All crops in the garden are called seeds. Decorative properties of vegetable plants: groups by lifespan. It is compatible with

seed propagation in the garden strawberry familiar to us, unfortunately, leads to the appearance of less productive plants and weaker bushes. But another type of these sweet berries - alpine strawberries, can be successfully grown from seeds. Let's learn about the main advantages and disadvantages of this crop, consider the main varieties and features of agricultural technology. The information presented in this article will help you decide whether it is worth giving her a place in the berry.

Often at the sight beautiful flower we instinctively bend down to smell its fragrance. All fragrant flowers can be divided into two large groups: nocturnal (pollinated by night butterflies) and diurnal, whose pollinators are mainly bees. Both groups of plants are important for the grower and designer, because we often stroll through the garden during the day and relax in our favorite corners with the onset of the evening. We are never put off by the fragrance of our favorite fragrant flowers.

Pumpkin is considered by many gardeners to be the queen of the beds. And not only because of its size, variety of shapes and colors, but also for excellent taste, useful qualities and a rich harvest. pumpkin contains a large number of carotene, iron, various vitamins and minerals. Thanks to the opportunity long-term storage this vegetable keeps us healthy all year round. If you decide to plant a pumpkin on your site, you will be interested to know how to get the largest possible harvest.

Scotch eggs are amazing! Try to cook this dish at home, there is nothing difficult to prepare. Scotch eggs are hard-boiled eggs wrapped in chopped meat breaded in flour, egg and breadcrumbs and deep fried. For frying, you need a frying pan with a high rim, and if you have a deep fryer, then it's just great - even less hassle. You will also need deep-frying oil so as not to smoke the kitchen. Choose farm eggs for this recipe.

One of the most amazing large-flowered tub cubanola Dominican fully justifies the status of a tropical miracle. Heat-loving, slow-growing, with huge and in many ways unique bells of flowers, cubanola is a fragrant star with a difficult character. She demands special conditions content in the rooms. But for those who are looking for exclusive plants for their interior, the best (and more chocolatey) candidate for the role of indoor giant cannot be found.

Chickpea Curry with Meat is a hearty hot dish for lunch or dinner inspired by Indian cuisine. This curry is quick to prepare, but requires pre-preparation. Chickpeas need to be pre-soaked in large quantities cold water for several hours, preferably at night, the water can be changed several times. It is also better to leave the meat in the marinade overnight so that it turns out juicy and tender. Then you should boil the chickpeas until tender and then cook the curry according to the recipe.

Rhubarb can not be found on everyone garden plot. It's a pity. This plant is a storehouse of vitamins and can be widely used in cooking. What is not prepared from rhubarb: soups and cabbage soup, salads, delicious jam, kvass, compotes and juices, candied fruits and marmalade, and even wine. But that's not all! A large green or red rosette of plant leaves, resembling burdock, protrudes beautiful background for one year olds. Not surprisingly, rhubarb can also be seen in flower beds.

Today, experiments with non-banal combinations and non-standard colors in the garden are in trend. For example, plants with black inflorescences have become very fashionable. All black flowers are original and specific, and it is important for them to be able to select suitable partners and location. Therefore, this article will not only introduce you to the range of plants with slate-black inflorescences, but also teach you the intricacies of using such mystical plants in garden design.

3 delicious sandwiches - cucumber sandwich, chicken sandwich, cabbage sandwich with meat - great idea for a quick bite or for a picnic in nature. Only fresh vegetables, juicy chicken and cream cheese and some spices. There are no onions in these sandwiches, you can add marinated in balsamic vinegar an onion in any of the sandwiches, it will not spoil the taste. Having quickly prepared snacks, it remains to collect a picnic basket and go to the nearest green lawn.

