Decorative plasters (from Italian. stucco) were designed to imitate the most beautiful and expensive natural materials used for finishing- semi-precious stones and marble, mother-of-pearl, silk and exotic woods. Skillfully made "fake" often looked no less aesthetically pleasing, but at the same time it cost several times cheaper.

Today, the scope of decorative plasters has expanded significantly - they are used not only in luxurious and spacious classic interiors, but also in rooms that are quite modest in volume and decoration, which need to be decorated in an eco-style (“under the adobe” or the like), minimalism and loft styles (with coatings imitating concrete or brickwork), ethnic style (with the inclusion of Moroccan design motifs, etc.)

The operational advantages of these materials include the ability to close small cracks and smooth out irregularities during application - the thicker the plaster mass is applied to the surface, the lower the requirements for preparing the base.

Another advantage - durability and resilience finished coating to mechanical influences and abrasion. Well, the main difference between decorative plaster and most other types of finishes is its artistry. Using this material, it is impossible to create two absolutely identical surfaces - even if the smallest details but they will be different.

Classification

According to the method of creating a decorative layer, three types of plasters can be distinguished. To materials first type, the easiest to use, include formulations that do not require additional processing after application.

Such plasters are simply laid with a conventional spatula or sprayed with pneumatic equipment, resulting in an aesthetic slightly rough or embossed surface.

Second type- products containing a certain percentage of mineral granules, thanks to which an abstract pattern is created on the surface. The technology of their application is as follows: the mass is applied to the surface, and then leveled with a trowel, as a result of which the solid granules are displaced, forming grooves, the nature of which depends on the direction of the master's movements.

Decorative plasters third type provides additional processing- for example with a brush, sponge or structural roller, with which a design is embossed on the raw material.

In addition, plasters are distinguished by the nature of the surface formed, distinguishing two main types - smooth and embossed. Within each of them there are many subspecies.

Parsing into components

The composition of decorative plaster includes a base, a filler and modifying additives. The basis it can be water (considered more environmentally friendly) and organic (most often on synthetic resins or solvents).

As filler traditionally use marble, granite or quartz chips. The crumb fraction varies - the smaller it is, the thinner and smoother the coating will turn out, the larger it is, the thicker the layer will be and the more expressive the relief.

Some manufacturers have changed traditions and instead stone chips polymer particles are used as a filler, which gives the plaster an original modern look.

Additives designed to improve certain qualities of the material - for example, make it more elastic, waterproof, etc.

The purpose of plaster is: sanitary, protective, constructive and decorative. Depending on the wall materials (concrete, stone, brick, wood) and depending on the requirements for various designs apply different types plasters.

Sanitary-technical purpose.
Leveling surfaces of walls, ceilings, partitions, slopes, arches, columns, niches, ducts and similar elements. It is used to obtain even and smooth surfaces well prepared for interior decoration: puttying (normal and decorative), painting, wallpapering, cork, laying tiles, gluing foam and mineral wool.

Protective and constructive.
This type is designed to level and protect the load-bearing and enclosing structures of buildings, facades from negative atmospheric influences and dampness, reduce heat loss from the walls of the house, and improve sound insulation qualities. Same way facade plaster protects against penetration through the walls of the house into the apartment various kinds harmful chemical substances from the air and precipitation and prevents the penetration x-rays. Such plaster must necessarily comply with fire safety standards, humidity and temperature regime, fit under climatic conditions area and be sure to protect the building from the negative impact of aggressive environments on it.

Humidity conditions of the premises inside the apartment.

Dry - less than 50%
Normal - not less than 50 - 60%
Moist - 61 to 75%
Wet - from 75% or more.

Apply if necessary special types plasters: waterproofing, acoustic, X-ray protective, acid-resistant, fire-retardant.

decorative purpose plasters.
The name speaks for itself. This type of plaster is intended for applying a beautiful decorative and final layer of plaster on walls, partitions, ceilings, columns, arches, slopes, niches and boxes. The surface texture is created by various formulations and additives in plaster mixture, of course, with the help of various auxiliary tools. Today, there is such a huge selection of ready-made for indoor and outdoor use that it is difficult to choose one kind. Previously, this was not the case and all decorative plasters were prepared by hand with the addition of various fillers and pigments to the solution for painting, and special tools were needed to complete it.

colored are made from lime-sand mortars. To give the plaster color, various pigments are added to the solution.

