Multi-storey residential buildings. Mixed structure: corridor-sectional, gallery-sectional. The layout of single-section residential buildings has an advantage over multi-section houses. Their light surface is much larger than that of an ordinary section of a multi-section

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The building consists of two separate volumes connected by a large open-air C on the station's paved square. You can access the top two floors with a double stairs. The building replicates the materials and colors used in the commercial building and residential building to make way for plazas. The largest area is cultivated on the lawn and is bordered by rows of limes, the smallest area is paved with bricks and equipped with a circular fountain, marking the axis of symmetry of the railway station and the shopping center.

What hit Central Italy on August 24 was a great talk about wood as alternative material for brick and cement for the construction of anti-seismic buildings. The first question many people ask when they hear about " wooden houses is: but how long do they last? Well, even after a thousand years!

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Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sports of Ukraine

OGASA AHI

Department of Architecture of Buildings and Structures

Abstract on the topic:

Multi-storey residential building

Odessa 2013

INTRODUCTION

The creation of a comfortable dwelling for a person is inextricably linked with the urban situation, the degree of urbanization of the living environment. With the growth of the size of cities, the change in the ecological situation, the nature of the relationship “housing - Environment". It is necessary to take this into account when creating projects of residential buildings, their placement in a residential area. The choice of a residential building and its development is carried out taking into account its role in the structure of the residential environment of the area, which determines its height (number of storeys), shape (dominants or elements of an ordinary building), functional planning solution.

Example: Temple of the Prosperous Law, a 5-story, 32-meter tall pagoda in Japan, Nara Prefecture. Wood is experiencing a second youth as a building material: his physical properties in conjunction with modern technologies feed the imagination of architects and engineers, who in all corners of the world show off in the construction of large buildings.

World's tallest wooden building in Norway: 14-storey apartment in Bergen city centre. Award Coming Soon: The University of British Columbia, Canada will open an 18-story student residence late next year.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

The architectural space of a dwelling is largely determined by the psychophysiological requirements of the human body. The number of storeys of the building, its internal layout, the area and height of the apartments, the connection with the natural and urban environment through the windows of the premises or through the arrangement of balconies and loggias - psychological and physiological aspects of human perception of the environment are important everywhere.

This will be entirely done with pine trees coming from the sustainable deforestation of the Old Continent. It doesn't really matter because this material has features that make it unique. First of all, weight: a wooden building weighs about a quarter of an equivalent reinforced concrete building. And for this, foundations are needed that are less deep and, therefore, less expensive.

And then the environmental impact: the construction of a wooden building has an environmental footprint 75% lower than that of a traditional building, mainly due to industrial processes and transportation various materials. But is it so strong and safe forest to build a skyscraper? Yes, especially thanks to new processing technologies.

Residential buildings are measured in "housing units" or "living cells" per family, and a cell - in m2 of total area per person. Schematically, these cells are depicted as a square with "light fronts" - four outer surfaces, along which living rooms with their own light openings (windows) are located. If it is necessary to block residential cells, i.e. when they are combined through common outer walls, the "light front" of the cell is reduced as the number of blocking walls increases. One of the essential functions of a dwelling is to provide an opportunity for a person in the apartment to communicate with external environment. In addition to windows big role play near-apartment open spaces - balconies, loggias, verandas, terraces.

There is also no shortage of hybrid machining where timber and cement are used together: thin layer cement, fixed over a wooden floor, increases its resistance several times, as many laboratory tests have demonstrated.

The outermost layers of the material protect the innermost ones, thereby avoiding the burning of the flame. This wooden structure in combination with modern anti-inflammatory technologies makes wooden buildings safe as traditional. Even in terms of costs, timber only offers advantages: it costs less and the construction of timber is much faster than traditional construction. In fact, construction sites with wood require less equipment and fewer resources than reinforced concrete.

2. STAGES OF DESIGNING A RESIDENTIAL MULTISTOREY BUILDING AND PRE-DESIGN PREPARATION

The construction of a multi-storey building can be divided into several large stages. These stages imply the performance of all work in a proper manner. professional level, after all, a multi-storey building is very complex structure, and one of the main tasks in its construction is to ensure the safety of residents. Also not inferior in importance to the creation comfortable conditions for people living in the house and ensuring maximum ease of use engineering communications Houses.

Natalini and Studio Grandoni, the Admiral multifunctional center has introduced innovations in the settlements of the customs center. Materials, lines, colors make the building unique and impressive. The 10-storey building has offices, shops, apartments, commercial premises, large public places and three levels of parking.

The building is the result of architectural ingenuity and technical evolution. AT total 19 apartments, located on three and four floors above ground, are connected to garages located on the ground floor. A recent public building that houses one of the most technologically advanced primary schools in the San Marino region. Geometric volumes created in the interplay of intricate seams softened by the natural wood finishes used for the roof structure and individual elements of a sunny hue placed above the large windows.

The first stage in the construction of a multi-storey building is the choice land plot for construction. Moreover, the choice of the site is carried out in strict accordance with the plan for the development of urban development. The easiest way to get a land plot is in the area of the city, where few houses have been built and a number of residential buildings are planned to be built. In the central part of the city, where high density development, getting a plot is much more difficult.

Structure immersed in green color, completes the effect, making it reassuring and modern at the same time. The complex of three buildings overlooks the sea and is characterized by the sobriety of the desired lines and details. The apartments, 36 in total, are spread over three and four floors and are connected to garages located in the basement. The ground floor apartments have private gardens.

