Interfloor lags. Stages of construction of a wooden floor between floors. Floor installation on wooden beams: technology for performing work

Planning the construction country cottage, the owner has to solve the difficult issue of choosing floors. Some contractors advise him to use reinforced concrete panels, others insist on using wooden beams as flooring.

We decided to help beginners get out of a difficult situation. In our article you will find an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of wooden floors.

Useful tips for their installation and important nuances doing this work will also not be superfluous. We hope that the information received will be useful to you at the construction site and help you avoid serious mistakes.

A stereotype has developed in the minds of citizens, according to which panels from precast concrete- only Possible Solution for any building. It is not difficult to overcome it.

It is enough to list the advantages of wooden beam ceilings:

Minimum cost (1 m3 of timber is several times cheaper than 1 m3 of hollow core panels);
The load on the walls is 2-3 times less than from the panels. This allows you to significantly reduce the consumption of reinforcement and concrete when laying the foundation;
On small spans (up to 4 meters), wooden beams can be laid manually using the simplest devices (winch or lifting block). Mounting heavy slabs without a powerful crane is an unrealistic task;
Low labor intensity and high speed of work (compared to pouring a monolithic reinforced concrete floor);
Environmental friendliness (granite gravel is used in concrete, radiation background which can significantly exceed the norm).

As you know, there are no advantages without disadvantages. There are few of them for wood floors:

Increased deformability. It manifests itself in the effect of vibration when walking and the formation of cracks at the junction of plasterboard partitions;
Low fire resistance (without special impregnation);
Relatively small length (does not exceed 6 meters). For reinforced concrete panels, it reaches 7.2 meters.

Among the shortcomings of these designs, some authors of feature articles include the formation of cracks in the plaster of the ceiling and poor impact sound insulation. However, with a competent approach to installation, these two problems are solved simply and reliably. To do this, a number of less thick beams are laid below the supporting beams, specially designed for filing the ceiling (drywall, OSB, lining, board).

The hemming beam, like the main one, is placed on the wall, but lower, and the ceiling cladding is attached to it. This solution is not common, although it is competent and its history dates back more than one century, in addition to cutting off the structural noise of the second floor, this option eliminates cracks in the ceiling. They appear in the case when the beam serves as a support for the floor of the second floor and at the same time the ceiling of the first floor is hemmed to it. From vibration and shock load, cracks appear in the finish.

Applications and calculation of wooden floors

in buildings built of wood (frame and chopped);
in country houses designed for summer operation;
in outbuildings (sheds, baths, workshops);
in prefabricated prefabricated houses.

In addition to the listed options, wooden structures for interfloor ceilings can be used in cottages intended for year-round use. Only in this case, you need to use the two-row beam installation system, which we described above.

We do not recommend selecting the cross section of the timber according to the principle “the thicker the better”. There is simple technique calculation taken from building codes.

According to it, the height of the wooden beam should be at least 1/25 of the span to be covered.. For example, with a 4-meter distance between the walls, you need to buy a sawlog with a section height (H) of at least 400/25 = 16 cm with a thickness (S) of 12 cm. To create a margin of safety, the found parameters can be increased by 2-3 cm .

The second parameter that you need to choose correctly is the number of beams. It depends on their pitch (the distance between the central axes). Knowing the cross section of the beam and the size of the span, the step is determined from the table.

Table. Beam spacing selection

The calculated load of 350-400 kg / m2 indicated in the table is the maximum for the second floor. If it is not residential, then its value will not exceed 250 kg / m2.

When planning the layout of the beams, you need to take into account that the two extreme ones should recede from the end walls by at least 5 cm. The remaining beams are distributed evenly along the walls (in accordance with the selected step).

Stages and features of installation

Technologically, the device for overlapping wooden beams cannot be called complex. The main attention should be paid to the alignment of the beams horizontally and the quality of embedding their ends into the wall array. You can’t just put the bars on the masonry and lay them with bricks. It is necessary to provide them with a reliable connection with the walls and qualitatively protect the wood from decay.

Options for sealing beams, depending on the material of the masonry, the type of wall structures (external, internal, chimney) and the methods of their fastening are shown in the figures.

The length of the supporting part of the beams in a brick and block wall should be at least 16 cm (in a wooden 7-8 cm). If paired boards placed on edge are used instead of timber, then they are embedded in the masonry by at least 10 cm.

The side parts of the beams in contact with the wall are wrapped with 2 layers of glassine or 1 layer of roofing material. Experienced craftsmen cut the ends of the bars at an angle (60-70 °) and leave them uninsulated, while not forgetting to treat them with an antiseptic composition on a par with the rest. This ensures the "breathing" of wood wrapped with waterproofing.

When installing the ceiling on the sides of each beam, small gaps (3-5 cm) are left, filled with mineral wool or tow. A heat insulator is also placed in the space between the end of each beam and the wall. This eliminates the "cold bridge" that occurs by reducing the thickness of the masonry.

When constructing ceilings in walls made of aerated concrete and wood concrete blocks, it is recommended to use an open seal. In this case, the ends of the beams are also cut at an angle, antiseptic and pasted over with roofing paper on mastic, leaving the ends free.