Depending on the variety group, the age of seedlings suitable for planting in open ground is: for early tomatoes- 45-50 days, average maturation - 55-60 and late dates- not less than 70 days. When planting seedlings of tomatoes at a younger age, the period of its adaptation to new conditions is significantly extended. But success in obtaining a high-quality crop of tomatoes also depends on the careful implementation of the basic rules for planting seedlings in open ground.

unpretentious plants The “second plan” of sansevieria does not seem boring to those who appreciate minimalism. They are better than other indoor decorative foliage stars for collections that require minimum care. The stable decorative effect and extreme endurance of only one type of sansevieria are also combined with compactness and very fast growth - Khan's rosette sansevieria. The squat rosettes of their stiff leaves create striking clusters and patterns.

One of the brightest months garden calendar pleasantly surprises with the balance of the distribution of favorable and unsuccessful days for working with plants according to lunar calendar. Gardening and gardening in June can be done throughout the month, while the unfavorable periods are very short and still allow you to do useful work. There will be their optimal days and for crops with plantings, and for pruning, and for a reservoir, and even for construction work.

Meat with mushrooms in a pan is an inexpensive hot dish that is suitable for a regular lunch and for a festive menu. Pork will cook quickly, veal and chicken too, so this meat is preferable for the recipe. Mushrooms - fresh champignons, in my opinion, the most good choice for homemade stew. Forest gold - mushrooms, boletus and other goodies are best harvested for the winter. Boiled rice or mashed potatoes are ideal as a side dish.

I love ornamental shrubs, especially unpretentious and with an interesting, non-trivial foliage color. I have different Japanese spireas, Thunberg barberries, black elderberry ... And there is one special shrub that I will talk about in this article - the viburnum vesicle. To make my dream of a low maintenance garden come true, it's probably the perfect fit. At the same time, it is able to diversify the picture in the garden very much, moreover, from spring to autumn.

garden plants

Horticultural society in Germany.

Garden- a relatively small piece of land on which vegetables are grown mainly, although the garden may also contain planting of berries and fruit trees.

Exist different types vegetable gardens:

  • in a village, a garden is usually located in the immediate vicinity of a residential building
  • the same gardens are found in cities, in areas of individual development
  • Horticultural societies are large plots land with many vegetable gardens. Horticultural societies are usually located on the outskirts of the city. Vegetable gardens in such societies are usually owned by residents of city blocks of flats, who do not have the opportunity to have a vegetable garden in the immediate vicinity of their homes. Horticultural societies appeared in Germany in early XIX century and by the beginning of the 20th century were widely used in Western Europe.

A small building (garden house) is often arranged in the garden, designed to store agricultural equipment, as well as to relax people working in the garden (for example, during rain).

Links

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

  • Ogorodnikov Nikolai Alexandrovich
  • Garden passage

See what "Garden plants" are in other dictionaries:

    Vegetables, herbs and all kinds of garden plants- (Gen.1:30, Job.39:8, Ps.36:2, Prov.15:17, Luke.11:42, Rom.14:2) this includes: greens and garden plants in general, melons, pumpkins , cucumbers, onions, garlic, beans, peas, cumin, dill, mint, bitter herbs, and so on. and so on. see about them under their names... Bible. Old and New Testaments. Synodal translation. Bible encyclopedia arch. Nicephorus.

    PLANTS- Seeing flowering plants in a dream - in reality you will experience a sense of satisfaction and surprise when you hear a compliment from your husband, which has not been noticed for a long time. Garden plants mean cordial relationships between loved ones. Garden plants - ... ... Dream Interpretation Melnikov

    POISONOUS PLANTS- plants containing specific substances capable of causing illness or death in humans or other animals under a certain exposure (dose and duration of exposure). There are thousands of poisonous substances in the plant world, which are usually ... ... Collier Encyclopedia

    CULTIVATED PLANTS- Plants cultivated for useful purposes. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov AN, 1910. CULTURAL PLANTS Plants cultivated for useful purposes. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

    honey plants- honey plants, an extensive group of angiosperms from which bees collect nectar and pollen (See Pollen); M. r. food base for beekeeping (See beekeeping). Nectar-producing honey glands Nectaries in the form of flat dots, tubercles ... Big soviet encyclopedia