Built in the early 1990s, it boasts one of the area's widest structures and high-tech aesthetic. big boards the directional plane, the large display on the ground floor and the building's steel finish contribute to the effect of this structure.

When you receive a building permit for your chosen land, proceed to the next stage of building a multi-storey building. This stage will be a geological examination and topographic survey of the site. At this stage, it turns out how close the ground water what is the general condition of the soil. Based on the data of geological surveys, the need for building a house using special technologies and building materials.

The new residential area is just a few steps away from Rimini. The complex surrounds a central square overlooking the commercial premises on the ground floor. Sober lines with intricate details are combined with an avant-garde of materials used with particular attention to the acoustics of the environment. The complex is surrounded by an innovative and functional focus center. Below the square is a large underground car park open to the public.

Housing will be characterized by generous size, comfortable and bright environments thanks to big windows and outdoor spaces that are extremely livable, immersed in a quiet and green area of Ljubljana. This yard also boasts zero soil consumption and attention to environment Anytime.

The third stage in the construction of a multi-storey building is the direct construction of the house. This is followed by finishing the facades of the house and finishing it interior spaces. The house will need to be connected to the heating, sewerage, water supply networks. The house is provided with telephone communications, power supply cables are connected to it. After completion of construction and finishing works The construction company puts the house into operation.

Architectures were sought in a unique context: between countryside and city, between plains and gentle slopes, where the rhythms of the Padana plain match the sinuous forms of the Parma hill. Many types of housing that meet different needs, were designed as follows.

Single-family, on two levels, open through terraces and verandas over extensive private green spaces. Large glass surfaces provide unparalleled brightness.

In Parma, on the street of the White House, an outdated and abandoned building leaves room for Doser's new intervention.

During the work on the creation of the project apartment building issues of sufficient insolation (illumination) of the premises are being resolved, ventilation of the house, its thermal protection systems are provided. Recently, houses have been built, the outer walls of which are insulated with special materials to avoid excessive heat loss. In the process of designing an apartment building must be taken into account climatic conditions region, seismological conditions.

The apartments will be of different sizes and types, from bipedal to attic, all of which are characterized by spacious spaces, wildlife and unparalleled brightness thanks to large windows, loggias, balconies and terraces. Intervention by Doser s.p.

All rooms in the house cover the elements modern life, original solutions, unique in size, exposure and layout. Intimate spaces and spaces of open spaces, as well as residential areas suspended between heaven and earth thanks to the brightness of the windows, seem to extend outward on large terraces to live in the air.

The project also has a space-planning solution for the house, so that the customer can see what the house will be like at the design stage and make his wishes, of course, taking into account the existing design and construction standards. The project of an apartment building must be agreed with the architectural and construction authorities of the city, since the construction of such a building is a very responsible and serious undertaking.

All living spaces are Class A certified to ensure energy consumption. Doser Research Project - Doser Resort Intervention.

Beautiful semi-detached houses in a unique setting, between the countryside and the city, between the plain and the hill, in the green part of Pilastrello, in the south of Parma, in the new residential area of Easy Life, away from busy roads, bike paths and a large neighborhood garden.

Various types of dwellings have been designed following the filigree of volumetric play and relationship with open green to live as an integral part of the house. Two-storey semi-detached houses are available with the possibility individual design to satisfy all your needs.

Working on design multi-storey buildings, the architect tries to take into account both the wishes of the customer and the opportunities offered by modern building materials and technologies. The architect must apply the maximum of his knowledge and experience in the design.

When designing multi-storey buildings, not only the quality and properties of building and finishing materials are taken into account, but also the requirements of environmental and sanitary norms, energy efficiency and appearance. It is also necessary to take into account the development prospects of the area where the house is being built.

In the design of residential buildings, the requirements for the functionality and convenience of the building play an important role. The architect must also consider ways to save heat, electricity, water and other resources. Before creating a project, specialists must carry out a set of pre-project work. These works involve the development of several options for sketches of the future building, the choice of its exact location. Options are being defined appearance a residential building, from which one will then be selected. The service life and quality of construction depends on the correct design of multi-storey buildings. All design calculations must be repeatedly checked.

Nineteen lots, so many housing solutions and a single goal: a simple lifestyle and harmony with nature.

The residential complex, consisting of two semi-detached houses and two buildings, is located in a green, quiet residential area in Carignano, in the south of Parma. The technical solutions adopted include state-of-the-art technological standards aimed at improving energy efficiency and energy efficiency. The semi-detached houses, arranged on two levels, see the living area - with a large living room and kitchen - on the ground floor and a bedroom on a noble floor.

The building should organically fit into the surrounding architectural landscape, and not look like a terrible monster among the houses surrounding it. Modern building and Decoration Materials will help the new home blend in harmoniously with the surrounding landscape.

3. MASTER PLAN IN THE PROJECT OF A MULTISTOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Rational and economical use the surface of the earth as a non-renewable resource is the basic rule for any construction at all. It becomes especially urgent in multi-storey housing construction, which arose from the need for multiple (according to the number of floors) removal of usable (residential) area from a unit surface of urban land. Therefore, one should carefully (in m2 / person) take into account all types of public use of the earth's surface, dividing them into mandatory and additional. The building density is primarily influenced by the required distances between residential buildings:

In every dwelling, a ground floor balcony creates a ground floor porch that is a continuum of living space. The interior communicates directly with the huge private garden, in turn, in perfect harmony with the surrounding greenery.