The outer wall of the nest is insulated with felt or mineral wool and a box made from pieces of an antiseptic board is inserted into it. Its height is chosen such that a air gap(2-3 cm). Through it, water vapor accumulated in the wood will exit into the room in the plinth area. This solution protects the supporting part of the beam from decay.

In practice, developers most often use a simpler method of embedding without the use of insulation and a wooden box, closing the logs with block cuts or just a raster.

The floor beams rest on, which is used to increase spatial rigidity block masonry.

Beams are embedded in the internal load-bearing walls in a closed way. To increase the rigidity of the overlap, they are connected to each other through three steel anchor plates.

The section of the beam adjacent to the smoke channel is insulated with asbestos or other non-combustible material. The main protection against fire here is brick cutting (thickening of the pipe masonry) 25 cm thick.

In wooden houses, the installation of beam ceilings is carried out in two ways:

Cutting into log crowns;
Through a steel shaped plate (high chair), fixed to the wall with threaded studs.

Installation of the ceiling by cutting into the walls

The option of installing beams on "chairs"

If the upper floor or attic is not residential (heated), then it is necessary to insulate the wooden floors. To do this, a heater (mineral wool, ecowool) is laid in the space between the beams, having previously spread a layer of vapor barrier over the ceiling filing.

Styrofoam should not be used for this work for three reasons:

It does not allow water vapor to pass through, and the wood rots under it;
Does not isolate impact noise;
It is problematic from an environmental point of view.

The design of the insulated floor is shown in the diagram.

Similarly, the insulation of the floor of the first (basement) floor is performed. The difference between them is that it is quite difficult to hem beams from below from a shallow underground. In this case, the builders act differently. To the side faces of the beams, they knock out a cranial bar (5x5 cm). An antiseptic boardwalk is laid on it. It serves as a support for slab insulation, placed in the gaps between the bars. A vapor barrier is placed under the mineral wool. A vapor barrier is also laid on top of the beams. After that, logs are attached to them and a finishing floor is already mounted on them.

The mineral wool slab should be placed between the bars as tightly as possible to prevent blowing through the floor. For better insulation, all joints of the insulation are treated with mounting foam.

The control of the horizontal installation of the bars is carried out using a bubble level laid on a flat long board. For leveling use cutting boards, protected bituminous mastic. They are placed under the ends of the bars.

Vapor barrier sheets should be laid with an overlap of at least 10 cm and all joints should be glued with construction tape.

To reduce impact noise, soundproofing tape 5 mm thick is laid on the beams before installation of the second floor floor joist. A waterproofing film under the logs is placed only if the second-level room is residential. It will protect the insulation from water ingress when washing the floor. The technology of its installation is similar to the laying of vapor barrier.

The final stage of the device hardwood floor- installation of a subfloor from boards, plywood or OSB boards using self-tapping screws. After completion of this work, lay finish coating from laminate, linoleum, parquet and finish the ceiling.

It is possible to independently perform the installation of a wooden floor between floors, subject to significant experience in carpentry and general construction works. Interfloor floors made of wood are critical structures in residential buildings and require careful observance of installation instructions.

Do-it-yourself wooden flooring - advantages and disadvantages

Any overlap between floors, including wood, must meet the following characteristics:

Static and dynamic strength. The design must withstand the weight of the expected load with a large margin;
Rigidity sufficient for a high-quality basis for the arrangement of floors (upper floor) and ceilings (lower floor);
Durability comparable to the life of the entire structure. Replacing interfloor ceilings in an old building is a complex and expensive repair procedure; at the stage of capital construction, it is much easier to perform overlapping between floors from durable wooden beams;
A good floor must have decent heat and sound insulation.

Floors made of wood satisfy all the listed qualities and are distinguished by additional advantages. They are easily mounted by two people and do not require the involvement of a heavy construction equipment. A span of up to 100 m 2 can be laid in one day, if we talk about load-bearing structures, and not their finishing. Wooden beams are many times cheaper than reinforced concrete slabs or steel floors - and their service life is tens (or even hundreds) of years.

The potential dangers of using wood as a load-bearing interfloor structure include the danger of its decay and ignition in case of fire. These factors are minimized by appropriate processing of the beams prior to installation. It is equally important to take into account the minimum allowable deflection. For interfloor beams coniferous wood is used due to its durability and resistance. But it is quite plastic - therefore, the maximum the size of the beam span made of wood is limited to a size of 5 meters. If it is necessary to block a large room, additional supports (columns, crossbars, etc.)

Overlapping of the second floor on wooden beams - design calculation

From the correct calculation and competent general construction preparation, it largely depends on how high-quality the device of the wooden floor between the floors will turn out. According to convenient seats with the help of optimally prepared beams, interfloor openings are covered quickly and easily. First of all, the direction of installation of floors is always chosen according to the short size of the room. The installation step is interdependent on the cross-section of the base of the floor, but is usually equal to 1 meter, since a smaller step will lead to greater labor intensity when arranging seats. It is wiser to buy wood of a larger section than to spend money on a palisade of weak floors.