Stone are prepared on a cement mortar with the addition of stone chips of various sizes.

Terrazitic prepared on a solution of cement and fluffy lime, where sand, marble chips and mica are added.

Sgraffito is made from two to three color solutions. Thanks to this, it is possible to apply a variety of indistinct and clear color drawings and ornaments.

For the right choice of material for wall decoration, it is important to know what types of plaster exist, their fundamental differences and estimated cost. Together with experts, we fill in all the gaps in this topic.

Photo 1 - Decorative plaster Istinto by HAGERI

Types of plaster

There are textured (structural) and coating finishes, i.e. ordinary plaster and facing finishing - materials are different. Thick-layer coating - basic, it is used to level the walls for tiles, tiles or painting. The coating finish is the base, the preparatory layer, which is not the finishing coat of the wall.

Structural, you can decorate the surface, at the same time and uneven wall will become vertical. This type of material is considered a finish coat.

Photo 2 - decorative coating Italian production, plaster INTONANTICO

Textured finishes are equally good for both internal works(wall decoration, ceiling and interior structural elements), and for outdoor work (textured street decoration for building facades - the material is aesthetically attractive and impact resistant).

The mixtures are divided according to the types of binder, according to the structure of the coating itself, according to the field of application, and the method of application.

IMPORTANT! When buying, focus on materials of an average price category famous brands. Before buying an expensive finish, it is better to consult a specialist in advance (Venetian is not cheap - the price of the IMPERIALE finishing mixture is from 8400 rubles / 4 kg, with a mixture consumption of 0.20 kg / m²).

Photo 3 - Venetian plaster Imperiale Clavel
Photo 4 - Venetian plaster in the interior of the bathroom from AR-1 | architecture & design

Types of plasters by structure

• curly bark beetle (Reibeputs) - 3966 rubles / 25 kg (FEIDAL);
• fur coat (Rollputz) - 5104 rubles / 25 kg (FEIDAL);
• lamb (Kratzputs) - 4524 rubles / 25 kg (FEIDAL);
• plaster paint (Streichputs) - 4478 rubles / 25 kg (FEIDAL) .

The texture of the coating depends on the size and shape of the granular filler used in the tool, as well as technological methods applying the material.

Photo 5 - Exterior finish restaurant bark beetle stucco from RemFinish

Purpose and types of plasters by type of binder

Mineral Based Cement

This is a dry mix that needs to be diluted with water for application. This type is used on almost all mineral base surfaces.

A distinctive feature: it is vapor-permeable and non-flammable. Cement finishing − rational choice material for outdoor insulation.

Among cement-based plasters, subspecies can be distinguished:

1. cement-lime (natural cement-lime leveling OSNOVIT STARTVELL-21, price 335 rubles / 25 kg; leveling cement-lime Polimin ShV 1, price 207 rubles / 25 kg);
2. cement-sand (external cement waterproof for preliminary alignment walls and ceilings Weber Vetonit TT, price 514 rubles / 25 kg);
3. gypsum finish - the lightest (environmental universal Knauf Rotband, price 523 rubles / 30 kg).

Photo 6 - Plaster Prospectors cement-sand universal

Among gypsum, a common subspecies is a starting (rough) finish, which can be used when working with strong and solid bases in rooms with a normal level of humidity, as well as in kitchens and bathrooms to prepare the surface for further finishing (simple German HP Start KNAUF, price 312 rubles /25 kg).

IMPORTANT! In spite of a high degree waterproof, in wet rooms a special sanitizing finish Ceresit CR 62 WTA is shown - a hydrophobic mixture, the price is 2310 rubles / 25 kg.