The intervention is located in the village of Monticelli Terme, near the secular park of the spa complex. The project of a condominium for residential use includes four floors and a basement to accommodate the respective garages. The types of accommodation offered meet all housing needs, in fact, there are one, two and three room apartments, as well as large stops and open logs on a green background, guaranteeing an optimal quality of the environment.

* Fire gaps (at least 6 m between the ends of buildings and at least 20 m between the sides of buildings with windows).

* Gaps that provide natural lighting, insolation and ventilation of residential premises and open courtyard spaces (at least two heights of buildings when they are parallel and at least one and a half heights when they are perpendicular).

When designing driveways and pedestrian paths, it is necessary to ensure the passage of fire trucks:

* Passage of fire trucks (width 5.5 - 6.0 m) on two longitudinal sides for residential buildings over 9 floors high and on four sides - for single-section tower-type buildings.

* The distance from the edge of the passage to the wall of a building up to 10 floors high is at least 6-8 m, over 10 floors - 8-10 m.

* Built-up area (surface of land under the building) and areas of "fire zones" on both sides of the building constitute a mandatory consumption of the land surface for residential development.

The rate of residential development of land consumption per inhabitant is defined as the width of a residential building (~ 12 m) and two "fire zones" (6-10 m each) per facade length per 21 people in a typical floor at the rate of the total area of an apartment per person (20 m2/person), number of storeys and sizes of stair-lift units (llu). Approximately this is:

* for 4th floor (llu 3 x 6 m) - 10-12 m2 / person.

* for 6-8 fl. (llu 4 x 6 m) - 9-7 m2 / person.

* for 10-12 fl. (llu 6 x 6 m) - 6-5 m2 / person.

* for 18-25 fl. (llu 8 x 8 m) - 4-3 m2 / person.

Driveways and approaches to residential buildings (combined with fire passages) have the following dimensions:

* intra-block passages: two traffic lanes of 3.0 m each,

* sidewalk width - 1.5 m, turning radius - 5 m;

* dead-end passage to separate buildings: length no more than 150 m, width - 4.0 m, turnaround areas - 12 x 12 m.

The rate of land use for driveways-approaches will be:

* for 4th floor - 3.0 m2/person

* for 6-8 fl. - 4-3 m2/person

* for 10-12 fl. - 2.4-2 m2/person

* for 18-25 fl. - 1.6-1.0 m2/person

The rate of provision of the urban population with personal vehicles is 300 cars / 1000 inhabitants, i.e. 1-1.5 cars per family or apartment. Open spaces for temporary storage cars should be provided at the rate of at least 25% of the estimated fleet of individual cars in residential areas.

Landscaping of the residential area of the quarter, the courtyard includes the territory of boulevards, squares and courtyard gardens. Consumption rate horizontal surface landscaping land is 4 m2/person.

The placement of new housing construction in cities should be envisaged both in free territories and in areas of reconstruction. The architectural and planning organization of housing construction areas must be carried out taking into account urban planning conditions, in accordance with their location relative to the city center; main architectural and planning axes and nodes (existing or being designed); monuments of architecture, culture, protected areas; surrounding buildings, taking into account its nature, number of storeys; natural environment. When developing free territories, their functional-planning and architectural-spatial organization, the number of storeys of residential buildings are taken in accordance with the architectural and planning features and requirements of city development, taking into account sanitary-hygienic, fire-prevention, demographic, architectural-compositional and other requirements, the level of engineering equipment, local conditions construction.

Particular attention was paid to addressing energy containment issues and the use of renewable energy sources; solar thermal panels, solar photovoltaic panels and central heating with heat pump. The core of the complex, around which all apartments are built, consists of a large open central space: a courtyard, a green courtyard, a corridor and an intermediate space that connects the interior and exterior. The composition of the facades has a dynamic rhythm, the large glazed door reveals the design of the connecting balusters and the scale body.

For access to groups of residential buildings, large institutions and service enterprises, shopping malls main passages should be provided, and secondary passages to separate buildings should be provided.

To residential buildings with a height of 9 floors, driveways with a width of at least 3.5 m or lanes with a width of 6 m should be provided, suitable for the passage of fire trucks from two longitudinal sides of multi-section residential buildings and from all sides of single-section residential buildings. to residential and public buildings smaller number of storeys, driveways can be arranged from one longitudinal side.

Paths for the passage of wheelchairs should be laid along the main directions of movement of disabled people within settlements or their districts to the relevant institutions of health, social security, trade, sports, physical education, etc., while providing for necessary equipment intersections (ramps, exits, traffic lights, etc.). Combination of paths for the movement of wheelchairs with bicycle and pedestrian paths is allowed. The width of footpaths and sidewalks providing the movement of the disabled and the elderly in wheelchairs must be at least 1.8 m for two-way traffic and 1.2 m for one-way traffic. The slope of footpaths and sidewalks should not exceed: longitudinal - 40 ‰, transverse - 10 ‰.

On secondary (single-lane) driveways, passing platforms 6 m wide and 15 m long should be provided at a distance of no more than 75 m from each other. Dead-end driveways should be no more than 150 m long and end with turntables that provide the possibility of turning garbage trucks, cleaning and fire trucks.

Sidewalks, bike paths should be raised 15 cm above the level of driveways. Crossings of sidewalks and cycle paths should be provided at the same level with a ramp 1.5 and 3 m long, respectively.