For an installation step of 1 meter, subject to the habitability of the second floor, it is necessary to acquire such load-bearing bars that can withstand a load of at least 400 kg / m 2:

With a span of up to 2.2 meters - 75x150 mm;
With a span of up to 3.2 meters - 100x175 mm;
With a span of up to 3.2 meters - 125x200 mm;
With a span of up to 5 meters - 150x225 mm.

Overlapping of uninhabited attics is carried out with the same step, but with a material of a smaller section. For example, for half the load (that is, 400 kg / m 2), bars 50x160, 50x180, 70x180 and 70x200, respectively, will be enough. Just keep in mind that you will then have to crawl in the attic with such an overlap, and not walk ... As you can see from the calculations, load-bearing beams with a ratio of 1.5: 1 height to width are considered optimal. For attic spaces, on the contrary, a narrow tree of an elongated profile is used due to a small load in the future.

Overlapping between floors - preparing for installation at the construction stage

When erecting walls made of bricks, silicate blocks, aerated concrete, they provide openings for floor elements. The step of these openings is 1 meter, the depth is at least 30 (and preferably 40) centimeters, the width is the same. The beam must enter the wall by at least 20 cm, plus it will be required free place for her ends. end part no overlaps building mixtures not poured for natural ventilation and to prevent rotting.

The more accurately the seats in the walls of the house are displayed in height, the easier it will be to lay the beam structure. In houses made of wood, you can embed beam structures directly into the walls, here the implementation of the future overlap preparation at the stage of wall construction does not require. It is important to take into account the inadmissibility of installing load-bearing bars close to parallel wall, not closer than 10 cm, and it is imperative to maintain a strict constancy of the installation step - the allowable “run-up” from the nominal value of 1 meter should not exceed ± 5 cm.

Overlapping of the second floor on wooden beams - installation stages

Walls with planting nests are ready, wood and auxiliary materials purchased, the tools are ready - we begin the installation of floors:

One day before installation, the tree is smeared with antiseptic mixtures and fire-resistant compounds - with the exception of the ends, no “chemistry” can be applied to them. The choice of such compositions is now very large, you can name brands Finesta, Seine and, Neomid, Pinotex etc. with wide choice antiseptics and flame retardants. All primer should dry well;
We measure the beams and saw off with a sharp wood saw with a margin of 35-45 centimeters from the size of the room for reliable support on the walls. The cut should be at an angle of 60˚, so that when viewed from the side, the overlap element looks like a trapezoid with a wide lower part. The ends recessed into the walls are coated with resin and wrapped with roofing paper after it dries;
Installing the end beams. We work from a high, wide and reliable "goat", it will not be possible to manage with ladders alone. Carefully set them in level and on the horizon. As linings, wide sections from the same floors are used, and in advance with antiseptic and fire-fighting compounds. Make sure that the ends of the beams do not rest against the walls, there should be a gap for ventilation of at least 3-5 cm in depth;
When there is no doubt about the accuracy of the installation of the side beams, they are fixed with dry gravel in the landing nests. Lines are pulled tightly between the extreme beams. On these auxiliary fishing lines, other elements of the beam frame of the floor are installed;
The installed beams are once again carefully measured and adjusted, after which the landing nests are concreted with a solution of cement and crushed stone.

The choice of wooden floors in cottage construction is mainly due to the fact that such floors are much cheaper than other options for arranging floors. The point is not even in the materials themselves, but in the high cost of installation: reinforced concrete slabs require lifting equipment, special mechanisms for preparing the solution. Floors made of wood can be made without the use of special equipment. This one, which became traditional view arrangement of floors, the method can be applied to a house built from wooden materials, brick, lightweight concrete, ceramic block, etc. One, of course, cannot do such work, but for two strong adult men with skills in construction work, such home improvement is quite within the power.

Among the disadvantages of this building material called relatively low mechanical strength, easy flammability and lack of resistance to damage by organic pests (termites, bark beetles and sawflies). Properly executed interfloor beam ceiling excludes any risk of operation of the house. How to prepare the beams, install them and carry out hydro and sound insulation measures?

Which beams are suitable for flooring

The beam has special strength requirements, since it is supported only by the ends. Hardwoods are not suitable for the manufacture of floor beams. You can only use coniferous wood at least 1 year old. Material dried for 3 years is considered ideal. Beams must be in without fail treated with an antiseptic and impregnated with a refractory composition. The ends of the beams should be cut obliquely at an angle of 600, treated with bitumen and dried. It is also allowed to burn the ends or double-layer wrapping with roofing felt (roofing paper). The ends of the beams should be left open during further installation, this will prevent their waterlogging and deformation.

It is most expedient to use beams of rectangular section. The bending strength depends on the height of the beam, not on the width. A wooden beam with an aspect ratio of 7:5 in cross section is the most resistant to deflection. Two identical beams stacked one on top of the other can withstand a load 2 times more than the same beams stacked side by side. Therefore, it is always better to increase its height. Wooden beams can have a cross-sectional height of 140 to 240 mm and a width of 50 to 160 mm, they are laid at intervals of 600, 800 and 1000 mm. The choice of section depends on the expected load, the frequency of laying on the length of the span. The Romanov calculator will help you calculate the cross section of wooden beams, by entering your data, you will instantly receive the recommended cross section. The load from the own weight of the beam can be 60-220 kg / m2, the operational load is assumed to be 200 kg / m2.
With the help of floor beams, you can support for the further arrangement of a wooden balcony.

