often produce a layer of fertile soil about 5 cm thick, on which lawn grass is planted.

Geotextiles on the plot

During the landscaping of the site, they often encounter such a problem when, due to the characteristics of the soil, not all plants can be planted. For example, the soil is too alkaline or clay dominates. In this case, where it is planned to plant too demanding plants or shrubs, the soil is separated with geotextiles. Part of the soil unsuitable for gardening is removed to a certain depth, depending on the root system of the planted plants. After sampling the soil, a geotextile sheet is laid and the resulting cavity is filled with an optimal fertile soil layer. In this case, the geotextile performs the function of a barrier, that is, it does not allow soils with different properties to mix with each other.

Another use of geotextiles in the backyard is to protect planted seeds from pests. A geotextile sheet is either covered with a plot of soil with planted seeds, or it is used instead of a film in the construction of greenhouses or hotbeds. For this application, geotextiles with a minimum density of 20-30 g/m2 are used so that rainwater and sunlight can pass through the material unhindered.

During operation, the foundation experiences loads from heaving forces and can sink on soils with insufficient bearing capacity. The use of geotextiles can partially solve both problems. Under the underlying layer of non-metallic material, the geotextile fabric is a reinforcing, separating layer.

Mutual penetration of soil, crushed stone, sand into each other is prevented. Drains wrapped in this material practically do not silt. This uses different properties. nonwoven fabric, the question remains, what density to choose geotextiles for these technologies.

The industry produces geotextiles of several types, classified according to the following characteristics:

• material - polypropylene, polyester, natural fiber (wool, cotton);
• thread size - dimensionless monofilament or short cuts (staple);
• way of fastening the fabric - needle-punched, hydro-punched method, thermal bonding.

For construction technologies more suitable hydroperforated geotextile made of polypropylene monofilament. Less commonly used needle punched polyester geotextile also from an endless thread. Staple, woven modifications do not have sufficient strength and are not used in construction.

The second name of the material is "dornit", it comes from the name of the DorNII road institute, in which the geotextile was created by analogy with the French non-woven synthetic material. However, at present trademark Dornit, patented by Plasteks, is a polyester staple padding polyester, unsuitable for construction, except for drainage pipes.

Attention! For the foundation, you should purchase geotextiles from Sibur (100% propylene monofilament), Belarusian manufacturer Pinema (completely similar to the previous material), MogilevKhimVolokno (polyester monofilament, so the canvas gets a little wet in the ground).

The recommendations of experts, which dornite is better to choose for the excavation stage, in principle, come down to determining the drainage properties and density of the web. European products Terram, Typar cost one and a half times more (customs, transportation, markups at points of sale), which unreasonably increases the construction estimate.

Underlayment

Experts consider the foundation as a single structure with the base (soil), on which it rests, transfers loads. Therefore, the calculation, or is made according to the calculated soil resistance in the building spot. On peat bogs, embankments or dusty sands, subsidence of the cottage structure is possible.

Geotextile laid under the pillow slab foundation.

To eliminate swelling of the soil under shallow foundations, a 40-80 cm soil layer is replaced with non-metallic materials. The simplest way to increase the bearing capacity of these soils, to prevent their mutual mixing with crushed stone and sand, is to lay geotextiles under non-metallic material:

• the canvas reinforces the soil;
• excludes hashing of products with high drainage characteristics;
• relatively cheap for strip foundation.

Geotextile laid under the strip foundation.

Attention! Geotextiles are laid under similar underlying layers in communication trenches (water supply, outdoor sewerage) for similar tasks. Even with heavy traffic, there are no ground movements at the pipeline laying sites, and the resource of life support systems increases.

The density of dornite in the underlying layer should be higher 300 g/m³, so it is necessary to use polypropylene monofilament webs.

drainage system

It is quite simple to understand why non-woven material is needed in. When collecting underground runoff, cracks and drain holes gradually become silted up. If you use dornite as a filter, the drainage properties remain the same, the pipes get an increase in service life.

Drains are laid in a natural filter sheath (usually crushed stone) to increase the flow of fluid from denser soils. Therefore, silt and impurities also accumulate between the pebbles. Crushed stone is laid on geotextiles, rammed, mounted drains are covered with the same material, covered with the remaining canvas from above.

Attention: For drainage, it is better to choose needle-punched synthetic fiber(polyester, propylene) with a density of 200 g/m³. Strength is less important here, but the material is much cheaper.

protective layer

To protect the foundation from getting wet and freezing, concrete surfaces waterproofed, pasted over with polystyrene foam. After that, these materials themselves need protection from mechanical damage when backfilling the sinuses of trenches. Choice for covering geotextile surfaces medium density (100 – 150 g/m³) is an budget option increasing the resource of structures.

How to properly lay

Having sorted out on initial stage, why lay the mandrel under the foundation pad, in the drainage layer, you need to do it right. Geotextile is laid directly on the ground, the edges are bent in order to wrap the drainage layer with them later. Under the sole of the foundation, this is not necessary.

Installation under the foundation cushion

To strengthen the soil under the base of the foundation, geotextiles are laid using the following technology:

• rolling a roll along the bottom of a trench, pit;
• stapled or special machine as needed (for pits);
• launching beyond the perimeter of a strip, slab foundation by 40 - 60 cm.

Attention! The width of the underlying layer is at least twice over size tape soles. The dornite web can be spread even wider to ensure that non-metallic material does not sink under the supporting structures.

Drain laying

Duplicate wrapping of pipes, natural filter material around them with dornit allows you to increase the resource of communications. As a result, the drainage properties of the structure practically do not decrease during operation. When installing the drainage system, the following technology is used:

• geotextile is laid on the bottom of the drainage trench;
• the canvas is wound on the side walls of the trench;
• falls asleep, rammed with a 10 cm layer of rubble;
• drains are installed;
• pipes are poured on the sides, on top of 10 cm with a layer of natural filter;
• the structure is covered with the remaining edges of the geotextile.

Scheme of wall drainage of the foundation.

Drainage sewerage is necessary to eliminate the swelling of soils near the foundation. Dry clay cannot expand in volume, concrete structures do not get wet.

Thermal insulation protection

A layer of geotextile is often protected by expanded polystyrene glued to the outer edges of the strip foundation, so as not to damage it during backfill. The technology allows to partially get rid of pulling loads of heaving forces. With an increase in volume, the soil slips over the non-woven material or lifts it up without harming the insulation.

The main nuance is the choice of the manufacturer, the characteristics of the material. Laying dornite is not difficult, there are practically no mistakes at this stage.

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