For detached residential buildings with a height of no more than 9 floors, as well as for objects visited by disabled people, it is allowed to arrange driveways combined with sidewalks with a length of no more than 150 m and a total width of at least 4.2 m.

Residential buildings with apartments on the first floors should be located, as a rule, indented from the red lines. On the red line, it is allowed to place residential buildings with public premises built into the ground floors, and on residential streets in the conditions of reconstruction of the existing development - residential buildings with apartments on the ground floors only as an exception.

4. SPACE-PLANNING SOLUTIONS OF MULTI-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

4.1 Types of multi-storey residential buildings

The space-planning structures of multi-storey residential buildings are based on the schemes of the possible blocking of "living cells". In multi-storey residential buildings, access to residential cells is carried out through additional internal horizontal communications (corridors) on a typical floor, and access to the latter - through vertical communications (staircase-elevator unit), connecting all floors with the ground level. At the same time, multi-storey residential buildings are divided into three large groups (Fig. 2):

* Single and multi-section.

* Corridor and gallery rooms.

* Mixed structure: corridor-sectional, gallery-sectional.

In the houses of the first group (sectional), the planning basis is the section in which the apartments are grouped around the stair-elevator unit. The second group consists of corridor and gallery houses, in which apartments are located along the corridor or gallery, which serve as the only communication paths between the stair-elevator nodes located at a great distance from each other. The third group contains residential buildings of a mixed structure, in which corridor and sectional buildings participate equally. planning systems, alternating by floors.

Based on these three types, multi-storey residential buildings are formed, the planning features of which may be determined by various factors or conditions: the construction site, climate, sanitary and hygienic requirements, the topography of the site, the presence of built-in premises, urban planning conditions

4.2 Multi-section residential buildings

This type of dwelling - most common in the practice of housing construction both in Russia and abroad, due to the fact that it has a simple constructive scheme, based on prefabricated building elements and the possibility of placing any set of apartments.

A multi-section residential building is composed of sections, which consist of several apartments (from two to ten) and a stair-lift assembly. To implement projects of residential buildings of various configurations, a set of sections is needed: ordinary, corner, end and rotary, inserts of various shapes.

The layout of apartments in the section and their number depend on the orientation to the cardinal points of this section in the residential building system. The residential building is blocked from ordinary sections and ends with end or corner sections, in which the ends are used to illuminate residential premises. In order to make it possible to turn the plan of a residential building at an obtuse angle, triangular-shaped sections and inserts were developed in the standard design to complement the ordinary section.

4.3 Block-sectional design methodology

Typical design of multi-apartment multi-section buildings, which make up the main type of city house, a block-sectional design technique is being introduced. According to this method, objects standard design not separate buildings serve, but their fragments - block sections. They are finished fragments of a building, consisting of one or more planning sections. Block-sections have a different set of apartments, various urban planning qualities (meridional and latitudinal block-sections), are designed for different sections of buildings (ordinary, end and corner block-sections), different shape(rectangular, one- or two-sided oblique, cross- or T-shaped).

Blocking a number of sections into a single volume of the building makes it possible to solve functional, compositional and urban planning problems: to bring the ratio of apartments various types in the development of a residential complex in accordance with the requirements, to give the buildings an individual expressive shape, to create a form of a residential group (semi-closed or closed) that meets the building conditions, it is advisable to link it with the requirements of insolation and the geometry of the area being built up.

Depending on the composition of the building, a variety of block sections can be used. The necessary nomenclature of block sections usually includes ordinary (end) block sections (latitudinal and meridional), end (left and right), a three-apartment corner section that is universal in terms of orientation (with apartments oriented to two sides of the horizon). To organize the entrance to the intra-quarter space, the series includes inserts with passage. When forming non-rectilinear buildings in prefabricated construction, it is preferable not to use oblique sections, but triangular rotary blocking inserts, in the space of which summer or utility rooms apartments. Replacing the rotary section with a blocking insert allows reducing the range of prefabricated products by 25--35%.

Along with the main block-sectional design practice, to a lesser extent, the technique of building layout from even smaller fragments of the house (typing elements) is used - semi-block sections, block apartments, structural-space-planning elements (COPE), etc.

4.4 One-section residential buildings

The layout of single-section residential buildings has an advantage over multi-section houses. Their light surface is much larger than that of an ordinary section of a multi-sectional house, which allows you to compose more apartments, using the entire light perimeter.

Single-section houses are characterized by the use of various plans: in the form of a shamrock, square, cross, triangle, circle and more complex shapes.

4.5 Corridor and corridor-section residential buildings

Corridor dwellings have economic advantages, as they reduce the cost of expensive elevators and stairwells located at great distances. Horizontal communications serve as the basis for the layout of the corridor house. - corridors from which residents enter their apartments. There are many options for the location of corridors according to their number and place in the section of the house (in the center or with an offset, through one, two, three and even four floors). The location of the corridor in the section determines the spatial organization of the apartment: in two or three levels, with a difference in levels within the apartment by a floor or half a floor.

Spatial organization of apartments and the position of the corridor - the main conditions that dictate the decision of the facade of the corridor residential building. The classification of multi-storey corridor residential buildings is based on the differences that characterize their spatial structure: the location of communication corridors, the height of the drops and the number of apartment levels.