    Victoria garden and horticultural plants

    Victoria, garden and garden plants- (Victoria) name famous varieties very different garden and garden plants, mostly in honor of the reigning English queen. The most famous of them are: 1) Peas for shelling, with white round, slightly wrinkled, large grains ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

    Vegetables- This term has other meanings, see Vegetables (meanings) ... Wikipedia

    Cabbage- (Brassica L.). A genus of plants from the family. cruciferous (see). Annuals, biennials and perennial herbs with pinnately divided or lobed leaves. Sepals splayed or raised horizontally; petals are yellow or white, sometimes with ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

    Russia. Physical Geography: Fauna- a) general review terrestrial and freshwater fauna and zoogeographic regions of R. R. all lies within the palearctic region, which occupies all of Europe with adjacent islands, north. app. Africa, the Azores and Canary Islands, a narrow coastal strip ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Books

  • The garden of your dreams. Flowers and Plants, Bernie Jeffrey, Toogood Alan. The book contains tips for caring for various types widespread and exotic plants, including garden and berry crops. Using them, you can grow any ... Publisher:

garden plants

Horticultural society in Germany.

Garden- a relatively small plot of land on which mainly vegetables are grown, although plantings of berries and fruit trees may also be present in the garden.

There are different types of vegetable gardens:

  • in a village, a garden is usually located in the immediate vicinity of a residential building
  • the same gardens are found in cities, in areas of individual development
  • Horticultural societies are large tracts of land with many vegetable gardens. Horticultural societies are usually located on the outskirts of the city. Vegetable gardens in such societies are usually owned by residents of city blocks of flats, who do not have the opportunity to have a vegetable garden in the immediate vicinity of their dwellings. Horticultural societies appeared in Germany at the beginning of the 19th century and by the beginning of the 20th century were widespread in Western Europe.

A small building (garden house) is often arranged in the garden, designed to store agricultural equipment, as well as to relax people working in the garden (for example, during rain).

Links

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Garden plants" are in other dictionaries:

    - (Gen.1:30, Job.39:8, Ps.36:2, Prov.15:17, Luke.11:42, Rom.14:2) this includes: greens and garden plants in general, melons, pumpkins , cucumbers, onions, garlic, beans, peas, cumin, dill, mint, bitter herbs, and so on. and so on. see about them under their names... Bible. Old and New Testaments. Synodal translation. Bible encyclopedia arch. Nicephorus.

    PLANTS- Seeing flowering plants in a dream - in reality you will experience a sense of satisfaction and surprise when you hear a compliment from your husband, which has not been noticed for a long time. Garden plants mean cordial relationships between loved ones. Garden plants - ... ... Dream Interpretation Melnikov

    Plants containing specific substances capable of causing illness or death in humans or other animals under a certain exposure (dose and duration of exposure). There are thousands of poisonous substances in the plant world, which are usually ... ... Collier Encyclopedia

    Plants cultivated for useful purposes. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov AN, 1910. CULTURAL PLANTS Plants cultivated for useful purposes. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

    Honey plants, an extensive group of angiosperms from which bees collect nectar and pollen (See Pollen); M. r. food base for beekeeping (See beekeeping). Nectar-producing honey glands Nectaries in the form of flat dots, tubercles ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

    - (Victoria) the name of well-known varieties of very different garden and garden plants, mostly in honor of the reigning Queen of England. The most famous of them are: 1) Peas for shelling, with white round, slightly wrinkled, large grains ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

    This term has other meanings, see Vegetables (meanings) ... Wikipedia

    - (Brassica L.). A genus of plants from the family. cruciferous (see). Annual, biennial and perennial herbs with pinnately divided or lobed leaves. Sepals splayed or raised horizontally; petals are yellow or white, sometimes with ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

    A) A general overview of the terrestrial and freshwater fauna and zoogeographic regions of the R. R. all lies within the Palearctic region, which occupies the whole of Europe with the adjacent islands, north. app. Africa, the Azores and Canary Islands, a narrow coastal strip ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Books

  • The garden of your dreams. Flowers and Plants, Bernie Jeffrey, Toogood Alan. The book contains tips for caring for a variety of common and exotic plants, including horticultural and berry crops. Using them, you can grow any ... Publisher:

Fruit and berry plants.