Acrylic based on acrylic resins (polymer)

This is ready mix, for the application of which no mixing is required due to the initial water-dispersion composition of the mixture. It can be applied on all types of mineral substrates, as well as on old dispersion coatings. It is inferior to the mineral one in terms of vapor permeability, but it is better in terms of climatic stability.

Photo 7 - FRANCESCO SILOXAN (Francesco siloxan) - facade plaster "Bark beetle"

Ceresit CT 64/2 (Ceresit CT 64) - granular acrylic texture finish "bark beetle", price 2321 rubles / 25 kg or Kreisel ACRYLPUTZ / 2 (Kreisel Akrilputts) - interior acrylic "pebble", price 2526 rubles / 25 kg, or protective -finishing Dune (Dune) from Clavel - non-combustible finish, odorless.

Silicate with a base on liquid potash glass

This composition is sold in ready-made. Mix with liquid glass, in addition to mineral bases, can be applied to silicate coatings. This type is distinguished by high vapor permeability.

The color scheme is more modest than that of acrylic, and the material costs an order of magnitude more expensive than polymer mixtures. Silicate types can only be applied over silicate primers.

IMPORTANT! Such coatings can only be repainted and repaired with silicone or silicate materials. By Western standards, such materials are highly toxic.

Photo 8 - Protective and finishing plaster Dune (Dune) from Clavel

Silicone based on silicone resins

It's finished finishing. It can be applied on all types of mineral bases, as well as on old dispersion coatings; the vapor permeability and water-, dirt-repellent properties of the material are very high; of all the above, this material is the most durable.

A significant, but quite expected drawback is the high price.

Modeling silicone finish "lamb" 4986 rubles / 30 kg or CAPAROL Amphisilan-Fassadenputz K 20 silicone "pebble" - 6662 rubles / 25 kg.

Photo 9 - Silicone plaster Quick-mix SXK

Types of plaster according to the method of application

For manual application

Finishing by hand: first, a beacon mixture is applied to the surface of the walls, beacons are pressed into it, and the main composition is thrown in between the slats, leveled with a rule, rubbed and polished.

VOLMA-Sloy for manual application, price 517 rubles / 30 kg.

Photo 10 - Wall decoration in a country interior from Higgins Architects

machine

These are special types designed for applying a solution by machine(in several layers with thick-layer wall alignment: primary spraying, then - the main composition).

The machine method is convenient for working with large areas or when speed is of the utmost importance.

Such materials come with the marking "MN". Machine plaster− it is a high quality mixture, i.e. as a result of the work of the team, the customer receives a perfectly flat surface.

IMPORTANT! Monolithic finish made in this way does not crack. Machine plaster is not only wall decoration, but also ceiling (maximum layer 15 mm).

VOLMA-Sloy MN, price 369 rubles / 30 kg.

Types of decorative plaster

Photo 11 - Bedroom interior in fusion style from Zhenya Zhdanova

decorative trim- the most expensive link in the entire series. Decorative structural finishes can imitate almost any surface, while maintaining important physical properties. Decorative trim is breathable moisture resistant plaster, often washable and impact resistant.

There are three types of decorations:

1. embossed;
2. Venetian;
3. smooth.

• Embossed finish

This is durable material, which can be applied to any surface, and at the same time the wall surface practically does not require preliminary preparation.

Photo 12 - Looks very stylish relief plaster in grooves in the interior from Design Direction

Due to the difference in the size of the granules and grains that make up embossed finish, you can create any surface:

• rough hut finish (Bousillage Rustique from Clavel, antique rusticated, imitating adobe, price 5297 rubles / 7 kg);
• under the skin of a crocodile (Safari from Clavel, price 9029 rubles / 5 kg);
• stone imitation (Riviera from Clavel with fiber, price 8321 rubles / 25 kg or Travertino - imitating travertine, price 10474 rubles / 25 kg);
• plastic (Provence Antique from Clavel, price 14850 rubles / 25 kg, by the way, can imitate almost any surface - both light rain and rose petals).

Photo 13 - Decorative plaster Safari from Clavel
Photo 14 - Decorative plaster with the effect of natural reptile skin from Eric Roseff Designs

artificial surface at right technology application will be almost indistinguishable from natural: it does not matter if it is tree bark or noble marble.