Depending on the position of the corridor, along one of the facades (light), in the center or with an offset from the axis of the house and the location of the apartments in relation to the corridor, the orientation of the residential building to the cardinal points is determined. The presence of single-level apartments on one of the sides of a residential building without through ventilation excludes the orientation of this facade to the north (partially limited orientation). The location of single-level apartments from both facades requires the meridional position of the house on the site (limited orientation). The location of the apartment in the section of the house in one or several levels determines the position of the internal staircase and the entrance to the apartments. Entrances can be on the same level with the corridor, where there is a vestibule and a staircase leading to all the premises of the apartment located on the lower and upper floors; at the level of the corridor, where the entrance hall and part of the apartment are located, an internal staircase half or full floor high leads to the rest of it, and, finally, the entrance to the apartment can be located on the landing of the staircase, above or below the corridor floor. The last type of house is called corridor-sectional.

An important feature of the layout of corridor-sectional residential buildings is the ability to most simply implement the requirement to protect residential premises from noise. In the project of a corridor-sectional residential building, the corridors passing through three floors are located on the noisy side of the house, while the apartments are facing the courtyard. Wherein large apartments grouped into sections and they go out to the noisy side common rooms and kitchens and bedrooms - to a quiet area.

4.6 Gallery residential buildings

The gallery type of a residential building, in terms of planned and volumetric construction, repeats the corridor type of a house. Its difference lies in the fact that non-apartment communications, including stair-lift nodes, remain open and, therefore, it can be used in places with a mild or hot climate.

The spatial structure of the gallery residential building is characterized by the same features as the corridor one: the location of communication galleries and the spatial solution of apartments at different levels. Therefore, the classification developed for corridor houses is applicable to gallery houses. The most appropriate design technique for both types of residential buildings is the system of transverse walls.

The predominant use of gallery-type residential buildings in areas with a hot climate has left its mark on planning techniques that meet specific conditions and climatic features these regions.

Gallery houses, in which the entrances to apartments are made from unglazed galleries leading to stair-lift nodes, are typical for housing construction in the southern regions.

5. Types of multi-storey residential buildings

Modern technologies for the construction of multi-storey buildings make it possible to divide the whole variety of houses into three types: brick, monolithic and panel.

5.1 Masonry multi-story houses

constructive residential multi-storey building

Brick houses have been built since ancient times. Brick made it possible to build fortress walls. Both castle buildings and manor complexes. Now the construction of multi-storey buildings made of brick is no longer so common compared to the other two technologies for building multi-storey buildings. The construction of a brick house involves significant time costs, is a laborious process. This affects the price of such housing. But if you still decide to stop by buying an apartment in brick house then be sure that you commit right choice. An apartment in a brick house will always be very warm and comfortable, environmentally friendly. Yes, and a brick house will stand for many years without much overhaul. In addition, housing in a brick house is a very prestigious acquisition.

For the construction of brick multi-storey buildings, a brand brick with a value greater than M125 is suitable. The digital index in the name of the brand of brick indicates the tensile strength under pressure. For example, it will be possible to build the foundation of a building or its basement from bricks of grade M150 and higher. When choosing a brick, you should also be guided by the criterion of frost resistance. For building houses in middle lane, for example, a brick is suitable that has frost resistance at the level of 15-25 freeze and thaw cycles.

The brick from which houses are built can be various kinds. The most famous is ceramic brick. It is red-brown in color, from such a brick it is possible to build both the load-bearing walls of the house, and the partitions between the rooms. If the brick is not made of red clay, it may have other shades. They also release silicate brick, and clinker. Brick is used not only for building houses, but also for facing their facades.

5.2 Panel high-rise buildings

Since the middle of the 20th century, the technology of building multi-storey buildings from panels has become widespread. A lot of such houses were built in cities, and this at one time made it possible to solve the housing problems of citizens. Panel houses, built at that time, do not differ in good heat preservation, the seams between the panels are not tight enough. Therefore, such apartments very quickly give off heat to the external environment.

One more hallmark panel houses is the standard floor plan. This is due to the fact that the house is being built from finished panels, and it is no longer possible to foresee the presence in the apartments of rooms of a non-standard shape or area. Modern building technology allow for more thorough insulation of the seams between the panels, which provides heat in the apartments, and the low cost of housing in panel houses makes such apartments attractive to buyers.

5.3 Monolithic high-rise buildings

Monolithic construction is now developing at a fast pace. This method allows you to quickly erect a building, and the shape of the premises can be different: with rounding, oval, etc. The basis of the building, its load-bearing structures are built of concrete and its varieties: steel fiber concrete or foam concrete. The layout of apartments in such a house can be free and take into account any wishes of the customer.

When implementing a multi-storey monolithic construction there are almost no assembly joints in the buildings. This makes the building more stable, reduces heat loss and reduces noise intrusion. Outside, the walls of the building can be faced with brick, facade tiles and other finishing materials.

The construction of multi-storey buildings has its own characteristics and is subject to certain rules. Multi-storey building helps to solve the problem of lack of land in a large densely populated city. Such a house will provide housing immediately great amount families. In addition, during the construction of multi-storey buildings, emphasis can be placed on the creation of the necessary infrastructure. It will be very convenient for the residents of the house.

The first floor of such a house can be made non-residential by placing shops, a hairdresser, and a clinic in it. And the larger the area of the house, the more various enterprises and organizations can be accommodated in it. In some cases, several floors are allocated for the placement of organizations and institutions at once. For example, in Germany there are high-rise buildings in which different organizations occupy from 3 to 9 floors. There are also options for placing office space in any of the entrances of the house. Moreover, if one or more floors are given to different organizations, then the entrance to them should be separate. Residents of the house and visitors to institutions should not intersect.