Fruit, berry - further abbreviation PY.

Trees, shrubs, herbs. Among the PY plants there are woody, shrubby, semi-shrub and herbaceous.

Woody plants have a well-developed and pronounced main stem of the tree. Woody species include fruit plants like cherry, apple, pear, plum, sweet cherry, apricot, peach and some others.

Shrubs differ from tree species in that they have several stems that are weaker than those of trees. Among these stems there is no pronounced main stem. Typical shrubs are currant, gooseberry, hazel.

Semi-shrubs are plants whose stems become woody only in the lower part, and the upper parts of the stems remain herbaceous and die off in winter, for example, blueberries.


Herbaceous perennials include strawberries and strawberries.

root system. The root system has great importance in the life of the PJ of plants. Depending on the power of root development, the aerial part of plants grows stronger or weaker, their life span shortens or lengthens, and productivity decreases or increases.

On different soils and subsoils, with different ways soil cultivation in different breeds and varieties, the development of the root system is different.

For example, if the soil has required amount water and nutrients, the roots of plants lie relatively close to the soil surface.

If the soil is poor in nutrients and not sufficiently moistened, the roots in search of food and moisture go deep into the soil and grow far away from the plant.

In order to regulate the growth of the plant root system, it is necessary to properly cultivate the soil, fertilize, loosen and water the soil in the garden.

It is also necessary to know the features of the structure of the roots of the PY of plants.

The root system of these plants consists of main and lateral skeletal roots, smaller overgrown roots, and root buds with root hairs. The latter absorb mineral salts dissolved in water from the soil.

The main, or taproot, roots are strongly developed in pears and in those fruit plants that are "grown from seeds without the use of picks and transplants.

Most PU have well-developed lateral roots, while the tap root is either completely absent or very poorly developed. In that case when

plants are grown from cuttings, layering, offspring, their roots grow from the stem and are called adnexal.

The ends of the roots are the smallest branches, called lobes. Root lobes at favorable conditions and a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil can occur on skeletal and overgrowing roots.

The depth of the roots in the soil depends on the breed, variety, structure of the soil and subsoil, the depth ground water and other conditions.

The main part of the mass of the roots of apple and pear trees can reach a depth of 3-3.5 and even 4 m.

The roots of cherries, plums can reach up to 1.5-2 m, for apricots - up to 4.5 m, for almonds - up to 6 m, while for currants, gooseberries and raspberries they lie no deeper than 1.5 m, and for strawberries reach only 60 cm.

With a small amount of nutrients, the roots go to the sides and begin to form long strands, which are poorly covered with lobes.

Favorable conditions lead to the development of a large number of root buds at shallower depths.

The diameter of the root system of plants always exceeds the diameter of the crown.

stems. Solutions of mineral salts move from the root to the leaves along the stem. The following organic substances move along the stem: starch, proteins, sugar, fats; formed in the leaves. Thus, the movement of nutrients occurs along the stems of the PY of plants. But the stems are important to the plant and not only for this reason. The stems carry leaves and buds, flowers and fruits, they carry them to the light. Nutrient reserves begin to be deposited in the stems organic matter.


The stems of most PY are woody. Herbaceous stems are found in plants such as strawberries and strawberries.

The lignified stem of fruit trees, bearing branches, is called a trunk.

In the place where the root of the PY of plants passes into the stem, a root neck is distinguished. The stem from the root neck to the first branching in tree species is called a trunk. The stem from the first branch to the top is called the central conductor. Thick side branches extending from the central conductor are called skeletal branches 1st order. Branches of the 2nd order are placed on the branches of the 1st order, branches of the 3rd order are placed on the branches of the 2nd order, etc.