IMPORTANT! Venetian is a water-repellent finish, so wet cleaning will not harm expensive coatings.

Venetian plaster

− difficult to work expensive finishing material, which creates unique surfaces. All the charm of the Venetian is in the optical effect created by the ebb of light in the layers of the finish.

Facing ( sheathing) - a layer of natural or artificial building material(wood, stone, tile, etc.), giving a special appearance both building facades and internal surfaces construction, as well as capable of serving as protection against various negative influences. Facing material is made for internal and external facing works.

Facing works - view finishing works, during which, the front surfaces of the structures are covered with facing materials. Facing works, as well as facing material, are divided into:

• outdoor(facade cladding)
• Internal(surface cladding interior spaces: walls, partitions, floors, etc.).

As cladding materials for building facade may perform:

• natural stone;
• fake diamond;
• facing brick;
• facing panels;
• thermal panels;
• brick tiles;
• decorative plasters;
• siding;
• ceramic siding;
• profiled wall sheet.

For surface cladding interior spaces often used:

• tiles made from artificial materials such as ceramics, glass, plastic, etc.;
• flagstone , plates made of natural natural stone various shapes and various lengths;
• lining made of plastic, wood and other materials;
• roll facing materials .

According to their purpose, facings are:

• Protective linings - a type of cladding designed to protect the surface from such harmful effects environment as harsh climatic conditions, as well as from mechanical damage, exposure to fire and various chemicals. An example is decorative laminate.


• Acoustic claddings - facings capable of absorbing sound. For example, special acoustic sandwich profiles.


• Sanitary claddings - cladding, allowing to maintain cleanliness in the premises, and, if necessary, to quickly disinfect them. For example, smooth ceramic tiles.


• Decorative claddings - designed to create comfort and coziness in the room, as well as give it individuality, and generally improve the appearance of the room. For example, embossed seamless tiles.

The next necessary factor is right choice facing material. Why is it so important.

First of all , the wrong choice of facing material can cause damage to the room, and possibly to human life or health. If, for example, in a bathroom, lay out the floor with tiles that will slide when water gets on it, then human life or health will be in danger. Or, if the walls are finished with ordinary (not moisture-resistant) plasterboard, and paper (moisture-prone) wallpaper is glued on top, then as a result of constant exposure to steam, the wallpaper, and the wall itself, will soon become unusable.

Secondly , the wrong choice of facing material may complicate the maintenance of the premises or violate any norms. For example, using plastic lining in the kitchen on the walls in the area" working area", or gas and electrical appliances, leads to a violation of sanitary and hygienic standards and to a violation of fire safety.

Thirdly , any facing material is resistant to operation under certain conditions and loads.

Fourth , properly selected facing material will last much longer.

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Purpose and types of plasters

plastercalled the finishing layer on thesurfaces of various structural elements of buildings, walls, partitions, ceilings, columns, etc., leveling these surfaces or giving them a certain shape and texture. For surface finishing different types of plasters depending on the purpose, the material from which they are made structural elements, and the conditions in which they will be in operating time.

Purpose of plaster

Plaster has a sanitary, protective, constructive and decorative purpose. Sanitary the technical purpose of the plaster is in the floor even and smooth surfaces of building structures, prepared for painting and cladding, to eliminate preventing dust from settling on them and facilitating purification from pollution.

Surfaces of prefabricated concrete elements prefabricated hands with a clean smooth surface are not subject to plastering. Protective and constructive purpose of plaster enclosing and not the existing structures of buildings is to protect structures from the harmful effects of dampness, increase resistance to heat transfer, reduction of sound conductive sti, protection from the effects of chemicals.

The plaster must meet the climatic conditions of the construction area, fire safety requirements vaniyam, temperature and humidity conditions of the room(), technological requirements of production, as well as protect building structures from the action of aggressive environments.