Foreign experience offers and variety of options use of the roof area of the house. Can be planted on the roof winter Garden, and from house to house make a closed passage, which is located on the roof. The construction of multi-storey buildings should be carried out not only with strict observance of existing building and sanitary standards, but also take into account the interests of residents as much as possible. In front of the house, a playground for children to play is necessarily arranged, flower beds are planted, trees and shrubs are planted, parking spaces are allocated, or underground or ground parking is being built. The higher the house, the more tenants in it. Therefore, it is necessary to provide for the presence in it of several elevators, large lobbies.

6. ORIENTATION AND INSOLATION

A person needs light not only to see the objects around him. Light -- an important biological factor that affects human health and the entire indoor environment. Light regulates metabolism in the body, affects its immunological state. -- resistance to adverse factors (pathogens, chemical air pollution, etc.). Lighting conditions largely determine the psycho-emotional state of a person, his mood and well-being.

Biologically valuable natural light is especially valuable for a person. Direct Sun rays and diffused light bring into the home not only a stream of visible light, but also ultraviolet rays and thermal infrared radiation necessary for health. Ultra-violet rays contribute to the improvement of a person, prevent the development of rickets in children and beriberi in adults. The ultraviolet rays of the sun also have a disinfecting effect on the air of the room, on the surface of objects, killing the pathogenic microflora.

The orientation of a residential building (its longitudinal axis) must ensure normalized insolation of living rooms (direct solar exposure). No more than:

* one living room in 2 room apartments;

* two - in 3 and 4-room apartments;

* three - in 5-room apartments.

Continuous insolation of residential premises must be provided for 3 hours (from April 22 to August 22) for geographical latitudes north of 58 degrees. sowing width; within 2.5 hours (from March 22 to September 22) for a zone of 48 degrees. - 58 degrees. sowing lat. and at least 2 hours (from February 22 to October 22) for zones south of 48 degrees. sowing lat. (Fig. 19).

In connection with the foregoing, residential buildings are divided into "meridional" according to their space-planning structure; "latitudinal" and "limited-latitudinal".

Meridional buildings include residential buildings in which apartments with a minimum light front (25% of the light front) are located along two opposite facades and each of them has its own light front on only one facade. Because of this, the entire residential building must be oriented with its longitudinal axis along the meridian.

Latitudinal buildings include buildings in which all apartments have their fronts on both opposite facades (50% of the light front). Because of this, latitudinal buildings have an arbitrary orientation (taking into account the requirement for the number of insolated rooms).

Buildings with limited width include buildings with at least one apartment on a typical floor, oriented to one facade (25% of the light front). Because of her, the whole house must be oriented so that she faces the favorable side of the horizon.

Lighting with a second light or only artificial lighting is allowed in the bathrooms and latrines of residential apartments.

7. INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS AND FIRE EVACUATION

In multi-storey buildings, specially equipped staircases are designed for fire evacuation. The distance from the apartment doors to the staircase is taken according to table 1. Inside the apartment, the greatest distance to the exit to the general communication should not exceed 20 m. The elevator group is separated from the entrances to the apartments by a hall with self-closing doors.

In residential buildings with a height of 10 floors or more (with a building height of more than 28 m), with a total area of apartments per floor of less than 500 m2, access to one non-smoky staircase should be provided; with a total area of apartments per floor of 500 m2 or more, at least two smoke-free staircases should be provided. Smoke-free staircases within the ground floor must have exits directly to the outside. In sectional houses, it is allowed to arrange an exit to the outside from a smoke-free staircase through a vestibule, separated from the adjacent corridors by fire partitions.

It is forbidden to use stairs with a circular descent or with winder steps. The width of the platforms must be at least 1200 mm and not less than the width of the flight of stairs. Staircases should be illuminated through window openings on each floor.

In residential buildings with more than 10 floors, smoke-free staircases of two types should be provided: Type I - with entrance to the stairwell from the outside balcony or open loggia; type II - with air overpressure and entrance through an intermediate vestibule.

Horizontal communications (corridors, halls, etc.) must have a width of at least 1.5 m and, with a length every 20 m, have double doors with a spring ledge. All doors (except the entrance to the apartment) must be opened during the evacuation.

In sectional-type buildings, for all apartments and common areas of hostels located on the sixth floor and above, balconies or loggias with a wall at least 1.2 m wide or at least 1.6 m wide between window openings facing balconies (loggias) should be provided. ), and in corridor-type buildings - additional exits at the ends of the corridor to the external stairs of the 3rd type (open), leading to the level of the floor of the second floor.

The width of the platforms in front of the elevators should allow the use of the elevator to transport the patient on an ambulance stretcher and be at least: 1.5 m - in front of elevators with a carrying capacity of 630 kg with a cabin width of 2100 mm; 2.1 m - in front of lifts with a load capacity of 630 kg with a cabin depth of 2100 mm.

With a two-row arrangement of elevators, the width of the elevator hall must be at least: 1.8 m - when installing elevators with a cabin depth of 2100 mm; 2.5 m - when installing elevators with a cabin depth of 2100 mm or more.

The machine room of elevators is not allowed to be located directly above the living rooms, as well as adjacent to them. Elevator shafts should not be placed adjacent to living rooms. The required number of elevators, their carrying capacity and speed are determined by calculation (Table 2).