How to lay beams?

The first and most important condition for the implementation of a wooden interfloor ceiling is to limit the length of the span: without additional support, wooden beams can only be used for a span not exceeding 6 meters in length. As a rule, support is performed only for the overlap between the basement and the 1st floor of the house. The optimal distance between the supporting walls is 2.5 - 4 meters. AT modern construction the width of the house is usually in the range of 9 - 12 meters. Floors made of wooden beams, in this case, are supported by 3 load-bearing walls, one of which runs approximately in the middle of the house, i.e. each beam of 4.5 or 6 meters rests with its edges on 2 supports, as a result, a continuous floor is obtained, based on 3 load-bearing walls.

The beams are laid along the short side of the span using the "beacon" method: from the edges to the center, first laying the extreme ones, then the intermediate ones. It is most carefully necessary to mount the extreme beams, they must be laid strictly horizontally, for this you need to use levels of different lengths or spirit levels. The horizon can be leveled by placing tarred pieces of boards of appropriate length and different in thickness under the ends of the beams. It is not recommended to cut off excess thickness from the beams themselves; you can also not put chips. The horizon of the intermediate beams is checked with a rail and a template. The distance between the beams should be the same and they should be parallel to each other. Nests for beams must be provided during the construction of the walls, i.e. and beam calculations should be made at the design stage of the house. Nests (niches) are sealed with mineral wool or foam. With a wall thickness of less than 2 bricks, niches are closed cement mortar. In thick walls, the ends of the beams are left open for ventilation. From the inside of the premises, the holes are sealed with mortar, followed by a general finish.
Every third beam is fixed with anchors that are attached to the beam from the side or from below. If the wall is brick, then the anchors are embedded in the masonry with a mortar. Beams lead into the wall by 15 cm, the end of the beam is not waterproofed.
The laying of beams near the chimney pipe is carried out at a distance of at least 40 cm from it. Usually, this requirement is met by using a crossbar: the beams rest on a support (crossbar), which, in turn, is fixed to adjacent beams using clamps. The opening near the pipe must be sheathed with fireproof materials. The chimney in places where it passes through the ceilings must have a thickening of the walls by 25 cm (cutting), i.e. 1 additional brick. Beams are strictly forbidden to lay near the chimney and, moreover, that they come into contact with the pipe.

Interfloor overlap is not insulated, but noise, hydro and vibration isolating. The attic floor is performed with the obligatory presence of the lower vapor barrier layer. The ceiling between the basement and the 1st floor, on the contrary, must have an upper vapor barrier layer.

Vibration isolation

In order to prevent vibrations from walking on the 2nd floor from being transmitted to the 1st floor of the house, it is necessary to make vibration isolation. Vibrations will help to eliminate double overlap: beam and board, the boards do not come into contact with the subfloor, so all vibrations from walking along the 2nd floor are transmitted to the walls of the building. It is necessary to lay boards with a section of ~ 50 x 100 mm next to the beams at a distance of about 30 from them, but lower. The planks will support the ceiling structure but not touch the floor of the 2nd floor, and the beams will carry the entire load of the 2nd floor but not touch the floor. ceiling structure. The boards are also attached to the wall with anchors, and their ends are processed in the same way as the ends of the floor beams. Antiseptic and fire-prevention impregnation of boards is carried out simultaneously with the processing of beams.

Roll forward

If interfloor hydro and noise insulation is required, it is necessary to load-bearing beams set roll. Most often, reels are made from wooden shields, previously made from boards, fixed longitudinally or transversely. The shields are supported by holes or cranial bars, which are stuffed on the side faces of the beams. Shields and bars must be treated in the same way as the beams themselves, with an antiseptic and fire-resistant impregnation. The cranial bars mounted in the lower side of the beams and beams must be in parallel planes. Coniferous wood bars with dimensions of 40 x 40 or 40 x 50 mm are intended for further laying of wooden rolling and insulating materials on them, therefore they must be securely fastened. Not infrequently, instead of wooden bars, steel corners are used, which are also fixed at the bottom of the sides of the beams.
The rolling material is chosen so that it can withstand the weight of the backfill materials that are intended to be used. These can be single-layer boards made of gypsum slag, bakelized plywood, thin boards and other materials. The reel must have a sufficiently dense structure, it must be borne in mind that the presence of several wooden layers increases their noise, so everything wooden elements rolling is recommended to be combined with tongues.
The roll is covered with roofing paper or glassine at half the height of the beam, or a mixture of clay and sand is applied to it. Then, on top of this layer, insulating material is poured, which is also covered with roofing paper or glassine. The insulation is laid only after the layer has completely dried (in the case of clay with sand). As insulating materials, only materials that do not emit harmful fumes, are resistant to fungal diseases, are not combustible and do not rot, i.e. can be used. materials of inorganic origin. In addition, they should not have a large volumetric weight.