Permissible deviations of surfaces in quality depending on the type of plaster

Deviations	Permissible deviations in the quality of the plaster
	simple	improved	high quality
Surface irregularities (detected when applying rightpitchfork or template 2 m long)	No more than three bumps deep or up to 5 mm high	No more than two irregularities up to 3 mm	Depth or height up to 2 mm
Surface deviation from vertical kali	15 mm in height displacement	2 mm per 1 m of height, but not more than 10 mm for the entire height of the room	1 mm per 1 m of height, but not more than 5 mm for the entire height of the room
Same from horizontal	15 mm for all rooms nie	2 mm per 1 m of length, but not more than 10 mm for the entire length of the room or its part, limited by girders, beams, etc.	1 mm per 1 m of length, but not more than 7 mm for the entire length | of the room or part of it, limited by girders, beams, etc.
Deviations of husks, mustaches, windowand door slopes, pilasters, pillars, etc. from vertical and horizontal hoist	10 mm for all rooms nie	2 mm per 1 m of height or length, but not more than 5 mm for the entire element	1 mm per 1 m of height or length, but not more than 3 mm for the entire element
Curve radius deviationssurfaces from the design value (check with a template)	10 mm	7 mm	5 mm
Plastered width deviationslope from the design	Not checked	3 mm	2 mm
1 Deviation of rods from a straight line inlimits between cornersniya rods and raskrepovok	6 mm	3 mm	2 mm

Requirements for the necessary construction readiness for production plastering works inside buildings

To implement the right technology and organizationproduction of finishing works (they start withplastering works), providing normal conditions where plastering work will be carried out, the construction readiness of the facility must meet certain requirements listed below.

The following work must be completed:

The device of all types of bases for clean floors;

Installation of partitions with sealing cracks around the perimeter;

Installation of window and door blocks with zazo sealing ditch behind the boxes;

- installation of built-in wardrobes and window sills, oshtu lining niches in walls behind heating appliances and furrows for concealed wiring heating, plastering behind pipes and niches of electrical panels;

Installation of structures and frames for tensioning metal mesh in the required places;

Sealing of all temporary openings in walls, partitions in ceilings;

Installation of ventilation ducts, cleaning of ventilation ducts;

Installation of electric lighting cabinets and weaklyprecision devices;

Basic sanitary works (installation and pressure testing of heating systems, water supply, sewerage and gas pipelines);

pad concealed wiring for power, wasps branch and weak currents;

Installation of stair railings;

Installation of electrical equipment risers (electric lighting, telephony, radio, television);

Cleaning of premises from construction debris.

Wooden chopped block walls are allowed plaster not earlier than 1 year after erection buildings (after the end of the settlement of the structure). Wooden frame and panel walls, assembled from standard parts and installed on a rigid base, can be plastered after the completion of the building assembly.

Requirements for surfaces to be plastered

In order to avoid additional basting of plaster, deviations of the surfaces of structures made of brick, concrete, precast concrete and tree should not exceed the allowed values ​​below.

Deviations of surfaces and angles of laying walls and pillars from the vertical:

On one floor - no more than 10 mm;

For the entire building - no more than 30 mm.

Irregularities of the vertical surface of the masonry, exposedruzhivaemye when applying rails 2 m long

For walls - 10 mm;

For poles - 5 mm.

Deviations of the planes of wall panels and partitions from the vertical (in the upper section) for prefabricated reinforced concrete structures±5 mm.

Deviations of wooden walls and partitions from the vertical per floor:

Frame houses - 10 mm;

Panel houses - 5 mm.

On the surfaces of reinforced concrete structures, bumps and sags should be cut and cleaned.

Additional requirements for work in winter

The rooms should be heated, the temperature in them should not be lower than 10°C, and the relative humidity should not be higher than 70%. The temperature inside the building is measured at external walls at a height of 0.5 m from the floor. Entrance vestibules must be insulated, all openings and openings in neotap the poured part of the building is closed up.

Humidity of brick or stone walls should not exceed 8% (the degree of humidity is determined by the laboratory other way).

When plastering stone and brick walls, folded by way of freezing, prior to plastering nyh works they are thawed from the side of the plastering to a depth of at least half the thickness of the wall.