Waste disposal is an integral part of the comfort of living in multi-storey residential buildings and is carried out through garbage chutes that pass through all standard floors and have garbage bins on each of them at a distance of no more than 20 m from entrance doors apartments. Garbage bins are located on the intermediate platforms of the evacuation stairs, provided that its width is not less than 1.60 m in the niches of the elevator halls, provided that these niches have dimensions of at least 1.2 x 1.7 m or in special rooms with a size of at least 1, 5 x 2.0 m. with an entrance from a non-apartment corridor or from an open loggia of a staircase of type II (smoke-free).

The garbage chute is made of asbestos-cement or metal pipe with a diameter of at least 400 mm, which ends in a waste collection chamber in a place convenient for the access of waste-removing vehicles. The collection chamber must have a height of at least 1.9 m and dimensions in plan that allow the storage of at least two container trolleys (at least 4.0 x 4.0 m or 2.0 x 6.0 m).

In buildings with a height of more than 28 m with smoke-free staircases, smoke should be removed from floor corridors through special shafts with forced exhaust and valves arranged on each floor at the rate of one shaft per 30 m of the length of the corridor. Ventilation units air overpressure and smoke exhaust should be located in separate ventilation chambers

8. STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS FOR RESIDENTIAL MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS

Most General requirements to multi-storey buildings of all types - ensuring fire resistance and durability of structures. Multi-storey buildings usually belong to classes I, II in terms of capital. This means that the degree of fire resistance and durability of structures civil buildings must be at least P class; therefore, for buildings above five floors, the range of building materials of the supporting frame is limited to stone, concrete, reinforced concrete materials. Exceptions: in the load-bearing structures of the roofs of the upper floors and in some other cases, specifically stipulated by fire regulations, the metal may not be protected.

The wall bearing frame is most common in the construction of residential multi-storey buildings. All three systems are used: with transverse, longitudinal and cross walls. The predominant building system is large-panel.

Structural systems with a transverse arrangement load-bearing structures are used more often. In solving the plan of a residential building, the main drawback is the rigid position of the transverse supports, which makes it difficult to freely distribute the premises of the apartment.

Bearing walls located parallel to the longitudinal side of the residential building do not affect the dimensions of the living quarters, which are separated from each other by partitions that do not have load-bearing functions. However, the rigidly fixed longitudinal walls of a residential building create difficulties in solving facades.

A structural system is a set of interconnected building structures that ensure its strength, rigidity, stability and required level operational qualities. The supporting structural system of a building consists of a foundation, bearing vertical elements (columns, walls) resting on it and combining them into a single spatial system of horizontal elements (floor slabs and roofing).

Depending on the type of vertical load-bearing elements, structural systems are divided into:

columned, where the main carrier vertical element are the columns;

wall, where the main load-bearing element is the wall;

column-wall, or mixed, where vertical load-bearing elements are columns and walls.

The lower floors can be solved in one constructive system, and the upper ones in another. The structural system of such buildings is combined.

According to current practice, multi-storey residential buildings are designed with load-bearing structures made of reinforced concrete (concrete buildings) or brick and other stone materials in conjunction with reinforced concrete structures(stone buildings). Concrete buildings are divided into prefabricated, monolithic and precast-monolithic. In the design practice in the past, prefabricated, mainly large-panel and stone buildings were used. Currently, residential multi-storey buildings are more often designed from monolithic reinforced concrete, from prefabricated reinforced concrete and from brick. The main criteria in choosing a building system are technical and economic indicators, the state of the production base and architectural and urban planning requirements. Choice building solution also influence the number of storeys of the building and the desire of the customer. The number of floors, or rather the height of residential buildings, determines the level of their responsibility.

Residential buildings up to 14 floors inclusive are built with load-bearing brick transverse and longitudinal walls and prefabricated floors reinforced concrete slabs span up to 7.2 m, i.e. according to the so-called cross-wall structural system, very rigid and stable. In some cases, it was used combined system. Reinforced concrete columns were used on the first floors, which made it possible to place retail and office premises on these floors according to the customer's instructions.

The cross-wall system was also used in monolithic reinforced concrete. Frame-type residential buildings with a height of up to 25 floors (75 m) inclusive, excluding technical floors, were designed from monolithic, as well as from precast-monolithic reinforced concrete. The ceilings in these houses are usually flat, beamless type. The frame system and flat ceilings made it possible to apply a free layout of apartments. For styling monolithic concrete in such houses, as a rule, panel and mobile formwork is used.

In a prefabricated monolithic version frame buildings Prefabricated columns are used as prefabricated elements. Ceilings are monolithic beamless flat. As prefabricated elements can also be used flights of stairs, platforms, ventilation blocks, prefabricated elements of elevator shafts, parapets. The use of prefabricated elements and especially columns allows you to speed up the installation of the building.

It is also used in the construction of residential buildings cross-wall system of prefabricated reinforced concrete panels. The panels are used to form internal transverse walls, longitudinal diaphragm walls, elevator shaft walls, ceilings. Exterior hinged walls made of gas-ash-concrete BGM blocks, insulated effective insulation, finished with polymer cement plaster or face brick. Three-layer panels can be used for external walls.