Second floor floor, first floor ceiling

The top flooring is recommended to be made two-layer: 20-mm boards are laid on the beams, on which cardboard sheets are fixed. And already on a two-layer preparation they lay the floor.
The ceiling on boards laid parallel to the beams is hemmed from any finishing materials: drywall, fiberboard, PVC panels, chipboard or others. Drywall has good fire resistance, so it is always recommended to use it. The filing can serve as both a finish and a basis for mounting other finishing materials. In the event that the ceiling is supposed to be plastered, then unplaned boards with a width of 80 to 100 mm are used for its base. Boards are fastened with nails hammered at an angle. The filing is not performed tightly, leaving a distance between the boards. Subsequently, shingles or a metal mesh are nailed to the boards, and a plaster layer is made over it.

Quality assessment criteria

A floor made of wooden beams can be positioned as high-quality if, in its finished form, it:

does not have deviations from the axes of the structure of more than 15 mm;
does not skew in any direction;
warping is not more than 0.7 mm per 1 m2;
has a horizontal deviation of not more than 2 mm;
does not vibrate and does not make noise while people are walking on the 2nd floor.

Exploitation

old wooden houses floors rarely need to be repaired, this is due to the fact that during their construction beams with a large margin of safety were used and they were laid with a small step. But still, old and new floors must be periodically checked for strength. If there is a suspicion that the beams are weakened as a result of waterlogging or damage by insects, they must be strengthened. This is done by removing the damaged beam, followed by strengthening and building it up with thick boards, this applies to damage to any parts of the beam (support ends and middle part). You can also lay additional plank supports between those beams that are suspicious.

The advantage of a multi-storey building is obvious - a large living area with the same external dimensions. Figuratively speaking, putting the floor on the floor, you can double the usable space.

This is actually not difficult, the only thing that needs to be thought out in advance is the design of the floors. Concrete creates an excessive load on the walls, steel is difficult to process.

Wooden floor between floors the best choice for country house. It is only important to accurately calculate its parameters and choose high-quality materials.

Wooden flooring device

Perhaps this best view floors, it compares favorably with ease of manufacture and availability of materials. In addition, only wood is used to create it, which ensures environmental cleanliness with sufficient reliability. The device for overlapping on wooden beams is not particularly difficult, its main components are:

bearing beams;
guide bars;
draft ceiling;
the base of the floor of the upper floor;
insulation;
waterproofing;
decorative coating.

The necessary strength and reliability of the entire structure will give the timber. It can be solid or glued from several layers. A good replacement for timber is solid logs of small diameter. Boards can also serve as the basis for the structure, but such floors have significant limitations in terms of span length and load.

In principle, the beam can be made of any wood, but it is better to choose larch or pine. Hardwood has a slightly different structure and less resistance to bending. Such an overlap may not withstand constant load.

On the supporting structure of parallel beams, the base of the future floor and ceiling is mounted, respectively. It can be a prepared board or wood-based sheet material. A floor covering is laid on the finished base (on the second floor), and a full-fledged ceiling is made from below.

A feature of this design is the free inner space to be used. It is filled with any material with heat-insulating or sound-absorbing properties. This will help keep the heat in the rooms and provide a sufficient level of sound insulation.

Material selection

Primarily, this design functional, therefore, interfloor overlapping on wooden beams should be reliable. It is important to understand that it must not only support its weight, but also the weight of the furniture located on the top floor, and the weight of the people there. Therefore, the material used is subject to high requirements in quality, especially to the beams.

As already mentioned, best material for the beam is a coniferous tree. The choice of wood should be taken with all possible responsibility. Basic material requirements:

minimum humidity, its value should not exceed 14%;
minimum knots per unit length;
there should not be a pronounced oblique layer;
absence of cracks, rot, darkening, traces of pest activity.

To ensure the durability of the floor, all wooden surfaces pre-treated with an antiseptic and impregnated with special compounds that reduce the combustibility of the material. This guarantees the durability of the structure and protects against fires.

Varieties of floors according to the method of fastening

Bearing bars are securely fixed to the walls. There are two main ways to attach them: installing them in a socket or using additional fasteners.

Installing the bars in the grooves

This method is great for brick houses, cinder block buildings and similar materials. To fix the beam, you need to make a selection (groove) in the wall. The dimensions of the groove should exceed the thickness and width of the beam by 2-3 cm, the depth varies in the range from 100 to 150 mm. It is not difficult to provide waterproofing of the connection with the help of a conventional roofing material; they wrap the ends of the beams recessed inside the wall.

Using metal clips

If it is not possible to sink the beams into the wall, external steel fasteners can be used. Technically, this method is simpler, but it provides less strength, therefore, the wooden floor will withstand less load. Such a hinged mount can be used to create small ceilings or between the first floor and the attic (attic) of a garden house.

Clamps of various shapes come on sale, some are designed for fastening to the wall, others are mounted on internal or external corners. With the choice of the optimal configuration of the supporting elements, there will definitely not be any problems.