The central conductor with all the branches located on it make up the crown of plants.

Vegetative growths appear on the branches every year, they are called annual shoots. During the fruiting period, in addition to growth shoots, fruit twigs of various types are also located on the branches.

Growing PY plants in the garden, you need to know the features of the structure, growth and development of the stems, be able to control their growth and development both in each breed and in individual varieties plants.


This is primarily achieved by forming the crown of plants by pruning.

Leaves and buds. The leaves of PY plants are very diverse in shape, size, color and location on the shoots. Each leaf consists of a plate, as well as a petiole. The place where a leaf attaches to a shoot is called a node, and the part of the stem between two nodes is called an internode. The angle between the base of the petiole of the leaf and the stem going up from it is called the leaf axil. The leaves on the shoots are arranged in a certain order; in PJ plants more often - the next arrangement.

Leaves play exclusively important role in plant life. They carry out photosynthesis difficult process assimilation carbon dioxide. In the process of photosynthesis, plants, using water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts, create starch, proteins, sugar, and fats from them in the light with the help of chlorophyll, which are necessary for building all their organs.

The essence of photosynthesis, which occurs in the leaves of PU plants, is as follows.

From the air, carbon dioxide enters the leaves through the stomata, and from the stem into the leaves - water with dissolved mineral salts obtained by the roots from the soil.

Chlorophyll, contained in the protoplasm of leaf pulp cells, has a remarkable ability to capture solar energy and use it for the synthesis of organic compounds.

Therefore, in the light in the leaves, thanks to chlorophyll from water and: carbon dioxide, one of the simplest organic substances is synthesized - carbohydrate - grape sugar, or glucose.

The process of glucose formation can be expressed by the following formula:

6C02 + 6H20 + light energy = C6H1206 +6 02.

It is estimated that 67,400 small calories of light energy are spent on the formation of one gram-molecule of glucose (180.17 g).

From grape sugar and mineral salts, plants synthesize all other organic substances: various carbohydrates, fats and proteins that are used to build flowers, fruits, stems, leaves and roots.

Excess grape sugar turns into starch, which is deposited in the stems, fruits and roots of PY plants (for the winter) in the form of nutrient reserves.

Thus, PY plants, like all other green plants, from carbon dioxide and water under the action of sun rays form glucose and other organic substances.

All of the above allows us to conclude that the more leaves the plants have, the more powerful their development and the higher the fruit yield.

In addition to the important role of the formation of nutrient organic substances, which the leaves play, they also have another great significance: the leaves are the organs through which the respiration of plants and the evaporation of moisture occur.

And in the axils of the leaves, buds form in summer and are fully formed by autumn. In tree species, buds are usually most developed, located on the middle share of the shoot, and in shrubs, in the lower part of the shoot.

Kidneys are growth, fruit and dormant. From growth buds, either long growth shoots or short branches with a rosette of leaves develop.

From fruit buds, only flowers can develop, and then the buds are called flower buds. Leaves may also develop. In the case when not only flowers, but also leaves develop from the fruit bud, the buds are called mixed.

Fruit buds are always formed at the top of the shoot and differ from growth buds in their larger size and rounded shape.

The dormant buds of PU plants are only slightly visible. They can be at rest for many years, waking up only after pruning, freezing, drying out and other damage to the plant.

Awakened dormant buds most often develop long shoots with large internodes. Such shoots are called tops or fat shoots. These shoots replace the lost branches of the plant.

flowers. The flowers of different PY plants differ in structure and their location on the shoots.

In some plants, flowers have both pistils and stamens, which is why they are called bisexual. Other plants in a flower have only one stamens or, conversely, pistils, and then the flowers are called unisexual. Unisexual pistillate flowers are found in some varieties of strawberries, for example, in the Komsomolka variety.