9. Constructions of the first atypical floors

Most often, in the first floors, the structures of which are most loaded, there is a functional need to increase the steps and spans of the supporting structures, the height of the floor, the size of the openings in the external fences. The technical solution of structures in such cases is different and depends on the structural system of the upper floors. The simplest it happens in the buildings of the frame system. The presence of an internal frame does not prevent free planning the first floors, and the possibility of increasing their height is predetermined by the overall schemes, the range of columns and stiffening diaphragms provided for in the All-Union catalog. Also, the installation of large openings or stained-glass windows in the plane of the outer walls does not cause technical difficulties, since they are non-bearing in the frame structural system.

Difficulties arise only when, for functional or artistic reasons, lower tier buildings, a grid of columns enlarged two to three times should be used. Here there is a need for a transitional structure that will take the load from the columns that do not reach the base, and transfer it to the saved columns. Most often, the role of such transitional structures is performed by high beams-walls or trusses, in free space between which organize technical floors.

The columns remaining in the lower tier usually have not only a large height and cross section, but also an emphatically expressive shape of a two- or three-branched column, an inclined or truncated pylon, etc.

It is much more difficult to solve the problem in frameless buildings, especially the cross-wall system with a small step. The fine-mesh space formed by such structures is of little use for public use on the first floors, and therefore it is necessary to change constructive system the first floor with the transition from frameless to frame system. The frame structures of the first floor in this case are made of prefabricated monolithic frames installed under each of bearing walls of the upper tier, or from a precast concrete frame, the grid of which is selected independently of the grid of the axes of the walls of the upper floors. The frame bears a ceiling of a powerful box-shaped reinforced concrete flooring up to 800 mm high, load bearing capacity and the rigidity of which is sufficient for installation on it in any section of the load-bearing walls of 12-16-storey buildings.

The stem system provides freedom in planning the first floors. Although the trunk itself continues continuously to the foundation, its cross section is relatively limited and does not interfere with the freedom of planning in the attached or surrounding space of the first tier, which is usually performed in the lungs. frame structures. The technology of shaft impact in sliding formwork makes it possible to maintain any given height of the first floor.

10. WORLD EXPERIENCE IN DESIGNING MULTI-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

The architects of Camenzind Evolution AG designed an apartment building in Zurich for representatives of the three target groups identified as a result of marketing research. They can be called roughly "Brutalists", "White Collars" and "Party People". In a building with a total area of about 5,000 sq. m projected 46 duplexes different size and configuration. Part of the first floor is given over to shops and cafes. The northern and southern facades of the building are strikingly different from each other. The northern one resembles a wall in an old house, hung with family photographs in dried and slightly rickety frames of various sizes and colors. In fact, this effect is achieved by using anodized aluminum frame trims slightly receding from the plane of the facade, which are tilted at different angles relative to the facade. The southern, sunny façade is provided with terraces and balconies with sun screens. Dimensions window openings on the south side it is much larger - from floor to ceiling.

In 2014, Miami will have two twisted towers, in the development of which BIG participated. The project was prepared as part of the reconstruction of the coastal zone of the Coconut Grove area.

A pair of 20-story buildings are being built on the site of the demolished Grand Bay Hotel. Rectangular in plan, they grow upward, expanding and slightly wrapping around the vertical axis. The towers are characterized large areas facade glazing; many landscaped balconies and open terraces. A total of 96 apartments have been designed, the interiors of which are designed in a modern minimalist style. It is planned that the height of the ceilings and panoramic windows in apartments will be 3.6 m.

The external system of rigid structural connections of all elements of the NEO Bankside residential complex, designed by Rogers Stirk Harbor + Partners in London, allowed the architects to create a plastic inner space. The NEO Bankside complex, located next to one of the most visited museums in the world, Tate Modern, consists of four buildings ranging in height from 12 to 24 floors and a six-story office building. All of them have the shape of a truncated prism. Elements of the steel frame of buildings are placed on the facades for everyone to see. The system of rigid structural links includes vertical supports, rods and braces that form diamond-shaped patterns. The presence of a steel screed allowed the architects to abandon the internal load-bearing walls, so the interiors of residential apartments are distinguished by spatial flexibility, and the layout is diverse.

The international bureau JDS architects has developed a project for a business center in Hangzhou. The Hangzhou Waves complex will include a hotel and an office building, the forms of which seem to enter into a dialogue on the theme of a rising wave. A five-star hotel and a class A office center rise to meet each other to a height of seventy meters. At the same time, one building, with a smoothly traced roof, depicts a wave quite realistically, the second - in a stylized way, "pixel" splitting it into elements. The volume of the hotel is made up of small cubes descending in terraces. All ledges are landscaped. The curvilinear roof of the office building is also a "green carpet" with an extensive glass insert that lets through daylight to the central atrium. In addition to the vegetation on the roofs and balconies, hotel guests and office employees will be pleased with the views of the boulevards of the quarter and the canals that surround the buildings.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Kim N.N., Maklakova T.G. Architecture of civil and industrial buildings. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1987

2. SNiP 2-1-71 "Residential buildings".

3. T. Residential buildings / L.B. Velikovsky, A.S. Ilyashev, T.G. Maklakova and others.

4. Maklakova T. G., Architectural and constructive design of buildings. Volume 1 Residential buildings. -M.: "Architecture-S", 2010

5. T.T.Zakirova, L.I.Bulavina Guidelines to the implementation of the course project in the discipline "Architectural design" for students of the fourth year of the specialty "Architecture", Saratov, 2011.

6. http://www.archplatforma.ru

7. DBN-360-92 Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements.

8. http://architektonika.ru

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