The main parameters of the beam for beams

The parameters of the beams directly depend on the geometric dimensions of the premises of the lower and upper floors, their intended purpose. The calculation of parameters is milestone in the creation of an interfloor overlap, the reliability and durability of the entire structure largely depends on it.

Shape and section

A rectangular beam is seen optimal material for making beams. Installed on the edge, it has a sufficient margin of safety, high reliability. Sometimes round timber or lumber of specific profiles, for example, an I-section, is used as load-bearing structures.

The exact parameters of the beam directly depend on the expected load, the span length and the distance between adjacent beams. By the way, it is not at all necessary to calculate all the parameters yourself; you can use ready-made tables and diagrams.

Length calculation

Calculating the length of the beam is simple - this is the width of the span plus the tolerances for embedding in the grooves. Regardless of the section, it is not recommended to make spans more than 6 m wide, this will inevitably cause sagging, which can result in an accident. If it is necessary to make a wooden floor bigger size, you can get out of the situation by installing supports and props in the form of columns from the same beam.

Material quantity

For ease of calculating the amount of material, it would be useful to sketch out a diagram of the future overlap. It should be borne in mind that the distance from the extreme beams to the wall will be approximately 50 mm, and the rest will be evenly laid between them at the same interval (0.5–1.0 m).

Stages of manufacturing an interfloor ceiling

After the calculations are completed, the material is purchased, you can proceed directly to the installation of the wooden floor. The process of its manufacture is not a very complicated matter, but in order to facilitate the work, it is advisable to do everything with an assistant, this is especially true when making large-width floors.

Beam installation

The best option for a residential building with a full-fledged second floor can be considered the installation of beams in grooves. You can make grooves both at the construction stage, which is much easier, and after the construction of the building. Work begins with the extreme beams, which will be located in close proximity to the side walls.

A blank of the required length is cut out of the timber, the ends are cut circular saw or hand saw at an angle of about 60 degrees. Special accuracy is not needed, it is important to create conditions for the wood to breathe.

Note! The part of the beam that will be hidden in the wall is impregnated with bituminous mastic (with the exception of the end) and wrapped with roofing material.

The beam is inserted into the groove, a board 20–30 mm thick is placed under it. With the help of the level, the correct installation is controlled, the beam must lie strictly horizontally. The first and every fifth beam is additionally fixed with anchor bolts or steel plates.

This procedure is repeated with the other extreme beam. To control the plane, a board is temporarily laid between the extreme beams, on top of it - the usual building level. Thanks to this simple design, it is easy to choose the thickness of the lining for each subsequent timber.

skull bar

Cranial bar - slats with a cross section of approximately 50 x 50 mm, which are attached to both sides of the beam. Its task is to keep the roll used as draft ceiling. It is advisable to use a bar only when the ceiling is mounted from above.

The slats are cut along the length of the beam, fixed with self-tapping screws. A roll is attached to them. This method is simple and does not require excessive physical effort, there is no need to keep the details of the draft ceiling on weight, but it significantly reduces the space inside the ceiling, which can be used for laying insulation and sound insulation.

If the ceiling is mounted from below, the work technology can be significantly simplified, without a cranial bar, then the roll will be attached directly to the beams using self-tapping screws.

Creating a draft ceiling

In most cases, it is convenient to use wood-based sheet material to create the base of the ceiling. It's easy to attach and is durable. To work, it is enough to arm yourself with a screwdriver and self-tapping screws.

When using a cranial bar, the material is cut into strips equal to the span in width, laid, fixed with self-tapping screws. If the cranial bar is not installed, you can use a material of any size, the only condition is to ensure that adjacent plates converge on the beam.

Thermal insulation and vapor barrier

Even if an overlap is created between residential floors, it is worth laying inside thermal insulation material, mineral wool is best. It will completely fill the space, save heat and become a good protection against noise.

Under the insulation, especially if the kitchen, bathroom or other room with high humidity, you need to lay a layer of vapor barrier. It will protect the ceiling from steam, protect the tree from moisture that will condense inside. The sheets are overlapped, the joints are additionally fixed with construction tape.

Waterproofing

A waterproofing film is laid on top of the finished insulating cake. Its task is to block the path of moisture from above, to prevent it from seeping into the sealant. The edges of the film must overlap each other by at least 10 cm on each side. Additional protection from possible leaks, as in the case of vapor barrier, will provide construction tape.

Draft floor of the next floor

To create a base for flooring, a board, plywood, OSB sheets, chipboard of sufficient thickness can be used. Fasteners are selected for the selected material, for plates these are self-tapping screws, for boards nails are suitable. When working with sheet material, as well as when creating a draft ceiling, you need to ensure that the plates are joined only on the beams.

Finishing floor and ceiling

Actually, the work is almost finished, only the skin remains. Here the technique depends solely on the selected material. The floor of the upper floor can be covered with budget linoleum, elite parquet, or choose the golden mean - laminate. The material for the ceiling can be drywall with subsequent painting, plastic ceiling panels, lining.

Wood flooring is the best choice for a country house. It is easy to install, strong and durable. This is exactly the overlap that you can do with your own hands. It lasts for a long time, does not require special care and thanks exclusively to natural materials this is a great solution for a children's room, it can be done both on the top floor and on the bottom.