Staminate and pistillate flowers can be placed on the same plant, and then it is called monoecious. If staminate and pistillate flowers are placed on different specimens, then the plants are called dioecious.

In the case when the flowers of the plant have only pistils, as in the strawberries of the Komsomolka variety, on plantations with such plants it is necessary to plant varieties with staminate flowers (for example, the Mysovskaya variety) that can pollinate pistillate unisexual flowers.

From one fruit bud in different breeds develops different amount flowers. So, in almonds and apricots, one flower develops from each bud, in apples and pears, 2-3 flowers and more. Several tens and even hundreds of flowers arise from one bud in grapes.

The flowers of PY plants that have arisen from a single bud are most often grouped into an inflorescence. Cherries, apples and plums have an umbrella inflorescence, a pear has a shield, strawberries have a dichasium (double curl), currants have a simple brush, grapes have a complex brush, etc.

Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants. Ich plants bloom many times during their life and usually annually.

Only in pome species with low agricultural technology, flowering ceases to occur annually and occurs after one or two or more years. Violation of the annual fruiting in apple and pear trees is commonly called the periodicity of fruiting.

Advanced collective farms, state farms and individual Michurin gardeners, who use high agricultural technology, completely get rid of the periodicity of fruiting pome varieties. All varieties of apple and pear trees bear fruit annually and abundantly.

PYa plants bloom mainly in spring, only in some species, such as raspberries, flowering is also observed in the first half of summer. However, no matter what time the plants bloom in the garden, the most large fruits they are formed from those flowers that bloom first.

In order for a flower to form a fruit, PY plants need pollination.

Most PY plants are cross-pollinated. Self-pollination, i.e., the ingress of pollen onto the pistil of the same flower or the pistil of a flower of another plant of the same variety, is quite rare in PJ plants, and even then not in all breeds. Self-pollinating plants are otherwise called self-fertile, these include many varieties garden strawberries, lemons, some stone fruits, for example, Lyubskaya cherry, Hungarian Moscow plum and Skorospelka white and some others.

Cross-pollination in PY occurs with the help of insects, mainly bees, for which it is recommended to put hives with bees in the garden during the flowering period.

After pollination and subsequent fertilization, fruits are set, which are formed from the ovary or growing flower receptacle.

Fruit. By the number of flowers, it is still impossible to determine the size of the fruit yield.

In an apple tree, as a rule, only a part of all the flowers that bloom in spring turn into fruits. The rest of the flowers and even the ovaries crumble shortly after flowering or a little later.

The first shedding of the ovaries occurs during the flowering period and immediately after it ends, the second - two weeks after flowering, the third - about a month and a half after flowering (in June). The first and second shedding is mainly due to abnormal pollination and fertilization. The third is mainly due to the lack of nitrogen nutrition of plants. If you make nitrogen fertilizer before flowering, then the June shedding of the ovary will decrease sharply. Sometimes June shedding is caused by dry weather, leading to dry soil.


The ovaries preserved on the plants develop and turn into mature fruits.

Fruits are usually divided into false and real. Real fruits are called fruits that are formed from the ovary. In the case when the fruit does not develop from the ovary, but from the receptacle or other parts of the perianth of the flower, it is called false. Plums, cherries, apricots, sweet cherries and some others have real fruits. False fruits develop in apple, pear, quince, strawberry and others.

Seasonings can be safely considered an addition to food products, because they give them new ones, taste qualities. To achieve a certain effect, you need to learn certain features spices, which depend on their form and dosage. Each dish requires a certain amount of seasonings, but if they are in excess, the dish loses its properties, if there are not enough seasonings, it loses its aroma.

When choosing spicy plants for planting in your garden plot, you can use the following types and varieties: coriander, cumin, cumin, leaf mustard, garden savory, parsnip, fennel.

Coriander (cilantro). Refers to annual spicy precocious plants. Both the greens and the seeds of this plant have a spicy flavor. Green leaves and stems are added to the first, meat dishes, as well as salads. The seeds are used as a flavoring additive in cooking and baking.