Ceilings are one of the elements of a house being built, which greatly affects the strength of the building. Depending on the material, they are wooden and reinforced concrete (monolithic, prefabricated, precast-monolithic). For the manufacture of a structural element in private low-rise construction, it is often chosen wooden blocks, boards or logs, since the construction of wooden floors is less labor intensive during installation and can be performed without special skills.

When building a private house, when an interfloor ceiling is being built on wooden beams with your own hands, the success of the business largely depends on the correct choice of building material. The beams, which are the support of the entire structure, not only perceive their own weight - they are pressed by the mass of the flooring, and operational loads are affected.

Covering in the house

What to consider when choosing lumber

For such purposes, it is recommended to choose softwood or larch wood, since such material has better strength regarding hardwood. Bars, boards or logs must be dry - humidity not exceeding 14% is allowed. Typically, lumber acquires such moisture in a year when creating right conditions storage.

Wood moisture measurement

Beams should not have a large number of knots, it is desirable to reject the forest, which has a pronounced slanting or tortuosity - the fibers should be located along the beam or board. It is good if the lumber was treated with an antiseptic and a composition that increases the fire resistance of wood.

oblique

pilosity

Selection of bars or logs by size

Depending on where wooden floors are used, it is necessary to make a choice of bars or boards according to the size of the section, on which the reliability of the structure depends. If an interfloor platform is being built, then the same requirements are imposed on the section, and when the attic is being built, the thickness of the beams may be less. When choosing material, you can be guided by tables that make it possible to calculate the cross section of the boards, logs or timber used.

Calculation of the beam section depending on the span length at an approximate load of 350-400 kg/m²

Calculation of the log diameter depending on the span length with a load of 400 kg/m²

Although you can not take an increased value of the load on the floors, if you do not plan to place a large amount of furniture or other interior items in the room. In this case, another table will help, helping to select the section of the beams, taking into account the workload floor covering in room.

The choice of the beam section depending on the load and the width of the span

Preparation of bars or boards for laying

Properly choosing the material, proceed to the installation of interfloor flooring. A properly made wooden floor in the house ensures the strength of the entire frame of the building, and for this it is necessary to accurately measure the length of the beams and place them correctly.

From the material selected according to the section, beams are prepared with the exact size, including the distance of the "reserve", which will play the role of supporting the structure on the load-bearing walls. For support, it is necessary to use at least 10 cm of a bar, and at least 2/3 of the wall thickness is usually used as a support platform.

The length of the span in which the ceiling is laid should not be more than 6 m for safety. The ideal overlapping distance should correspond to 4-5 m. bearing structures from wood in such a way that the beams are parallel to the smaller side of the room or building.

When calculating the step with which prepared bars or boards are laid, it is necessary to use the data reflected in SNiP 2.01.07-85. According to this document, you must be guided by the following values of the permissible total load:

for interfloor ceilings, including basement 350-400 kg / m²;
for unloaded attic space 130-150 kg/m²;
for used attic space up to 250 kg/m².

Calculation of the distribution step of bars or boards

In order to correctly distribute the legs, you can use the step calculation table, which allows you to make the floor of the second floor along the wooden beams strong enough.

Distribution of beams under the floor

Technology of installation of wooden floors

The beams must be carefully distributed, placing them strictly horizontally and parallel to each other. The step of placing bars or boards should be the same over the entire area.

Nail plate

The allowable deflection of the flooring should not exceed 1/350 of the beam length, that is, for 3.5 m of the beam length, the deflection should not exceed 10 mm. If the span is large, and the cross section is not enough to create the necessary strength, you can install vertical columns and build additional load-bearing walls. When installing additional columns or load-bearing walls, special perforated fasteners are used.

In places of contact fell ill with load-bearing elements it is necessary to lay insulating materials, which, for example, include damper tape. You can use several layers of roofing material or sheet rubber, which will also serve as waterproofing.

Perforated timber support

Often they began to use special brackets made of perforated metal, thanks to which the installation of beams can be carried out end-to-end with a bearing wall, assembling joints for joining crossbars and short bars. For example, it becomes clear how to make the floor of the second floor with an opening for the location flight of stairs or chimney duct.

Such a connection has certain advantages:

T-shaped knot is reliable;
installation is done quickly and without cutting out the seat in the beam, which maintains the strength of the structure;
there is no need to create a cavity in the wall for the support of the beam, which does not violate thermal insulation properties walls;
it becomes possible to use beams of shorter length than the width of the opening to be closed.

Types of floors and their device

Types of wood floors

The houses have a basement and an attic space, and often they equip an attic. This depends on the type of overlap to which in different occasions there are different requirements.

There is the following division load-bearing vaults by types:

An interfloor overlap that does not require good insulation, as it separates residential areas. The main requirement is good sound insulation.
Attic, separating living quarters from the attic. Depending on whether the attic (mansard) is heated, or there is no heating in the room under the roof, the flooring is made from the necessary insulating material. But without fail, a vapor barrier layer is applied, which excludes the formation of condensate.
Basement or basement, serving as the boundary between the basement. Here, in the first place is thermal insulation, which cuts off the cold coming from below.

Attic floor from I-beams

Depending on the requirements for the flooring, insulation layers of a certain thickness, vapor barrier or soundproofing materials.

Wood floor device

Features of the construction of floors in a brick house

If the vault is mounted to stone walls, it is necessary to wrap the ends of the beams with roofing material or treat with resin, providing waterproofing. An opening in a wall that is used as a support for beams supporting timber floors between floors in brick house, create such a size that there is a gap for ventilation. This will avoid the formation of condensate and keep the wood from destruction longer.

Do-it-yourself installation procedure:

The existing gap between the wall and the beam is filled with a sealant.
Further, bars 50x50 or 40x40 are sewn perpendicular to the slabs, receiving a crate for attaching wooden shields or lightweight concrete panels.
From below, boards, panels or sheet drywall.
In the device of a wooden floor between floors on wooden shields place the necessary insulating layer. In the case of an attic, they can take such a loose insulation as expanded clay. You can use the option when a clay-sand layer is poured, on top of which a layer of sand or slag is distributed.
Lags are fixed on top of the insulation in increments of 50-70 cm.
Planed boards are nailed to the lags.
As an alternative to logs and planed boards, you can make concrete screed With reinforced mesh.
Perform final finishing flooring and ceiling.

Floor plan

Installation rules in a wooden house

It depends on what material the building is built from, how to make the ceiling between the floors in the house. In the construction of a building with wooden walls, there are also certain nuances.

Do-it-yourself installation of wooden beams is carried out according to a kind of beacons - initially, extreme slegs are mounted, focusing on which intermediate ones are then attached. When fixing the extreme beams, take into account that they should be located no closer than 5 cm to the nearest wall. Using this gap, place a layer of insulation.

Niches for support can not be prepared in advance - in the built walls, using an electric or chainsaw, cut out the necessary recesses.

Niches for ceilings in wooden walls

Step by step installation sex in wooden house:

Before installation, trim the ends slightly at an angle of 60 ° -70 ° to improve its ventilation after installation, produce additional processing special formulations.
Having processed the ends of the bars with bitumen and wrapped with roofing material, they are placed in niches. Starting laying from the extreme beams, continue to lay the intermediate beams, checking the horizontal position with a level.
During the laying process, every third or fourth beam is attached to the wall using anchor bolts or other fasteners, such as staples.
Then, bars 50x50 or 40x40 are fixed perpendicular to the slabs, preparing a crate for mounting wooden shields.
Draft floors are sewn on top, for which unplaned boards or wooden shields are used.
When installing floors, sheet material or light boards are nailed from below.
On the draft floor fix the insulating layer, in each case performing a specific task. If the ceiling of the house of the 1st floor is being equipped, it is necessary to lay a heat-insulating layer to protect against cold from basement. And when the floor is laid on the 2nd floor, it is enough to provide good sound insulation.
Logs are sewn on top of the insulation, to which planed boards of the finishing floor are then attached. OSB can be used instead of boards.
final top layer can become linoleum, ceramic tile, laminate or parquet.

An example of mounting a ceiling in an aerated concrete wall

The construction of interfloor vaults in a house made of aerated concrete

The main feature is that aerated concrete, for all its positive properties does not have sufficient strength. Because of this, it is not recommended to build buildings with more than two floors from ordinary aerated concrete.

Timber flooring between floors

Step-by-step instructions for installing a vault in aerated concrete

For the installation of flooring between floors, especially when it is necessary to mount the ceiling of the 2nd floor of a house made of aerated concrete, a reinforced support is prepared in advance from reinforced concrete belt located around the perimeter of a building or room.

Do-it-yourself stages of work:

The ends of the beams must be cut at an angle of 60°-70°, creating an additional cavity for ventilation after installation.
Next, the bars at the point of contact with the wall are wrapped with roofing material, which prevents abrasion of the structure stop. The end must be left open to remove moisture from the wood during ventilation.
When creating niches for laying down, it is necessary to calculate their size so that the gap between the tree and the wall from above is at least 50 mm. After laying the beam, a heater, for example, mineral wool, is laid in this gap.
Installation begins with the extreme bars, mounting the ceiling on wooden beams. Then install intermediate legs, checking the correct installation by building level.
The beam vault is fixed to the reinforced belt using metal corners, studs or special plates.
The next step is the installation of boards and bars, fixed from the bottom of the beams.
After fixing the lower layer of the structure, the insulating layer is distributed, selecting its properties depending on the type of floor - providing thermal insulation, improving sound insulation or waterproofing.

Finishing the floor on the beams

At the end, logs are laid on top, on which the finishing floor is mounted. The lower part of the arch is also ennobled, sheathed with clapboard, fiberboard, plywood or other finishing material.

Of all types of floors, those made of wood are more preferable when building a house on their own - wooden interfloor structures require less cost and are not very labor intensive. Using timber, you can build floors of any kind - interfloor, attic or basement (basement). It is only necessary to correctly calculate the load and correctly select the lumber for construction, which will ensure the strength and durability of the structure.

Categories

Popular