Caraway. annual plant. In cooking, the seeds and leaves are used as a seasoning. In addition, cumin is added to vegetable dishes, cheeses, as well as in the dough. It has medicinal properties: increases appetite, promotes better digestion.

Cumin (Zira) is an annual herbaceous plant. Spicy seeds are used in cooking light color, oblong (5-6 mm long) shape. It has a strong, slightly bitter nutty taste. It is an indispensable component of pilaf, and it is also added to pickles, marinades.

Mustard leaf. An annual cold-resistant plant. The stem is branched. The leaves are rich in vitamins, mineral salts, and trace elements. Leaves are used in cooking fresh as well as in salads.

Savory garden. The socket is compact, semi-closed. It has a specific strong aroma. It is used to prepare a variety of vegetable salads, added to bean and bean dishes, and also used as a spice. Tea with thyme increases appetite. The plant is disease and drought resistant. Grass is cut before flowering.

Pasternak Boris. One of the early ripe, high-yielding, nutritious root crops. Forms a root crop cream color having the shape of a cone. White pulp with pleasant taste and aroma. Parsnip contains a large amount of proteins, vitamins. It is used fresh, as a garnish or seasoning, during canning.

Fennel ordinary - perennial spicy plant. Use fresh leaves, adding them to salads, as well as young stems, seeds and roots. Gives a delicate aroma to cold and hot vegetable, fish and meat dishes. When pickling cucumbers, tomatoes, when pickling cabbage, stems and umbrellas are used. And fennel seed tea improves the functioning of the stomach.

garden crops

Basic classification of plants

Vegetables are a source of health and longevity. They contain all the carbohydrates, fats, proteins, organic acids, mineral salts, vitamins and other biologically active elements necessary for the body. Vegetables also contain flavoring aromatic and spicy substances that improve the palatability of food. Many vegetables, thanks to their healing properties used in folk medicine.

Get a high yield of vegetables good quality impossible without knowledge of the biology of cultures and their requirements for conditions external environment. In each individual case, it is necessary to adjust the cultivation regimes, the timing of sowing or planting, fertilization, and irrigation. The growth and development of plants is closely related to environmental conditions. The main external factors are heat, light, moisture, air and nutrients. They are all equal and none of them can be replaced by another. Only

in the presence of all these factors and their optimal combination, plants can grow and develop normally. But the requirements vegetable plants to environmental conditions in different periods of life are not the same, they change during the growing season.

Warmly. The requirements for the thermal regime of various vegetable plants are also not the same and depend on their origin. According to the requirements for heat, vegetable plants are divided into several groups.

The most demanding for heat melon, watermelon, eggplant, peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, zucchini, squash, pumpkin, beans, vegetable corn. The seeds of these crops begin to germinate at 13–14 C. They do not tolerate prolonged temperature drops: at temperatures below 10–12 C, their growth and development are suspended, and they die when frost occurs. The most favorable temperature for the growth, development and fruiting of heat-loving vegetable crops is 20–3 °C. For improvement thermal regime such crops are placed on the southwestern side of the site, grown on ridges, mulched with film, protected by rocker plantings.

Less demanding on heat cabbage of all kinds, root crops, parsley, celery, onion, garlic, lettuce, spinach, dill, peas, beans. Their seeds germinate at temperatures below 1 °C. These cultures grow well and develop at a temperature of 17–2 °C.

To winter-hardy vegetables plants include sorrel, rhubarb, horseradish, winter garlic, perennial bows. In plants of this group, growth begins at 1–2 C. Vegetative plants can tolerate frosts down to -1 °C. Being at rest, they easily overwinter in open field. Optimum temperature for their growth and development is about 15–2 °C.

During the period of growth and development, the requirements for temperature conditions in vegetable crops change. So, during the swelling and germination of seeds, a higher temperature is needed, and when seedlings appear, a lower one. The need of plants for warmth during the day is also different. At night, the temperature should be 5-7 C lower than during the day. Temperate plants have numerous adaptations and mechanisms for prolonged exposure to cold and extreme temperature fluctuations. So, rhubarb, sorrel, onions deposit large reserves of nutrients in the underground organs, which help them withstand even severe frosts. But many crops, and especially heat-loving ones, are greatly harmed by spring and autumn frosts. Moreover, plants tolerate small, but long-term (several hours) frosts worse than short-term (up to 1 hour), but stronger ones. Most often, plants die after the end of frost, when the sun rises: not having time to thaw, they strongly evaporate moisture and become dehydrated. Therefore, the garden should be protected from frost.

When storing vegetables and fruits, it is necessary low temperature- around 0 C to slow down the processes of respiration and the breakdown of nutrients.

Light. sunlight- the only source of energy that provides the process of photosynthesis. The need for lighting is determined by the species and varietal features plants, the vegetation phase, as well as the regime of other meteorological and soil-agrotechnical factors. The most crucial period in the life of plants is the emergence of seedlings. At this time, their need for light is the highest. With a lack of light, for example, due to planting density, the plants are strongly stretched and waste their energy unproductively.

In relation to the world vegetable plants are divided into very demanding(watermelon, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, pepper, tomato, vegetable beans, peas) that need prolonged intense lighting; less demanding(garlic, onion, table beets, carrots, cabbage); undemanding(lettuce, spinach, rhubarb).

For normal development, that is, for the passage of the phases of flowering and fruiting, plants need a certain duration daylight hours. On this basis, they are divided into three main groups.

To plants of short daylight hours include: tomatoes, eggplant, watermelon, melon, pepper, beans, zucchini, squash, pumpkin, varieties of cucumbers intended for outdoor cultivation. With a light day of less than 12 hours, they begin fruiting earlier and give a higher yield.

Plants with long daylight hours belong to root crops, cabbage, onion, garlic, green crops, some greenhouse varieties of cucumbers. They require more than 12 hours of daylight to flower and bear fruit, but they tolerate partial shade.

Neutral Day Plants grow equally well with both short and long days. This group includes some varieties of cucumber and tomato.

To achieve better illumination, it is necessary to correctly place the crops, choosing the optimal sowing or planting schemes, thin out and form plants in a timely manner, especially in greenhouses. By artificially increasing or reducing daylight hours, you can change the flowering time of vegetable crops and get a good quality crop. So, against the unwanted shooting of radishes, spinach, lettuce, a short day is specially created in the summer, for which, from 8 pm to 7–8 am, frames made of opaque materials are installed on the beds.

Water makes up 75-85% of the fresh weight of plants, and it is necessary to maintain cells in a state of turgor (filling). With a lack of water, the turgor weakens, and the plants wither. A huge amount of water is spent on the formation of roots, shoots, leaves, fruits and other plant organs. The main source of water for the plant is soil moisture. Water moves nutrients through the plants, and its evaporation regulates the temperature of the plants. Vegetable plants are very demanding on moisture. In different periods of growth and development, their exactingness to moisture is not the same.

Especially moisture-loving cabbage, cucumbers, turnip, radish, radish, lettuce, spinach.

The root system of these plants is poorly developed, and the leaves evaporate a lot of moisture.

Quite demanding moisture onion and garlic . Less moisture-loving tomato, carrot, parsley, beet, pea . Resistant to prolonged absence water watermelon, melon, pumpkin, beans, corn.

However, excess moisture is harmful to all vegetable plants, since air is displaced from the soil and the roots begin to die. On waterlogged soils or when groundwater is close to standing, plants develop poorly, their productivity decreases sharply. The need for vegetable plants in moisture is not the same in different periods of growth. A lot of moisture is required for seed germination, as well as plants in seedling age. Plants in adulthood, and especially during the formation of productive organs, need less frequent, but plentiful watering.

When growing vegetables, the humidity of not only the soil, but also the air plays an important role. Cucumber, cabbage, beans develop better when high humidity air.

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